Jire
INST.
IN
S
i'
A STUDY O
TMe,
N0NOM`Y
OF LOCOFOTIES
BY
PAO-KAI
TAO
Course I2
Massachusetts Inatitute of Technology
1929
m J;O.Q'
-F
I
M.
I.
T. Dormitories
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
January 20, 1929.
,al
Professor A. L. Merrill,
Secretary of the Faculty,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Dear Sir:
In accordance with the requirements for the Degree
of Bachelor of Science from the
assachusetts Institute of
Technology, I submit herewith my thesis entitled "A Study
of the Economy
of
ocomotives."
Respectfully yours,
167447
*
T r
1.:,
i
-1
.I
rORwO:-RD
In preparing this thesis, the writer aims to make a
brief study of the economy resulted from the strenuous
efforts exerted during the past hundred years for the improvement of the steam locomotives.
He has also attempt-
ed to indicate the trend of future developments and to present a comparison of steam and electricity as motive power
for locomotives..
The writer wishes to express his thanks to Professor
M. W. Dole, under whose supervision this thesis is written.
,I
.i
4
5j
II
TABLE OF CONTiTS
I -
Forword
.
A
A
!
Chapter 1. General Features of locomotive Economy ....page.L'l
Chapter 2. Economy Devices ....
Superheater
.....
Feedwater
.......
.......
. ........
...
........ 21
....... la. . .. .......
,.. 29
eater
Brick Arch ......
·, eaeeeeea
e· .
Stoker ..........ee
.........
Booster
.21
e
e
e
Chapter 5.
a.a.
Chapter 7. Oil burning Locomoti ves
Chapter 8. Electrification ....
3ibliography ......;...........
f
I..i
1.
,eeeeeee
aee.
44
53
...............
62
oo..oooooo.. ...... o,.o -X*-o, 70
igh Pressure Locomo tives
Chapter 6. Turbine Locomotives
e
e
...
· ·.......oo............ 54
Chapter 3. Draft and Mechanical Drafting
Chapter 4. Limited Cut-Off ....
e
I
..... ..... .......
85
la...................
99
...
......
.....
..........
.....
109
115
.......................
.
124
I
.r
II
C
Tt
A
I
General Features of Locomotive conomy
j
A locomotive is a power
A
lant of liniitea space.
Its four essential parts are the firebox, the boiler,
the cylindersand
apearance
o
the driving wheels. 3ince the
Stephenson's
"Rocket" in Z1329,numerous
attempts have been successively
aae to increase its
power and to improve its e'ficiency. The steaam
locomotive, however, has by no mieans reached the
limite ttcg
of its aevelopment.
Fuel is a fuL.damental actor which mut
be
carefully considered with the locomaotive,acnd the
designs of
the boiler anal the engine are larbely
af ected. by the combusti ole avaiible.
States, as the coal
£avourably
Ii± the Unitea
ield are not distribute
as in Great Britain
so
ifrom the Railway
oint'
of view, transportation costs of fuel enter into
considerazion. Average Aierican coal
or locootiJ-e
purposes is undoubteday inferiur to the coal availaole
in Great Britain. This fact couploedwith the heavy
demand for steam caused b-, the oweriul locomotives
2
i. general use, has necessitatea the desi 6 n o'
wide
ireboxs.of such ample
anld volaie
carrying
where
that special
roportions of
,zate area
proviiounhas to
e miaae for
the overhanging weight. In Great
rltain,
ood lump coal suitable for locomotive
with high
calorific
value
ad
as hard as in the
urposes
low ash content is
readlly obtainable, and where lucomotiv s
worked
very
fn.tedSates,
re not
a fixc.a
Lrata
of comiaratively small area in a boiler havila the
firebox between the rames aia wheels is sufricient
to meet eneral traffic requirements. On the cntinent
of urope, where coal is also iiiferior
Great Britain,
Argentine,
to hat of
large ana wide ireboxes are usea. In
where no co"-l is produ._ed at home aia all
coal has to be imxnorted, it is uneconomical
e iual i'reight on low
rade fuel,
and te
to
ay
practice
of
using smaller grate area is also followed.
The close relationship between the railroad
industry and the national prosiJerity is eviaent.
Saving
of
fuel
near;s
not only better earnings to the
railroads, but also affects the national welfare as a
whole. During the recent
ear,
extremely
goua
rsults
3
have been obtained in recucin., the consLuuation of
coal b,. the railways throtuuh the constant eiorts to
officials
part of the railroad
Ir. T.
Svansl
*W
.uiupervision on -ihe
and better
improve the locomotive
of the use
vic--resident
of' oal.
the Tnldiana
o
Harbor Belt at Chica o said that i' fuel haa oeeL,use
oni.; as efficiently
in 19-7
as in i30J, the cost of
o.Lwa
fIueluseu in the road freight service in i-S7
71,000,0OU
have been abuut
passenger service woic
greater, aa
have OCs. abouut 17,0,,
in e'.Licienc
more than it diu. -So the increase
etween 1927 aii
the use of fuel
that of
oO
in
resultea in a
is2
saving of about ,QO000,000. he total savin- in the
cost of fuel uring the seven years enaing with iL-7,
owing
to the increase
in eeciency
service, was aproximately
railroad
of its
pi60 ,J.0Ot,
The century foilow.in8, tehenson's
has been a
eriod of strenuuus eorts,
years,
i-~ enljar.ing
t
'
~ir.hallroad
.
the dav-alo.ment was chielyr
the size and
t
.
at tne
seventy-
i
conce.rnea rt
ower, incrcasing
- t o4,<l n1.
YL4'.
Age, volume
in
"k ociet"
aiiuin
i;iprovement o the locomotive. In the first
live
s
the ooiler
4
'~?
pressure from 50
the
to about OO0 per sq. in.
last twentj-five
have ben
Dring
ears, determined attemijt8&
exerted to improe
the ez'iicinc.
The efficiency of the boiler depends ayjn
the comleteness
,-~4
of combustion
of the fuel,
percentage of the heat energy obtained
that can be transmitted
combustion
'rom cibusion
to the steam. EiUfficent
is arrived at, the locomotive
provision of a grate
and the
boilei's
y the
f sufficient area to maintain a
normal rate of combustion, and a fire box of sfficient
volume, fitted with a brick arch of correct height and
angle to insure the complete combustion o
gases before entering the tubes.
on boilers have given values a
80
fur the efficiency
volatile
Some recent tests
high as, from 75/oto
of the fire oox, evaporating
surface and superheater.
Allowing 2
for radiation
losses and 1l2afor stack losscs, and assimin, that
the maximum amount of fel
that fire,
the result
burned is about 95/
is that the overall
of
thermal
efficiency attainable in locomotive boiler is about
81.
The actual results of some of our modern locoauotives
in service closely approach this figure.
The rate of firing has a great bearing uon
the efficiency of the boiler.
ig.
shows the
_
_____
________
i: _ _
·---:
..C
I::--...
...-t.
':.I .. '.. :-.-.
'_
:. ..
-_.
....
-~. , :
- ; .....
- _0 .. . ._.
i ...-
. .- ;.! ,L:_,_;._;;;Jr,_;;r;._
(-r--fL;-
"." ....
. . ....
....f
r..,..-.-L.
L_1
--- -...
+-~.......
I.....
..1............1
. .L~:.
..-. '+.
-~..
'~,~-__
:
'L_
·
-:
.. I~~~~~
----..
I:-'-·
I.;':-..I--·_
..I.
-..-.
-~o~_-~.~~~~~~~
-_~;I
qG:"E
.A..~
.
'.
-
:
.4t-
-
..
.
'_
,I
.
!
~.':_ -P':?-I.':"..
I:
;. - -
-N-L
i- .
.
-
.
I~
. ·
I..
.
....
t
-,7 .
..- . . .
....
....
-:-
J .. .:
- .7.....
... .· - ,
.
-i
.
i: :-1
I
....
...
.. .
.': ,i-.....
--
--
...
'
'I ':-'
..'
..
-
777
'-...--
-:----- : .. --..-;-- --_...._
'1 ._..
...........-
-
~?-
-----i7·- : --·· ---- t:*---------·C·
- ··~~~~~~~~~~~~-1
·-i·-7
1
. Z_._ .- -- - - .I
... ..
....
:.
,:'- .-.- .i-'~:¥...
~~~~~~~-f-....
-.
"::
:~
t.: ~ ~ -t-.~.:~..;.
_~·
...-
-J .. .
....
-
- '
·
:'.
- '--'
....-
~....
--
......
'+-:
._...
-
- .....
i
~,
i.
.......
; l......
I---
'=... ----
...
-----~ - . - I--- - ,. ..
..........
I
· 1T1-··---i :t,
-t-.-·
_1.,...
: .......-...........
'' ......-
--
'
L, la
...........
,
-
~ ~~ ~~
O
~~~~~~~~~~~~..
.':t .....
.
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f:.i--~~
-"
.:-~i:--.~;-' :'-: -- 1~:-'
~~~.
~
.
....
:-~
·
. :-
°'s.
~' . -' .
;....~
~....~--'
.......
...
-
-:
t .
....
I.
.
.
.
-- .:
.....
..
! ,.
.
.
~...~..
.
.
_.r
-
..........
....
i'----.-,i.-
;:.....-
.....
-
..........
-- ----·-
.
-"-*-+
"t.O
'Zi
.
,
--
.
.
.
.
~, ,-,I--Z --
:
;;,:_-::
~
l--
%-4
~--
Z
--::_ -'~_'
1--',
·''-
I'm
--Z
~~~~~~.!.._.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:,::...
:..-..:- :~·......
~..........
I:~~~~~~~~..-..
.
14
..·
.
..
.I%
.
I
.--
._.....-_.__
-
~
I · ·i
.-
T~~~~
-Tf!:'.....2.'
-- - ~
~
'-'
--
'"'~L
--
;
,·~-c
. !·: ·--·-'....
F_ ~·-·--.. '-:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--
~
r
'~-
r ----'-----
.
~
£i
}
-
.
~~
- ....
' "~ -''-?-.Z' '~ ~.
'
...... .
.
-
1t
.-
-
e.
· ~~.i
'.--:~----'!:'-'
:·
'-:~..
': l-':)---:4''---'-":-:'
L··~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.~.
'
I.·
01..._
;-' i.'"''''
'-
~.
-·-,-~~~~
13 r
...
t-
'
',q'-_::.:
::-::
ly''·"'''"·~
~ f~ ~~~~~~.--.
~?__~.__~,
~..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
'~-,'-:-"
~ T' I :' -:'
....
.. - "-"1-:~--~T~;
: '·...--'.
. '-'--._
LL!-,
~.- :.r -I-'.1~~~~~~~
1~~~~~i~''
:
,.... ::'::
.
. -"L
..... .
.
'-- '-
i
.,....':...r---~
.
--:...........
.
.
· '. .--. ·-
~
-s
*~
'.
I
·
'~--:::-I:'-,-- ':-:
~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~·. ~
· ·--- ,-·-· -;· ---.. ,..
i
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ......-· ·-":·
-
-t--·
:---
-"1
-·--C----'--i -...
i-
~..*
·
S
: -,
,.._. i_
L+_-ri---r----:---r----?-·-· t
--;-·-·
-- · ·----·-· ·
-·· · -I -·----;··-·-·-·
i
.. i·--·
L... .... I--..
'i
;-:-t--r· -··
.I.......
--Ii - -- ' i- -.
- -4i_:
-_i...;
· ...-.·-
I _.
---
--.
1--~~lc~l~~
.
r
1, -,
4 .----- · LL
_' reL
-4
-i
. ""
-....
........
-- -.
.L~~~~~~r
JZZZ
"'t~-__.·---·--·
:-:-1-·
: .,. i . :. .r~~~~~~~
, I .. _.... , ~
"_
I.- -·- ·--.4-·-~
/ :_ ,._.. II- .-. - r·I
-:' ...: :~.:--~.-. _. .'
..
'
....
:';
;
'
......---··
-·t-·----i------~---4.
~
.
~
......
.....
I_....
-,......-i.:,
. . I ~~~~~~~~
., : : --. ---- .- .l'_:"11.- -.::.I -1 '. ~.. ~-::-:.!
,.I :..I - "i'::.: '::"-:'
~'"~~~~~~
.- ._.- _~:
-,.
: ~::
II
'-
...... rf
...... -·_(
!
-·----:
-·I------
........---^
i--
....--
7
---l·i··--·----·
1_: I..
-·c-·
I
-.
I
13
-
f~bs~a
-- ·;-----·--·---
-i------··--·-
·---- r.·- ·-*·------·.c---t .. - t-
"'
--C-·-·
t-··
:--- -· · 1---
33I
- 3; > O UI/?_/
tjr
i
:,:~~
? 7-:::::
·-' .. _~~~
. .·---C·-
: t :i ~ : [
I'
fL..
.-..... ;.,... ..
i-- ............
4,
--,........_..
--.
..
.....
· ! ~ .... ..."I
.
.------. ........
:--:
.
......
4....-·-'-:-::.::-:-..I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---:"-.....~;.........
'
i--- ~ .....
::-. ...t..
......
~~~~~~~....
-- '-_:-·
~~~~~~~~~~
;.. ...........· ,
1:
41
I
~ ~4-- _
- .. r~. ........
. . .,- ·-~.r-'----:-"h'.
L.._'--i--·-:----i.
.05
..L.......
:_~
-.~~~~~~~~~~~~i
k:.--~?-;-::=~.~
---z-:-_:/
....~....,..
i~~~
.....
I~~~~~~~~~~~_~~~
Iz----'r .. I... 1.
I,~I
i..I!~
-I `--
::./.
y ,IZllCg
DeepX
l_t
-.L.
· · ----··--
ti
u
In
N
Q
tNl
Iq
f
6
relation between the combustion rate ana boiler
efficiency for a 4-6-2 type locomotive, equipjpQeR
with stoker, injector
will be noticed
and Tpe A sierheater. It
that the
rop1ped from d80,tombout 3
Lurnace
id
fi'ficiency of boiler
as the rate of
firing increases. In 19Q0 four tests were iade by
Test Deprtment
of the PenLnsylvania Railroaa with
different rates of firing. Results of
are plotted
he
pages. At the normal
n the foiiowin6
rate of firing, 3000
ounds
hese tests
er
coal -wre fired
o
hour for two hours. 'Theboiler pressure ,was,ood,
averaging
and
seed
03, for these two hours. The drwaoar pull
were very uniform.
uring the next test$
resu ts of which were plotted in Lig. 3,
coal was fira
at OO00 per houn, an increase of 16.6/. The surplus
st-am produced
by this heavy firing
escapec: at the
safety valve. There is a clear waste of steam and
of coal needed to produce it. The third repeated
the same running conditions but witythe coal
so that the fireman was allowec but 2500F
or 500
less thari what
e considered
This resulted in a low average
namely
-
per hour
sufficient.
ressure for the tst,
187.6', the pressure falling in one hour
-7
I
____
t'...
4
Irrl,.
i-
---
·-+-?-t: `"-'"
,...,...
iti
· L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-.-- -
----,
-··a
I
IFr-·
'"'
i
k
·
.....
~~~~~~~~~~~.......:
i ...
-,
....
'
..... , 4 ~.. ~- . ..
-------i--·····
-·t
-· i i.L::tae:j
-·!::·:
!-·
r ·· · · ?
"
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
i
-- · ··rJ-rr
·- ·--
',
r,
I
tl--
c·
;..~\
-~~~~
,~~~~~
...
:.
-i
---- I·---·$
"'
ni
-'i:'~
' -'-- ·,
l~
' ~ '~~
:I.tt
-2;..
.I
~.
, ~.......
I
i
-i--·
Y
-·
r-·-. I·-.··.:--···-·---
i.t.. ;--
·
f
i- -:...
1
F·-': -·: :·6;·-·1:
r-
:
?-·--i'·-I·L1I-·-
--L--l
:r-
i
'L'
'- ---4 '--
d:
·- L ,i.
i --- ;·------·
.... ,
----
,-^
L
I
fa
q:4
·I·
-i-
,....
-- ·--·
·-- t
c---·
·--
r
·-
····;- i
I
"Pt..--i·-·
t·'l--i-·
--- · ---'II --
c
..L.u..
.i
;Y
r· t
· T-L·Ci
ii-·
L·
'-I
--- ·
";-
·C
rr·
I
t
·-·--.1
I;-t*I
-r--c-ic
'rT-tn
r*iCi
:
-4- .- L -4j.,r
I·-rc-? 2
-·7
.
&
I
..ir.. .,i..
trr;c.
.
t.;.
;-·i----
---
---i
.
,.
1-
-- -
--· · ····
Ti I-L-··
· L--; ·-· i:...l
.,ic,
ti,
-C;·--!·-··
·- 1
-- t
-·
.·c.......
I-·
-"i.,...
'·'----·
·- i- · ,Ti
' '*~'. ~%
. I..;.-
-- ·t··
··
·-··;-r ,*
·
-t-----+
..... ,.......r.
-r-
--·--·-·-· ·rt-·
----
-...
-
i·.·.-,,..
-··-·r.-·
- ',~··
..~
~.`.-.-~~~~~~~
~.............~~~
9· ~
~
-.
.-
-. ;-ci---i;-i·-!
c------r--ci-· -;
· ·rr
4~
1 4
elm
It
1C!f*r;
· :
-i·- ·.r-·-·
-;·
:·i re
-
-'.
"4
11
-.-. L-.-'·-Y:
.1.
--;
f
tj
'· ·-i ··;-+
·- · t-t
.·· tt...'
'·i: ''''·-CI- -·I-·---·-r
·· ·-·-·1·43;·- -··--' j
..-T.1-C
r-·--··t2'-,
:_
·---- I-'?
C7`ri-fn- 77 t.Lj- ..
....
·
--.. ;L-i·.·
L ·---+·r
-·--rr--·---- ·
r,
-- -"I-
--r-··-
-·)·i-, d
.F·-··;-.·(·---·-I-'·
.L·ii·L·--L-
.I
lZ
·-·--r;Li -C·r
cs-
'··
·-
-7
·.---...r
;--sr-rr--L
·
· ;;-·1-..1-, -·-.·r.
· ·---·
;·I: -...cr .;- ·C·c,--i---r--al+LI--+l-2-)--·-- · ·- -···----·--
·'-r
-ct-
·-·- *··C.
.·
.-- .· · -- i -i·L.II
,...,..
· ··- C-- :-·-t· -.- i -·· ·-- · ·-· -·· : :··-c4--(--t*e
··
· ·-.-t- -. ··-··.- ·-(-;:
· - 1·r.....l.:
-1CrCi.--·--'..:
;
-'.t·r·-c
· ··-- ---.- -f- -···.. i- ..... i ;-,ir
r..
,....
.- r*..--e
ry
r·
)·Li
....
L.)
-···
i...
-I
I*
-
;-- .-
.--
·--·--)- · "·· · ·+·-·---·-i
:j·-··--
.. t:-I·r-"-
-+.· ·
I-. lr·+I··t-; · -· -·
·
-t-
- -,---.
:
I
;
e,..
1..
·
;p
*i
.-
-r*f·--.
r· :-L-fCL-
I..i~.-
11
·-
.
,._--t.; ......,
--.- I ,,L--i
-··- !· i
+--:r·t"t·l
--c··.·-·-
- -- 4---·
, i1 :f -- I
.
-L-
.:..t
-·.
-:··-i....
-.·ji:·l!ld-·-·
;r_
.. i
·' i ' `
--· -;-C-·-··i irt;·
:
-:t-·
i;7
cq
k"
11
.,,.,
--.1`i
-:
i
-i
. ·l-:lt;l
,.·
·I--:
· "i
-····-· r ·
-;--..,..-·- ·- · ·-- t- i Ii--tr---i----twi
·--:' ---+·f--·
·*ic L·-i-· :
.,,,
3
:I
i.
'_' ''..
·
:-r--;e-;···
?-' ·-t-t-·
:.ii .. ,. .
-- ,··
i·-l·
·
·
I
;i+-·-
:...
I·--i
L:,fl
-·Ji
· I-;
L·ir---t
--4···
lii---r
-r,-...
'fr.
;ii.,.··
rr
-C-J.1·3·1--·-i··
I
.. _.
:
r
ILCi·Li-T·
i.' ·-itr·r
··
tt
,
il-t -r-·c-i
--- · LC
LStT?
i
Z
c~~'
·--i
r··
-- r·rt.
---· -
-·- -*
·--
t~f
I
-r-'·
--r-·
·-·
.i .-it·
t1
---
"I
61
t
CFr ·
1
J-1,
-I
-!
-· -
L.y.I
I
1
'~
prsr. · l----m?-c-l
,
,~..
i. J...;
-,
T
-s
LL·
·--I·.L.
nr:-.,..
.
rSi...,..
-- at
-Ic·
;-·--
-- ·-t -··-
..........
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~,-,,--~--f`: ...................
C
--t"'-~Ic--
~~~Jd
u- ,, -G
. .- -. r.Ir,,
' .' ,~ .m
~ .I 1d,/ ". ':'/. f"~
1_.
...o..r,,,
,/ a,,t,
p.
3fnu lw
igDdl
. -v ,fl
-a-,nCvl
"'
8
'isr!
f -t
A
"V
.__.
~
I .
.
.
-!-
.
_~
.
-
. I
"."
i.
?:
1
-
7:
-
-
·-;-,-
--- -'-·-?-·-·.
'*_O:·
.rst-
..i.:
.....
· '·I··--C·
r..
;·*·
-·
- -.
..- .: '4.
-L··-·c3:
.. ::
,Lt
1
-
-1.
7
r-
7 _
_
... ... ..1.
· -· ·
i
---- ·· -'-· --·--- *-----
'
..
I
.
!...
· t'
'.?.-.-il-.l--L(·· I"·r:·l-·-!
:·;-·--Tt.;
.c.--t---*-'
L
C--f-fflj7:·jTI
v
,.. -·---ct··-··;i
.,.
Li :-L·L
14
1h
iFL
-if
rw
"
I
-::-:.tT.7."
·--
·- L-: LI1 ·_ I--C·
-- · '''
'"`
i--·Y·ti-l.-
;
·· · ;
·
· :. !
r, '-...
~
,t
.
1
,·-i
tL;-h·
1.
-thi
i·t· '·· ·· ·
41
··--r--cCU --c:-i
r·· ---·
T ':
'-rcr··Li, t;-t·-·-r- I-·
..............
,i
....)-..
r---~:-
"'
"
Pi
t'''·' '"·
-'
.· ----
k
,.
I
-- *-II
lfr -L···C-C
b.··7 rt-jIt--C·r·· · (
f
Ili
I I11
riz
r
L,
1.........
c·~~~.5'X
r~~~~
....,. '~ '._~-~:
........
~l:-~..
-·- ...
!
~..
:
. · :.Y
d
.. · .......
:
'~~~~~~
I-
....
- ...
. r l -
........
.
·t1
4
"I
M)
-4.
..:; .. .."..
.--.-. ·~1
14
~~~~~~....
~
~ - . ~ ....
. .1 .
.:
..· :t~_.:?... ·-+:·
:,-!·-[t-::.'
.............
'~~
~
-~~··
..
....
~
-. .... lri,,
....
·--
~
t-
l:
~
',-,.44.-- -'
'.
,.~.a.,.i..:
·
~
.
.~.~
.
~
.
..
.
.. ~~
.
.
~~~.. .......-.C
?
le)
....
.: ...
c
~
~
-··-;·(--·r
"."·'"
..
.
...
..- -~'_
- --- -1-, - 1--.... ..
u__, -·
'
_'I
1·\
-L
~-IT1
i.~ ~.. .....
'~T ... .
7- 1.
-1
~'~~,. --
-I-T
-··-·- -·· ·
-1-- -- ·-
!-l-
.
..
·
~
.
:~~. Q;'
.
·
....
·
-
-
.
_--· .·....;...
..
-:- .":
.
~
~o ;.
~
~
·
~1.
LL-
..
i'.
"~
'
~~
,........e·: -I
..
·
..I.. . ...
...· ....
- - .-..:.... - - -..I I
II.
~~~~~-
,;··.
-
.
...
t-I·
...
.
..
.
;........,ICI
..
·.
...
f
......... .:.....
·, . .~/1
.I
CAcr
a
.-.
'i
'Jt
t; --
.;:.' ':.:.?::"'::..
.:::-..:~... . t._...:.~
'
.ii......
· -· i
-........
·-
.
..
·--
.1 ;-:
--
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~···;
,' "~-~':.------..--:
H
;LLL·*---
w-rut`i"
I-··--·
O
.
.·
..,.
· t.1:
. i.
-,.. ..... -,
t.-·-·,-
...,.,
r,~r
I
_
.
'7.' ':-4
- - 1&-. -_
.· -i·
~~---'~':----...
...
-.I
...
.....
~
,'*-t-C-'"
.'-,
'.__-:}r.1
'1....;.:1..-.~........
--·;;
-'"--"~
t -'..'
z.i. '. -
!
.'_+_
···i---Ct·
---
.I·~
i
.,.....,·.
15
'
"':
·-
-- ·--·-
'-4
: :·;
-...: .:?~'r~.
i'··
''-i:..,'
. ..I-...
·r-ic-··...
,
-r ·.-.
I,--·····
-·- .f
-4
It
..
t '._ --.-
· · · t·;-i'i·-1.·r---i-- r·
-. ·-*.,-
:ST
-··:·t.-)-·:.--.,i·
-C
13
_1
.r
-.
L;·-·:C·i---·-.II
': 'V":.?. · _1 :- : ..! ' .' .::- .
I
-r·
i-iI-i,,*-C-CB-··
-- i··.
:-e·
s.1-
·,''":........
-L.
]i-_
:~-i.-
" ·t··
:--~~-.
·-.,.':
'''
.. .
l.4 .
.
li
....'": .--.
4:.:h:-::
--;-·----- ..
...- : :,,
}. .: ·- .................
''-'
·.e ·e ·- ··--,
--- '
.
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
."
.'L'~;I
.,...·:-ItC~
;, ..
:it·?·+-:r
.L·.
,_
·?
-·-c'
I·i
" · · · ·-·· ·'' I ;
·r
I
!i
..A
14
-~-A~-e
·-- --. ·.il --.-.i-_ --.+C·- !i~
ic--
..
rr"L-tr
- .
·· · ·- ·-- ·-
·i--·-·
--~ ~~----·
.
i'
(L..·--t;
·i
-·
..
-i,· ·
-.·4i
t-·
.:.-
.u
- :- I- ;f 77·... ..rj-. , --··--r
1··,·--l·r--.
· · · i I·-·i
--·L-I····.(
'·! ·-1·
-
...
,...
T..L-.tL.!'`t:\iO:t:
;--B i· :-f
,-...-..I.,..;
:-Si.-
u·- · ·
--- ·-- ll-·C
.-;: ..,. : ..-; --.-
-.-A g
!·
,----
,-...
;i
-i
-··
i :·-·,
,-·
·r----·-r···· -1----1LCC--
i:
.
77'--i
Y
,.., .;.
.....,-.,,!·----,,..s. -,,...-------
-·-C·
j.
I .
., .---·· ·_
__
I'
rc·---l.-··
· ;·-·--L
---- · -
-cr
______
i
"I'
....--
-rS----.-L-l
,...,,.. ,.
I··LrC-'..i
r· -
-- i· ·
·----b-)r··r·--
1'
-L.,~'/9.4.]1-q ' -, f c-,/
/.,
-.-1
q
·;
·r:
C--iLt.
li---i--·-·L·-l
i .- , -r ,.......
Ci....
·--··-
·---! · ·
'e
-r
i- -·+· r-:-; -··-- ·----,
rl·--- · I ;-·' - ---·
-t-'---rr
'·r·.------kl:-·-·
1'"'''
' .. '..
· I...t'
---- ·--...--...,tf-..
,-.-I
-- · rl·e
!- -- · c---.--t-· · ·---- -i-·
i
-.-·- 2·1 -i---·· L--r·t'---·..
i
,"
i
--- i----- · *
r· (
I;--· u
-·--I-- ··
L·.
.,,-. .. . .I -_t;.
1-, ·1·--I· ~~-ct-...
.
. . ....i....
,,-:t.....
.. . . . ........
. . .. .
II
i --.-
I·
-,
·
. ,- .
,...
..........
NJ~~~~i-C-47
_r:TTf-~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.*,_~.
~~
~~
~~
~
-,~. ~.
...
a
.. r;--
-
:
-'"-;--· ·-1· ·-· li·--~~~~~147-1
4
..... ,.,
--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i.....
... .......... ~.-.-.--..~ i''-~"..~
- ..
L7
i-r~~~~---.
·C~~i
.-.... ?.....I
t:.-i-.-r:;-~:
:.:':,
i-:,... ~
:L*J;hli'
.i , 1 I - -.
I`''"-
! .~
i.: I~ i i
-; -·---L·t3.u
,'.......~
.....
, , .......~.~
.... ~ .........
i ··-LL·-·*l-+·-·---~.~.-.,
·--.
:t.....'~
· ~.-,-k
·
....
:.~ .....i"';.
~.~
· --CC-LI--(·;·Li·C*
r ·I·; ........
Lif·ilt
· ·-r·r- ·---- · t · .- · ;·:-;··--r.·-·.·`·-Lt
1·,
''
I··""it
.
JZ·
-: t-.. ...
LC-t.LL?-·J
I
-- -f t: CJr·--.
-fw
'··
r" LI C-j---.
··,
---t--··· -·
LC,-,c-L.-..L.--
....
-- ·
.- ; ..
.
-·r--··-cc-
Lil..
-·!··'
c,....
..L
i"
:r
-1-
,...
i
I
Yo
· '
-
14-
-
---
--
-
4
j-
.
-
If i
_,.
.·~
Ix -
]
.!-.
ck
^i-·12
117
::· ·
--cn-·--·--
-. · ·
J
i.
'I·''
rJc
L;t-·(
I 1r
-.
·.- i-+
--
1-1C
, 3
',,L
v'l
, -
· L·
t·-
t..: ---
a
--L
",4
0
I-.I
_
..
..F - .41.-
- -·
-
-
t
....
_.11 t·
-
-,----,
.
r
.,.-
t)
.,,.
~ ~.~. ~·
~ ~: .....
.;
Z
...
:
....- . . -
·::.-·.1·i:---
;--t
.... ......
.--,.-.:~~~~~~~~-
..
.
,--
+i
-Z
OO
".
i - -
t-·
-
it : '- , - "
·-- I
··- --·-- ·
.
.
'- .. ....
---': T":+" I · ·- ..·----·
"i:
I
· ·--- r--
::
-'· ...--.
·
-..
---
c
-1. .,-i
. . .1
.
..
·I
. .
~-,
, .
.
.
i
-·-
.::-.'·-. ~'-.
......
.T'
.
.
u·
P----c-.:..r)...
_
.---.
-
.:-, ','
....r
· ·+
r
'=- ' ~~ ,
~i:i
'~
-1
I
- .' -:q--:'-:
---
A"
k t;:.
r
->~.
OL -:.·L
-. 1 - : ·
i
. .- --~- .-; .. ·-......
, - ' .;..-1-L,
' 1-, ......
' .- " ", ., .-.
i7,t
-j
L-.. ........!
~
·! ,
' :
a
· ·- l·i·
--r-"
-, -F - 1.
-w-.-
r· ·
:::._r:_-ir:-...
I
14-1
--- 4
........ ~
. ....
i' .
,-·· · t · ·-· I---cl.-t-----l;
C..-~
1?I
It··
Z:
'!··
-:'
· · ·. · :·;-·-·-t-ttl'
:~~~~
._
·.c.
- - -il.. . -
. -
-'---
!, .
I., 1---.
-· · ...~ ' ' ~I
..
; ;~-.;-:
· ··
I
· '
r.-
----.'4 L-
,
-r· r:K
t-
:i~~~~~
., .77
-
'-i ['
. i ·. .
--;'.
.r
·,-·-
I i
..,
,I
-
-L
i
'O
I,.,-.
'-t*
· -·-· ···
-- T
' '
t
. :'.. .
.
,, ,-*"'~,'-'-,
-~-t---.~--,,
~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~
· ~I --',
-.-~..',~~'-'"r!tf
','''.
-1--_·· :·· :
r ·
i-·---
·- ---i
--+i
' '
., --
L-
·-,
~....:..· :'::
._
- .{ .::.
.--~:- ~
ii-:-·
i ·
; ·- · ·· --- i·
: ' r·T -··"."1-L··.
f
--- I·i -···
i.
-- ··
f.
'--
.....-
-
;--; ---ti-rt"·
·
t"r:
s
:·
iMi
-
--L
.-- L4 +
I,.. 1.....f~.
i
..- :--.t--; - -:-·i.,..
r;
· t·
r;
!:.
-.-r
3----1'71
·-
--1
11
,-,
i
M-,i
· ·.ii
-·1·--··
.·c.
rl-rLS
I·
t ;.....,
-:-c;-
..
""
.·-.Cj
"4
- - -I .·-··-
f'
-·
F"'- -
-
..
i .. 1LI-
_6-
i--·
- [:.. .
i
.1......
c-- t r·
+-----. -I..·...·rl..
....
-,-`' "'
''''''
,,,.· t
.....
r.·....
r..
r.
!·-
·.
·
1t--·-·-:·.. , . - :
.
.
:;I.I
...
.
R"-_,
..... .
'LI ..
t:l
c-;L;.--I.··L.
rCr
-c. I-.-! · -.....
-- *,·-·.- ---. I:· -'-' '·-·
··
·C--·--:-·--
:i ·r,··--~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
1
0
.,.4
--,,·.-c.
~~ ~
,T'
--- .. ,- V
i
.. .
n·
..j -:4 -..
:
:.
,
·; t··-nki:
-··c-·-
:·L'
'
- '.. I ---
~·
·.- --L-
·, ,..··
·--
.`.
n:
· L_-
. ~-....
.
..
_.:~
d:~~...
'-,"'-':'--.".-:";;i
-', .";-''·-.
-'-.. -..':
.:'.";
.'~:
iL" i...... .. ~.: l':i
:,-.i .I'i '-:-r-:..
.''.-':---.::.;.i:.;:.i;
·
~
~~-:-,t
---.--*:'-'~'
.....--:-----..
.
"
-:
:
.....
T;
f,?'.·:--+~'..ir~: ~...
9'.
y. . -, ........ ',,'..;:.:'.
'~..·:
;_ ~..:,'
-.
·-~ ·- f-~
t':'--- i-';--i';-~" ..-t ·"'
I:-
~ ~ -jqi-~ ~ ~
' '...
'-':
!--
ls-
~i·
-:'
i'·
"AM
_i.
1· - i-- -· .- .. '
1-·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
.
.
·-l:_-,-- . ':'-i.i...
r
.-;;·-;
·- ··
MEF7_7i
off~~~
···
?:
1o
··
from
02
fo
, 156 pounds. This is evidently much less
coal than will sustain the demands uon
the boiler.
··
The grate area ana the furnace volume must be large
enough to give the carbon
and the volatile combustibles
time to mix intimately with the oxygen before thej enter
the flues. Modern locomotives have been designed with
.i
a
much 0 larger grate ratio than before. The advantages
;.
of having large heating surfaces and grate areas are
demonstrated by evaporation test on a Consolidation and
a Mikado locomotive, the data being given in Tables
1 and 2.
Table 1
Principal
I·
Item
Cylinde
Consolidation
2-8-o
I -
Drivers
Boiler
Dimensions
pi 'es.
Smallest diam.
of boiler
ikado
2-d-2
5125"x
28t'
2 7" x30"
62"
62"
0'-h
a250X1-I
76; 3/4"
76 5/8"
15'
19
Length of flues
and tubes
0"
0"
Heating surface,
f1'ie.s.h&. tubes
b
p9.
2537.7 sq.ft.3374.6 asft.
Percent increase
in favor
of iikado
X5 in vol.
25.7
_
111-
I
I
-
Table 1
I tem
ontinueL.
2-8-2
Heatin6 surface
sup
Lerheater
809.0 sq.ft.
Heating surface
firebox
189.9
H{ating surface
total
3536.6
ra'te area
Pe2cent increase
in favor o ikado
iikaLdo
onsoliaation
2-8-0
1171.6aaft.
44.8
301.5 "
It
If
58.8
37.1
4847.7
I
70.0
26.
i
vieight on
drivers
21J,000 lbs.
235,800
2 .9,599
"I
315,600
46,2J0
"t
lbs.
7.2
Total weight
of engine
11
Total tactive
power
Table
57,80
2o.0
11
2
Sunmary of Test Data
coal fired Water evaporated jer
per hour
hour pounds
Conso idation
iiado
pounds
'Dry
Percent
of
iLkado
2,000
17,000
17,000
0.0
4,2000
27,000
30,000
11.1
6,000
32,500
43,000
8,000
34,500
52,o00
ro i .. J.
p. 182.
increase
in favor
-4ood's Principles of locootive opecations
kI
Tests made by the LimnaLocomotive Works on
I
·-
a modern Likado locomotive and the Lima
-1 locomotive
give the following data:Pouids of coal
per hour
Pounds of steam produced er hour
Increase by
A-l, 100
2-6-2, 66.4
s.i.ft.gratearea s4.ft.grate A-1 with large
grate area
area
5,000
36,200
42,000
5,800 lb.
5,500
33,600
4o, 000
o3,400
6,000
42,600
48,000
,
i,400
i
6,500
46,000
51,000
5,000
"
The
sq. ft.,
ikado locomotive has a grate area o
and its boiler has a maximum capacit
66.4
of
65,520 lb. of steam per hour. The Lima A-I locomotive
boiler, on the other hand, with a grate area of 100
s-. ft. ana burning the same amount of coal has a
maximum steam capacity of 74,450 lb. per hour. Fig. 5
shows the effect of
arge grate area on boiler
capacity and steam production. Fi;g.
shows the effect
of large grate area on steam plant efficiency.
oth of
these locomotives had almost the same driver-wheel
weight, equipped with a Ty-e E superheater, a feedwater
heater and a booster.
(1
: -..S- -,.~~~~3v
.Cp,
z%,'/
'dar Cb9?aivY 3 5am
teo,,odo~a,,
.. ,
1
c--.
.
-----
·
--- .------.
r
f
!·1
r
70
... 1
r
-e
i·t..
i
1
U
...
.___
..
/
.It
'-'-·_
n· ·
,
i·
;I
''
E'
i:,
' ...
?
...
.....
..' :..!"!:f
--..·-·
.
.i-.
I__
I
. __
- .:- --- I ·-
- ,
..=...
__
__.. I __
.
..
.
.
.
-
-_ _
Ado,(I
1
E"':!-I-
I
'-
.
--
/
· 1-
·r
.. I.
-
-- ·- · ·----
.-
-
..
I.
.-- - . '--..-.
- . - .....
--L.-
%
I
·-·-
- ,
-·,
--
:_
· --- ··-(--
..
--
i,~~i
- __1.
..· -' ... :...
i. - ..
I.I.-
- _ .....
-
....-
:.:.
-
i
~odg··--
:·
..
-
_4
- _ _
.
..
.
. .. .
'- · l.
... - :.:-'.
._:
I. .-
.
_.
.
' .... i
.
- - - - _.
. I: -....
....
~
I
I :...:.....
..
i
'--. ~-·-" ~
- . - ....
-- ;
f
.I ., ,....I ,
-r - · ·I~~ ~.:s!'-.
~-.-.~---.~
~ -.. "-·
. .
v
- .
,
.
.
---·
,--....
":.
. .. n:
.
.
. .
!
:
_
_.-. .
... .;
-:I
· :~.;' .. :-..
1
.
:'.
'r ~...--~...i...
-_--_:'-:-----'
-.-' :....
-_-:
....-'-:....
..- -:
13
k,Z)/
· ·-- -"-
-'
...................
~~~~~~~
130,
'
lz
:o
:
'
.'
_
' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'· ·
'i
:~
:_T.
'T -.-~:...
:':T ....r. --T~~~
~..----:.
:. ...--_;_._.....
.......-"p:---~:-.~~
....
! i ....
· . .. ~:'-
/Z
'..........
r.....,~ ..
,~.-+.-~-.--,-... ). ..
".
..-
00
....
!
''-..
.
. .~...
i -·
~~~~~~~~~- ~--":·---1---[
'i':/~¢":.:!E
'_-.I!':.7":-"'-.". -X !.- '.'"-ad
I/
....--
- - _
-I
-,..
-J .
_. . -I--...
~
-;-
-I
. .
I
-L---
t--·
. I
__ ! __
-
-i-'---- · -i; -- ·-:-
----
.
;- -
. ._....
'...
. -
- . . 1
....- -. r..,. --. . .-
.- .
.. I ..
,-----
.
.
.~L..'t--
-- '
_ -r·_-
-
I II
$
-
- - .- . .
. .
I .
.
. !
-1
..'I.
..
~
.
. . I
-
. .
-i;
.
I;.
:C...
-'
----
·
. ·. _..
.;
.i' 1 -: :':
..:
I;
f·
·
T./.
-.~:!
':
-i._l.-:I
:. :-..
.--,_-
I
.
.
.. .. .
........... :: _.:_T
:. 1~~~~~~~~~~'
._-.
':_"
.- .!f.
--
t·
40
---
: .
I - ---
---
I
· 35 sO
---- ·m
IE5¢f /
- --- (
r
/7
7
f
%
i
8~~~~- 2~2
TI'/'a oF
1UB",'"
· From
_Lit··-···r--
I - --
..
·~
· !- -··
-[-.---:------..-
- I-
',I ... ]:I ~
. - i '~
' '
.
·-I I·
- - --
-- : -- I
·---c--
: ----
I
All
I
-----`
. . ;..
:::.i.
r_7_T:__..':-;
I···-·-·.-----·-:·-r-c·· -$· ·--- :·-· ·
~
·
.
. - -. -1
-
---
..
S-
Coo/- /;,~
B /
~
.
- -
-
_
..
i
) ,
, - , -1
_:- .11
._._:_;
.- _',
-
I-I--
L-'~~~~--~._':
*--:"~
-' :_:':
-:-'-'::
~
,-,,.:::~~.............
,_.
,...... .............
_
..........
.
~.
w
I· .
. .'
'
:
'
-
r
...-
.......
..-
+
.
.....
-
....-
.
~
-
........
.
...... ;"
'
T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
.....
T
-
...
_''""T:~-_~
_'F2'-_,
tr~~;~Ct.
i
-
~~~--,-
4_y.
'~
t
~
?----t-'.....
-----·
r'-~-I'H
. . .........
t-..... ..
.......'"".... .* :'t-~...r...t..
-·-·. ..... ~..
.... ... ^ ........
i
'
----
I------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... .......'.~.~
"..-~-.;.... .-.~..'
-:......
.. ,_.
r- ~e·,--c--.-t.-.
.- ~.~.--.,.
._.
.,
4---L----
-:
;......
· i ---- ·i
-
.......-
.
-·--'-- -i
.
.. ;.. ......
·- .....
·
,.
.:_-:_
~---- ~---
.....
...'
.
.
~- :.......
:"
'
... .
.
-----
~
-
-'
~- ........
.
i
.,.~~~.
~~_..
i.:,~_._:.
.__.
~,-.
~-._. ~~
~~
..;,.- ......-.. .-.......
.
:t
!
- -- --' t'-~~
,...i...::..i...;'-.. ..
~~
t--------·
.
· .....--
-
-
.
N-",-"-
--r--·-~ ·-----· --· i
' .......
--L ............
-CL-;.~
9.1
:J: .;.__-~--t-~ q,
.. ......
.....
I--4::;----:.
·--''---i.~...,... ,..:-~.----;,...
6.
- /..-..:'"E'fiL~--~--'
: ~'""-~...'.......,..'::
--.... ~. .:-'-.-' .':':"
::.-:::::
-"-_L-':~,..,
':- 'l:..... - 00 VI
. --'?-'--~':
t"':L2:-L'..:.'_'L.':..."
c---l---
~~~~~.....
.......
.........
..
_o
10
'., ......
~:!~;
: .........:, - ,: --~,,~ .....i-i-.-~]-:;
..... '-:4 :- .:-4:-:-+:-:'--!
:~: .:;
....
:
~
1:-t
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
--:-'--I-- : _
r-:
-·-1 r-ec
.
.
~
.. ...:.
_
--·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,··~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
._-t
.
~..
~~~~~~~~~~7..
-;
.
:-:;1
,
I:
... "
...' t:' -'..... ...';} .."'
'i /
' ~:,'~-'
_
~
~
. .-..
L
-
.......
m. .
.
.~--· ·-: ,·- -· - : t
. PI
:I ....................
, , .... <
:
-
.
_
'. 7 -.-7` - -:- r
/ J . ...
r
I
.
fr
,~,.
-- ·- · ·-
1.-'
-·--; ---- t·-·
·-
r- : --
i---t·
L:-L :,-"
------
?---t-----1---·
" · , :Tr.;--;
._Llj-·
i.-.....
t
i.. .. IL.
,.. -- L·-l
.
..
--
...li-· ----
t _iii--
f ii
..-
-.--- ,.-;-
' --.
~,
ta
-1
-
~'
~--.....I
__L
. - ..
.
- 'i
i--
-!'------'
``
-----
·---
1-·-·'
·
I
. ...
...
L4
._
----.
,-
. 1:.t
:' .-j.
-·1
--. I
;.1.
I-.1:.-.--.
L
.-. -- I._ ._.L....
,
·-· ·
...
- . I-
I
-__·. I-· · ·- ·--- ·-·
!.
--
c;
·-- · r·
y
-I - -·------ :
-`"r- '·'---i------
-t
- :-L -- I--·_;.
:-r·---
fF.
t-
ik
...
: :1: -t_
-....
.......
-- · ·- · ·r
. 1·
·
-:-i
-.....
. ·· ·- -. I
-"~:._
: L":!: :'-:5: !-'.I:.-
-- ··:-··--
i--T-t
tW
-Jk-,i.
---... I- :
i
----
t3~
'
-"r
·-
i
'r
·
"I
,-
_:·---r_' I~t.---· · -, -I-:
_~74~
.. .I...
Ill.,
J-,L I: ..
-
....
_ ...
...
~~~~~
-- t-:-: ':'1.........''
T
'-------·--'
I
----- i-----
'Ii.. . .-.
-···--l·c-
·
.-----
""'-r
·-·-
·-- r.
I
· ·--- ·- · '·
;'IL_.
·. ·-
A
::.. -·e-----L-·
.1
Y
'"~
la
'/, - :3541
-pYyYS
Menition must be made of the fact that the
heating surface ithe
firebox is the most expensive
part of the locomotive to build and to maintain
will
It
not be economical, therefore, to build more
heating surface than necessary to give the proper
.firebox volume for the most efficient combustion at
maximum rate. Besides being :too
expensive, an excess
firebox heating surface will make it more ifficalt
to obtain the desirable high superheating of steam.
The heating surface
of tubes and flues are o-
relatively low evaporation value. They
re necessary in
the locomotive type boilers, but may be reduced to -what
is actually necessary for conveying the smoke ana gas
to the front end.
r.
of the Locomotive
irebox Comapny, estimated that/the
C. A. Seley, consulting enineer
firebox heating surface is about twice as effective as
tubes and flues per
ound pf material. Therefire, much
saving will be efected
if we' proportion more weight
for the firebox and reduce that of the tubes and-flues.
The Locomotive Firebox Company manufactures a
device called the Thermic Syphon, which wil
increase
the heating surface of the firebox, ald provide better
circulation of
water in the boiler. Tests quoted bj
IMMEMP-1- III
q
e",Fw1l:r
1
r
t
.1
1
1
Mr. Seley in his article, entitled, "The Paying weight
3
"
in Locomotive Boilers," indicated a 12 1/2/0
·z
I
iB
increase of
equivalent evaporation and a 16 3/470 saving in coal
consumption
d
a
·5
through
the use of the Thermic Syiphon.
Table 3 gives TV typical heat balance obtained
1
from
Qata developed during the test of a
superheated Eikado type-locomotive,
coal at a rate of 99.5 pounds
6" x 3"
urning run-of-mike
per sq. ft. of gate
per hour.
i:
Table
3
Heat Balance
B.
1.
Heating in steam per lb.
of coal as fired
Percentage
66.9
Heat loss due to combustible
in ash
263
3.
Heat loss due to combustible
in cinder934
7.9
Heat loss due to escape
of combustible gases
3.6
5.
6.
7.
448
Heat loss due to dry
stack gas
II-V
u.
2.
4.
.
7,949
t.
1,286
Heat loss due to
hydrogen in coal
010
Heat loss due to moisture
in coal
106
10.8
.9
i
.r
/7
·i
I
. Zeat loss due to moisture
in air
9.
.i
10.
5
Heat loss due to raaiatioii
and unaccoueu
flor
3.
ouna of coal
Heat per
as
35:3
ieeda
11,876
The crvesin
ig.
100.0
7 are plotted from values
calculated form data obtained with a superheated Paciiic
iv;n
type locomotive, the dimensions of which are
diLam.& stLoke
Cylinders,
27?"X~8
;.E
Drivers, daim.
oJ"
r:.
·e
doi
7ieight on drivers, lbs..2
·g
Boiler,
Grate
diam.
area,
8E"
s.
69.'26
ft.
1/4
257,
Tubes, no. & size
:i
40, o 1/z
Flues, no. & size
Length
oi
19'
tubes
0"
irebox heating surl'ace,includin,
4 arch tubes,
Tubes an
sq.
306,77
t.
fiues heating suriace,sq.
Superheater heating surface, s. ft .
Total heating srice,
s.
ft.
;O
8.44
inlet to ashpan, sq. ft.
air inlet thrcugh grates, s.
I71,d3
4o64
boiler pressure, lbs.
Air
6
t. 3o8,3d
ift.
19.34
elo-w:-
/8
_B .--
1--
C-.
'
_)_~·
-j·LT-_
t
[
$
'
i-·
*
-
^
1
j
;_
4r-
O
__
--.*-,
_-· -- ..-i+---
r-
.
iS-
_v.
~.
>
_r-r- +-;
.....-.
;
_
=
-
'-B
---
t
_
,,
E
i:~ -· --
_AiL_-
......
-- ......-.-......
.:: -
_ -l
= _*
'
?r r-r_-_
-- -;
_
I
-
-
i
r
.
.
t-r _
_
·-
__j__.
. ........
· '.......
_
;-
'i
-,
t:---t---*
, ,
1
t~---
~----
'-
·
-
.
_
-
-
_:
.
--
,
8---'"-
CI-C-I .
_
-,-y
--
rL-
r
........
:
·--·
lc
L.-..
|.:'.
.
.
: -.
---
:-
--
.....,:...
......
...~'- t-- '
E
ci
t
r
=-
t=
F--- --
--
-4.-------' .'---
tI.
----
--a-r
_rt..
·L-·t··
:
·t····--;-
- -··-····-
---;..-
-- I
b;
3
·t-L-'-
,-~.
rr
~-_1
~~~~~j--=~-.
o
~-·
ir_ -+'"'
CI
~
-- "'
-I .. :.:,.-.,
;trf
'
'
I
-
ITri-
ro··- ·
1--- · I··
:ts :3·- 3
I
>
-11
.
,--:r-~-
-- tv
J.
-
LF
-
--- i
- --.
; .. :'-.
.......-....;.. ---ig1t
;C- l-=- -- :-~~~~~~~~~_·
t.
X
s-r
-ttt·i
:---;
-
U
' -4
o-
--
lt
..
14
rti
s;
C
'4
·-,
-
---
*-'-
O
;
=
-Crl·
..
T-
..t!---;-
o
Jt,I
I
-
f
b
--1---
-; ; --
I
.·I-·-·L,.--1Lir-
--
P
·o
--
= "
. '------.
-·-i
-- r·- --- =-C:1
-
-r'77
- ---
01
C
L
= S:~
.- :- .~-r
h
I'.-I1
' -*"'I!I|-jIIi
r.. ,.....
..1.,.........,:-..
-. , .1.. -. 'I·:··------ ·
C-·
jip
-. r
1 ~-' "-^------'fr
:I,-7.,s- ....;'-
t---
/
.
r
·--- ;·· · ·.
r*
--
-
0I
t, - · T- ---- t
-- c
,.-
WX
--c&~~.;
:---:.~-~--e1.·. =L'C-. -C.~-I-^i"---I
·-: -'- - ---"
;--"···
·-.--·C;-! ··---.-----.
I1
,h
·-- ec-
-···--!
':--;t'
;-.---;
I-....
..
i:~.-
,,- -r-!i
-I-Li--
0~~'
-,-,;;-,_.'---~-.,--.
i
""
-,i
Y-
"
1.
uorO
CL-t -
-- ·--- ·!- ,,r_
--
, -,
-
_
£Et~~~·;
-E.
-
-{
*r-'
+
TPr1
·-t n-- fl
,
0
47.=
b~F--'
· -,--~
.
i·;----·
O
b· .-;
I
"-
C
C)
Z
.,..
7I~iC- -.
-- · .j ,··e
T
o
y
s·
1
iij
'-1.
:.-CLI
· -j-- : -f!-!--f---
T*__.^- I ,--';4
....
.·
r;
·
_.··.L
·.. ·. _L..·..·..+
.- ·- CII-tlL.- iLi-- +-IL
LL r-.----·--.!·--· LI-··---(
· · ·- ;---fi-
TT'-t p·-..-
.
·
o·
b
-r
.
r'
?--L 1: t
.I
c·-·
P
'
·-
t. --
...
I-
2
_"-'
:'.?-..........
..........
........:...............--'-1:
L.
'-·
I
Lt-
IL·
.:
.
--i-·'
!-I-L··l.iC;lt
--- · ·-,,.--1-
i.
IU
s
-
;^.
-...
~LI1L
s rl
·-·
-
-: .--
I
i
:- ;-:..
---.---- -·
-1
I
r
-I-
----
....
.
_·I
$ (F~?;-1--to--=
, --I...'
-'.
. ;t--'rt..i.
- I....
·· ---;- +--·
o
:--:.
_
~--'; .....-
-- ri-- -·r
--·- I
2.
LT--rJ-.-
!
.
_-·
·Yli
Qc-··,
5----
_
~-
<r
--...-----------
.E*.
='*_ _ ~Ir·_
C
O
V
*
I '---' i-f
:+H
" +--s
rL==J-~
--t--, - --- ... .. =--, .,J-
iI :
4-_
·- ·· 1
L
"q~
-·-5Qr
-;-
i__i-. .
O
· ,..
_.
.~.'-,
-~--'.<T
......
r.....
--.L---- _
.... .... ......-...-4- ~. - - ali--s
~~~~~~~~~~~I---i
--'~
.11
-
_
iF : ]?~ -. ----'--i-t'
:--;.--j--f-.
I-i
L-rt
_
_
r
_
s
=;'-
}t_
AutIL__:;
e
-·-
{
.
·------i
..
_
. .._';1 ~'-r_.
_.; *--.7I+
t-
_
|
-
--
-~
--
t
.. li. ., -
·- -----_--_
_
j
1.r.
-- 1.-1.
I-
'-
-*--
._
3
--
-t-·
i...........---
__
__
-e
·-1
---
j
i--- -- ;;:-,i-1----j--c·-·: · --- ·i rC;-I-.L·L
-r- ----L;-.--· ·c··-·-·-·------ -e--,-,rc,-
...
-t
~
-·--~~-|t
--
..-· ;_*-
'-·----I-
-
*
·----- ''-;-
--
-
LI
_ __
-
= $Tr!
. __
_
t- *
.t t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l
- -;tr
t X,\-;-,...... t-7
- a'
I a
....
t---r-.'
.- . Y_
------ --f_--I -.~ -,-r i.-it;{.--- - -; _....-.7---
.--
--
_
-·C·;--··-···
·-
='--
L
'
__
?....~
,-r-
~-
-·-I
Ir
11
-
i
---Z- '-'---I-----...
._.v_4o
r-
jz
I
_
w·
~i.c-;
v1
-
-r-
-- --:·-··---·
-- r I·- · --··----
7
?r-.~
-
·
-
-
-·--·
E9
;
_
,,
-:F
._¢r-r_.-2e'9
I-
-
_
.. _..
_.
I~-
·---..fi
--~ ,..........
-~._..
t
l.-:
,
_.'I
-i.
.i
_
.
..
...
-"-'-1'>:--'
..:
_:....m~~~
.,....o
..
--
Ii.
t)
|j'e
....
i._
t<-;_._
te..Kt
--
.-- F
:.--
;
r --
---..- --- -Tr
.= li
-r~f·_::_~
M
1)
:-r--*L-
-,--·-" .!.
-
--.
- .-..
.-.-.--.-+
' -·-'._t
_. _L
E
r4
Lt
,
o rr--
---e
:'
-
f
.
----1-- *
-
-----
t"4;"
. .
...........
P
--
<-
,~i
... ·-,-,....-..
....--- :--------
1
--
':-'... e
---
: ~ ..~
~
--
-
t
·-
:.....'.:
.
:........
-
- -
-
--
-
--
.::
'
-
--
:-
--
-
.'"-·
. ... .
'+ .'CC:-" .....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,~::.'..............................
d.44
s,. ft.
Gas area tthough tubes & fes,
4X7
Firebox volume, o-. ft.
The most striking feature to be noticed
from Fig. 7 is the high efficiency of the heating
surface as compared with the furnace efficienicy.
Charts like this will serve to poit
ot
the possibilities
of further improvements and economies.
If we turn to consider the utilization of
sueam developed, w
of
will flindthat the engine efficiency
the locomotive is really very low. .lthough incessant
efforts have been exerted in the last quarter of
century to iaprove the engine cy cle, only about 10,o
of the heat
in the steam is converted into work at
the pistons. MBr.A. I. Lipetz said in his article on
"Attempts
to Increase
modern locomotive with
superheat
13o.
Locomotive
Efficiency"
that a
Q50lb. gage pressure with
to 6500 F, the maximum
engine
eiciency
is
Assuming 10/oas the average value of engine ef'iciency
and 80:o as that of boiler efficiency,
we only bet dj
of the heat of the fuel being actually converted
to useful energy, the rest all going to waste.
The
attempts to improve the engine eficiency
of the locomotive were made in two directions -
I
20
first, in the increase of the boiler pressure and
second,
in the
reductin
o
the back pressure. Both
methods serve to extend the temperature range o
the
steam, and will be desc.ibed in subsequent chapterS.
2/
i
''
H A P T
2
E CONOtY
DIVI CES
5
B
The application of economy devices to the
the economy of this running
locomotives has icreased
1
power plant to a considerable degree.
The superhater,
the feed-vater-heater, the brick arch, and the miiechanir
cal stoker have becoae indispensable parts of the
i
locomotive
:1
uring the recent years for efficient
operation. Numerous tests through-out the world have
definitely
shown
the iaportance
of having
the locoiaot.v
;
provide. with these devices.
Ouperheater
The use of highly superheated steam in locomotives
represents one of the greatest achievements in the
history of locomotive construction and operation.
Superheating reduces the cylinder condensation and
of
produces greater volume of steam per unii water evaporatea,
resulting in a considerable saving of both fel
and water,
;j
and an increase in huling
approximat ly the savig
effected trough
capacity.
ig. d gives
of fuel per zho_,sandton-mile
the use of suerheated
steam ii
locomotives of various types on a division of Seaboard
Air Line having the same maximui grades.
- CPmo
F.,,.
O Sboard
Ioca,,,o$Jvce5
E
o fr/i A
,?'
&rlorJn"C
4 1r L,;
__......
-
---.:'..'.-:~:i;~-:
.-- ',-" ---~--I- 'zF':Z'
-·-- -- /-·~: - -·.- ·.~'~-~
:--*-1---i--.__.:_: !
'
:
:~_-^
t
-~
W W~
-t. r·W:
:'
: ·-:T...
: t-l~i
. : . ...
!_---5
-:--.fS
....
.........
...-.
--.~:.~~~~-f'id-:
~~~---r--
/,
..
T
4cI-#fi;27!i
~~ ~ ~2.:........-
[:-
'
.....
[~--'
":'
'
4
/-2
9 roda
i'si/y
i
I
.....
c.... ,# ;t__
7-:
I
.... -'
'
':'::A:-:
:-:.
-r-
...-
....
..........
'~~~~~
f
'-Jrf
,.....
I--~~·,.......~
.-,--lL'
.-..
:--··r
'--l--'
....
.....
t'--·-·C
i-r-*
~·-.....
...
,
..·;--- *-....
,~
. ~t--,
·-...........
_.
'-'·1---::'7
-~~~~~:. -t
.... :
nil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:n¢:
"f- __
.........
Zoa~~~...
28', __.
~_,.
:-t -~L....'~i:, .~.i
.-.r.-t
'-- · '.-:'"-r-I--."~"
.-
, *-2-- ~-~-.
'
..-- '-:'T_--..-....:....:,T:
. . .~....
j~~~~~~_--...
':::. _'_: '.:.:.
"
~ ~ ~
·-L ·~~~#E~~T.
.. .:..,...
. ~
-_
_·_
.' .
-'
. ':C.........
'1_ . -.
. ..
.-
. . ....
.-.-..::,.'-'~-'
,--L--.C·L'-.-.
-:i....~
;
-_4:..z::z~~
..
_--.---.-7'.
-..
z:
-'-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
z&~.,~.
l.t-,-?
..I
.. .
. .....
....
... ~.....i....
......
,- :;-I-- -----f- ,-.".
2 t
~.- ', C-:[:~
"-_::__
:_ r·c· ~._~
~:'~.~.
-:I:.
...... t-·.;--· '~~~~~~~~~~'''
· -'.~.·
.
...--·~
,. ..,...·t~~~: ~~~~~~~~:
i
r
I-.
>-'--.--i-·l
.·L
i.
t-'--"~,
i
-· -
______
________________________
"-......
....:.......
; ":.......
' [ .....
.....
.....-t-rt--ti
-- "-'!-r'---
llP
_
4-,"
'.:-
~'
'"~
....
-- ;I---·;
--
______________·-:I-L
I
.......
'-p
.........---.....-.....
-. ' :'"'-·--'&~[...~.-.
........ .........
I....~"~;
...,.
i
~,r..~:.-X-.:~:~-:
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
--r
~, ...........
~.4 .~,-~~--'-:.
:'.-~_t..
--I .:.
tv-. :..~
........
··- ~:5--:-. 'J~i-.....
·'?...:----·iL-~
~.F:i!'-ii
i.::
.. ,_..:
....
.-.-.
: __.:_,:-_' .......
"::'
.....
-~4
.......i~--~
r-*-a..
r"
',....
..:;..........'
.......
.. '-i ..t--.....I.
-"
! .*:-·-:L-?
......
'................
.~.-....c.l.~
.-...
I:-·L_,_ti~t:.+T
. . ....
_.......
,....
.....̀
.. -...
.
- ..:....
1-··+Ii
k
1q
I
- ~-+--,-~-..........
',. -.... - -,--"
t ,X-.'-i....
........
,--:----
-r-:--,J',
.......
,"4T
·- · --'....
,,~---_:~
~~
.-..
..: ...
'" ............. Il~
II
xz
i
~
;'
:....--....
-~~......--- · *'---'!
"~- ~~~.~
' .'S!
.,...
r-·-r:.·.. . ._._--.;~._
. . r-._-....
. ..-......... ·-"-;;·-~-(-·L
T ·
-,-~~~~~~~
~~~~~~.
i...
-:---:--~~.-:z_
.
.......
.
...-.
::_~----.-·--- r··---- .............................
........
--)-~~.....
~ ~.- ~. ~;7
.
·. -..-~..~1l
-r
.r*~r:
PS.~-'-:'-:1-
r. -:-- :..7..-...
1
·
..
. ....L· i-.
·-
·
s..l........-.
... ..
.
.....
;
..
_ _.
.~--r-
,.......-... .... .... .....
............
-;...- ... v......;....
...-- i ... ~---~-:-----t,... :..- ;::. ! _ . ....._'-.--~-.--.:~:
~--/ ~p~
__-;......
· .., ....'--L
~ .............
L
i.... ......
.. _.. i
r
--
:~
.:Li
i:5:
......-
'·'
~~~~.v:
'~;~ ~-~
~-: .l:~~
i--.:·
. ~.·..
/40 ~
/4o~^·.. ·..··-i-Ti--',':"
r.-
: .....--
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,.
1u
F:
. ..... !--. .t--..--=-
...
:.
.
"-'
~.- ,--
,-~
.............
..l.
.....-.-.
L.~. .
......
~ 4...
w4
~~E..L~~~~~e--
.
.....--....
_..
i . -:.
.
-'
..-.....-..-.~~~~~~~~:
'~.........,
~
-=~
:--·
~
:------·---s-:
...
-~ (:!#~.~
.... F~S
I-:'
'?
:.·i·:!:.-r-::i:~--- '":
----!:_
-:.._--,'~::~ , :..::-:~
.............. .
............
.
.
.....
:
...........
.
:':'.---.:
-'--:-1
_--
:--'---
I
!~~~f`_~~....
.
i.
!-J
........
.:-.
·-.......
:- ...... ~ .......
rC
........
. lC. . | ...........
.
.
.........-- ·
. . -. J' .
T-l-Ii-L---
. . . . ,----.
.~-
-::~.
I
I
"0o
--
/ 0
go
~ ~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~
8o
7 noy
Averopar
ds
Fro'' ,4.T W'oo,
/aaa
/'0a
r
I
..
'I.
14o~~~~/4ft
//,,
(.0
/'0
~~~2io
aond/dr
.
:
I
149!q '.'Za -:
. U,H
':0,
?- :: --L!
#ra,;-I-ans
o f /,ocainol e
9 pro/
,,o. z33
',/;
23
Tests carefaily ,conductedby the Pearmsjvania
iailroad.are plotted. in Figures 9 and 10, which show
the steam and coal consumption per indicated hrsepower-hour
fIor a nmber
The lower set of cuves
of diiXerent
locomotives.
are results
rom superheater
locoinotives and the upLiez curves are for saturateu
locomotives of the same size, type ad
class. The savings
are evident.
The eect
consmption
of increasea subie'heato
is shown by Fig,. 11.
steam
It will be seen fo-ii the
chart that from a given cut-off, the seam
consuxxption
in pounds per indicated horsepower-hour decreased
considerably with the increase of superheat. Table 4
rate per indicated horseshows the reduction of -wate.r
power-hour based on the water rate of saturatec locomotve
of 283 per indicatea horsepower-hour, The saviii,of coal
for increasing degrees of superheat is shown in
ig. 1.
Attention must be called to the fact that the saving is
very small with low and moderate degrees of superheat,
but increases
rapidly
as the superheat
It has already been melitionea
is increasea.
that ihe
uper-
heater will increase the capacity of the locomotive
the same wig-ht.
or
Fig. 13 represents the results of
actual tests conducted by the American Railway Association,
and shows clearly the increase in drawbar pull and
rawar
Z
I ·
-f-*f-·-
I·r7T-
------- --'*------r--·---L---
l--r-
----. ,i-.-L.--r- -i----1.--
F"-Z
-,-.
"-·--C·
5
L
O
.- -....;
---- '.·-.
t ;--r.-..,--l.-_,L ....-.
----- '--e
f-.-.-:-----l·;
-- 1:.1.
-·-- 'L
i ·- ----- i.(----.--L--·)-- ·-,---i--?---'
-- ·- ---C·IL_· I···-- -;------'-r-l
·-,·
r
j..
· ·-- 1---- -t-i----·- ·-r ---- -- ·:,;·-- !----i
· ·--,i----·-·-----i;I"17;-"Lt-_r--L- .-· -e----;·...r..-·.....r.
' -I---.
1-·-;-i
.- _...-...··-C-------·---i··
Z----- ------·------ r i-c-------:! '---'---·'-.. j.:.-'t7.-..t
---11..:
_,.·-_
t:__.·..
-,.- ,
.- :-I.I
-·.r-c.....-..
-I-I.----·---Li- r -·---rl
i
-i-- ·-- LJ.--C
-----
------·
c·-
-·-tii
-Lr---Cr-.--.
-- t L-C·· *·-LI-·
-- ----L··
·!
L,
;
-I'---I--;-·
-·- . :L
:·- -.-
--
·-
i
: . ·-
·--·L1
f
·
:
5
?.·.-
--
'---f--'
;--i--·· ··
· i:-·--·-I
3-·
e ------'-----;·-----"· , --- ·;-.·----,·C----(- : ·--
1.._*....
--- r- (..I_
i·-·-::ttf....;
iulr--,
.
,
:
:Ji---__t_.;
__
_b
_
.___.
;~_
___
_+_
*_T '
_
. *+ .
'-.
V
___!&
' -- 'r i
D
m_-
|
!
'
t--{.
1
4-.-,
--- it:-tT--:-C-1-iLi-'--^
rttTrt=-s~
,
. .
k4
--
},
;;
j
|
.,....
I
I
ki
--
·-
'
-F-----ir."
.I
'---- - '
i '
' ; --
'- *·
--
-LI.,I:l
L. -t.--
. j:
I
-i
..
: r--+
..
_:,
-
*j _' * -=
'--- :--!
L-V
:--..-
I
,__----P-
0)
.
-
___._
_-
-- --
.
.,,- -
-
I
;_.
r
-
. -
.
_>,
--
--
.
I
---
J-5-
,-_-'
=
_,
t
..
,a"I
t----
,
----
. _-
,.
' - .
.......
t - --- ---- :-_=''7
.,
--
T
CA
en
.N
_ _:
L
.._
:--''-*...
r
-[
-.
-_p,...
._le- :.....r
.r-+--t-^
c _--r-*
_: ----- -' r t - ---'rt
--- ''-E~-
HzC. _ _
,4-tt;-;;
I
-'_=
~
--
+;-T_
· ,4 rpij
(
=-i
T
r . , 1-.
l -
I-_
-,E
[3t~~~
·---
.. lz
.
!t ..
I_
·-- · -:
·-
-.
; |---
:t.
$:Ls
,
---
-;-'
-
*-
|
-
t
,---;
-
:--
La I
Fw
.
:
+
-sT1-r'-f
t ._=r:
· --c,-T·r+-·-;·· -· -li
c
,-;::
:
i
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4-i i l';,;
1
-r- . ! I~
·^
·
q'
P
~
:J# J2d "'77zwodsw
.--
I,
-
4,
paP
-
",,Z
.-!t-- --.-_r-,+,
.....
_
-- :--__--_.:
- E-I-- T..-.
--
i
-
i
: ,
.Zi'
HARV~i
~,
J
I
.......
..
-......
- '·'--- ^- .·----F-L--L".Z
- ,!-' ----------'.......
s--- . _. . . ' '_ .___;._' __,___..____
-'--
'
J
:_5
I
ciC·----------i.-.. i-----r.
--- '-·-1-·· -- · ;·-----r---·+--t
-+c.·--·--;C-Tcn-;--l·I-L-··--L·-··-··-?··---- · II---`-'
t.r.-
.I
· · I:
'
!,--~.
;
·-I
--,_..,
....
: .-.
.- ._
.=~--_.
4:=
--- - ,
,-,-,---
* %
---
·- l-t;_.;L·''
I---L ..
I
q
<.
· ·
Lli '--C· ·
-I---l·-L-;-·
i
·i--'·- · -'-
.q
.i
.--;...H ,
,
·-- ·e--:-i--c
----
N
:\
I
'
,.. i -
A- ·- ·t "-- :-->
.
;
-,
bti
,
__...-
-!
.....
,-; ......... ' t=
;._^-*;
,
--L-· · · L;·
-·-I I ---- -- : ·
-
--· ·
-
: --
-
_ _ .i
l-.j·C·-L···
..ii"'
iic
-·-
z:
-..
r1
_r . _
-
_,-~
-- -- ·- -·_----;·I-(
·· ·i --; · ·
I_-t"C-4-;-CL·--!·---CL-·-!-L·-,-;-i--·-Ci·-- i.. ';·
-- : ·----: ---: -- ·---- 1---_-_-r-L-Lt-;-:-+14--L-l L·-jti·l___
--·t--·-C-; -·C-·;--
:
--
-'
-i-'-r;·,*·-·
... ,
·
.-. il..
i'--l
-- · -!--i
-C-·T
.: 1 , ,-·-i---
_
i5!-. -g=- --~ - t · .
. :gG
.
4-._L~
-; :-,i1-
I
-····:1-icc-- r,-·c-.+--cr
"t;-- -;
- :I--.--- " _
---
+
..
'--
.
!w --
i
-- ;C
.-+-!·!-·--·
...-. C-...
--....
-- :1L-i
-.44',=- -- :-_o
,, _. 1_,
_ .___
i._! ._rl~~~~-r
..- "--:--'
. .
ra
;;
--..--
t--·-
·----C---·
-+t-·-----
---.,-.,+....
~P-:
......
~'-----P-L;·_t ?
;...:
k
· '----
LL
?t
E E ... . __
k.
i·-
i-;i
--
---- ?- -··
·
O
,.c.
c- -f"cT
..-- Li.Lo
i-
I--r
L··- t-
....
_..1.
.i
I
;i
·
r-.-·
:·:'
'
n
i.T--1-r i -- t-·:l-'-i.-
·--
'
r
·--·-··-
.....
L. ,.i ......
.D
;
Q
10
Q
"TT
------i-
O
·
I
I
.- ?-Ct-rl·
·-·
...-O
·-·-
-i;
.-(-rr_ --:-----
_.l,.,t:
-- T---L
?
------ r·--
;
Vt
.
-- ii -Li-t-Li-L---- -- , -·-- ----·
-·- i---- · Y
--------·t
;c--·-l
--------· ;·--·----·.-------- i------ -·--·
- ·-- ·- ----- ·-- ···-- ·-- · · ·
·i----·
·-- --· i-----t--- L
·- ·- r·--·- ·-L---J
--·- -·--:---··
.... i - -.- .
-I-----I-r.l_.,;i,
--'- -·:i-;-·"--··
... j,
i
___
----i-I;-_
r'!L'-'
r-·;---!-----
----
( iI I
--t--....- L_-.-
r·.l-L
L----·
---1
F-11;1
r·-··---·-i
c-!i.-..·.-:
·----- Cj,_....
-gI L---i-(
OLLL-i-L
OTt-
-Tr;
ts
_p-l-c-i'--TT-T;-.i ·-·----'-I-------·t·
-··------- ·i'
.-. :-.-'
_.t-1------..
----- · · -··-i
-- L-·----- L.!------ · 1·I---...
-----:---·
*.-I--r----(--- J-··----l-·
t-..--'·--··- ·
!··-····--*--i·"--I
-- ·------"-·-·--·----·-·---·--- l-··-r-·--L·-··
· li-·-'
·
----,-
v)
.v
I
·
- aS - - A C H
A''vE 3tCi:E.-Y, CAMBRIDGE
3-J
%
-'I"d Lz
i
tfS
CO
-
_-
'
'A
'
HO.so¥rO
'xi3:..0O
3 '"r.
.,
H3V.' A:^
rL,
v
~ ti.i
::--
H
'-!.. ..
;cT.--C
(-^. m ,-}t-+-
__f__
-----ll--L-i-?,.,,.1;_;=--.?_
rirT,::_L.-flrt.:
· -·-·-(- -- i.--4,-
Li.l-L;;..-:,:
L---L
I-rl-----
|"_=
-. 1 -7-
___
--.
!---- ,
- - -
__
_:jl:_:_i
··--·-i---- -r ·-
----
-t---
-
-
--rs-----;- r- ~-t----
l:_ j.:4l
s--*W--
-1. . - - 1-.
Is
-11,
-
·- ·1
i
_
-- -- -,-tr---I--·-I,- -;-C. --;--T-..
I`TL"-i
· (i--.r-_3--if-
·-
T....
_
_'
,
,
,
._,
-·--·:
- --
--
--L.,,~
--t---
~~~,-7-;'--17-.-;.:_~
...,...----.--:.-=..-:
'-:Z"[;;-t,~-t...-----,,*'-..."
.'*T
....''r-t-^-"--·i-·-i·-r···--·- · '-·-···-i-r-·
4- I j I I I I
: I
.. fl-
Cli..
:-,i~L
it, I I - -f-f! _'..
---. ; I
-- :
t ---
- -
.
-
*_
*
,.m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---Trm
'l -
Sh; ----7
;-5r->-*
rT
-l
_.4_
-~
~.
-
~
--kt",
ji- t--'--i~f-z-
i
.-·-L~
-'i;--
i-
~ ~ ~l_.'.'..A?
~ ~
...-
i~--
·
- I
;g-.-- :-_ z
lz
`c~~
;
,,
'!;,
-|11-111
>
,
i
I.
.
'i'1'
t
......
,........
. .
i
-Li-l
-I-···1
.
i"
I
Iq= ,
-
!
t
;
.
-f
t-i-
F_
L_0____-. -
· c-F
-.
-
.
,%
- -
iI-.
7 -1-
1 .
Q_
7
-- -.
i---
II=i'
-t-"-.,-I
* i"
I:·
.%
k
i--~,T..rr
4...
a
4
-·--
%
14
4
,
---r·-·---·----··
----;-·
----c-·;-
·--;·
.-.-- 1-tL-
t--.---i
·- 1-·-·
--' r·
·
i-II--·
--- r--·
--1-··
- ·
t''-r
---
.-"
-AT-
_---
v
FI
__.
I
_tLZ_TT
.
_
L-
1;
-_
' '·- '
__
- 'I
-
_, _
_'
=
="-.
..........
~.;;.;~. ~~~~~.
--,-.-f'".":~]--:--4
---
.
.-.
.
1'
--
+
U--
-
--' --I
|
.
...
.
--
-.
i-
-
i-,
i
'
i
'
--
--..
.L-
_,
__-_,,
---.
---.... -- *-§---a-'-c
'
_,
!
-
'
1
_
-. .s .~
-
T-
- '·'r
.i
.~...-.-.. -.
;
_
.....
.
z--
~ ~ -'-----'- '--
'
................
i--------r-
*-:----
t
i--,.-l--
--
..
'-:l--
......
'
'
-- '--"I
r
s
-
i
_-_.
t-
I
>
'
_l
_.' -:-t
-__.ff_.....
-
-
s
-
.-..
v; [ I- -..........
- -- t .........
ttl
_ ._.
_-·· ;L^,-.
...-. _
...
"i '
-1.
-- .
-· -- 1---... .,
---- -rtr._
L:-
,,...
.
t
·-----
._.
JL.J-
'......." ..
---:·-
-· 1- I·
tg
......
- -- t··-
..L I:_:
_ . ---- I
_ ,__
_
/7d°d AceLO
.._,,j
·- ·-U-·--LI--.
t ---·,rL-··-c·
-· '-·-----C··- --- i-.
-- ·- · -- !---- `-7-?
e4
l4r J
|
'f.
-
.....
·-- -·+---
;
Cy
t
I-:
....I : ...
..,'--r-r '.........i-,......
..
·-
I
T
(Q
'l;,
__
,,.....~...
- ;_t-- _
·f-....
h_
'......
-.fi
t.. ~ ..~
s
L_ *
4-'---F--'~~~~-.--.-~
~..-..
~....t _ ' l .--:.+·att
_ ·i
·-c- ·-- ,--·
·
;------ilrl·--------._..
-4POM951Z
rVp P0f,4'
·
F-'
·---1-:
---- · ,--"-.'-1
t-?
.
'--'-
!- ...-~_:/_""z~__,
__ _ . *.,~-'--I-....
.,...Z
:
'
f-
- -
......
-
t--
·--
-===t. q:Z
~-·
-,...-.
L, _.__
; .....- ;.. f,
i
~'!' - L'
--- t
·
rt.¢---*-----
-J
- -
t
*
wa
--
_ _
-r-·Cc---'I
7-4 . .
n __.,_
-
_" -
it_.
ir"
3
--
_ ---
---
'I-
_ _._I----
'.
- _[
.
.._
- --
-
i
4. ....
- T
. .___
.-. 7- -. -- ,!,
I - --.
II.:`
.
-.
'. -.- f
-I
t
,.--p
.
.--
~
·---
:___.-,
.-. r:- --. _ - --- -. .: I .t
i-,....
:-·-1-'
" 4
---- i·-:---- I
I-t-r
---' :-
'
-----·-·
------- r-
-t_-. - '-'__t'
X
*
IC4
-,
.
-
!--·;-·-·
.
. -- .
.t I,
_.t-
.
r--
-·.
1-----
-, j
---
{
-- r-:-
-
-.
....
I!
"I
-'.,ii
.
------
-
A
'
,-I--
1f
I
N
r_ i i- P-.,
:_<~-1-. r r ·· 7'
-'.. ........
-------....
-1v
.;____.,._-i ................
-_- __.-··---5._-S, -fi_ "*-..:----_-..-z-- a-r---'-!
__>-.
j.. ' .....---'T1
'-- = -....-" -,,--: -k--L.- .....
~.
.~-~~
'--:7:.EE.F:Z----~;rt
;_ .
_
,
Ii
-
F;...-:t
~~~~~~z~~
ilJ,-r----r-t_----r
.,..i
*'··
I-?
'·:---'t-
: '... . _1'-_-Z.
bz
1
. trLn___
-- l;l.-^-T.----i-C
1.-.. -c.,-- i-. -- t .-.-.
-.- i,. l--:-f
-;
-:J. '--: ---- -· ..·--
- -
,V
I|
_ . F__._.
_s_
C
:
_ __- .
--j--- 4-----
- ;---1
-.-r--*~~. 4,__
S
_~
-i
.
i,
.·-
___
E.---
1
|
=7
-_~~~~
-....
.
t
,t--i
....-.
-__:
'
:-'
:
....
.
;..--.
-+
--!:---'--- t.-'
-- ·-;-C-----.---...·
L,.C._-;_(.·...
1~~~
l .__
-_1-'---t- -" '.
~~f~'t-''
I
'-
rr.....-.
1- z _4__
I_.1
*
_
.
-
-----
!
--
F
. . :---.-.---.
I
_t I__
- . Ii.
;
i
.*..<
!
-===
-·------' -·-
··-·
-
_
-I--~
,;L`t
t4
-- r·--s
4
:: i.- =
h)Zt i
t. _
4--_r
.
~~'=!_:-
[-
f=ar[ "::- =
.4
V0t .T ' ., -LL _; I
_^____
{.'
~
._41-r
r-",+-?-k'
-t
j--:----i
~ -,
~.....
:,~,t-'i
....-i--f:
--:rr L- .-t.._'_l- i -h
...
~~...--t-:
...
--' ~":~
·
--.,--....-~-,t--.---~-, ......~.... .
......r.
...
.
·
----'-~-b
....
'._.,..z
.....
....- .
I-
,-1"
---r
·· ·-·-- r
·---:
----; =.
-r·----t
--4
--- - - -
'_i
a' t
.....
-
GE
t-es==8=r
1 z ||
.$4~~~~~
1 .,-I
--
---
~.,re.-
' ~ ~ -=,-t
~
*
___l-?
.
.. .-
ei
i·:
... C
-_.
'-:--_:.._
...
,.t
--_.
f-----L1-x--.j__
_
'
. ·:.'-'~
--- ' -- '---
LL · yr-
t
i
.Q
lv
.-
i---·--- --·--r---··
·- · --_T:rl.'c.,:_i'_.:,...
' ' ."-
.
·t--C1_
T- -- T-1--.__.
-t -=,---_"
-f 4 __,.II ' 5._-. -_ ..;I
'I
-r-=
...... _~__L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.........
~--'',--'-'
,---__~
IS
\%
i~
- -r?'n----r---'IE:T.i
-
t -?'t
- .
I - - I| .:,
-'
-·-----'
p-~
-
iI
,
·-
-··L'
-· cL-L-lr-
·-
·--- 1 ·---- ?---·-)--·---·-.·-Lrll_tr
'f ; ' -"-`'
IdII
-1-k
4
-3
_
__111
-. r-:----,--·--i- -- ·--- ·---- (----t
----·
!- · --------r-r----i;-r
-:---j--_j
-r-------.-- t------;-----;r-·
-- ·- -- *-----31--··-;----.-1- ---:·-·-- -- --- !
---I
I
'-'3
'-
_r__-j__-
Q
CC
I?-
s
3SC
W
I,: .:: -' :-:: ' .',.'
"~-"
'''
L
.I...
.
~~-~':
t -i-:+ -
~....: ::: ... . .....i -. _L'-----'--.:_-';--.Di-:--:.--~o
.----;.:.---"2.,...:.... ,...:.
'
' .... ~--:".~
: :'~..-'I:.-' ' '-----.:-.:
~-L-It-:~i ...
~I-~,-:
...,--, ......, -...-,.....,......,----.....
...
.L_::~i. '1
! ~
.:......--:.--.i.,~
t...C.~
....-.
.....
~
......
........
.-.
.
i
t·-~.-.
...~
:---: .~-:.--.
- ~:;--- :,,L_:.: :
~~~~.
- -.....
L ·.....
'"~
''......;-_.......
: '-,.----:-.-· -·-·-I·
:.? ;:~---~
--· ;~
.....,..::-..:......1' ... ... ...:- . . ...
I'.'~
~
~ ~ ~ ~~
~'-"-"-~~~~
_
Zt: ._
::. ~
~
I
x
~--~;
. -.-.
..
I
t.......
..... ..... ..,!-.'".....
· ·
;
-...
,-;·-4.
.1. . - 4-i _. , - I . - - - - _:._rj
. -1 ---._.
";,
. ·
-·,
'
_i_
· :"
'L:-.-..::..:,---:-:-'?:
.-
L5 ,~-
.I-
-
. I
--L_.
.- ..I. i, - - :. , . .-.- ..-. __
I
....... "i"
::. !'! ' '
... I.. . "
. ..
-
-
_~ii. . .1--~'l
-U
,; ' -.
"1~~~~~~~~~~-.,-.:..::.--':-:..--~_.
~-,. .- --
tI:= -=_I ·.-.._-_I_
. ...
I··'...... I ' -
:-f-.-:T.-.:--',- '~,._
~
.......--T-.'~
.
,....-.-L........
,.....·
. --.... .......
. :~ .L...I
.-.
j .
I
:
.
jl i .-
I_
.-
- _. 1-
:
LL·
-_;
,
----1---f
---
:
- -+ - __
':
t-·
ir;·
-'..:.-...
.
..
.- .- -1-1
...a'
-!!:1
·-·_
!::
V)
,4
1
-'
I..'
,
-4:
...............
-.:.
....
1::....
.... 7~
~~~~·-~~:'..:-''/,.-/i
!/i::~.~.-,;:.~.~::,,-.
....
i7
: ...:'
-IC
.-t '.
.... -..........
........ 4---~
·C
:~,~
rTJ-.Et ...'...
-'.:~·'
,.r'' :-:-:-':f
.-t_:'.i ::.:
I
-':
:~·i.:::
.?-"
,
~ '
tj
t
'"
-- -- r
I--r----·t-
'-··-i
-·-E··.'·-··
't-::
LF- .- -·
r...
Z q4i f-ii-_e
1.1
i----·
c-.-.i. '
--
.
"
-+·------'I
r----
I
I... 7-- : I -.
_.....:
.-:,...... -
L.
·------
I----
·--
1
7
---
I
·- : --:: ]
J,
·- t-
~
·
~
~ ~ ~
.
.... ~ ....... "-,,,,
'"
......
F~ ....
~ ~ ~ ......
~I .......
i·
:
_
:
..-
·
:
_
r... ........------
-
-i
"V
Z'
.,.(
'
.:.1
,nq
-- '
r· -·-
,~~--.:2..·----- :.--.:
:-:~--:-'
.:--::'-::--:-:
·Cli-i'·---c-~
~ ~ ~:,'; ~ ~::':)·--~. ~~~~~'...
I --.
I----; __
....
't -- ... ~~....~.
qQ
......
.................
'N.
!:.~-i--: :--,~-: ........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
?·
'--~
:-
:F.
,
.......
r-+---. .......................
................ii
.......
,· ~-c;
'
- i-- r
'~~-,4
Ill
.~~~~~~~
.
...
,,,,~a:
' .
~
'.
- -:'--:.-::-::
L:--:I
i:1-· -.·-" ·--".":
·-:"
Ir--'--?
:: , : : " i
------"
:
'
' ' ' ':
?.........
'
--?...:-:...............,......;....../
}
:
¥
~
-:::-¥
:
E
:
-. ,:--:
':.;-..:
':t:.:_-..i
..:,F~'':~!::.:-::i
~~~, , t , .::
: ''-:.
, , ,Ii , , '
i
, '~ ~_ i ,
J
-:7
·-ir--L
--·----
f
_ _
-- ·----.-iL .1
LIC,,_
C'-----
L--st-t--1-
r
·- ·- ---ri----*
----.-
-- ·---· -t
----·f
"- -- :-·-t-.-----.-C'----:l·-L-i-.
--- T'----l---T:__1
-- i ·---- C- --t --- -- e---- -- t·- r----.-Sf
·
t----I_L- ._--t_-_-il-1--L-__ii·_ · __i_-iCI
---'
1'
rLe-----.
t---t-i
-.- tJ-----.-----l--CrfTfr.
-- _--I-_-._
I---i-·----- "iu--
1
.- L;L
I:i:
"f··
Ci-
·----- :
----------
-
------ C--
-- ·-
'T-:
-- (------7"..,
_-L...
-·
,i---
i
-..- r-l*-i,L-b-
LT
I
;?-
---
*-I·
t-ti
I ---
--- +--·-^-C1--
-i:--rtf--t-LL*-i--1;-----
.....l_,^i
`-----';-
-:t-I-
F--fCI-t··-
-, r--Li-i-·+-t-ctI--I-----·1
-- -·-·---I
ti
.-.-.---- -- t
i-.i.-
-TL
?--;----- ·---c.
l-lli--
-r
..f... --
-f--. LL,....
_.
~I-H ~ ~--.
L·-c-c---I-
:
- -7..
-lit
-tt-7
I
;-·
· t-
Ci--·-
'----
t-
-- ,-t
"
.........
-i"-·--c-
·
ii·-
-
J-- ' I
t-
·-:
hlC-
1-7
j_
L
. 1
-c
1:·7
I
W~
(l
IN
;4
-
'-·
.._i--- I--·i-:--·-Tf_
-- I
i-·---
.
-
---- --.-- C-r-7----
... _
·-- ··
---
'---.----'
-1-7----I-----r , : ,_,
I--
.c_
C44
-
:-
~^-,.
i
·------ · ·---------- '--·3
---.-- --i--i--·--ri
-- t------;---*
-·-----:--j
. -L_1-_I _-I_. -i-il--
----·-
-·-
..-
i
1c
-
4?~-w
'· ·
-
In
:3
C
-·--L-,
. -lr
----I--I-- I--··--t·--·- -- ,i-.-rc--- --·-t`-.".'
i ----- I--:-:1.; .._r-----r---"
t
-te
-I -- · · · I----";-·--··
·-- ·- f
I--·_.._..,
...
-,,,
··:
-------i'
I --- e-IMW;·---(-·
----- · '"--,------ ·------ --r:·---··1----·-;
-i-;...
I--- ·----l.-i
·- I
jlTtS
VI
Q
3
VI
Id
oq LAA
i
---- ·- ·-+-:----:
'. -..
1 -_-_-,-lr-_-_
I
Cc
i-.
.L
'4.
4
·iCe
--i
I-L-cL
0
_..-i
1
....?~_'F_~
E22Z.~_4_~__-~-Z_
.IL
......
:/,.L.£C
- ~~
~ ~-'i---~ -~J._-J,%.~
~-~ --J~ ~...........--~t-,
------ Z-ZL-%4:I
i4=~,
.4
.I
-.-...
:-::: __'- _:-_-rtctr--i
-I7----CC"1
· ·
- ,-'~- ... ......-
I.a.
--·-i -
1...
------.,_..
.LL-I+--_
I r-a
0
--· ·
,_. . ·--- -__--_L:-_--_-
---
----
·-
-iit
·--:-·--t
;1"
[
----,
·-·--·-? ----- i··-··---+··-·--- II"-"If----r-L-Lr;l
-'-".i.:ILit7i.;i-..iL
_·
---
--y
(14
i
-~i-4,----4--I. ---/I, :~.
--:... :_. I..
1I
.-"/:L--. -,LZ
:7
Zi
.5.-g..
.Z .:.. L -.. &:.-.~-~g~.. L~+--~
-- - .
!-ce-yl--
· ·
L
-
-
-t-i.
; L._.J___.
tl
i-.-.---- ;
-- I
-
J// .......-- !=
i-
-- -L
,
-c--
,i_
-- Ij4L-i~-
0
C
I---mi
t-:~~~~~~
-----··-,
,--~--4
ccL---
-c-·- -t
·- j
-- ----
1-4
t";-i-.-i
.., - -.. L
----,..
.I i
-I
r · - -- ·--- ·---, -'---i--.-·------- ·---- ,
.1
..... __
_._,_,.
-- L------i--'
·
----· +---ii----f?-i-·--c
.i-..:-'
. -.. i. -..- ' -. -'---..
..-"...
i :-L1-----·---1---·--·--·
1------- ,_
,-t-----'-i-)
-- ·-. --"- '
I
,.-.. -1 -·t---l-·----.
--. : ..
rr ·.L
-i-- ----- , i_:
:
.- L
--- · · t:-----I----- ------'i-'r---- t--r--rr------1
-r-'.*-iL-.._;--_*_-_.--*
?----t
-- t---·-il..-..L-..
--- r --·----i iL-.i· ·-- lt
------- !---I - - fi+·
---·----;
:
-- c---i-------.. i.-.,..
-- ··-. :--.----.-;'---.d
------1--_ i--
.--.--)1 -__-L
·---!----- -i----:
:_L.LI^ZTI
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,~
t4
i
,
,.J)
... t
j
--·....
....--- ' :~- -'-..i
~-l'...~
,tti-m--~-~---~-:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--
14
-
,
, ~~~~
...
.....
..
----
IZQ
~
.t
...........
..........
-t-l
i.lLi*-
4
.~
~~~~~~~III
-- 1-~~~~
-...
"-- ~'--'--,
~~J. ~
-
:;- t-
-^- -~~~~."-71
i"--- -
.:_,7=
....
-'~-,
:>_ -'I?-··
:;:iF
-:
''~
-..r-t=--
~-iZ<-
c,..-.
-..
I·---l-~"i'-..
....
:
_
,~
I 1<
Iu
Q
C)t
;-i--.·-~~~~~~~~~~_
--
j ;·-·~~~~~~~-t----'··-+---
I
........t
~ ~ ...
~~.'~~ ~~~~~~.....;
:
= ~
I
Alv
',-
- '"£<.m,.
_- - :,?
2 A: F:.
--- , ,:' ;,-.E',
C.!,
'
R 3gO
l
M
I
943
q
C,_:_..
-... !
c--·--I
,.--. !·L-- ... - ;-- :··--·:-----i·--C
3 -- )-f.I.-t·-·- rt-iL·-·-------- (----;.- -C--r-LL-C-·---
---- r
·-----C-
1a~~~~~~~~~~~)
t
aZk
1
(1
14
··--- --·-..· -!·......
-- ·--- ·
-·----- ·- - · ·-. ·--
.. .-·.
.-L-·-.-
----.
tfTL--
...
-
? 2;
·-C---·
-- ?
--C--·--
·
--"
-·----
· I· LL
... ;;-cL
--
?-T
!·~~~~~
~~
'.. '.'-:...~..~
r:!·..7: 7'
:-------·----:---:
r--_.-----'
'
-
-.--.-- -.-
:....
·~~~~~~~~~~'. -:,
.
_;~
.:_-~
~ ~~.-··-
---i----
--
'"
--j.
·- C
-....
.....
!_:;._.......
;'-"I'"L:; .., [-~·.....
.-' .":."'I
r---·t
:.,_.i_
..- 1-~r- --
--
_L. I
t-+_I~~~i._L:o::
,~
~- ~ ~ ~"
.-~:~...............
:--I .....----E¢ -F.'.:~!.1
-----
.,
.
--ci-ccr
i--
. . . -
~ ~~
-_.-·
t~~~~~~~~~
----,~-_,·
'
.....
.....
~
$1'
I-'
-cck-C
-Li---j
I:It--:i
:~ ~',·'
~,._-~__±_.,:
~~~~~----;?i'-:-···~-.....
...... ~I
'_1
c--.
-cciT-;
, ~-
Q
...~.;..
_.-:.
' ..:..............I-t---·!--'
.
.
-"
-Ly--^-i·-LI
...
~:~~~~~~~~~~-........
k_
In
-. '-:'""--
!r-·-":'~'
*,
:-CLI,
-t-·?l_
L.\
-;---t--L·---tCL--l
s
:3
Q \r
Itie--·-!·:----I
,i.
.c.-... .-- '-17 · --- 1-·
t-·---l;
;·-·--·
I-r-L1-:+ .-+-. .:-·
ri
I..i.::1L-t r
.· -i(·f----·
L-l-
.L.I.:., r-t·
M v
· · -I.....1,1.-.
-- ·-t · · ---·-·-I;-.·
...- r-
i;
.·.-·. r :--L:---··
j·.
·r
I-···L-
·· -t··t·--;-:
1·-·
-- · ·---- +-----·---· ' :
·-t·----cl·
a
l
,- I-----·--L----t--·
__'-'-'~
~..
'~
.:~-_-7
.::
_-.
----:-f
,''..
".'-'-'
:!.-I---::
':
..
_
.
.....
-:......
:
~1...
T
......
·---·-··
··I-- --.---·
:
t
L!
r-· · ·
L..
!-L--·IT
L·
-i·
I--- :·-· .LL..
..
-- L-··---·-l
-C+· --i·-- i
-I · ·-··
;- i i ·--- i - ----- L-. - ..-.· · ;-:.
- r
T
:' ":i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
7_:--:
! r..~/_
-:::
::":. ..
---..i.': :'' . ·-.
'-:-F:P:;:
................I··. ........... ~ ...... ,.4-_
L..-..·--i--C_..
t··- .
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~j
ir;-".L--i.--;-.L-?I
---. -I.-T.'C.C.
-L·
- -- _
7+
'
-!.-
r
- - ---.....
-;
. :-..... : -,.-,-,
r-. L1
I···-777-
~
JV~~~~~~~~
v
IV
N·
~'~':'i-;._. -4.....
t':~-'....,...*',----:!
... 4.....;
-.... ....."-H.
-""
~- -:....~~-~D"
~~~~~~~..;...i
' ~v--~'ic'*
;- :4-,·-~-·i
..............
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~
~~,-·-:t.i-4-.
~~~-:--·.-L.I-:
T_
;··.r
~_~--··
··i' ··
..
'---~c---,
~t-- ;~~~
....... -- -. :~:..
~
,. ...... '" 4'!...~ -! '''....
i ~~~~ ~ ~ ~
'
'~ .....
... ......
- ---
~~~~~~~~~~~...-,...
c--__r·
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
·
;-i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'''
-·- : ·l........
- - i-·A
-:1-- ·
..
.
...
[
...-.-
~...
._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·
...
---I.cl
-- I
~Z_.~__~
r......
_._~_
- .~...-........
::-.-.i-_
...
I'-r
-~.'-?-"......
---~~~~~~~~~-'":
..............ir...17
,............
,
~-~:-~--_..':-.:.,.
:.,.
.......
,.;.....
-~-
~~~~~~C-
I·...
!--····-C· ·-;- : ---- ' *------_c
--·.
W.
Z
a
1,
'It
L
'
_~
~,'L:.-_::
~--....
..i...,
- C. L-~.i..
.... .....L ~.~C~
-*
·---~ !-: ~~~~~~~~~~-.-.
~ ~-,-~~~~~~~~~~~
'"
,
3)
1 ii ~....-...
..., . _- .
....... 4......-
.--:·
4
t
..-·-i-: ,-_-:--;:.:!-..
-~~~~~~~~
;--:--:
'~
--.,c.
-·-:·- ' ,r",. '
c
tjZ
,~.-·
i
-
'~E"
.....
I
\
M
~'P"'"'G"?,,,s'',,
,~
o,
q.
fn
T%
.,
;----;
---- --------'-'''
I ~~~~~~.... . _-..
3) .'il--,PTVE . IOJ-l-Tc
:'.'Z 'G
M
'PM
'o "'aI"-
GE
,-
v
29
horsepower which is
ained by applying the superheater
to the locomotive.
The tests conductea by !dorfolk and ,restern
Rail-rzayon freight locomotives with and without sperheated
steam are quoted on the next page(Tables 5 & 6). All
items
except
two, items 6 and 7, are favorable
to the
superheated locomotive.
The most comnLonlyuseC types o
are type A and type E.
type
superheaters
esllts of recent tests show that
superheater possesses somuieadvantages over tpe
.
Figures 14 and 15 compare these two types with rearcL to
their coal consumption and boiler efficiency. They are
the results of tests conducted during 1943-1924
I -
s class, 2-10-0
on the
type locomotive of the Pennsylvania.
F'ig. 16 is an illustration
of a type A Top HEeader i'ire
Tube Superheater.
The eect
is shown by lig.
of superhear on oil burning engines
17, which gives the values
o
oil
consumption for various train loads with and without
superheater. It will be noted that the fuel consumution
ess
of engines with su-perheCters is 30-40;o
than that
with
s.turated steam.
Feedwater
Heater
The feediwaterheater
to preheat
the fee,
over the injector.
ses the exhaust steain
thus possessing
a great advaiitage
he injector employs live steam for
f
i
ab/ eS/er
o
£a )2
3^f
s,
2.
3
4.
S.
(
Ta/a7 k4Xv A
Cy/?.drs
),yiSezr of
.rorio/)
i
,,.
Sw'ir
K2
)i,
(acAuo/)
Y<vr
,,q
$o¢o
A
24
,fS" 30"
/9,
~i
130
'36
2"s44-3
°'
7
t.
/;ea,4nq SurAice ( crc!\
3
.
7-be-)
I.
8/ .
r92
C/Ls;box~o
Xea;>
/g.
/3.
7or/
Go;,4
arc 4,)
,,4(WiVA
,,
,,
,
-(,i)
ioce
447.3
3,j 77
9o
3,
45
45S
~earo
Grao$
/2
20o
2o
oa/r Pressure (corao/ )
/ 7.
m
VO
/VeS-
/$TM'r*
0)4,
2.
22.
23.
,.
Vo s- mosor Crss
l
(.Smal
o I oF 9( 0 ((-hf
$
Aor/b
OLiS3/Jd
Fro','5'W~ai /Abscij)'~ of
groSfova
/t
//
Ke
/3-/ 27
/scAr
r-
324 o
/
c~A~ /a'ac41/
O
^dg
Pr~
Ofeo;
23
CSe
,23
4
3)
_..
7onAor'orrncef
2S
/ 6 - Smoi o f
To,0
4 d
5.prS Wa
A'r4o/k
1Aco1af'5
_____C
_·__I
__
..
.
.
..
^.S
..
.
.
,Eng. /
dJ
.r_7
/.
Boi/kr Press3r
2.
Tozzoye
3.
Sped m. p .
4.
Co/
6'.
Eng. "S/
. S4,pc rlm
,V,
, O
Sup rXeC
4
.
a;fvAy
2 wzsr
£n9. _'aO~'
i 32..a
¢
//.
Ao/eJ
/9. 23
74, s .
12.
/3.
T.nold.
4m,
+4.. P
cormn
t e
mine
Ap.avera?¢ for rU
/,40, 213.o
/60 '9
/
/kzrAr. -o'C0
r/:.
,/ Iz. a
-36.1
8.
//1.
/ /o.22
-'
rowor
"
A"
+33.
4~ 2s o.
cj/"fdrS per /
q S/tam+hr&T
1
4
-/2.3
o,'lr £F/,c,"'?
-4r, cy/ Jd~s
&. Sfirnm
i1ru eykndSrz,r•
-t 33.
. 32
7.
,.t.u.
+../
/34. o
4 g 2;z.0o
S. WI//ar u,,p/,/Aid bo/oer
tgvaa· irapcr /. drycoa/' 4 257.
*Eu Qvo
i-
c'3
.30./
244.3
*
f-
per
r 3,'
. ,- f .vtcc
_
I
a i7.
2o.
- 4. /
_
2.7o
3, o
,G
7lermo/
/7. Tzrina/'
e
13. '.
d. b. h. bos's
4f/a~/cfl
.20.
Ftle
2/.
P2 / ,er Ar -
A"
rAour-
/O
427.¢
- 10.
p(r
sp . ff
rP/
-. 2-3.
-4- 1 0
,r Ar.
/i. Fu./Ibrnvd
lf.A
q.
b'os'screzncy ':.$'
owur
Opnecd
/2 3. 2
S7 41.0
$3 ''.o
/32.0
ai .
Scd
22. r/pJers /ffro%pcr
hTf
(w,,)
+/o
J
s g/ eli,
123.
24. Coal per,
+)
cf TreCdcd6y,/5
Jf/! d,44¢rcr~
kV d J Pc,/i s oI
F~,~-m
t 23
32•
hAor
fJCo.
qP
r~~$;',-/?
aOo/ r
'o
,,.
_ 23 '
S
'p, ri/, /d
/ocO.
UV,
32-
I
.
.(
I
V
30·:U H ~ '-'9
r. 2- "C":-i':.3._
- - I-i-
--~i--,...- . ·--- i - !,j
11lz
1
T3
I
H 2 N " I 7 A.
.- _,.- - -
c--
.-i- c-,
'I-.-;.-..I..L;
i
T--.L-: --i··,·- _- -------$--- --- -. .-
. .... -1-----·i
?·
-f
---
-t --`-- "-'-- ·I --- "-- -- r----·..
:-?1-.,1--.
,.,.
··
T._
-·--- i
·- · t
rp
-. i-i-r-.
-:-- ;- :4,..1-
- -errrrr-;LF.-.
I-ir --· -r·r
----- -I---'-'
''':'
- -- -
' ------ i ---- · · tr-----
'iz-
---
-cr!
-·JC--;-·-·-- "
..
-·'-'''c
:-· c·
Ir:rlT
-- i-·
".
·- · I-"---L-·---r-·--·--I---·-··
.=..~-
I)
..-- ' '
-ic.
·-i--e-·
t
t"
---
·
t -'.C;-t--+---'-
'
--s
i
·----j.,i
"----1-·-'---:
·--t
t-":
-7r--
ii
:1Tf:
------- ;·------i--i;
: -- 1--:------!
r.
"-
I
·-L.-t-,
;.,---1--
.. i
---
I
-·-·
-..
I
:
--·--·r-----
r --
·--t
···
?-
III
,c---.·-.·;..--·L.. t·---bu;
·-:-···-·-·
·t--' -·-·--·
·- -- ·--..t.......;
.. .I
-r----:---t-I-,-----
t-·
---
--
f
i
IJYF:
-,,
"
:
----
L-----
..
*
L--.
i-:·i
-
.,c·-
-,-I i-.- i
1--··-
----
i'
~.,t-..--r1-~-
·-- ·-- ·----·--·-i · · --·- ·
·--Li
.... ,I
·i·· --·-- ··i--.
:
I
-- -,.-~
-- ,~J..
--- -i--f .....
. . .
-.....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~T---~-?-
:.j~~~i-LtC~~L
'
--T I,'-
*
-~'L~
--
·
*-
t
---
~~
N
~
'.¢ --
;-
I
n,~~~~,
I
ii
I
ct
II
<
c
·-c
-;PCL,-.r,
z
*-·---
iiii
T·irc---r-·r-·-t·LL
vl
-+·-c
I-..~-·
i··
........
....
i-.tt
,.- .·- - i--'l,,,--.
l·:- - -- -j..
~
~
,.. ..
! '
~-'---:---~
..
,...-''~-·-·--?~
.- '--.-
.
.
-'~-,-~.
.
CTI--,+..f......-.-
!~ r*-
~
..
~-
....
- ~Y·
q --- *......
i......
r
- .. ..
-.-
:-..,,......,......
--.............
-·-L---t-L-·-r-
L1.
I
,
1;
I
-c--iiii-
5
Ljt--rcc-
z
-itCrtl
Ii
I
F
I
It-j.·1
:a
lip,
1: ; i ; !
---'='-':------: .
,--7~--.~-:.-'-tf -, -·-~.{~
-,:~
.....
-~
:-----·'~J·-L^
....
.·__,
:.' ........
:.
I!--·t··!
··.· .....
'...
-;
- · ..
· :.:, -7-..
777-
---' -!i : !I
J
. -. 7 _
_+-
-- ----
-
-
- --
.,.11,y
. -
. .
. !
,
-:'::;-77
-: ::- I --,
=E ma; 4=9=
- - - - --
- .--
. i
.. . - - - I.-. f : - -.------
Jd
-le'PY
kC7
/&AI)
--
YT r
30
,I -.· , ;
.
j,
_ -
.
fI. I Z--
.
Z...
-
· L·.·
~~~~~~~~~
-'.".
_ . -t".-.
~.--,,
-.r.
C
~~~~-·-"t
Irt..
...
-----.
..
.
....
.....
··
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
__
U
I'
....
.......
,
~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~'.....~
'
·----
·
---
·-
.. .
.
.
.
......
----
---:·
~' ·
f-'
..........
~--.~~~~J-? .........................
' -.....
~..~!~~'
......
%q
1 ~~-'
·
.
. ..
......
..,.....~
-.~
~
... . . .
~~~~~~~?..
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~.
:.:
:~,
'.1
~~~~~~~
;, -- e-- -- ..· · ~~~~~~~~~~
~.
·....
....
r· ,-- :-.
---'
....-.t
--- ..
·
· '-··-·-
·-
·- -·----
·- ··-· ·
L..
~--...
~
~~~~;
~~
r
-I
I·-
i
....
~'~
!. - ---ii
.....
.....
_L. i~~~~~~~~
.~
... ~'I~'~ ~~~~~~~~-.
' ., ,I...,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
' I..'',-:.':......
: t
j.-:::':
·-t·I:'~ !-----'~
----
· -- .·--- ,J ;
.
~'--~'.
. -'*: .
rhl
....-
t4
1-
.... .
'..
.
.
....
.
'
' .....
!
~~~F__~.1--d--.....-:--"~:-;--'':
'"~ - ..
i . - , f .·-·-.
... ' "t- ·-" i-~
-(r.......
..... ...- .
q9
ll_
.
....
:....,..........L
....
~--~...
.....--
i.~~~~~~~
~~· ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
I Iu
~~'-- ·
-"'.
"tl~r'':...I-,-4
.
L-'i_'_
...
:....
':- ....--.
..-
......
...
.'- ...
-
- -
'-'--"~-"-:
. .~~
~~~~~~~~*--------""--~I
- '
"~
'
1~~~~~~~~~~~~
%"---?
...
.'..~.
...
r
... ....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
....
~'
"-
.t
' i
.
.
'
-.-
' '
...
",l.
,"-:-·:'
?......'...¢,..
·-1-:-·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
..
.. .........-.
t
~
:....I
' 'Is·-c ~
:' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~':~i."
.''-:':
't
_t
t
;
3;C: 7
-- L--fi
.............
Ii
ll.
i
I
........
:-:
.
...
'J.
.,
I
_t·
'-
.:.~~~
;-
c
I
... 1
44
~'"i':·-·i· .":-'~-"-.
i - '~_-. .---:;...· '
...
r
I
1_
...
.1A
.-.;-·
-':.-=-:":: - ::-::"',_:::::
.'4
......
;..
::: :--:': _i;
,
a
1.'--·-
1-$
~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,
:,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·------.._..:_.
,..._...
._.~
..... ~
-'·;..1
-·
.:
'
:~
+...
4
t
1
....
fF
·
-----
i
-.-......
' -,':
.··· /- . r-
!·
E-
I
...
-.-·1-··i
·
1--- r·---
-e
1L-·.,.,,
I ·-tc·.-·
-Z'
(3
-... .
i-L
t4
i . ;~.....
·------ r-----
-
t
t
;....., ----i:I-· -1-- ·
·--- · ·
... ..---
fl
·-,
. i..
i.
1
Ii.
-----
"a
C/o-d
-----------
C)
e./O
- I·
-
I
t-·
---------------
J w,
C
-
.
-1.
1.. 1
m
3+
-i
1)
xC)
C)
t-'-
C)
0
0.
H1
I
I
i
riii
.i
B
35"
:z
-'-~.--.r
.::-_=
'_--......
.......
i--·:
:-:-~~--7-·--":
!~·--?:=
_-.
t-- ..:.-t.r_....
..
.,~.
.',-',.. :.-.....:
-'..--.-,
-....=-;7.-'-.;
-Tt
.1.~
.._i~~~~~~
~
I....
~- -,. .----. :....
"
. ..;...
_·
___ ___
__
-·· t·-.,.- '-I.:.
--·-- tr-·-·-------c,--(-,--·;
1--':
-r' --- t-·---'-·-·--I__
C_ ____________
____
__
- 1.
-I--:·I-:
---_Y_
)-·-IC·L.;-_
__ ---.
··-,-.j;----i,-
~3~~~~~.--_
~
~~ L=~'TZT
~._ ' ' .-L.=;L ..
7~"'.
__ _____
__ ___ ______·__
- !·
·- -i-r---Li-_·
.I
-*L.- · ·
·
r.
LIYL;~ - ~ . L~~
.~'_ ,--~
J-
li-·
·
· _
_1
· · ·
-.. ~-..~-:
',~~
~--=-F::~'-~'
-I·-
;-*=-
.
.. .. ....
.
" ..-
..
-..I-ZT.t
Y) ...L·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
... .i.,t 1-....-.
...
· _
T'........
'
I
~
0
.....
,--...._.--....=4.............. -- ., ... r':.............
......
.................
.
:.=,~..'
";Z-=-._...:_.'..:.,
:·r ~......-.. ..-._....._...tI ..-^-::~+---i·-·
.... ~ _.;--"=:-·--=
.......~-
_
r - -·-:..
E'7~==-
h
-
-
:- - ' -" - '
-
....
L'-:_t
-;.::Z&-Fi
.. -~*-~" .......
'
-=---T
."---
I--.'."'J
.; -L-:: .s.'-ZZ:L~T.:.'TT'
T:-.
IT:7£
-.ZZ-..
. ::'~
-'-.-i'.Tt"'
-_Z":7
L'
-:''Z.'2 ''.iT." =:
..-t-.......:.......,._.=
"
~'1~.'
L_7F..--I-T
__~L.7_.~. . . . .
~~· 1-.. .....
..-......
-... ....- .......
--_.?~----i,. ' ·: '~---=:-'-,,~-i-----~----+.:'..-:-~'
=-.-:r:
I-===. :=.,i-..
=~''
:-:- ---.'
? -:=:t--:.::
,-r-.....
- -·- ' I:--.
'4-=
'...=7==
.: ....~-.':'i:=:-~:'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--;
i:.= . '-==:~=.:
..................
. = . .:' .-.
Y:---T
,--:--I
Z
1T
F:
----
-4--
, -i-
i-.=
.
.-- -.- :
t
.......
. ·......
'-....
..I·t·-......
.....
,- L..-*..CIL. '1--.~..L...
l-r,
,,,,-I--- ....,p-·.........
....+:..r.... ::_ ..-.. ,:--.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-cC
'.
.........
.q
-- , ··--
e*,
c
-I
---
. I · · -- -r--.-
,-i·
i-------
r,....,
-- i-O:
Ilz
G
I'
-i,
··-.;-.-
4,
·;
r·- --
f-;
--.,.-.,
t-
"...-
;...--;-.'..
--- r i ------ r -rr:l`-::
·iii·i··_7...
*--.IFrr_?II
--I ----1- C··. i ----.-.-r------.-..
.-.-I--.
;I-t._._..;..
----;----
·-- f·-· ·- · i
i
?
.. 1
-'-·-
.1
TT-'·'-'
i'
C··-- -- ·--t-I
j_;._:;,.__..,.__..,._...
c·
'--·-' ----i-- i-1-1 -- ··;-r f
I..
",4',
7__-1-l__-_c
F
i
,-·--
i·-*-j
___-
---
'I ___..
--i --
,.t
L-
L
-
i---·c~~~~~~~~~~.--..~=.~--_.-.j:ii../
-- ;···· I··-·',..........-=-'u.'.:t--,
=
~~~
~
~t-J."-
..
l~~~~f:.....
s
;----t--c
·I -··-(-- ··
-"-"-.. ~ ,- ~
. ...IiJ
.
\v
1.1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--r......
.1
.,...
,..-..-.~
"
~ .f-----;-; -· --
-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--.'..
-
~.t.:.....~
I
-c
-ft·
--- t ·
tcLi+
IIL.:
....
'
-?--
----:···-'--·---!-··-7--r
-· ·i·c--·-·
-- i -- ;-t-r-·-I
--- lr-··---i--·-- ·+-,- --- ·
·- i--- --- · r-·-- .- · i - -·..-. ; .
_tr_ -i---F·i-----it----·
--- -- · ·-- ?·:
-L..
I· ,-·
··
·-f`T· ii
· i- ·
-- ;------··-··
+---·..,-.-.·-.1
Ix
v.
I,----
X-
i
r·i-
··r
I-·r·il·L---·---····i-·-·
k
Y:Y:
·- ;
-r...
L
_jl_..LJ_.
l_....
·-·- --- - r
..
r·_:
i-
r-·-
I
-'t
t-- -- -LC--
--------
·
..
+--
.
.... :.-~!.....
r---=
~.
k~~~~~~~~~~
~ _ ',~' :~_...
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~·,:·
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t'r
'
.~~-I....
,~~~~~~~~~~.iL..
. .-......... ::-- r;.
· ··
i·--
I
'-~
-~~~~~~.-.. rF_:
·t
-
--
,?,
-
........
iti
.- ~.
.
p- c~
.'-'-'
-,-
'
. .
--..1-:
---i- -_..~
'F ~-·--
4:
"t.I~"-j
it~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
......
~~~~
l:
..
~~~~~.~:~_:
.....
--~
.-,~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_i:
T%..' ~.---.C--.-.---·.
~._:...
-- ".;-r " - ·. i'' ·. ··· . ":-:. :i,~ .
.....
:--~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~-
Q
t
,.
':
....
t-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
......,-,,-~,--- .r-r---- ...· '....
....-,--~- ---!-r...'..
;-·1,t·...,..-......
1
···I ·~~~'-:-'
'_4:-·--: -
I
·--
;,":
........
, t4
,-·
!1
i-,--......
t .....
.:..t: --,~~~~~c:···-·-·
.....
1 ~~~
:~:
·.
-,. .
::;: ~':I--':
-'=t-:'
-'L..:=-t.!..-:
--
.
C--r-l--I-
.
.
::' ' .:';.-.., ....
1··
.---~:z
·-·--
......
......
--. :...l~,...i . ...·
ff
~ ....
......
· ·---....
,. ~
~ .-..
~~ ~ ~
, ...~ i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.='-~ ~i · - 5 .....-..............
~~~~o;-··
t·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
---..
-- ·---- -..-.
1:-. -r -.........
..~
.;..:....:..'
.........,.-,
[-··;.=:=J:=.
t-7':''"
-;=;_':.. :
."~-Z'-.--~-.'
....
..........
,T'.
: . ..~..Z-.._i
·_-.;~-L-i_-.....'.....
,.........
·:
...I
. :-.--~.'i_-.'.=T_'
`. .. ,- .....-.
.... ...L........4 -
::
: .- * .-- i-:..=:=4:
-:: ',·-
--
-:
':.............
'--:..............
""-'
....
i-, ...............
0
-3I'TO .,W -(41
I'
'.-'y..
I"
%P
:= ....'
- -..._~' --I-- ._=
~'~ _...... :.... ...":
~'"Z _.,:,_:......
'?'.,::-iZZ-LZ=
~.~....
t.-""-i--~
: !':--:
-:_" ...."~'
.i ...........
.. ....=..+-L.
--.......
1'
.......
..--.
i--~~~!..........
i ;'_=
.......
.. . .................
'--·.....
~...,...I
. T;-F
.·-...i''
·
.i
·-- I :-
Z,3
----
" 4 '"?-
t
i-::i
:,-_?'_[_
't '---~-.'-i--'
---'~~~:~!i:-':::i::I::!:.==~T
1..-~~1--I:
rr ...
1-,:.
i. J..; 1..1_~~~.
t"
iz
~"~'
~-~"
---
·L
1...
...-
t . .. .
. *-2---;-·'
i.:
. ...- '
::.. :_
'_==
"~=:'=;:':=-:--
'.....
I ......:, 71 ........... ' .......
-,l' .;7
:.:
;;
,7 ·q
I.....:'..:'; :'
,
.''
Qo
1,
"I
OP/ -Jos
..
N
.,o S-"0//O
';A.
.',E
36
both heating and pumping the feedwater into the
boiler
whereas the heater uses live steaa for pumping only
and heats the feed to a higl;temperature.
In 1924 a series of tests on a
-10-0 engine
on Peilsylvania Railroad already referred to, were
conducted
to shiow the economy of feedwater
The locomotive was euipped
heating.
with a Worthington feedwater
(closed type) and Type E superheater. Table 7 is a
summaryof the tests.
Table
Test
Temperature of
cold feedwater
7
Heat
Dry coal er
saving i.hp.
hr.
v
With
heater
Deg. F
a
I
ia
d_
Wtithout
,ithouat
heater
Deg. F
Coal
Savini-1.
heater
%
lbs.
heater
lbs.
40-20-F
47
59
8.2
-2.5
2.d
13,8
40-20-F
47
,6
8.2
2.5
3.0
13.8
40-30-b
52
58
6.2
2.4
2.8
14.3
40-40-F
.50
64
7.9
2.5
3.0
16. 7
80-20-F
50
57
8.6
2.1
80-30-F
48
52
8.5
2.1
2.4
19.2
80-30-F
48
o4
6d.5
4.1
2.7
19 .4
80-40-F
46
53
9.0
2.1
4.5
16 .0
80-50-F
120-40-F
51
53
9.4
2.4
2.8
14.3
45
.,54
9.6
2.2
2.4
4.2
120-40-F
66
54
9.6
2.3
12.5
r ..
T:
b
61
L:·
:-·
F
*'.4
rom Bulletin 32 Test Department, Pennsylvania Railroad
37
It will be seen frou Taole 7 that the inser.-tion of the
feediwater heater gives an average coal saving of about
14,; and heat aavin
injector
i
the
o
about 9,~.
resul.ts of which are plot-&tedin
The advantage
N.
lsi;
nd feedwater heater alternately were also mae,
. A saviig in
ig.
water consumption, ranging,from 15/lto 3;
by
test;' c
ompa'ative
wili be noted.
of using feedwater heater are sLmuarized
r±. '. A. Brandt, chie
uperhcatr o .
engineer of the
Y., iin paper presentoa. before
the C.anadian Railway
4, l;,3L, as f ollowin;:-
cluAb, February
(1)
It increases
aaxiaiaw evaporatJon
the
oin any boiler, no
from 15-20,.~
how eicient
uattar
it be in itself.
(2)
from 12-14/,
It decreases
the wvight
of
nre boiler
for equal capacities.
(3) The first cost or capital investment
is not any greater for a boiler with a feawater
heater than for a boiler
the
same
(4)
without one and havinug
aipacity.
It increases the cylinder horsepower
due to lower back resure
o
the locomotive.
(5) It decreases the capacity of the tnder
by
2OO'.
(6)
t nco
6Q
;I7dQn
It decreases the cost of boiler ;*azit-urC
-
Y*--..........
: --4.......
.
...
..
.
)-
....
.. .....
.
...
.
'[
'
-..
---
.-.
- -.
'
'i .
4 -
' I.,--.[
' I
..
it...
tj
------
~LL-~-C-.-r-CI
r--~-
fr%
-- _11·---_L-C
4-
4·
2~~
~-=~
~ ~~~~~,--=,..-F-:';
.:----.'.:-~:::-:
:--:_=.::
-:--~':
--=-'
7t_':,
-.:_.:_.
::=
"'k
..
i~~~~ll~~~r". .
..,.
-
..L
1--
`
..-
·- (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L
' I
1),
]!
1fi
.L
'
i
-
:'b
'
.
·............
tc-i-~....
--~~~ ~ ~~~~~I---~
:-- .. . . ~:
....
'
' I._''
~r.......
. -..
, ---_L
*-:-.":b:-;..-i
.
..:-....
K- .........--::.
. -' - ....
..-....
......
' ..
'....
-'
.....
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~.
--i----,:
.....
~
....+--,
-
'-
..
"-
IPr
, Z
-~:=:':.-:-
-a-
:.=
..
-- i ~._
...
I
·- :'---- - -=.---:-'-- -=~]+ ]
'::~-.:i::
-. ....
. .... . ..-.
-- .....
'......
:
-1~~~~~
· ....._~
%
't
:---~-'
....
-·-
-
i-~~
..
-.
.
.....
=:
=:-::=
...
ii
.
:
'-;
J..I'-- ·-'......
JI
.....
J.._
'.....
.___
--
4-,~~~~~~i-
..
_
tIT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·t
·i
-1
-
-i
.
..............
.
.-..
INO
L1
~~~-
0
'....i
a~~~~~~~~~L--
4I
N
:
---
-
-
j
E-
39
because from l5-20% of the feeawater is returned
in the form of condensate
.
(7)
.::::':-
It increases the combined eiiciency
of the boiler and the feedwater heater b
15
net as it recaptures
from the
heat
waste steam exhausted from the cylinders.
(8)
Big.
of
this amount
at least
It reduces the total net weight of
19 shows the rlation
the
between the evaporation
capacity of a boiler and the rate of firing. Curve A
represents the results obtained without feedwaterater,
while Curve B is plotted from
actual test results of a
boiler equiiped with a feedwater heater, with the steamL
consumption
of
the
feed
pump already deducted. At a rate
-of 100ft of coal per sq. ft. of grate area per hour,
evaporation without a feed.ater heater is about 38,500
pounds per hour. From
urve B it will be noted that at
the same coal rate, evaporation is increased to 43,000
pounds per
hour. It means a net increase of
evaporation without burning an
about lIo
additional coal. When
the rate of firing is 120, coal per sq. ft. of
rate per
hour, the net increase in evaporation will be ez0.6,,.
A comparison
of boiler eiciences
with and
without a feedwater heater is given in n'ig.20.
f
firing rate of 120:/?per sq. Z't. of'rate
At a
per hour, the
0,o
C H
"." -.
-
--·-----
- .. -1,i':, _,
1---· --C I
--
- -·t
---- -tt··-·-r
-L-C-··-j-·;--·-C
· L--TI-
.- ·--.·-,
ii. ;,-.
---I-: ---]-----t'
·-J-C----
·---' -
.--
C·
-r------.---
·--,-: ·- :-i--·-··
'
,-...-....
..
L
--·
.-. ,. ...L-L
-
_ZLTLr,.__.l,,;.
L1 -- ·I-·IJ
,·-· --- ·--· ·-
..-c··---....-. ·
-'C·
r--C
----
·--
T·;
"-----r--
;·-i
·
:-1-·---··--r-r·-·-'ri
··----'--f
.;.i
;-----i---,--·-:-·
..
'.
fl-C?S-P-
,_
-·---C·f·l
--- C-C--r-I
·'-,·-
i-·-'----l----';
----- t· ·-· ·-:--
-- Le
:J O
·--- -- i.;,.
C--·
-... .;.....
-;;.....
,
...- ,
- -· F -- · -- I
-?·---·
-i-'-·--i-'-:
..- f .-'...
-----' .- t·--- ·-·-
:
re
t . .._.-....L.
:
"..
'··
--t-·
t--cL:CI-C-I··-·--t-l-·-
----.
·5-tt---r
.1 -"
re
1
-- r·1
D
-.-.- ii.-·
-I-.
i
7i .:----i):---·ii·
c.;
·C----· -· -)··
._.., . __it--------;t3-J,-.i-I;---1·
\C
I
· ·-- · t·-;
rz,:Ltlrrit:-j·:-
:tl::r
oO
r7.- i-
r-'-i
'
b
QQ
-... L.-. -,---
-- :;--;
f------·
·-- ·--.
· "----rC--
--- C·t-·
;
-r---e
ri,,
?--!. -
-,
-t..~
r--- ---- -F, ----_.T_
-.
--
b
+-rW-
tti
,-
T-
-~-~~~~~-~
--
t-
i*
iw-r"
..----.
'~.:*-i
+·
;--0
t-
u
-7 - l
-
-'- -r~
l-
_
·
--
Lt-
_
.
·.
_
0---
·
, - ·- = g -
t-
-
-
-
{
--
------ ·-&- __ __
_..
_
3.
~rc;
- -- §L-
--
i
_IL
-t
i-;f
, -
_;4._~
I_
=
--
.
·-
T=·
---
-L---i··.-·-i--·+··:-1-il-·-:-
-t-
......
:---r^-l-i---·-·
i----·---r-i,-L.-...
i+r----rt----
7-
·
s_
_
- _j,__-
-- :-
tI-
.
L''':---·-
-·-
-- :·
··
j----_
-t7
-
-----
.-
. --
L,
---
-
,---- --
i-'-'---:'~r
,-,-i-,,
'
t
. . 1'"'
-I!-
'
t.
..__"_
.L---_.___
__
.
'
.
;!-i-
--
li-
4 ':-;F--r=
-----
.-
--
---·-
......
.. -
-
-
-
··
4--'
,,-
t·
!
t.......
_-'--.=--.--FT- _.-L
-
"D
-----
I--
--
'
.
L-
-i
-r--
to
.............
.......-.-.................
:.........
__j___T_'_-__
..
k
_,_..
,i
.
---
-
-
-
L..
4
<_t__i-
1-.¢_., j*;
;.-;
--
---.
-t
--
+
---
'-
'
____
.
i--~?
-
·-- ·
1··
f---
r
--- _---;----w.
.
..- . .......
.
~~~~~~~~~~~O
0
.......
i-J
__--t__
.:--'r-·
....
..
'----'
--
g
-
.
c
-,4
44
i·
,L'
~~
._..-i---......-; .........
-'
.....
.
..
....
--- '-----.
.....................................
__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·
---'- e · - · -- -- - ! -l(4~i---<-*__& :....
_''
O
4
_--'
; ----'-.'
-
b
114
-
- 1 !-
'
"k
--:--;-I-·c.
·-· r-
~ i-."
..
-i
--
-r- ·--
_
..-
-T
;--trg
-- !
· __4___---<c --
_ .,.._
i . ...
.. ~--!
. .... .....
~~~~.,...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-_
-
.
c
-
_
·-
-r
r ·
.--:_.
L-................ ......
_
:-~-
i-
---
,
-
---l=lr--~~;~
·---
'-..L
...
_........
~t--~[-~--P~-^~~~--m~
.--...-- ..
.·i-· *LI-···-:
· - { S_ -· __-
.....
-rL,;,
t·,~
-·---·--L--·-·-:·.---
_'- .
-l
'-
.... :.. r- -
|
r
,
_. . _:_
~-.-i-;::-.-----I---7-:.;.
-- -|-::,'--:4-.----- ~~--=SjX
1
1
t
.
IQ
Q
---------
; ~*-sr
~...~=rF~~~~.~~~
~ ~~~-!-L;- --W;;'_,~'- "'."..."-;":-:-:'
_.............................._..
_....:.....:-.'
.....
;';.--H-'....
G-.'
_...... , ....,t,-5__.....b
. r;
:
t..-.. _
--
·-
~
'..h----,
.
-
·-
"......
--
--
. -:~
*
--'-
_-'
---.---
.
.·--- ...--
-t
't
- -- * -
:-....... ",
+
-. .-...-~.,-
-
_~~
--r-rt
*,
.
:
,.
e -·..
C
+
r
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.,_L,___j
-
--
__
i-·- ·
-, - - -_.
+t-_-4---_-----1--
:
--
. >.
-
{
---.....--...
----
. ._ .
.. .-'.r_---t ~ Z"'.-'ti.-~:.~-.-----q
....-
=~r
........................ ?-~~--~-..... :..............
~....... ..
|--......
'. ---- -r-§\t·
--.-.·
:B L->:
fr_·__>
-_
· .-- r~
-T---.z ~-~w,-_
T
·
-
Ix.~~~-~=ei~-~
r- - I~;t~__.-
Iri
~ -r--,
|-;i
.
''~~
_ __ -:- - . _ _. - -:
·- t·--~~E,
-f-.- .ti ei-,
-
..
IL;:
_
---- ......
----_._· -'
F---+-
.-.'- _
- '-
~
-
L=-;-r--i-r·-
,
4-
§_
..-
--
-' -'--
-'i
.....
-~~t
-,--
. ~--..--,
---
,
| r
',.
' .'"-r...."*"-.'
..
.--
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F
-,..........t-~--------
---
1--;-L
'i-k
--
z
l^rtr-~-
- -
-----
f~.
-
-
...- ,---1--
~
t-'--'; I--- -- It'--,--'F-.
..
-
-----
:------- ----->-r
_
.r--; r- ........:---|-. .-.
°'
. .i
·-I--~
~~--i
ixv
- ~-·~
~ ~j~, - **_ox4
.'--,.._z
E
-- ·
...
---...
--;-.--t
----L'----..-.
E,+---t
--;·------"-.--.
.:_
.:
:
'
=:
.=;=
.
\
_,.-,
J'N
-4r:
r_
-:t.:._-t--L..--______C- -r!-e
::1-..---.
L 1.. ·_I-
r
I
rl
1IL?-7.i
I-----e-.-·-·-
·
·-- · ··
--·- ---·:
L..-t--t-
· i--
.....
j'
O
""-
·-· '-
.I"
C'"".
-. --- ,.·---r1.
....
· i 1-- -- · t-----
-- i
.- .. 1.-..,.,--..1....
·-----· ---.--· riL·,-,-.,
-- ·-- rr---- - --r-(------ ·-- ·- ·--
·
---- i · · · r··-----:------r·
·- ·-+i-1-···---'--·,·--·-t
·
7f.-..
-
-. .-
·- · -:---------r·
-t -t -- ·-r.-.. 11- .--- '17'·--1`
L-- - !--c-.-.. 1- ·"---;·--1-I
_C1(·
-----·-· · ...-i--C------·
,_...
-SI·:--'-:L-----·
:..-:-L+.
Zj
....
--- ·. --·--t
.1...
---f--
--- -'---- ---- ;
L-lh---+-C--·
-- ·- · L·-·-?---*t·-
-I·r--·l
-r-C---------·----i ·--- -·---·-·------ 1-L·;lrL
.-- ·-·`·L-Tf
C-Lt
----··--C-
-
--- r- ·-- i-·--·I-:fl:2·:lt:l---j-----r-.-- ·--·
r-----·-----·,-
rt--------·r-L1--
I,
-
-i·---··-;
---··
·r-----·------ ·-- -·--t
·- i-- -- · ·-- ·- ·TI___!I-_
-- I._-_----.. ,.
.._._ L-t
_
-:4
I....,~.~_
-·
-
·-
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
~~nDr
J~ FP7ooP/C~9YJ A
PI~~~~~~~~~~~~V
O
.i
t.
t --- s--r,_ f_--:·:__-:,:;· _.-·-----·-·-·-------1 · :'i7.
i
I--c-r
1··
C---r·
1-·
-c
1.
'-'-,.
:II-' -1
"I'
··-... ·-ir..
.·1...
.. 1
-- i- --- :---·
1·
- -------i·--·
· ·,-·
.-- ;_L.-_-_
i
-- --
.. :-'T-
:
..---'I
i
i.
I
i...
D
r
i, ·
i···· I··
-. :---
r-·---.
;rr;lr._.
..
....
,
IVI
-··-
·- ·- ·-
_i..:._
.,
------
---
·-- ·
--- · ·-
__i__,.._
.-t
·-·- -·-·
-r·
·- ·
-·)·
...L....
..t.
·-
· ft---------'·,
1
1h
i..
t--------'--
....
-ci----+-tt---c,
·-:-----·-t
'--i-· . · ·. --·--·
4
I:
I-CQ
·
_II
i·.-
.I,.
C··L ----- ·-f
._C·-·--
.-- I
-- i
-e
-I
-·
--:
-- ·
-·--
·
--i ·-i.
I
· · -·
-·---·---.--
·-i~~~~~~~~~~
t---
-··--·--·--
-
r·--· ·--
!-f
,------
' .~---t·-r I :1
-·---- t.::'·_,:.. . t..:-:.
-- ,...::.-:
:'
j~'~:"::':~:.
vi
.,
..... I
~ ,...
~.....
~.P-"~~~--.-''-~
-:.....f~ ........
~....~...._i....
·- ·
·---
c·-r·-
... _.--=.
-'
' .;
t' T .....
_;''%'-.
-
_
~
-
· ·- ·-
i?·:---
IIf
--
'·
i:k
'.: ......- --.~P '-;-: . '
...
F
---.- +
"---'.:'~'·---- ~-'
....
· ' -·
I...:'·:..."---'
t
"
....
' --
.. ': . .---
:-..
t---
\Ir.~~
:- .. -.
.
~
r-
1Y1
.".:'-.'
.... i.
:'-T.'-'-'~-+---
::-
-.---- .
__
~ ~
I
VEZ)
-(
I
I
.~::.I-
..-
__________________
-~.-.
·-
·..
r.-
~
t~.
.771~
.--
1--11-
_11910n/~.J214V,441VP-31
ti- -/Z
it
:.~-
14.
.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I
K~
cI
~__'=....
.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;. .: . . . I"'
. . -' . '~-
.I
.- t::
N
'c '
-;
i'-:'i';:'.::{....
:::]
'"
-
...--
:2:
'~
3;i
.i
-i
*
-i·
k;- , ~-- ......f- ..... ....
. ..
..-- .--' '- ,..-:--~.,----I- -· .....
/~' !'.~
:: .- _:: ::::i
J
'
'
:
'
"
~:
-. '.i:-'-':~ '~---"-:
t~''-- ":~- ":''--';:
L- .i-(
- 7- - ..
`"1
,l)
1u
jc
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
.
'-
.
I
1
·I
-----.
----
.-
:r....
i
I· I 'Ili - ,
r---
..
'
:-
.
- " --- ..--
_C........
·-
! '!..--
.'_.......--
~,
-~~~~.-.-~.;.%7'':-
....
-F---------
.-
·
~'--'~i...
·
...
A·ltl"S 'J Z11
/
-
t
?I
O/
··-·--·
····-· ·-:
-I ··
· ·-- r·--··--:
·-- -.-...,..
-. i.
i--·-:-:t-·--"--.,
--I- ,------------
:----.·
i
I
-· ·
-··. t-
· ·- · ·--- ·- I · -· · ·-i-·
ZL`
i·--T-- ''
:
·- ·------ --Lr-
· ·L ·
-.
~~~~
,._ir.i...
-; ..
-----
; b
L"`I
L
------e
·-
-+--
·-··
:·-
·
!-tE____
I·
1
---- ·. -
·· · ··
· ·-·
_,_._-
.....
....
·-r·
--- %
---
i-·
..
·-----
..
.
t '
.............
....
q[ -- ;......."
.
.
....
..
'
,-- -
·
:
--
~ ~ ~~~:.....
·
·-----
'-.I.
·-,.4
.
,.
·-.
·....
'1
-.
.i
I-·,....
...- ..............
I· I
.17:
·-I;-:7.......
.....
'
.-
----
.......-
h
·r-1
-r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
· :
-
1-~~~~~~~~~~~
....
~
r~~~~--·
---· · ·-,--·I-·I-:_
:
...... --
....~~'
:~~~~~~~~--·
·
1· -· ,........
1 " ' · -+- :-I
.-. ...
^
-·i.---·.--,
' [
r
.......
......:~..... 1";7-· ----
__1_1_
__
__C·
__ __
l~~~1
'-'
.....
CT---e
,·----··.~
~
L~
~~~~;i.........
,;_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
_~.··-i··........
°-. ........
... ......
....
.;....f
~- ~~~-`.......
,
... J,
·----rJ...I.
i-I-
.-..-- · ·
-
yt
-C.
v
··.. --I
,.
I-·· · ---I
,,....
- --·-,- -.....
- -...---- ·
- ·--·-:· -- -·-·
i
·-·-- ·- ··-- rL--_-
;
r--:---_,..: I-r.
t
c--;i-,-l-.-.yL-ii_-·
1-LFr:,.-.il-.,-L.
· 7--
·· ··-1..
L.
,L.
....-1 T:........-j--·
------r-.·----·--
c·,--
L.s ·,
3"---C-':--tc----i----L-
ci-
·-.
1
·-·
;··;·
'' · ...
'..
-
i...
r.. i...
t--:---
.I
·,-
-
-·I
:·
...-
..- L...· -'i-··-·c----I-----·---··--·-
,.
'
"·--
· ·-
;
-- I
r--.....
·-- !-------:-l-.-tl_...l:
IF-
4
)-
i
·- · :
-
-·····--·----;-
.i .
·
· It -I
''
··
-l-·-·-i--
ur
----··-1·
I
L__1.
`-"'
`-------
'
:-i;·
IP
1.
I--_
,··---1
1
q
1
-··-··--!---···
.r
:.1.
.,,noy .,/at/'
-·-·--(
--·- ·I
... -(
-I
i"r..
1·
''
-a%
1
·-
._:1
:
L-·-
·--- ·--- · 1--'-----t--'-·
I
·I
--- 1-----------'-·-'
-- · ·---·-i-r---·-t-- -- ·-- · ·----· ·-;
-_.....-,
t-----·--·-·--!-:------;-.,--t·-·-·1.- -. ..L -`. .- '
· · · C----·----- t·------·-- r)
r--------,
i
xi
-1
---
I--··
· .-
t
-·---
-'·---·-··
-----
;
-1
-- '7-..
:-1
·-·--t
.. .J
-- -··1 L)
-- t-·------t
r·(-·
i
... __._.
·C
1.
i.--
-- ·1.:
... ,
-I-.--L--.t---i --·
-+··
i-_i_
.. .... _-·
... ,
1;-......:::
·- - i-- --- r-;
'"'`---"---.$-------:-Ice-·
_____
4..
15
'
.- 1
-;··-.-
0
· ¢7 o/
I
a
- .,'
eo
"-I
r4
Y
'
·---
"'":·/
-'· ·I
1:
-- ··
---L--
...
t--.:
1·
-- t
i ..
I:
--.r···
-I
·----.---
I
i-..-..
II
--c
.I
.---· · __-ti··--
i-i · ·--·
t-
.
..............
_____ __·__
i
N%.'
·i.-
I
I'l
eQ
~-
~~~~~~c---.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~~
~~~.:-_::;-..-:-."-'-'::··l-:s~.'
!·
..
+--~~~~....
~~~'":"..
--·....
·-··':..'
-4............
r-r- ·-- -e t-i-:·:1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.....
'
..
. .......
i-·--
i
I
.........
-·iQ
A-··,,_~~~~
.,
......
'
,~~~~~~~~~L......u
"I
b
'.i
.
....t~.:.~.-- T
. -L
f . I·:_ :..~~~~~~~~~~~~~··_t4C:-~- .-...~..~.t
. i.-..
..f.-. . : - . -: ·-. - .... -;
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
l.
j-'...
....
:
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
- -I1- : ~~~~~~~""~~~~~~~:. .
. '-:"-.'7 -i
.
.
.
----
,C
!
t'"'7't----"-'-,..
. L7 -- --
-·
·
..~~c,
....
,t -·1
....
'-,7
-··I
_._1·9
.,._..
- ..--
..
'..
._'E7.
: ;-.'T'-'-·
Z=1'%
,* --.-t'.--'.''
-1 :I --
·- crt-
~ ~ ~~~~f.....
~.
I~~~~~~~~~~-~,
.--Ct~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~%.
...
:.z.-.:T.7---.-.-.--.· ti
~~~~~~~~~~-7...
...... i ~~~~~
~7.._t:
-----~~~~~~~~~
I;-~......
......
.,
...I
t~~~-;
.r-----i·--.
'_:·'';.. 7;~;.;".-";'-'1 ".._~~~--~~~~
.~.:'.'L.;....-Z;.....
-~~~~~----~~~'
..- ;...
}
---':
_ .·----.-1-----t-· ··--
-------·
·-- ·- ·- · I-·-·--··-r·---·
..
· ·- .-. i.. --Lli-r.
----- · '·r:--·::.·:: L-
'a
'vO .,,
1
;rrl
a
- - 'P
14
1/3
I-
Nt
1*
V
>1
k
we
t~j
4
4,
to
NQ
Q~~~4
x Ii
4 ia?
-Z
ll-l
*
<C
(\4ZZ
%o
`itP
t
I
N
K
.ILi
BO
E
x
r
I-z
t
1'
gwlt'V9P 7j 3 3J
)
A'1 Io
AD
0// 0C C'
U.
EUIAe
o
44
combined efficiency of boiler, furnace, etc. without
the aid of feedwa-'er heater is 5./~,
with the heater
is
67
,
an increase
of 20/o. The
'
of feedwater heater on back pressre
Lig. 21.
A decrease in the pressure
is obtained for a given aount
the use of the
eedwater
The Superheater
catalog on Locomotive
192o,
while that obtained
eft'ect
is illustrated boy
f the exhaust
of evaporation through
heater.
Co. of
ew Yor,s
in its
eedwater Heaters published in
resented a chart for estimating the saving in
dollars by the use of a feecawaterheater. The curves
shown
in
ig. 2,
are calcutlated for
a locoiLotive
in service 250 hours a month. The appruximate amount
of money tat
can be saved bj the aadition
heaterat a giv;,rn price of
o the
coal and for a given rate
of firing may be read directly from the chart.
Brick Arch
The design of brick arch has changea qite
few times since
in 1854. The
ts fiest
application to locomotives
irst brick arch was constructeacwitn
9-inch coinmercial ire brick, the
together.
a
oints being cementea
Later caaiethe three-.,iecearch, -whichwas
built up of three large interlocking bricks. Then arch
tubes were placed below the bricks for the
urpose of
..
[
ii
.f
falling down to the fire. The trouble caused by te
/[.
breaking off of the over-hanging ends o
i;
bricks
led to the design of the
those
odern Security
which consists of small arch bricks
arge
-'rch
ith beveled edges
and supiorted by arch tubes. Fig. 23 shows the Securitdj
.Archlocated in the fire box. Rcent
tests have sOWii
1
I
i
i
i
i
i
i
I
Secrl'y
Arch n pk/ce
that substantial economy in coal and increase in power
n locomotives.
are resultea fro±i the use of brick arch
In 1916
the Test Department of Pennsylvania Railroad
Company conducted a series of tests in
Testing
2-8-2,
the Locomotive
Plant at Altoona, Penn. on a class of Ls,
[ilads type o' locomotive
with&nd
without
the
indicate. by these tests
The advantaes
brick =.rcih.
may be sLuamarized as following:-
The brics arch inc-reases the draft.
(1)
The increase is particularly significant at the
front and the back of the diaphram where it ris
as high as 25i0 and 30
is 100 lbs. of dry coal
of firing
when
respectively
the rate
er sq. ft. of
grate er hou,.(Fig. 24)
(z)
It increases the firebox and smokebox
(-i,.
temeratare
(3)
).
It increases
the amount
at all rates of comabustion(iig.
(4)
rates
It reduces
of evaporation
6).
the smoke d.nsity
aG "11i
of coiabustion(Fig,. z7).
A()
It increases
the boiler
efficiency.
From Fig. 28d t will be noted that an increase in
boiler efficiency raning
from 6.9 - 11.6,o is
obtained when the rate of firing increased from
.. 7
~·-·'
't--L'*--l-~~
..
:
.-:
..
~~~~~
.....
i-:
~~~~~
~~~~
~':· ..-
'..--;vo:W
Z...
, :'.
. :'', e......,-.
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~s
~~~..
'~-".
..
:'"
:'cFir·
'i
i ...
,X
.~~~~
__. Li
-- --· i
~
r -·--
r
!-...
.
,~~~~~~~~:.-
i :: i
4
·
.. .. .
'"
-.
...
......,.. ,.-
·
..
1·-i
... .·... ·
~:,
'
,:
_''".:!-
'-
:?
..·.
...I. r.l
s..
cl'·-
.,,,., -·
-1
..t,.. i
·-
·-
i.
I
,-
./f...
--1··
·
--
:
-
·:---t-L-__-·r i
-t;.. -·-,t---e---.-
111
:-cA-l
-·' !" ;'''
I
I~-~
-.;..
A;
L
..-
;T.
---
r.
...
· · :t
--~I'rrc
.
:·
·1--r.-.ti-T?._f-.
t·r
-·-1·t·--i-r"t--r*ri-?·-
L.
·--
r
rf
I`f.o-m
·· ·
·· rC-^--·^·r··
,·
-···· --1·;·--·
"---?.T.'-iF:-·-+r
·
,a·.it
,...- ·- 1 xl-;
I:
"
L"
c-
.I
i.
-t
-;cric;-te
i··-ci-;rrc;i
-,·
··- · · ·
-- t-·:-·r··-"-;:
·- · I-i··:··-r-i7-;;:l
i
-I"tX
--
4-
80
4q 14o
ga A7Jagpa IZ*
j
c-aO.&r ro~~~~~~~~~ "v ~''~'i::tF
p zf 59 .- /:.: :': '
Fr-... 3 .
·
·, -c·.--
.r
.,.. 1
...
:
-- ·-- · 1
.... :
'rl
.......
:i
--- · "."
'-
·
--·---r
;·
I--c,
-:.;.;i-·-.·..Li
. i...
t··---,---t.--. ·rrr.-c-r*ri)
· · ·-- c-·
a.l-......-iL;
t-,
·- ;
'11Tr7
-- I*'·
.:-'I:
'· --- t1·· ·
·- 1-·
· ··.
r- .,...
· ··-
··- · ·· -i·;··
20 ~~~
4.
~~o
4· r
/o
,),r
i
:ir
tr·
.. c---- · · .- ·..-,.r
:.c·r-,i··tt-·L_:
;
i
·:
---
t .. -· ., : -- -, ,
I ' - -- , --
..,,I.1.
---- 1 ·- ·
c
...
ir.
i:.
1-
-·-·;
'
" r7·- Flr-,
··
i ---- )·-t
.1...
ir
·.
.,......,.
r-··-··l
·
^.·-r·· '
r·C-..
rt
·
-i ;·-s-·-s·
....-. i-.· .··
;
,..
)
' (
.I
-- ·., ·-- ; i li;
,··j:
-i
.
. .:.-,,-: - r--·--,
------ ·-i
:
,-..
1 ..
-I...
t -·· ;
ir
I
,.,..
rr
1-··: ··-
~~-1-t
LC ·
L ;fi:II
~.
1
,..
^..,.;..,.....;.
!--·;-I·
·- le
-- · r-i
.,......
--- r-/l
1.
L~~~~~~r.
t
.1
...,
1
6
-.
:
.;.ir-...:
-i
t
-' --
~·- I ·~-1-
·
.,....__...
t'
· r ·--
;·
P·-.I:
.. ··
-·+-r-
V
i
,::A
. :
'i-
1
.. I·-
-
c···-·
L1·
I-;
·i
-·-,
;:..
-- 1-·r
II.
I
LE·~~~~~~I
;-;·iI
L1
.r
t-.
-- '---
.i---
7.'--:
-::~..I
i~~~~~~~~~~
..
j·
i . "
...
.....
if~~~~~~~~~~~----.
i.
,-·/-:--"
" . i-·. . . ...
*
.. i
r-·
;I·.. .-- r i··
.-
~~~~~~~~ .....
... *.. 1
i
T`.T... '."'...
-- ,--c-·
_.
..
- .,...
~
-i
-
.-'._:'..".'--:-!.:'_"--~-.'. :
:.... f .. `- i I --T -- - , -;
i;
~
-·-;- __
''
7
~
:! ?
__. .-:.
I.r
..
-'
.t>. 't,.,-TT'-t,-''-'
H::...'7'zi
F-~ ,~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
...._;~ .
II
1-1k V 4
!::'--[:.-' ,...
- '-.
' ".. .
.zt
. ... --i-c-i"'
..-·-·....
ct--
~
-·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-.
· ' ,-l.;..::
.
III~~~~~~~.""
Lt~
~ -t·-.I -·-i., ·i ~~·-,?
......
'~~~~~"
'',t
"I
:
-r--
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·.
.-................
t···
!~:.--:'
~~~~~~~~..
~ F:~~~~~~~~~
~~~~---..I:-."-:
-~....
I
-
-1
:-·
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:.:
--·-·-·,··----
:
-:·- ·-· ·...~~~~~
i-
-3
- ,.-~+--L-~
:
i. ..
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L
:
': - i :;
~.'.....
-I'···-+--- ·
~..
:':'..-
-.
.-
.
,c~r~n?
:
: 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_:
. ~.o .
,d? bt I', :_n .
·'l?:
36 ijii~~
iL~OM
j7Y~
Q
/4~i
-~n
..
i
'""'
. .-.
/7~!
2·.
....
_Y8-;
t···--
i·f:-r
i- -i·-i
-·--· --- i---·-··
.,.;...
---- CI···C·-·.-· --cc.
-i
.·
i
··
:·I .r...
-' *t·-- · t·-
......
r-.··- rI-... ..
-··-
,..i
+;
--- r- · ·-- Ic
... :I,_;1:r:
-,..-,li,
i
..
r
'
· · I·
i · · ·-
··-··,·' :-
-··-
1.1--,_._--__.
-··IL-
ii
i`_,t-
· · I-.
;
:,·-··:·t-·
·
·1-·
. : . 1.
j
1
.-
....
[
I-i --
...
j
;...,.
'·
; `
L
:i:
--- ·--
-t-·i
i..
I
i..
I.·-t.·:;
I--,- - i;-:
·
·- *+·-*T··
i ·.- ; ,·-·;
·
.;...
.;:
r·-1--
FC
'··
·:-....
tr
t
I·LIL·
.. ;..
~~~~
--·
·-
-- -;~
·- ·
· .-e
;
:_
.
J
..i
-. i:·
?
:C.L.
"`' ·-- *-·--:·-;
· ··
H-4 4-
I .
17
- . . . ·· I · .·I
-
··rl--·
.'C
; (t·: :·-r
:.
.C-·:. rri.,.
I --·-;.--t-
:---;
·
-
---
.I;··-(---;
..-
.. ;
·
4- ~-' "
.
''
- ."'
" .. :
I
~~~~~~~~~~~;
~
.
·
.r
I
·.
; -.-
j L,...-
-· r
-if
r·
.·t -(·i
;··--··
'.··..·L.
· ·
;-··---C---.
lzL~ril
t
i
.·
t-·
"' '
..
i
c'..t-·
:, .-- ;I-
, --'- ~·lL-C.
.i
..
..........- J . ~~.
r-
1
..-. i .-'-'
--.. I -...-.
-j
. --,:r, -
. I .
..T
--ti--.-. .. i I :,.T
)-.-. ..
-
;··-·
.?
1--·-·(1·11_
I
-··I
..I I"I --: I .-1.
, , , ----!4-.
t . . .
- , -,-,'
- 11
! -,
- 4- - 1- - ,
. -- -I
f-
·
I·I-·-··-·
-r-··-r...;
J.
.-·-
· fr-.
...-c: --
i
/
I,..-
· ·-
-:·
--·..
·-
.
___,,
I-I"''
-.I
-:-
-·-r--
.
r
II-
...
:·-·.-r
,
, ......
i
t
-- 1..,_..._.
.
' -'-:
..
._,J""/-'.
;
:
H'
;
::~,I
'r-!
~.*-~.-:;..:.z~L
~'.
.:-··
I;
.(
L-;--;
~~~~~~.....~,[~,.
_.l:..,-~'
''; '...
""J:._t
'
: I·1
.; ..I
-*----*-
·---
---.
~- -
-,-
-'i. .
~
;
..
·.... ....
'
-,-.ii;-.
.-.-
... --t. ,*.
:
~
~..----.!
·i.:
'
- --::
.
~-
.
.
~-
j~''-
:.~-J.='~.~....-. ~~....~t~;--~..· .
-
. .
~--
i ?$·
-
.-
- ----:
I"· ?-; -- : I··-`·--
· ',·
'
!-i
!·.r--,
r~
--
·· i·l
··
.
·
; --.
~-~-~
... -.
-
7
·--- · r--·-'
·.
;
.
.......
. ~!-- .
---- c··I-
~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~.-
;
,-,--
-..
·
.
.
-.
'--t-----t~~~~.
.- ·L
.
--
L
L~
. I-l,,, ·
~
...
{....
.
i
.....
*.-~ i-l-~
--
.
.
.
~ '" ....
~.-
l~;f~
:.-·r.......
. -zi'-- ~.....
H,,,
-:i
. . -:-.'~
. ......-.
L':c··:3/
"-L')-C
..... ·
~ i---~-'
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .-~~-+~-
·-..
i ~.~ ~...r?-I~ .-.
~ '..:........:'i~c
·
L
.
·
r
4-.... ~.~..; .:~ ..;..
:
t
_,..::_
.......
-,~,,
rf
""
,L
ii
qF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
'''=
[.'t.' ; ~ . -t-
.~~~~...
.L~~~~~~;~--'-----' *-.i
i-¢
-.
-- i
~q
~l -.
'-?-'
.t.
-, - 1
, j-.t+~
H-t,
'. L--'l--~:
...--. ...
'':-...-~.i......
.;j_:
,.
"-':;-Ci
-c-·-
.· ...· ~-·
c--·~~~~~~~~~~~~"""'
,
~;.
I di C:-,,
.r
-·.
·
,
i. .
,- ,
'f
-r
"'"'
ir.tiIf;l
,
"'-f
41tr -.;i
·
l.,s
i--..-;
~
.L -i
_
···r-
I
I,
iCL-
·
; i.. -3p,
,"^·ltc~--*-,":
-= r.;.
:·";:;
].
:!
--. k-S. :-i·- ,,...
**?
........
-;e
L-;
;·1.
I
i·-r.
11
-
.,
4-c-
y
-"4
*-:
-·
L·f·
4-
i..
r
f-H,r ,
Bell
I
. 'NV
I
~;*'~~
....--'6-1
i-·-ii-,-j*;.
..- ' -r~~l;~c-r
'
-;**~-'J-,.·
-`~.*t,,
- ·-·· ··-
I
·-lr
Ir
.......
,. -.....
c.i.....
. _
-c--·..4·
· i-
-·1·- . -?r.·-·-
4t
Ir
r·-:
.LL~~~~li- ./1J-i-"·'yjt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i· Zii~~~~
,
!
i·····
-4z "O
o x,
-' · '
Jr
~i
- 's~~ir-··
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;f~-n7
r-
ct7.
'ol
¢. jo30
,r
;'c7 ,
'
-. i--I
-·
i
-.-.
--·-·
·-.r·.-·-- ·
ftt,,i.::
L :.if*-tf-L(·^
M7.·-h-ri-'r
"'
i.t *i;
r
'--rr-L
-r.
'"l*C
--
·I
..
· ·-r- r ·r t
i..----(:-j.i..;
,
_,,,,
·---1'
·I·ti
·- ·-t·--I----I
1-;--·..- · · 1-'·-- -- '
L ·- .·. ·..+r·
-+·
i· rr
·.;.
.. ..
..,
;.*.,
s··
··-t··
-1.--·
·-F
!·
.. ,.......
UCf"*'-'
.L- Ill ·r:
... ,....
.r·-r
..
.r F-jr·-i-·t·-:·;·:
,,
ri"'r·
·
·
1·
LU
-
-- r
..
j.
4.-'....
·-- I L·-Ci.:-LJf-r·L·
··-' ·--
)
Pc.tjl
-
`'
I
··-- ··
*":"
I
-.-
rt
.:-.· _'7
E'-- · -: h;-
."
~
,
'
i.
i
'
---
c~.~.--....
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~....__.~
1I ·.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
:. ~-k-,.,f.
rf_.
~ ~
.;I. .,
.L-
' -f~:--··· ·~ -' i ..t ..
....
-.-
i
ii-·
~....
~~
.:
-.
..
'--f.i......t
-
-
·rl,
L-
m- ~.....,..-------;--m~
~-'~~
-'"~"~'~-z--....-'*~~~-_-~__.'_-z.
'"~'"
'
~~
'
'~
~
'
'~~~
:
-~
'
~-.~:·-:~
'-·'--~-!
:
.
....r--........--....
~i..
'~
Qr
~ '....·;
+;-·1C
..
'~_--~
...-.
:~
:
.
-;-.~
-~
:"-:
:-~~-:--...
-l~,~i/----t--·-'~~
~~
'~
~--~-....
L-r- ::',:.
~~~~~-'~
,L--'.
......
z_;'-i''-':
:!--':."
- ;-;'-:i
z,·t
jsi·+~ .
11
14
qi
...
: ·
.
...
~
'
''
..
~ ~~.;.-I-e+
~ ~~~-'~-.-.
-- . ~~ ~ ·'~
V)
f- t't
~P`~-~~--~-'~"
~r~I-:`
:
--- r-- "
--
L
:
--- ·r'·,
-t;·-J
;-- f.-.*Lt.!L
-'.
Iff-7r-'
I?
·
t ·- ---
--- i-·
--
I
t.·--i
-···: :
L,.
%9i
c·· -
VI
I -
.
.__. -
-̀ ··
· ·1
T..
-"
·-i.,.i-r---r+-..--.-;
,
i..,
-t
---- '-:
·- i··;--+-i
·!- ··-·-
:!--·;·--·?··----·-!
....;,i.
-'-L-"·' -I·L
,·
-·l----··r-·
-·-;
.'-,
·-·
_ : ...
..
-.. ·
-
r.--·
:-----r
''····'
`- ·----t·-"
i
r-
I·il·
-·r·
1:·-e-il- ·
·· ··
e-i-$-l·-r-r
- ·
-- *
·
I-·
,.
--
·
-··1.
r.l
·. ·
'1'C"
1
L--'·· · --·i
*·
i····
*-.i-..
- --
r-
...
'
:·
..-..- li
· · ··--·-·- -------·---:-
--- ·
'
·· ·- · t-·-'-l--- L-C-·lrti·-LI·-·
·b
I·ji
·-
I-
·-.
-- ...__.
-~. ·I........
.
F-
·?
·---·-··
t_lrd
:
"
.- = -
f·:--_ --
'I I . . . . . . .
I
'l'~Jj 'Jl ' .....
. . .... i'
.J
. ..... . . '
-·' ;I
~f-'!
·r-r--·-t
-i--t--~·.--·4_·-·
I~~ ~ ~: ~ ~ · Z--lc-~~
i .-·
-1-::T-.:'-.-.-:
.
~1
J tI .... 1.. L~+4~.i....;
I
c
.. ---·- i *
;CA-. .--:-·
~
ti
· ·
---7 tL
-c·~--
~
'·1-1-1~
i
r~~c?-'t-cc
M I
,
.".
,
.
C(-l·-
. ...l. . .
i.
LL·
-·I-
..- ·
,- -----
4i.,..,~~~~4
· c-
lr-
-- .·-:·
~~~~~~Fj
7r7::.~
~ ~
-·--
·--
-·1·I--
~ ~ ~ ~~~-·-·
·
~-L.t
--.
oal.
J
/-'-.
.
_
,
'
; ..... · ·--·~~~~:.-:~z~;:._~
·-:+t., .- ·. ··---· ·-.
.. r~r .. ---r-- ·-r - ··· . -·- ---- P-L-- 1- tt:+.
-i
~.....,..
f
-It
· · ··f
^.-· -·- r·; -·
:._..
-fL-i·i,·
~ .-.-
-
;-i.
·
*.-. Lf
A-M.
~1- 1_
-L
· ^--r--
!-·---.1 Lc-r-·F
r.;,.,.
4..
---
-·^I- _~
~
~-·;---4
~
-- 1'-f.
··
.....
1~~~~---,~~:~~~:___:/~
" ... C- · ··-
I oi
I
·
--
...
-- CTLL--.
yl·--·-
1··i- · -··-·· '.-L-.r)-k--·---t--·
·i··1-l'·i
r-- ·-s---·· ·-- --- r
·-. Ct--- :r-·I·3·:-·
II·
·. -.---- 7·-*·-·---- -·-··
.. i..*il
l·-LI·-:.i-,
_- (-.··i. (.·-- -C- :- ·
·-- ·-.-- it4.'
t.*''..lf..'T.I
i .i ... *
-L·+ I....
.. I .....
. ..t.. j
-... J1..
. r-· ·· 1
..... ..
.-.
.. I:
·.. ·
-Tyr*
,~~.~~~~
'-.
.
,I~~~
~~
,I
-?
^.r. i......r-·
-'~,-'- ;.:~.!:---.-:~'-..'-~-'~.
-,...,~-f
.... !;,.·.
····
L.
_..i
. -L*- ···
rr3;.i`..-............
-··-·+···-·-·
^·L·r
'.Lit.l
L .fr·
· ·:
·--.
i-l"-t-·'-·
-.---t--·r·-·l
·-
IIi.
-·
··-)--·:·--· ·------I
i__._f.-·--
-·--
-- ',,·,·c·-:·
"·filLL
"-; is--
·
·
'
-··`"
...
,
'-~+'
-Ll~
-,,"~
.L
'~
'~:;-I..
:.','~Z-'.~
r~~~~~~
·......~;
-t~f,............
~-·,
~Z
:.ict-
r-
·
LJ
-·· -,.--·-·,
,·---+-··
--CSt-·;-t
·
I-rc·i----i
·t·,
· L_
·r
·-i4
."--·."rr ·- i-I '···
-- ·--- · ·- ;-lp·--·-----
-·-
;--i;·;t-tpcr-
----- · ,.- I.^
· ;· ·.,-·Le
`..tYhf--··..: .. l.r-·--c-·--·.-
I
· ·-
.I·-r··
.. ,.I,.
-.,..
-:-·
r-· -- ^-
,._..
L-
.,.~~~~~~~~~.......
C i.~~~~-.I!
Ivab
AI
I
I
.'".':'....
.....
·
'- '-',.
:----
!
,.
·-
i-: c!.-:-!...
.
......... '......
~~~~~~~~~~~
....-.......
..
..
.~...
....
~..
.
.
'
-,:~.*
_-.:-.L....
........
.... ~''''"
:
'
I
...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-.?:-.-
.~~~
...
*"'
'~;
.....
"';r- '~
* ·
·
' ..
...
''
,"
~
.....
t
,"
~
"*
~
:'
~
...
....J
----·
.
---!.
-
' -
----
i
.. b - ;
J ..-. :--... ,i.....: f' . ,...;
'.....;-
?:..
I
j..:~~--··-.
,~-.
. :-;·
. ....
..
,
1
.
. ,
-
j, .
....~,... .. _..,I '
~
,
'
-ti
,
;
...
,.
i
I
I~;
11-i
·i .
i-., ''.....
?
~
..........
· · · I-
ri:
~ ~~
~ +.:,
*.... ,..
..
It.'-..
~':"':'I·-j
t
.
.
' ....''~t"
'
i '!:'' ' '
·-·---- · · ·
-·?-eF--··-·i
i·· L:··· ·---·--
.
'
.L.
'·'
:
::.:'~.:::!:.:
:
-":f . .. .. . ;:'.:~'~::"::_
--!q:' .- -; ."--- -I'_.i :i;~4+ ...- .., .. ---, .:- '-. ,.-1--
:
:; -'--.--:~
'
· ·r··
'' i.
.
--I
r.,.....
'.. .......
.'
'-
. .......
:
-i
·`-
- .. .
-rt
...
...., ...
:."
r4·--
·
'*-~'"'~'-
L ' ·-·- rt-L1I
j
. ----.
..
--;: ---- ,--·--·*.-.L·
·. L·
... i-
:··
J.i
1
-.
--.
`" 1
-·- i
---...-----,
··.[·ii-?-·-
i ,.---
I
''
t------k--i ·
L"C.""C
l_·l-.t-.
''e·t·-L-t·r·t:·Jt
.
i
-L-
i'
.. . : t -._:-,: ' -.-. .:=_
f
L ..
......
...-
.
....1.
-("3
i, ·;--·.. · : , r-- -;.?
-· · t-.·-.-- r.·t
. ti. .. ......
t: -···
...
..............
t-
-·
.,..1_.--.;....
I'
-.
.".f.^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'l~~~~~~
-',~--..
'.
.
CI
·- -s--· · · -i-··
1_. ·-- ....
--
. ~'~~!
· I----'
I
r
; -*
J--~---,-'.~j-.--.'-; .....- ---.
-i
......
.....
~~-':~~~~n,
I;"
t-
-·-- · :
L-I
.,
-
........-
'
--1C-.l--.--'
·
::
,
t.
.....
............
e·
;-~
.
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
*-'~ -- · i.. '
'
"
--rr.
...~ '
·
t
·--e
·--- .7 .-..`..
----
'-~--~;-'`Ct ...+.--.
·
·i·
.
..
.
-- .
.
t
' 'f
L'.
}"~
;:T·Ci
~.''. i
I
~....:...I...
...
~~~~~~~~.-!.....?
.
....
tZ%~
....!_!:"
: -.
"'-r.
' ; .... ?r :' ":
... f ..· ·:-,f'
. ..... t
'
'
...r'- r - .
~,f
I/
....
t,.....t
I
LI..L_
"
tC-:
'"
i.....'il':I
.__,-_:..,._.._,_;
.I......
.,.,.
t· ·
tl:-:_rI
'"
'
·· ·- · --· ·
t
:-·--:-:;·-··
·'---··--·
--"'_'.'."
'1:
·,_._.._ -- ·-- __.,.._..,.
i.·.
..
i
· .·t·: -·7.'.
j
.f:
-··.
i···----·-·!
·----- :t
.·r..-..-.
-li_,._c,.......
, .·.. . ..
-·
_
._,....
I~·-"~,
--·· ....A'"....r' .·-· ...
i ...............
.;':-
:I
C· ·' ."..
,
·
t
1-
ir
''
... ...
.
. .
.
i *'-::c.--.
.:
-r'
' ..-..... .. ~
:t.L-~_
'
_,
-
,--t--;
.... I ...... .. . .....
............
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:i':
·:t..
:,:'.·:.'
.~.
....
-~~~~~~--
r;*··-'-
......
; tI
i-,
..i-··
-
..
;---r '~....................
-..·
·.;--·
Z.-
-
..'
........
:
i.;
-.
~ '
I
r
~:
'::'.'!
-i-.
':
"I
.L;'':'-': i' '. -:~. ?
i',:
&a.,~':.:
~fli.~r.
,t- !, :'V:-:rI:i' /,tl.oi
'.'-'."_-'.
J'
...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...~'
~
: .... ,-'-t.-c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l...~~~~~~~~~
;...
.
'!- ...
.~
t-. _ ~ .......
......~....
. -.
.....
...
?.......
.. ....
'
'
.b:-7 ...........
J
·~
~
-"
....
:...
......
...
~
..
'...r
..
'
..
~.... ............
....
.
F-~m
.
.
,,-
_, SI" a/c
,-,. 2 7
,I
-
"'
i',
Id
'
.~
.-
s-
,~
t-.... - -*
. -r-j
.....·
' ...
-
4
~.
~ ~ ~~
lci
f-
.
~
I
....
4
'-,
:
~~~~-4
-- I-t--..
L
. -- ,.
..
.
r ..
'. , 'm
;
···-· ·
~
· r
.
t ....
-''-/f.---.
~
I-
-
~- . '..t- ~.......
.
.......
"~·
..
-·~~~~~~~~~.:4
*: .::. ',.........~-t;-~-.
i- ~
. .- .
L
~~~-----r-·~~~~----
;
.....
-~
~~~~~~~
....-
'~''--~--.
-'-.-~~ ~" -~
t .
-
;-., ....
~+'
-'- I·--·t4j
.r...
' .....
L-.
..........
.. "- 40..:':
, : -_:.-_L-_I ,j,_--I.
._j
f: j
·'I ......
-i1,
:~~
aO_
_
____~~~~~~~~~~~·
I,-"4 28
Fr,, ,
31·'c
F4
3 o0
a
_
_
_
_
_
_
__.i-
____
,'28z
£/--c,'
-
'n
I
f
IZ,
I
215i'_''
z
e
5A~~~~~~~
,
.
:5 - I.
. ..
· -
,
4
-
1··-
·
~
~~~~~~~~~~-·-~
~
~
ii ----··
·.·-;·it
~
~
~
i
ii
~
.--
L.L
±....
i
i
r--~rL~f
r -,
~
i--......
-Z .-.
- ~...,~:
t-:.. v,-? ;.':'-.
z?-;
:·:.~.~~~~
;: :
Ti~~~~~~~~~~~~~
....
I-
-. '
-'
'i;I"
i-:-L
· ·
i--.-.·-
p
fJ':*:'
-'....:z.
.
:'~-"-,~.?~. '
~
~'--.~-~'
"-.z
r
r .
'
....... . -
'''
~
~ .l~
'- ~
~ '~
t '
;,... .....' ...
-..
J...
~
i.l,.~,-·--
-..,...
' "L....
........
~--.t...
~-f:r.
...
..~......
~ ·~.=.
...~I...'-,-....
,-.~"-:..-:..
.lL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·
' ..~---':
":'"~-'_--'
'
..
~-.1.~
... '"'r-
.
...
j ,T''r
'~ ',"-
.
.
,.....
. ..
.~"-'
. ... . . ,........
-.
(~ ...
...
-,."-----J-..--F~-,?.....~
' ' 'L'~'~ *'~~-*.....
. ~.
J......
.......
'i~
cc.
r,
-r·
---
.P·.tF*I
-LiC··;-·
-· ·c-·-· -··- i .
r· -rr- C''-PL_1·)-·C·
I;'f
!
L.! i
· ·- · I-
··
r·--r
r-l·
~
..
.
. ..... .
.
..
-
:-1·--.. L-r
..- I t
....-.
,
I_
tri3·
_a
-i-LI
C··
.~.
I'tiLi
.·..-·
· · · I-·"C
-!f'··rt'--·-.t·r
c··
r-··
i..
-- ··-
-t·
-'-L-
·.- - --I-P.----
IrJL
; IF
- ..--
-
I ..''.-
.....
,
.-
-- :---·:·
··
.-.
'
- -
..... -'------..-....
,-
.I
..
"-,-
-
.. %.
-
-~-- 1
.
I
·-r
.. T7 `
.....
.'
..
j1
-----t--~ -~-·
~·- ZA
~:--·-·.k'
" '.-.~.:
'"''·,b~:..;t.~-..
... -:tr''·-'..-:...-.
;~,¥..;
~~~~~~~~~-·-.
/,t~,~."~:::/,~'~.
':
...MM! :~,,-~¥
-:.'.-.::
._':',
:-T~rr,LPvr'::.._
. ~~
':i::i:':'-:i
·::".'i...
- --_.. , - ,-.- -t
:. ."M
-44;:j. %
%
_. "__
~."... L." ....'~-:
opi.:':-:
E
i-L
;J-L
-L;
-·-l·-.-·-CT
" .:..' -;
.. ?..- ::-,
I. c :.L
"'!:
-~
-..... I ---_-
~ :·i~~~f:-i
~ ~
~t~_____
______~
.·,t
. I
-:;
-
_______________
.
t---''·-.'.-.-Li-
^.
-...-.-
I.'---.
c:· '.. ...
I
-I
-L···· -- r-
1--;
'-I-)
r ,:~l~~i
i- EI-····+
··- -j----r".L`t·?
. -·-1-4*
;t.'.. :"."d·-·
-C--s
t
-·- ,
1
r~~~~~~~~·
c;·r
L-- -1?---
tt
·--
::t.
· · ·-· ·
f-
5 -·· -)-·
:-·/·^ ·:·
r--r IL:-$:-;-iT·:---!
·-·---i-·-
t-
r
(--····:
!·. ·- ··-' .- ··-
t·-
"1C
-L. -
.
~--
;;-t·
It. .-
.- I:1·:
·- 7-··-c!t--:
·--- $----it
'`·`
:
.-cJ· r- ..
L
· ··
!-:-`--' r··-·-- 1
r·cC:
r·
-·C·c
·- · · L--
'-?-t~l
..... -I.*
?,
.........
·
-
..
r.-
·-;-i---· ·,-·
`--· · ·-r'..731.T.T::
+r· · ·· I
· --,ril -f
- -.· ·.1I· ..i tj-: · · ·-
ti-----t-.- *;
·--.r+··i ; ··
:·
.
~.....~-~':-.4-..
x
--· L-
· )·· ---------·-r.-·
-,
Cc
ICC·i···_L
; ·.
-- ;I
.e-.L
· ·-·
·I
-·
-+--L_·
·
t.
..
,,' - ;.....
....
.- ·
·- '" L
7
;i.i
i'+
··
-·-···1
-?-·;.·-
-- ·I---
t
L-
is.;....
..;.-.:--
..r
t -:·-·;-
-·
(-I·
i-
.·-
...,...'..
.: .....
~.......
,
4-..-
.
.~
t
.. -,··¢
+...
- -I:_ . , %.,
-_ i - , -
- .
. . . ..
I .
- ;
. I - - I
- - I %'. . . I I .
- - . : , _: - - MI I .-
'....
- 4 - ... ; - -. 4
. . I .%
I
.1 . , - . - - -
.
,
.
- -:-:
M- I M
,
-7
-
, M I
'
-
Fyg-29
-t~JI.C~~i~d
I rom 3w3z '7"7
30,
~
//or$5400~J
..
- ' -=
:.__
- M'
.
, -;' I
... : .I.,0rk
C
/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
.- _. - ;";
Ioc mar-- , 7T5~ - Yn I
L
ur
R ,
-4
'--:
.....
.-
.
I.
...
53
35 to lzO lbs. of
dry coal per s.
ratea
ft. of
per hour.
(6)
It saves coal at all loads.
29 shows that about
6
J'i-.
o oI coal on the average,
is saved bythe use of the arch.
Stokers
echanical stokers have now become a necessity
for efficient locomotive operation. The introduction of
larg_ locomotives causes the rate of firing to exceed
the limit of hand firing,and stokers as applie
locomotives disclosed
to
the following benefits:-
(1)
More uniform fuel bea.
(2)
Increase in tonnage.
(3)
Possibility of using lower graae
of fuel.
(4)
Success with which the fuel can be
burned under the highest rates of combustion.
Fig.
Stoker.
30 is a view of the Elvin Mechanical
4
0(
j
imm
F-g
9 3°
E/v,';n
SLokzr
unib ready
for t) ouhfrg
Looster
The booster
is usutally cop-oeae of a si.ie
enine
mouaiteo: n t
to-yiin
dc.er steau
utilizes
the wei-ht on the trailing
taiiar
whe'l of .Looooaotives
-whichhave a wice firebox to increase the reactive
I
-A
1
i.,
It
effort for starting. It also makesuse of the surolus
staamn which
is necessary
to have
the traln
high speed. Niumeroustests have been
confirm te
resulting eonomy
er'ormed to
obtainec by te
booster. The dranklin Railway Spply
condauctea in lj2Z a sries
se of
Co. of iew lork
of dynamometer
Type C-i booster which was a
oing at
test on the
0-inch by 2L-inch
double-acting two-cylinder engine with canks
set at
I
30 degrees.
ig. 31 shows the
Type feight
locomotive hauling
erforuiance o
,o0 tons
a Pacific
ith and
without the booster. The dotted lines represent the
train resistance on
he various graes;
the solid lines
indicate the drawbar pul. available with and without
the booster.
The difference between the drawbar ~il
of the locomotive and the train resistance is
vailable
for acceleration. It will be seen fron the chart thz
the drawbar pull is greatly
I,
about 2
available
"cut in".
inc
aseup
to a s e
miles per hour, more power is
of
o;eroee
or acceleration when the booster is
ith the booster,it is
ossible
to start at
train on steeper rades, increasing the starting power
and making the start smoother.
ith mure power
available for acceleration, the sped
of tain
will
I
v
TS
.
U
o
'
uu~
u
Al
*te
;i-~~~I
k-V)
I
vI
tj
-3
o1
CZL
.0\
mt
q~~~~~~~~~~~~
ZI
%
r.
L rd
E71 '-e-
I
0 4' C
--:j~r~
EA/~~~~~~d
q
N
~~~~
O
VI1)
Bl-L~M7J
11a
j~a"j ri
i·
s·;..· r·i .
i:
57
:Ih
; 7
be increased and the runiiing time over divibion can
;·.i
be shortened. The avantaoe
of this saving in running
r,.
:··
time is particularly noticeable on a ln
grace. The
·a:rl
train tonnage will also be increased because of the
I',
i4··;
;*';-·
-r--·
-·:1.
ability of pulling heavier tain
4.
; · · · r.: : ··
, ....
over steeper graaes.
Fig. 32 shows four different applications of the locomotive booster manut'actured by
Supply
the Franklin
Railway
Compeany.
Fli
p:--.·'
I·li·l
;
"
i·:·
r,.
:;`:C::
--:
I:
'rl)l
Ff9. 32
:::
Fig. 33 shows the accerleration of a 2,000
- F
ton train on a 1
grade pulled
by a 27"x301"
type locomotive with ana without the
ikado
ooster. It will
F-
I.
i~~~~~~~
i
~~
r~~
~
· -·-
·i
i · ··
1._
I
·
·
u3
I.
,
....
I
.;
·
I.
''...... l~
......
,-I<~.r-....
- ,
..-'!...;'··/
!-~-~
.
i -
' '
i
~
· '-
'' '
~ ~"
'
-
I !
.T...
..-...
i--'r t''··"
' ..I.. ';.'....
.
.
~
~ ...
,
.-..
....-
.
~
.
.
·
.
......
IIV
~
*
-1
i~
O
'
. ;.
;
I?
...
' ;Il.......~
....~ . ...
~
'
.
.
~~~~i
,!-'
-
J
1
Ip~~~~~~~~i~~~~~
·- ~ ~~~~"~..
~
"'I
.........L.
.--.--- -..
. . .
. ,
a.
' :' ' !.......~'" "
, ..r....';
-L~i~
..
-Z
i-
t
-
. I c'
IZ
tj
t...O 5 la--r
·
2I----1:
-!
,Z)
~
,
i
.
~~~~~...
xL
%
.r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
I
..
-
· j...
·-
lz
,j:
-r
"r
c
;
----- · -- ·--- -i -- -----------
·- ·-
1
:-- - !-·
;i--.-.· --?
I:IE
t'---i--·
,*.. .... I .a
L
:._.....
,
. ....
i
r ·- ·-I
-g
· ·-
-i
..
..
·-~· :::~~~~~:
i
CA,
<3
*.
:iI..
1.
-1
~
4
----
_-I·-L;,l
.
~
~
~
~ ~~--~~-~---..~~*
~
-.
I..~~.i~~`..~~.`
.
4
.:.
',, V ~
I
'..
· I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<
·
I---:.:-<~!:-:-~
~ ~ ..~
~ .-. _--~...
...~ ~ .......
.....--......i...:-...:---~
.....'-:------;---------.
N
~ :
;~
"L
:.,i~ .i.-:----"T
I!
'--.--~--------........
14
III.
' "J'
'..
~L
---"~~~-'--~-----:';~,:-
-----~
~
~- :~-~~~~
.-.~_-~'--"7:~~~~~~
. ·----:. ? !'.-- .·- ~.· -i.
],· · ·.. D
...
''t~~~~~~
...... . i"U;
:
:}~~~--.!::"!
...........
.....---·- -T-:--·'::
-~~i
.'l'
_~ _
-·-----;
-,
!" . ·-- '·· -- -·
~~~~~~~.
.
.
-:'i
9
T--'-:-~
'· I ·
...
O
~~~~~~~
,
cu
_Jno~/
i"PC/
te
P
42' '
dE
£9
be noted from Curve A that to accelerate the tain
to a speed of' l
miles per hour without the Dooster
requires a distance of 4,900 feet and a time interval
of 40
seconds. But with the booster,
s shown by Curve
B, only 1,j50 feet and 195 seconds are required. This
means a decrease of 62
irndistance and 57,oin time.
The railroads which ha
applied the booster, all
reportea favorable results. Mr. T. B. Yohe, YTcepresident and general manager of the Pittsburgh and
Lake Erie Line furnished the following
No. of
trains
,iles per Cars
hour
hauled
ata:Act. ross
Tons haulea
Miay &. June
1925
10
11.d
77.9
6, 64d
MIay June
10
10.:
65.3
4, d5
1.3
12.6
1,743
12.36d
19.30
35.6t,o
1921
Increase ~
1925/191
Percentage
increase
alo booster were in service in ll,
modern freight locomotives in the main line
out all
service
were equipped with the booster when the 1a2j performances
were made.
Mir.S.
maiager
.
otter, vice-presicent 6nd general
of the. iabash said;:
60
"Our
ikados have a tractive eort,
booster
including the booster, of 72,000 lbs. This class of
engine has a tannage rating of 20; higher than engines
of the same class not equipped with the booster.
These booster equiped
engines in operation between Hanni-
bal and soberly, Missouri, over a 1.1 /o ruling grade
showed during a four month period as compared with the
same type o
15i
tons
not equiiped with the boster
eggine
a
saving in train mileage and an increase of 300
er train mile."
In Sept. 1923 two
in oeration
over the
ikado locomotives
ame division
ere place
of the Louisiana
and Arkansas, one with the booster and one without.
Although both locomotives had made approximately 90,000
miles up to July, 1925, the non-booster locomotive
had hauled 133,147,008 gross ton miles while the booster
locomotive had hauled 166,400,376 gross ton miles an increase of
i~.
During this year and the ten months
of service repairs to the non-booster locomotive cost
40.0674 per 1,000 gross ton miles and to the booster
equipped locomotive only . 0.0594 - a saving of L/a.
The adaitional
the use of booster
cost of maintainance
is very slight. pr. H.
due to
. Titus,
'/
- -0i1iJVX-t-- - :-rt+-L6U-L D- + i-
UJ
, .!zr
; lr- ;a- L-
U;1l6iAlU_
- -P hI -L . -L- - in',
I
V
U
1-11s L. LVj
n4 . - , " C21.,U .'e .6j
G1 -L VWCAV
|S
fi
Co. said that the cost of maintaininL6 the booster, ~vhich
I
furnishes
boster,
25/ of the total
power of the locomotive anid
only amounts to 0.005
per locomotive maile.
which is almost negligible in comqprison
locomotive maintainance cost, bein
witu
the
2
. 6- o
me'ely
the
cost for maintaining the Paciiic Type locomotive. The
erformea
saving realized with the same worx
difference between
0.30
a lcomotive
is the
mile for
aintain-
ing a Consolidation locomotive, an4 tO.195 a locomotiv.....
mileilor the booster equippea Pacific tpe,
sving
of
.105
givin, a
per locomotive mile in favor of the
Pacific type locomotive, ecquippedwith the booster.
I.
The econumy and advanta;es
gained through:. the
(s
use of the boosteraccouLts I'orits
i'.I
many railroads
in 1919.
·,
i
~t~,-
in
his country
rasyli aLotiol
since its
by
iZrst apzjlicatiun
62
CHAPTER
3
Draft and Mechanical Drafting
The rate of combustion of a locomotive depends on
the quantity of air passing through the fire box.
of air passing through the
The quantity
firebox depends on the draft which,
in turn, depends on the amount of exhaust steam.
As the ex-
haust steam passes out through the exhaust pipe and the stack,
it creates the draft which brings out the gases of combustion
in the smoke box.
reducing
Increasing the rate of steam exhaust by
the size of the exhaust nozzle
tip will increase
the
quantity of draft, but will, at the same time, raise the back
pressure in the cylinder.
i·
·-
of fuel.
This means loss of work and waste
In a large locomotive where the rate of burning is
as high as to require more than 100 horsepower to produce the
draft, unnecessarily high back pressure is maintained, thus
causing an appreciable reduction in the hauling capacity of
the locomotive.
No steam drivenengine can get rid of its steam
without producing back pressure to a greater or less extent.
Various attempts have been made during the last ten years to
devise some means to reduce this back pressure to a minimum.
In a good non-condensing stationary reciprocating
engine,the
average back pressure even at high speeds is generally less
than one
.H
ound per sqare inch.
In the locomotive,hovrever,
63
the back pressure at high speeds ranges from 12 to 18 lbs.
per sq.in.
At the sixteenth annual convention of the In-
ternational Railway Fuel Association, results on indicator
cards taken from a modern Mikado locomotive,weighing 284,500 lb.
with a maximum tractive force of 54,800 lb. and 26 in.by 32 in.
cylinder, were quoted in the Committee Report on Mechanical
Draft.
These indicator cards show an average back pressure
of 13 lb.per sq.in. when running at 57 per cent cut-off and
26 miles per hour.
This back pressure at this seed
repre-
sents 302 horsepower, which we are paying merely for the
production of draft.
The draft in the case cited was 9.3 in.
of water and the calculated net power required to move the
gases through the engine and out of the front end is not more
The rest,232 horsepower,all goes to waste.
than 70 hp.
Here
is a great opportunity for further improving the efficiency
of the locomotive.
Draft appliances are placed in the smoke box in
order to supply the air required for the rate of combustion
designed.
Figure 34 is a sketch of the common
The diaphragm
thus producing
equalizes the distribution
an even fire.
serves to regulate the draft.
arrangement.
of draft in the tubes,
The attached adjustable apron
Lowering the apron will lengthen
the diaphragm and diminish the amount of draft through the
'-
.
upper tubes,whereas raising the apron will shorten the diaphragm and increase the draft through the upper tubes.
This
,AFYau
St
zT-,
E,
7d wi/A/h Smak5,skcL
A/'Ff•
P/'A,
30
I
,~,
:-r
...
':_
~'-":
..
"_:......
7
...
....
q
.....
:..-~:
-:_
~~ ~
Y~5
*~·,
2 . lt
l~·:
HI:
-·:. , " - . hf
;,
c.,
-CI-^--·ILI ~
.... .....
........
I-
-__
.......
...
.
-.·
-r ° -
~.....
'
-.
L
..
-1
~.........
.! :_-;
.....
-.':~_-..:L.-..
....: - _L:.
- ' ......~--· :- r ....'i:. ':
I:--: ---4--.:.- --:-½:I-.i.,.'..L'
`~~'~'?-'........-.
·
....- '-7.......
..............
........
: ......~.. I ..... ... ·
~.-....
"'.'
-·-
~...........
... .~-' ' . ....
.... ' · -....
...... ..~'-. . . . . . ·b:-t-!-''
·-....
, ·..-i:·-:
.....
....~--.,
~ ":.r...r~
~...
r''------~
}~-·-.'UT' !---·--:. ' : ·--'t -L·- "
--' '' -----:: 7. U
-: ~L
-t-~~~~~... . .
....'
-.:..,
I
~ ~ ~ ~~~
~ ~
-. ':~~~~~~~~~
I.--·
~--
.
.
.~-:
;
.~....-'-r- ~
~-"a--,'--,'a-~t':.-~
~ {'.. ~ ,....~..
-,~. ~:;~,-.
;-·~~
.... . ,
.
~
.
.
i·^..-
__.
.
......
...... .
..-... ;:.
..
-- ·--!
.-- :-----.- t
-·t-·
:---··
-C -·-.. ..
-
t-·--·-l-r·
t-·
· i-;
-·t
I -- ·-
·--
-- ·
1··
-i
.. ;....
t
i
:
"
'
c-
- r !-:
I --- :...
~!---{'_"q": t-......
_:'--·-
.
·--- ·
, ,
r··--·
t
,'7._T:_:T-
t
.~~.
.f L-·-;--:--L··:-(
I
; --- ... '.I.::.:.i.t' ---""' ·-!-t-
i----...
-I·i·--·
IL
..· ·-. ·rl ·.
-r-· ·..-
:...
,---)--l-T
·--
·*·I· · I
.-L·---C
i---:--l
----- t--··-·
i.-.- .
. ·-:.---·..-r-·
!·-··
rC
:"-r':
;·
'.. . ....'.-...''
-..
I
··
T_
-
'-"-I·.-.
-e
-- i- · · ·
---L-----·l
·
·-
.-.
... ,-
-"- - ---'
.. :T
__
.. ..
.· -I - ·-- · :-,
,
i .
-- ·-- · -- I:
I
·--
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:1
.-
-....~--L-r~
...........-
i"'
....
i.--
~~~~-L~~~~~..
...
~
'i
.':.--.
..c...!I'''. ..r.. .
......
..._1.,........,
?.....!.+
._..
.
~~~~..··:..... i...
I...----:''_L:'..-'
"-i-+
....
~ ?".......
'-'-;-'_?....~-~
/~----t-~
-~ .. ,
-_
.--.
it;...
...
. ~.--:.
----?':.'7- ~5------ '.. ; '....;.'i'.'--i'.
.
"
· · :
r---.--!--.
·.·.-
1S:
I~
· I·
i.
.3
·-t
I---·
4"
vk.
T
r-·--
-i
C ...
c.
...:I..._...
I?-;,
----
tt---·--i·
cS-·--:i·
·--:
-·-i·--
-'
--...
·~~~~~~~~~~~~
'-'1·'*: :F...
f
i.
'·r
_.L---...
i.
I-.
I:
· _I
: '_
t-'--r;L·
1
...- (
IrCI
-t
i :..~ '.i:
....
...
r...t...........
.....':'.::
--,:- :---:
-t~:::*.:-~:
··-·---
.. 1
I-i
,.... .-. i
I
· ·-
....
.. ......
..
T
1:
?
rL·-
-:---·--
T-
r
k
.Il'-.t
L..--. t i-....- ''.:..~:~
j........h
....
:'.-- ,:.':.'
%
.II
'.-' :
-1I
;.......i...
i··
-·I-
r..-.
t ·-. -·-;
T
--
V)
:--
-r..
i..
1_.-_.-
- ----
-I'- t--i
·
,...
1- .·7-
t-·
r
;·-·
*IC
·
· '
rI·
.._.__'.Qi
·-
;-· · ·
fL;
.;
7r11-
-1---
T'
:!
"
..
..' .
--
I·-:·--i-;I--
,-- i
r
,,. . : :.:.
I.
!
. . ..:' I -
t--··1:
::
I
IZI
1-- !--- c--+-··- ··i
----· :-r---
·· ·
-·:·
·
·
) ·-
-:-···.\r
· ·- I--
--?-.- t
I· ;
:ii
It
Z
---
,
14
Ne
· ·-I
,
·
· 1--·
I
1.:
;··
r-
i..
_....
r'
:., ..
.cC'--·------·--·---·
·· !·-
·
· ·-
I··
.1.....
i'
---r·-·-·---·
-- :
:·
---
i
I
- i ·
-·:·
-
r -··
i - :-· ·
Z
i
t- -- :·
j
1
I
-I
1
......
··
' : '
--- :--'-:-·-'
·
:
I
go
la
,1h
IP
.j
I-·
.I
QQ
IZJ
· ·
I
`i
· -··
:·--.i--
i.
-
iz~
-q~
· ;-·--
'
,r
--·------;-----I(
I
. r.. .--1
0
!t
43
ii
.,....
-·:
__._-li.._-._.;--,._-_r-·-·--r_
· ·
i \.
VII
a
1J
t·.\·1-
r·
· · --·t-I- ·
I
I:
1
·:I·
i.
1
r-
·--. ;-· ·-t.·l·
!--··
-·-r--
I
----
... .-r
1.
i
..i
i-;-·-!-i.,-..:-C:!.
:1
I ... .. ;.I . .
· · -t-
\1
·
.{
i )··-r·
;:-······--;·
·
._1.
--1.-
· · · · -- · ·-
---- I
I1T-Ti`-.
L;-.i
1
1.
14
i:
i-·
.I---·-
+t-:i
...-. i.. .-
...
.1.
·---·
.
t'r-t--- ,
i
i ;:: :
la
N
.-I·- .. i.
i.
II-··----- 1
L-
+
L:-T13-'-f
tjT,:-t
:.
.rt :
,?
L -.-·.
,.
14
¢"-,
.._1..i
i ·-
':
·- r
.-, ._
c.,.,
I·-
:-· ·
Lcl-.
If)
·-:-----
i
--T
-..- i.C- ·--- ·
i-,i
-·-CL-·-·
T'....'. j-.-. I
·,
v
1F
T-- I
,.,
3-.'7-I : -··---1·
-;-· ·-i
-·--:--·
.. r.
c··c----·-'-
-- L · -.-.. f
-- :-C· t·--
I.- :-. . i -
7-7i__
·------
k-
I
_.iL-._
·-'...''. -..
.... - -,:. I..~Ss
::. ,-.. . 5 ...
ir- ---
tiN
,···:
VI:
.II
I 14
I
-:s;.·
1.P
1+
Nffb/
diaphragm, or deflector plate, also stands in the way of the
gases
to go directly
Fig.
fromn the tubes into the exhaust jet.
35 shows that, on a Decapod(2-10-2) type
of locomotive, the draft at the back of diaphragm is decreased
by about 25t of the total draft produced by the exhaust. This
loss due to the presence of diaphragm is resulted from the
necessary arrangement for uniform distribution of gases thru
the tubes.
In recent years, mechanical drafting has been tried
and tested on different locomotives chiefly with the purpose
of
reducing the cylinder back pressure so as to produce more
horsepower available for kefoul work.
The first attempt was
made by H.B.MacFarland in 1913 on Santa Fe locomotive No.1302.
The next year he made another application on a New York Central
switching locomotive.
In 1921 the Swedish State Railways
used a locomotive in which te
reciprocating engines are sub-
stituted with a turbine exhausting into an air-cooled condenser, the air for combustion
is preheated
by the waste
gas,
the feed water is heated by exhaust stean from the auxiliaries and the draft
is created
by a turbine-driven
fan.
During the meeting of the International Railway
Fuel Association at Chicago, May 10 to 13, 1927, a report of
the Ooanmittee on Locomotive
Economy
Devices describes
the ap-
plication of forced or controlled draft to a 2-10-2 type
locomotive on the Texas and Pacific.
A Conpus turbine-driven
1
fan of 34,000 cu.ft. capacity at 7 in.pressure is placed
(1) See Railway
Age, Vol.83,1927,
p.63
67
under the left running board.
An air duct is connected to
a fire door of special design for supplying supplementary
air.
The stack is enlarged
to 39 in. or 25-o of the tube
area, in order to provide ample stack outlet for the exhaust gases, the velocity of which is quite low, to create
front end draft,from which some benefit may be obtained.
Tomaintain constant pressure in the fire box while the fan
is in operation,
the DuPont
Simplex
Type B stoker is used.
i
With this arrangement of fan drafting, many remarkable features were observed, which may be summarized as follows:(1) A gain of approximately 400 cylinder horsepower owing to the practical elimination of back pressure.
This gain in horsepower,translated into tonnage, means the
equivalent of 10 per cent increase in tonnage and speed.
·d
(2) Great reduction of fuel consumption as compared with a locomotive which depends only on te
exhaust
steam as the source of draft.
(3) Successful burning of the lignite coals abundant
in Texas with no fire hazard..
(4) Practically no stack loss.
Before the eighth annual meeting of the Mechanical Division of the American Railway Association in Montreal,
Que. June 7 to 1,1927,
Dr.i.F.M.Goss presented a paper in
which he advocated the use of
producer.
a turbo exhauster" as a draft
His experiment is based on the'same principles as
the one used on the Texas & Pacific, and differs only in de·i.
;j
Le :
68
4a
1
with
I
(2)
Mh=
Tw
a single
shaft
^-neNai
placed
r^+.
o
a.
r
f,-apd.j 4
i v in4
%4 .-
in the front end immediately
aheadof the superheater, and parallel
with the center line
of the boiler carrying a steam-turbine wheel at one end, and
an exhaust fan wheel at the other.
by the exhaust
steam -
all of it -
The turbine is energized
from the locomotive.
exhaustof air pumpsand of other steam auxiliaries
The
is also
piped into the steam header of the turbine, which,in turn,
imparts the energy to the fan-wheel.
Assuming an efficiency of 60lo'for the turbine,
and 404 for the exhaust fan, Dr. "'ossestimated that the
turbo-exhauster will yield useful draft about 25, of the
initial energy stored in the exhaust steam.
favorably with the 8
This compares
efficiency we have at present from
open exhaust jet.
If we compare the experimental results
r.Goss
obtained by using the turbo-exhauster with those by Professor E.C.Schmidt on the Mikado locomotive, the saving due
to the turbo exhauster is more evident.
\ -
.I
(2)
See Railway Age, Vol.82,1927, p.1 9 0 0
(3)
See Railway Age, Vol.82,1927, p.1902
69
Normal Locomotive
edium
d
Power
Heavy
Power
(a)Lb. of coal per hr..
. . . .2,900.0
6,500.0
(b)Lb.
. .
. 43,00.0
42,000.0
of steam per hr.
(c)Pressure of exhaust, lbs.
(d)Draft,
in.
of
water
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.0
12.0
2.4
7.0
Using the Turbo - Exhaus ter
(e)Pressure of exhaust,lbs.
(f)Reduction in pressure exhaust, lb. .
(g)Reduction in pressure of exhaust,
percentage
of
(c)
.
.
.85
3.4
1.15
8.6
...
.
.
.
.
.
. 57.0
72.0
The advantages of the turbo-exhauster may be
summarized as follows:1.
It supplies
the required
draft
to make
the locomotive steam satisfactorily in
ordinary service.
1.
The back pressure is reduced to about half
of tat
3.
normally required.
It facilitates the
locomotive.
rocess of firing up a
'.
he noise of exhaust from the cylinders
from the air pump ,and from the blower, is
elimi ted.
.
5,
*:
.:-
.-
Smoke is diminished.
70
C H A P T E R
4.
Limited Cut-off.
Limiting the cut-off makes use of the expansive
properties of steam.
This principle was applied to station-
ary engines long ago,but not utilized in locomotives until
in 1916, the Pennsylvania Railroad built a locomotive with
a maximum
cut-off
of 55a of the stroke.
The economy
result-
ing from such practice led to the use of a great many limited cut-off locomotives on other railroads during the last
three years.
The maximum cut-off in the conventional design
is generally
fixed at from 88It
to 91% of the stroke.
In
the limited cut-off locomotives it is usually from 501 to
65! of the stroke, the valve gear and the valve characteristics
being so arranged that it is impossible
to operate
the locomotive at any longer cut-off than that for which
it is designed. Actual indicator cards taken from locomotives with 90Zcand 60Oocut-offs are shown in Fiz.36.
CiS
o,Takon
a! 3
MP
H.Taken 3·6
Fig 3
aS
JA/?
7/
The chief advantages of the limited cut-off
ocomotives are increase in capacity and economy in fuel.
rom test data on different
Fi'. 7 fives curves plotted
locomotives
heavy
ith different
1Likado (-8-2)
with
cut-offfs
Curve A is a modern
90;0maxiuml cut-off.
Curve B
reoresen s a 7"xl," Pacific -passenger locomotive (4-6-2)
also having 90% cut-off.
motive
with
theftCurve
at
a
laxiuzu
A reaches
a heavy
cut-off of 50{.
freight
loco-
It will be observed
its maxinuan cylinder efficiency
600o of its rated power,
approximately
effieiency
Curve C is
(12 .6%)
then falls
to 11
when eveloping l!-DO''
of its rated power.
Curve B
reaches its maximum cylinder efficiency (14.4') at about
of;itsrated power then fails
55/a
raoidly to 12.31' effi-
ciency at its normal power ratin.
Curve C develops 14.8:3
efficiency at 90o¼of its normlalcower and falls very slightly
even at a rating of 105o of its normal.
orks
Tests conducted by the Lima Locomotive
already referred to,
on the tractive
the
tractive
showed
cower of te
forces
locomotivewitih te
tne effect of limited cut-off
Fig. 38 shows
locomotive.
of a full stroke
and a limited cut-off
siameweight on drivers.
.Tith
te
lim-
ited cut-off .weare aole to get aout 304, more pill at
speedthan can be obtaineud itl full-stroke
Comruarative tests
of
rate
ylinders.
on a Mikado, with 36.4 s. ft.
area and 904' maximmr cut-off,
and the Lima A-1
·:.
IE
30,L1 .Y, :;
-'
"!
-:
.
-
; I
~
:' 1
........ .....
....... ......
i....;.
:L :- :.!----~
,~:JL:~ ~~~---:::
_. _~
-::::
_:l..¥:"~:/':_~:__~¥.
-- -~-- ...... ::
':: .:i....
'';.:_:..~ ::~_:i:-----.
:-~-i..
L i:~:[~_:
._
&~~~~~~~~~.~.~.-......-L-.
I
v
.i-..-.;--:
Fl
It,
'
. .-.:
-·
.
~ ~ ~~~~~-------~
~r~
~
t
.. ....-..
-:,,....
._'
.......
'"-';-:
. -· -~-r
-C·----
. .....-...
.
.
.
.
'.
... . .........
.
'--'~~-~~'i
.
· "
; .
.
.
.
......
--;--- ....
.
.
...
,
--.
..........
.
.
-L
.....-
....
:---
~1 ~ ~I...~
,
...
..
.--.........
~ ...,t ;---... :
. .
-
I
..
· t~
.
.
....
.
.
..
i
.1....
:''~'I...
'I
~ .
I.
~.
.
.
-·
~,.
.....~-
i~........
,...........-·-
':...
.....
-'
·- ;
'.-- -' ~
.... .
.~...
- !
-
[ .
·
.
...--
...
t--
-.
1--
....---...
.........
-
......
i...........
......
;,t............... ( . .. ...
..... --~~··
~~~~~.......
'~~
Izi
.
.;
i
·-· 1
1
-
.
.... ...,...: ......
i..
.___-·---t-r
tt-e;·-·--~~~~~~~~~~
........
--........
I
---
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'
T
i
·
.....-....
...
1
1.J
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
? .'~f--i...---~-·.
---- J,~ .....
,
....... ....
- L.
. . ... .
z
..
--- 1
i.
-·
·-· ·-- · -·
---- ·- e 1.1^-1-.1--c;1--·-;----.---------1.
-- ·-.-- -- L-l
-c--·---------------i
I··-···
··-r---. ;-·-I----·-r
···;
-I---·`...I.
.. 1..
-- ·'··-· ,
·;----i-.· · ?-.II.:. r--·
,.....,.- -i__-_l:_I___:____I!i --....
-.- t...._-..
L-...
L._......
·--- ---- 1:---T--"-1
'_--;:---i':...
1
i
-::-.....
I... ]_; .:;,. . i .
-- · · · · i·IL:
i
· ;··· i
1
;.....I
---·I(-··i-...-.~
)f..
i...k--.
_ "'
.
t--
(··---·---·:.,.---,-,--i.--
I
.....
--
i-L·-C--'
~~~~~~
~ 1--~....
~~.
:.-I.·
...
.
.
.
1-... .
i.
.
.
,
} .......
I
. .....
....
':::
~ ~ ,---::::::t
.
"
'
.. .., ; ''.1'-,::
:~;.:
'_-;-'
: '..
7.-.:_:-.:'.:
- j-::;_:
.
. -_-.
. ; . : .!...:-,·
:. .
,---,~. -.::-!:':·
. . ':. l--:""..'/.'..[~...~:.[:..,.
:. -·--:~t~_--=_-1
- --- -'-...~ _ _
:_ ,.
::-:--t.
:L:'
.¥:'
_ t..
:.. .~ _ _--~...-- `'~~~~--~.i
'
~ ',---.-·.~:---;-'
~ii...'--...
i..!:[.'I
~ .......
t .......'q
~L·
.....
'~
;t:::t:
.......
ti ....
i-- :-:-:
...: i':--t-...
:....: '---' ;:...· 'i."
-- . "
~~~~~~~~~~~-.,...
V3
4
T---
'17-cr
1.i...
-i----- ,----,
clLL
J-cT---
·'·'-
·-- ` ·
-
']
..
.. i.........
~
.'
~
~"-
--
·--.
·
~--:[_
---
r-·---
·-i- ·- ·- ·
+-tti;--
-- ,l...-.-,.i.
, ,,,--
.'-.'-
I
.....
~
-.TiLCLL
--
r·-r
13-· ·--'-
' '' ; :
1 ; , r_-
p;J-_L
,
.
i- --
t-·-
·--t·-·
-I---
-· -·- i
·-: ·--
-·r-r--'.. ..,t
--- ;-- -- ·
.!_..,:..-.i
·-' !---·
-·--·-·-
·- r
_: l_f..
;
-··-r··-
r
.
---. · -t
i..
-··] ·
1··
-----
----t .._. :__ _"-_ .- .r,_..
.
.._. .- _i
-·--C-· ·---
--
_.
-, ,
..-, 1J_ .-
1-·--- 1
.
...,
',
1
.
u<3
.
`1
I:-·-·-.· i :- · -- ;-: -- ·-
--·-' ·---t---- r
:·-·-
·i
· -- ·-,
C-··----:···
-···· --- · -1-·
,
. ..
,
:
-
-
-;--
..
.
Jr
juy
----- t-
- .
-
i....
.
------------i
-·-·--·-- I
-------·-·-
-: '-1---
·-I I----· :-1-·--·-
'1
··- -· -- · ;.fST._:J
'r--'-'
F·
!
· ·13
----
II
---t-----..--·
i--
\C
i
FI
i
t
----·· · i ·-- ·-- ·
s
"f
·- I
.
- .- . .
·-·--------
--- (-----· · ;··
. - : ..- .
·
·--- · -
c
q lo f.,azlyL
-.
e4
9
Q
q -4
lz
Q
- .
'4
1
.-. ___I
··-I
--- c-- --.- -·
..
.....
1
:---'---i
,-,.,..-,_-.._:.
r-
.. I
. .!...
-·- ---------
.
't,\
I·------ip
i--- -
.,
Iq
.
v
........ .-
.i--.
· · ·- i..--·-·:·-·---·
. : j' ....
--
?
25,w./
.
-- · · ·lo
-- ·-'·- ·-·: ·-· · · -·
-- :-----,
-··--·-· i-
`9s
C
..........r.'
.......
z
.
-···I--- -- · t --·-- ·----- ' ·- ·-
: ----
_
·· --· ·--- ·--·-it-·-----·-----·
· ::f---
·-
·--i-
--- T-I-- -.I------- +·---·
-r-·-i·--.C. L:-t. --- ) -_·_ · _+--)..-. :...,. ·-·--L·--·-- C- -- ------ r--:---·---
.. '..--.
.
.
1--· ·-·- ·· ·
-;-: ··
-t-·-- --·t-- · ---- i-·-·---·---
..
3
· ··--I------····
·-+- ·· ----- Ci---..
----
·-i ---- t- --1--------
..
-,--
J
......
, ........ , ........
.........
------
1
i·
.t
--- -- rf--
. .
f---
.
',~
'· --r--:·-.·-..T~-:~ -- -.i·~ .:.... ...r-. .....
:.·'
r·.· i---
·-
-. I-.
r-.
,
... ,...
I-··
t
-·
'
......
·-C-·L-;-__-._··
i""-i-Li--'
....
..-
" '-
.
i--
iit'tir,
If
.
.....
.
+-,-.-~..t-!-· t
i;L:FC
·
-~--·I:·'I1---·
~--·- ..... : ?:::! -
: ..--......
''
;.-·
;
, .~.·
::V-:::'.:--l,
: ·· ·-: ¥:~
-~----·- ........
ff-L
-- t-
t ·
.-:,.
.::~~.
' -_i.........
:
;'--~-::-:~~ i.--.. ~ .....
--- I.......--- T----
-~~~..
.L--L tf-·lff-"
I i i ILI.Irf"rrc·
L.-.C
"stirtr
...........---
-'-:+ ?......-1/ '
~~ ~~ ~-----"~
"
-
rc
iIc~
,
~
t`
t-··i'-
......
El
"-·-·
..
'
-_
...
.
...
'_.....--:---,......
.~~~~~~
.. ....
..: ..; ~
~u~i.
HC : 3L:·':
C'
..
E
L
u:
,r
r.
1-rt
$
.i
\I
. -'-1
1
.
;;~~....
3
$
1
,-1
}........... ~
._..
":'-L
.`
7 · _~~~~~~~'-'
'
,.....
.
~
~~~~~
-.........
..........
''':i
'.
.
....... . .-,.~.
._. ...,..
- 1...
--,-~-T.'-~....
.:.:...7.'7
. ' ?~ ':-".7'
.
.-
't'
...
...
,g.
~
-7','
·
,T .. - '.....
,
Z.. .O:....,
...i
.16--
. : ;'
:
,.'_.~.:_,~.. :F----.
.'-~-. '....-;-'-q'-:-:
' .,--- .-!r~~~~~r
~
-~
o
--
-"-.-----
--- - '~t--.....-"',.:--""
::7':h-__-:':".....
i
a
ci
;'
.... .----..
L---:-
-.....
:''--
1:.
.,~..,~....
: . ...
- ·: ...~-;---:-
~~-r'
~Tx:'~-::--:[::'"'
_-_:-Z-___G_:..I...
, ·
L _ L____-.Zi-...
."-'.-'
A
..............
O
'i
.....; .,..... ..L~..
.
..-.
tLI·-·-----
-----
. .
i-·-4----
.
?::: :
·
.:.:..
..! .
.
.... -'
..
r.
!
I.....
'
..
I
::
,:· : .~
:
Ca
13,
:. .' .
!
-i~~~~~~~~~~~
;,4
t...........l....
.I'~~`-'t:
~~~~~~~~~-,~ ~ ~ ~ -~..~~~
·
..
j i-..! ...
...-
i..... ''...._.
...·
~t~t:._:-·,·j-
--
i---..~..f.·
,.
i
.
...........
:.....,
~.-_
i
.
.
.. !
~~
~~~
~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.--··
.
-s'"~: S4~~~~~~---- -'I...
3
.
.
~....,
:....
t~
~::~'--:
':-'!-·
.::'"
.-·.-.i-"!...... !'/::/..:
.....
U
.
.
--r
!~-~-r-- .......
.
.......
. - -··t
o "!-"!
t
_-·
·
-:
.:-·
/.....
.. .:.-..... ,
. .
.
.
.
-
14)
.
,
.2--1.
- -;-·tL~- :L '
t
r*--·
,
.
.
-'-- i . ... ~ . .....
..... .
~-
' --
¢
o
S.
'
114
....
E
a
""-'-..~
I ._.....'': . .......
-':-...
......-l
.::
.r~
t3
".
u
L,
~ ~~ ~~~~~
~~~~~
.
-
:_::_
·
...
-- ------*..........,
..
il
........
u
14
. ...:
PO
.........
i-.- --·
1
t ;-'
..,.. -
.
v
il/
~
1:·~~~ '' ,....
,-
.LL~~-!-- IC
a
1n4
50
*S'57
"s
I-
i
It
Lf'/
2 4 .yr
. ...-. ... l.
........
0
9 '. VO&
z
oZ
,1
u
Z
LI
1
74
locomotive with
Ma
100 sq.ft. of grate and 60-
off give the following
maximum cut-
data:
5
1. Increased
work from the saime amount
of coal:
Mikado:-6000, coal per hour---90.5#- rate of combustion
---produces 42,600# of steam per hour---1352
drawbar horsepower (average over division)
A-l:----6000# coal per hour---60
rate of combuation
---produces48,000? of steam per hour---2028
drawbar horsepower(average over division)
Saving in coal for the same work:
2.
1
I,
i-:·-
47,500k-1steam per
Mikado:--1600 D. B. hp.---requires
hr--- 7100#4dry coal per hr;---107#jYrate of
c ombus ti on
·i·
A-1:-----1 600 drawbar hp.---
dry coal per hour--- 47.5#
per hr,---I4750
I
requires40,50%# of steam
rate of combustion
I_
A-l( 60i
.· .
-p
Indicated H.P.
(Avg.over division)
1800
Ii;
1--·
·li;·
·I
j-r
· Ii
·-
8
ater
Steam
per hr.lb.
2-8- ·2- (90
ressure
i.h-o.hr. lb.
37,a00
20.8
41, '00
20.4
20.6
39,200
1300
1900
2000
_
·-i
Total
1900
2000
-i
,····
Table
maximumcut-off)
maximum cut-off
)
23.8
44,700
46,900
51,200
24.7
25.6
____
From the above data, it will be observed that
:·
with limited cut-off, work is increased with te
same amount
of coal, and coal and steam are saved for producing
;r
·;
,·
;=--
:i
same work.
the
75
Fig. 39 and 40 are further graphical representations of the savings in coal and steam consumption effected
through the application of the principle of limited cut-off.
At the 35th Annual Convention of the Traveling
Engineers' Association, held at the Hotel Sherman, Chicago,
September 13 to 16,1927, the committee on limited cut-off
reported that from actual tests on a large eastern road, a
water saving of 111 to 38
was effected by the limited cut-
off locomotive as compared with the conventional locomotive,
depending
on the road and speed.
The Co-ZA-mittee
drew the
following general conclusion:
"From this it may be safely inferred that the
limited cut-off locomotive should produce a coal and water
saving in heavy slow freight service of about 20 per cent
and in fast freight service fl10
per cent to 15.o
In
passenger service we do not believe there is a place for
the limited cut-off because of the negative effect due to
increased weight of reciprocating parts of 10 per cent,or
less."
In response to the Committee's questionnaire,
four roads reported using limited cut-off locomotives with
substantial economies.
use
None of these roads reported the
of the .imited cut-off in passenger service.
The re-
port concludes as follows:
"Each of the roads reported a different percentage figure relative to maximum cut-off.
Three roads
-.
V,
F'39
E4c~J O/cu0 fr
FTT'°o.
'W- .. ....F.-
i
:
-...
[~
-'i.
-
~
........
*-r~
-
30O
-
11
,
.
t- -
.-
-,.
.
.
...
.....
..'-
'i-':''::
·..
.
.--
'"...
I.
..
~:_:'-T---;-i
~......
..:.:.--~
~ .....
I
----
i....--~~~'7
I-'
...'~......'...i.............~:-i...
, -;:. C
,
..
''.
:. ..
..
4.-
' ~ ....-.
7..'.'..i.:......
°i
.i t
r.~~~i
·'·--
-·
i-- -··
' : -:·...
...-F-:
::-:'.-.:--'i:' " -i
;:"
................
. -1
iX.-
'
=. . w,~. . . ...
'
...I
,:V......
' f---¢......
·
'
' -- - '
'N
-.
-·----- -- --
. . .
.....
r~
____..-c-
..__i..
1
............
I.~ ._..._...,..,..'
..
·-:- -----·
'%.- ,'.
i
(· ·
i-:.
·...
-- '·:'
!··
--.-.
·
-
1
i-·--·
-'.·'·
..........
,-
....
'
...
I··
1-;
'']
.. i_....LL..:_.!
_~_
...........
J~-.----.
'" :-
.... - -
..
......
~...
-
~
r
;.......
'~-.....
-....
...
..: .I
.....
't
:-.7~~~.-.;.7..~~~ ...
:...
--
)_
'
)
· ··
;·
'
..
.
.'.
.
i.....
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
-·
-I I
.....
.- ·; .-..
: ;'~...........
...
.- .T :-:
. , . . T'.~''-.'_
'"'"~....',"-..... '"
. . ,.....
~~~~'..
. . l~~
. . . . i.·;..;
-
-~"----
,...
T
:I
·- .1
----- 1
;:-· ",-·
(-- -
- ·r_~7..T~--.' - ~..........-..----.
-T
·...............~.-'
,.
II
·^t.-I
-- ·.-
--.--------?
I
i
·---
....
0
-9'1
~ _~.
· ^-
II
-":--'-;.......,...........
I...~,-,'.. .. ~':.~....' ! '
"-'--.-'~''...'..
'i
..
·-
I
...- - -,I-._.__i
I
---- -- r-···
I·,
.t
r·
·---!
'-`-7:-1'·1--··---··:
: t
.L' · IC---·r-------
i
T
';·'i--·':·
,'
----'
I
/00O
'
.,..
....
.'
~~ 1~:-···, --·-r-··
.
----=)~~~~I
:;..
'.
"..
..~-'~--I---·-.-.--.--...
+";---.'-.-.
.
'
~--~--T--;
. -i--'~
.. '-..- -......
.
V ....~~~~~~~~~~_
:.... ....'~.-·'
4...
;
..
"'-i.
.
' --
-~
. -i- ' ... 4. ~..-;
.-. ~
3ii~_1
... t-i
i
-- i .....,-.
.....
'''
....
..
! .........
....
.
!:+:
-C-·--
-- ·-J
..
-J--
--
:
1 .i' ..:
~
.'i--
1-....
c
t.............
.
t' .- 't...
-........
'
·.. -
''...
.... " Ii-r'..'.
I
'-C~..:.:;:r.
.. ;-..':t:,z
Is-',
t
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i......
2,50o
26,o
.
..-
..........~''
--I--~~~~~~~-.
--
.
...
~..._.
-
...
.
...
....
..i'--:'
=! "-'..
-i--C- '· r----' .:-----Li
.........
_i
~'.-
-- ' .....
'-
"
47. 'i:i-';i..:-.'-- *"....
....
.
~.
..
/r-----.iZ;'-'"''
' ....
· ,
12_-~_: .....
--
"
~ .....~........~
.....
...
.......
..
.... ~......
I ...'~......
od?
SCp,~~u~"
Off
-'
-
'
.
i...
I
...1
i---
/8
/9
.-
2o
·-
; ·
-- -----
,,
Sfg n " '
i-
i
:-·t
17
:·-
-- -
.,..
i
_rfic
/tffl.
-w,
2/
I4
-.
22.
.,
,,,_-,,,
--------
z4
Z3
//$ors
Cfo iCr Ya'r - PowdI.s
V1
,aa';.,5-c,,/e of z com
noAo Tob
. . 38
..
-·
-- rl
1
77
E
L
F.4. .c
·,
:.....1..
I
, .....,
..L-...-l.
aC-o6'
._.I . ··- -:.·-----
.-_-.-.---.--..
··
i..
.1
!..
In-:- -: : ~:- --..=::......
i
j --
--
.
......
..
.....
.
I_______IC_
t
.
.
___
.
-,
.
i
·- I
. ....:
.
·-. ·.
i.'...
:--
.......
I
...i i
I
~. -,
....... .... ...
I _
____
·
I
.
-'
I.... -
. ..
V-:
IF
..
.....
'- V
. : I .. ...:.-. . ' . . -.
....
\
-, .
.. .
.
I
'
-
': .
_____
-I.
.
r--7--Z- ·
-_T""-..'
.- :.
L1.~~~
I_
-. i ;-
':"..' I
- ....
t-~-.
......
.........
I .' I
X..
.-
~~-··~~
: .~-
.
I
-·
fi
_____C_ _· _
i
t
-I
.-... ;..-:.
.
Il-C--------
_
L·
r
I
.1
:...!..
['. .-=--7-~----f
~: . ~ ~ . I
-. ·-
;..
.
3. 0 0
_li i-
-- i;
r`.~~~~~I·--~~~.---.~~:_::_'. ~._:
...
......
:
- - - -- __
--_____rA.
__I_ ..-- __, _________I_
...
.I...
C0 0! C. s..p.b
o',
,.
__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
--
:.
.-
...
:..
---.-.
--.--.-
:.......
>4:22..
L.~~
I
1..-
-
F-.
-
....
'I...
............
,..
.
F
-·( 1'--
: "··
O..
.......
.-.
-. 1-:i·\·-.
:!
=
,
:'. ":~'
:
"
'
· - · .
:-·· · -- ....
I-.·;·-
___
....
:__
.
.
..
··~~.---:-:--'~
::- .,
\ !-.-: " , ~ !
L::.
- _-.. ~i:.~ L. :. L.
?__ . =?
'~'-':..~--.~.
.
F= ,
'.._.
._
/00
...
'i .~ _~." ~
.
........
.
-,
i
i-
....~~
......L--'
~'-:'' 'i
~~~~H-
-
-.--
-- -
..
·
K:'.
; ..~
.:...
i"'·
'~~:i
..
.
F
-
...
· ........ .
..
.
1
i~~~
i:'
....
. I
...
''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
.1
-"
-:-=--==
::
'.
V
-
. ....
L~..
.
1-:~F
.·-
_.,
.···
-::-:
·--:--.:
.~.:,:::"':' :. --.-_,::::..
~~~:
,
· ........
.
.....:..................
-:·-' '--'."!
!:
0
'
'
.r
~
'
-
.
.-.- .
~~2
2.5
3
.i'rbc,/
c.
#trS4poRwr
t i Ldco, ci.'
n"
..
.
-7.-....__
Caal flr .2'.d,aocd
Fl'VWJoods
:,.
:"--
i...V
I
2
.......
7·····--
tue
Y/a, Pu',a's
d"roL/b
..
78
"
each reported 6046, 70%1and 80 per cent respectively, the
fourth road apparently misunderstood our questionnaireand
C1·:
reported 25,o.
"All four roads reported the results obtained
from the use of limited cut-off to be more satisfactory
,·
than those obtained from the use of a full stroke cut-off.
f'
I:
-·i
"One road reported no noticeable difference in
u;
starting trains, while 3 roads reported that the limited
I:'
cut-off was at a slight disadvantage in starting, but handled
the train more satisfactory than full stroke cut-off once
'.
the train was under way.
I
"All four roads reported that their experience
.·
with the limited cut-off reflected economies in fuel and
i
water over locomotives not so equipped.
"Three roads reported no special difficulty in
valve setting on a locomotive equipped with limited cut-off
while one road advised that it was slig;htlymore difficult
to set valves on an engine of this type.
"One road reported an increase in the weight
reciprocating parts due to use of limited cut-off
of
One
road resorted a decrease in such weights, and two roads advised that no changes in these weights were made.
None of these roads reported any appreciable
increase in wear and tear of the reciprocating parts due to
the use of the limited cut-off."*Railway Mechanical Engineer, 1927, p.720
79
Since the Pennsylvania R.R.adopted the locomotive designed
by :Mr.T.7.Kiesel with a maximum
55/ofas the standard
freight locomotive,
cut-off
the limited
of
cut-
off principle becomes in extensive use on freight locomotives.
But in switching service where full cut-off or ap-
proximately full cut-off is utilized for a large part of
the time and where the greatest fuel economy will result
by limiting the maximum cut-off, its application is rather
few.
Mr.H.S.Vincent said in his paper presented before the
Central Railway Club,
may be sa*d
ay 12,1927, that 30 per cent of fuel
in this class of service by limiting the cut-
off without incurring the slightest operating disadvantage
due to its low range of operating speed and to its habitual
working at full gear cut-off.
The principle of limited cut-off has been applied
to the booster by the Franklin Railway Supply Company,resulting in material saving of steam.
From figure 41 we can see
that a standard,long cut-off booster on a 36 in. wheel with
250 lb. boiler pressure has a drawbar pull of 17,000 lb.at
starting, and then the pull falls to 6,000 lb. at 25 miles
per hour.
For the same booster fitted with the limited cut-
off feature, the drawbar pull drops below the solid line
at speed, but still secures 17,000
lb. at the start due to
some special starting device on the booster valves. At two
miles per hour, the decrease in power compared with the standard long cut-off booster is about 11,.
At 20 miles per hour,
30CUerY?
:':,;L:`"·
r · r . i:
3·
-r
i
-r--L*
I
s
____ ...
-.. .i ..--.-..I.---'..--
-
· -i-- t...l....-- .- i ·-· .-`......T.I..
I-^I·c--,
--.--. i-
,.
................
Y
: ....
-·
...
IYt
-
I
i:r'
II
--- I
i
.-L:-l-: · ·.- ft-·--)
-I-.-1..---.i
i;
----.C-L---$-·L-L----'
.-. ...... ( . ..-:-r
...
-.-.
.
t-·--
'
-
--
! .
.......
-.
_(
. ?.."-.-.
_..II.-·
I
L_
rL
.
-·-1:1-----^------
:i
......,-
.
~
.....q
t.-.:'-
i.t ·- ·
-t--..·...-
.,.
..-. ;..
I,.:lr
.._---.L.,.
"
.i_
';
:;
t +........
'-
ri @~-t -·t:'
8;:X.
'
*, ......
- - -' :-
--.-.-........;-..--c--
-
^
I**
;js...
-' ............'....
"
.....
'"'
-ss
...
-"
...
1...
,._.....
'--'
:X
-'7-4
_I....-_-_
:j-' --r
.........;
..............
..,.. -- --\_4.
-., ,
: : --.
: t::_i
---=:I!::~:~:1
t---;~-- -- ---· :--~
C-~~
,^1
-.-.....
- ....-. -
--- -
-----.-.......
Sa
_ _*___
I. _: .... ~........_I'*_
i._....'...;L-,.-............................
_4....... __.1_J __-
1
1p
Y
i:-----:
r
-:...
\~~~~-
=_~~~~~. ,
-
·i
· -- C----,---
-r
i...
· I---·-1--+--.---:
I I-----
i
·-r
·
I·^--·
II:-·
--- 1---·-t--.-..'---·-·'·-------
'
*-
i ._.....i
--- -.- rrJ
--L.
I-_
i.. .. , L.-jl-`
r -.... i -- -:.-·--+-'.
-l.-r-..'
-r·-;
-i
.-· ·-r.
1-: ·- ·-··
'i
r
·--
'' '
-r--- .··. ·-f
'..`..1
-t-
---
i.
" ···
i·
--- ·----
r
· I --- _t
·-t
-+-·---"--
i----
-,-
· ·- -ir · ·- :----·
-· · ·--- · - ·----- t
-
-- '^ ---.-.;--·-t
-...
i
1
.
_-.
|..
-...
4:...--,
;;2..;..:,':.
--;
....
-'_
,.--'.
."
.-...
f-·-
--- · ···-·
r F-
·-- ·-i--·
--- i
------t''
··. --· · -·-·
: -- - ·····
t ·t--··:r ·
·-··:
----·-·c---· -·--.__
I
i-I··-:--
;.. .
.I _..__,----
----t-··
Zr
.
t:
t-.
F--·-
Cli
_,.....
-;-·t
-;
-···
_L..... .
---·- -- ·-c--
cLli)L-LC:
'----it··;-·--l:-i-L·_--. _·.. t,.
:.
J
-.
-----
· · ·-'i.
I---· · ·----·-·--
;
----- I- -.. ---· ·-:.;-·--·
_L---r+
i
-·-··- · ·-'
"" ' '
I
il-l--+..--.
i-"-t·---:
i.
..---'.--.
-·-r
-;---··... I
!--··--i·
·
·--· --- l-:·--r.
· ,-·-·I·
-i
t
·1
4.--3·-·--1--L-----i-·
.'·
- i.......
·-r-
I-·-+-r---··
·
-
-- · · · ·
--.---`C.
I.1
· Ii;:
?--·-
: -I; I_ -:r
·i
1-·
r-
:-c--·---
-·;3...:'
:
_:I_.-_f.-_
\ ..........~....."'".......t .... ' ~......." '"-' - ..-. ;.''
' -' -~
:-::::-!-~::
ii.: .i. ,:t
--:-- --4
:'
--......
,T~
_~.t.__.
.-.~~~~5~~~~~
I-·t "!' t ..... ~...' -' ........
. 4 -w1:
I-......
r : .......
~~~~~~~.-
'3 :- -:-:f4;-j':-'-i
,- "i~....... -- "... ?:-~-..
...'"i'''.... ':-:..'-i-i-F-'':-::-.-!:;-::
'--~~t
la
t-':-.-t'-:\ -: "'" - -
":::- :: :
,-.
--;.-:-.:
:-i~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
..
-'-":-
~-'
~'...
'
*. - -:--'
.
;.*..*.'...
:-'
-
.,.
'F."'
.'- ;
,
....
-! i.';t. /.X
--.
-F=
--- _..,....
3i
t---'----...._.,_,
_i
~ . . . ..
..-.
.>-} - ....-..
:...
_··[,....[:.----~-~-'":~..-.:~
r~~~-11
~ :.\__{
:........,.. .-...
...
x...;...-
---
._
,A--
.
-i
C:__
.,
- -
---
, -
..
.-
·-- · ·.- 7- .1···_( ·
II--.
t
i-"i-.
¢-t- --"..
I.
r-c-·-
-
i.
-- 1-·-:
..-- .L:.,--.I
,_r
I- '
'.
"-I
C-
.
__x
jT_'..... ,. _I
.,.,.,,
'I
·1.
---- ;
t e
'
'
---
r"~ -
....
·
,......,
; -----1
··
-.[ ..
I·-·;-·-r·-·-
I
r
-·t--
.
--- ·- I.
r-·
·--
·--- ·
,.._..
-I-·C-
,---·i
*
.,,.. 1-. ..--,. L....
Pn~~l
;
·;·-)-,
·--;
·-
,.
,
1
·-1 ---
~
I
- -
·-?·rj
·--- r-·c-·i·-t
·
..
··
-·-T-i---
-·-
,,
:.·t
1
-·---r-;
r··-·s---r...: Cc·c·-··
·----- n
·- ·rr
i
..
·· : ·- -·-----··---·il·
--- -r-- -- -- ;------ i-- ---------·I··-·-·-- C····---ic
;
·.---- 1 --
i......··--it·-' ·-- i
t-·-,
· ·-
·- t--.t. ?
~_.7~~~-~' .. ::7L-L==---="-.
-~ r"~-r~]
= T---'..
.
- ~.-t---. mLI
l~-..,-- .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i.,.-.~
,-
'·
o
4-
'
f
ll~90
11~~i
C---·-· -- r
·- !-· ·---- · r· ci.
..
1... -. (.......,.-..
*. IC-.·- - · ·
T--l-t-
·t
·· --- ·-· !..i
i;cr-·- .·.--;.I- . .- · L-...
1
-- _r··--r
i
·--- · i·---
-.
%
-
_i
'
i
i:
)--ll·_+.t-.yl-I
i:---i'·-
,,
I
:-·
· ·--1._
·
---- -·-
· : ..
..
''ffc-
--
tT-l i
--·- 1---·--
---- -i-··-- -:-r;,...
.
-I
-1---_:
--- 'T_-*7-- ,:... ,. _..-. £-:47~_Z.Z:~
--r-r
_
.
·- I
i··-
r·t
-:$---II
-·--··i-·-·-1
._r.i
-;-(-----_,, ··-··-·· ·-iJ·---·-
·-- )--·--l__i·r.·
..
-
-'-ii,..."-.-
i·'--··-;·
-L·-·
-·.·,
..--...
)·--·-
LZ
----
-?---r
I
".
..--
T-
,rzl
·
"'"i
-
''
I
.·
..........
. .
.. ?
----
i.-i-.
.....-
'
1
___ · ·-r(I
·-·
L:·----
., ..r
LI-l 1
,..
.,i
;I-L
' ' -
-.... .
'
L
J`
1--
· t
· ..
-1-.
'._
.
-:
r
t
- . -
'
--! ------· ·
_
*
-
. E
.ii
c--.---;t-·i --- t·
'"t-- r-.
_.
_H
.. _
--
. --
, -
.-
Id -0 I%
//170(
-- -- 'N1
h O
jV91.,%Vj
%
COC
E
81
it is only 6
- and as the speed increases, the two curves
approach each other.
The Curves A and.B in Fig. 41 represent the comparative steam consumption between the two cases.
Although
applying the limited cut-off feature to the booster means
aslight decrease of power, the saving in steam offsets the
sacrifice and the net reduction in booster steam consumption approximates 3
per cent.
Since the invention of the steam locomotive,
the reverse lever has been operated by the effort and at
the direction of the engine man.
.J.
The introduction of the
*
Automatic Cut-off Control, made by the Transportation Devices Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind.
provides another pos-
sibility of improvement in locomotive operation.
The
ain
element of the device is the Controller, mounted above the
power reverse gear and in front of the reverse gear valve.
It is actuated by the pressure of the exhaust steam.
The
engineman can cut it in or out by the position of the throttle, or permanently
cut it in or out by turning the valve
wheel located in the center of the control panel.
-'Z-'
It can
also be momentarily cut out, even though the throttle is
fully open and the panel valve is also open, by holding
one's foot on the pedal of the foot valve.
*
For detailed
description
see Railway Mechanical
Engineer, 1924, p.270.
.i,-¥
82
In operation, the locomotive starts the train
with the reverse leve'in the front corner and the throttle
open so that the Automatic Cut-off device cuts in.
speed increases the back pressure builds up.
is to be operated
at 9 lb. exhaust pressure,
As the
If the engine
when the pres-
sure builds up to 10 lb. the pressure regulator actuates
the reduction valve and the controller causes the gear to
be hooked up until the pressure is reduced to 9 lb.
This
will be kept up until the maximum speed is reached and the
cut-off is at its shortest,when the controller is prevented
from going into back motion.
If at any time a grade or
other condition should be encountered that would cause the
pressure to drop to eight pounds, the cut-off will be lengthened and nine lb.back pressure restored.
A series of tests conducted in 1924 on a C.c.C.&
St.L. Mikado locomotive, No.160, shows the effect of the
Automatic Cut-off Control on fukl
were made between Sringfield,Ohio
consumption.
Four runs
and Bellefontaine,Ohio,
two runs with the cut-off controlled by the engineer and
two runs with the cut-off controlled automatically.
Fig.42
shows graphically the gain in water evaporation and the
saving in coal consumption after all variable factors during
the test runs have been accounted for.
The results indicate
that with this class of locomotive a gain of approximately
10 per cent in water evaporation per pound of coal fired
,
:-m--.. . .
~~~~~~~~.-'
~...-~~
''.
:f ..
·-__- ...~..,..i
e .. ---.
.- i I--..- i-.-,
- --·------.
'
..
vl I-:__-.'-
--
' :..',
::.Z:..~..:.:.:"r:-:'::'::'..:'
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.:':.
"
. ..
- .,-f .:- : , i
.
. . : .. :.. i ..
';"
, , il
-.
-%
'
i
"5Z7~TS
.... ,,,I.. ..
;...
I! ..
· .. .
,,,I
...................
..
[I ... .
.. .-.....
·...
: ..
... .....
II
'S-
-
-
_P
-E'=
t'u
,.
+---tL
".a. .
'~'t
"
tl3
~
..
-
.
,
N
_LL
-...
....
:--I:9
.
4 _;L--i.;- ..-NE I- -
.
-
.
...
_._
.
..'-
I.!. ::.
.. ~:
'."
- L_i-
I
.
.
I.
-.
-1
- -_-.~.--.
I
-----
-1
;
.
...
..
,.
.1.j..-
_,
:
.
:..
· ...
.
. .
I:
.
'' '
-----
''
i
I. .
-
·
I
I
-
I
I
.,-.....
'
.
-
-
.. ...
·-- ?·- ··-- - ----
, It'-
-
1 ,I . . .....
I
-
......
.......
...,·-
.
. .. ...I I¢.
.
.I
,
' -'......
;I,-i
[
,
'!
.
...
:__
...
f
1
..
',...
:
.-..- .
--- l---r-
.
-
.
.
.
[I
'
J
I_
[]
.i
. :.___!_ _.
:--' ....
:' I. '. . ' .' -:'-:'-- - ..-'. -..:
.
.
-
i-
....
i---::-i-:-;:!.j-~-L-.::?-:5]
_
.1 " ' , .I
.1.--.: f ..-
.. .....
-- i
-I
_..
-I
...
-__
--- 1
r
· 1
-------- ·--- ----
c---l--.--I--
! Li
.I
i
I
~~~I
,
.- 'l.;I
,,
, _.. .. .. I ...
: --.-4
-L·-C- I
_._ ..
--
":
I
.. i
.' .. .t
7"..
;
I
I
I
:I
'.
......
I
......
I
1'.
i·.
i
:--- ... I - -.- .-.i-:I':-:.--.
.. : -.
......
..
: .
.....
[
.. .
: - .I -.
I
. __.... 1 ir - . .. ...
_
i
--- · C
..
.....
.....
.....
. I ,-....
.--
.
t·
I . .'.' ' .- , . I...
.
I.............
- 4
.J~..
,a~r~mk
.- ' :1 ..J
!
i·
-- ,~
.1
;.-
I
, i ,,'
------- )-I---i::::
t
tI
:
._~:.l
..... . .-
-_.-
;I ' '
I
i-
!.
· --
.. . .: ·--
-
:
MMMIMIN
, `.`.--.
I
,
f-:::
..... .
I
i
.
- -. -.
1r ---
J
.
I
-
+-~~~~C-- - - --
___ i---
_
1 - I
I
".- "-:..... ;
_
__Z' '
1
-~
,
.;-
.-·.
......
J
~.'
__
_.
. .._- _ I-- I - . :
11)?
Q
.?-
- i ..... l
.~~~~~~~~~~~~i. .
i ..
'"'
. .
..
.
I
. ..; - "
*-L'.. . .
. ;'......
~
..I_ M
'
; ."%
, " I :' ;.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
, .
....
Tt
-
1-
1·
1-I.:I
:-I
;-·-·i.l...
i
.j
,
{.
:.-:..:
~~~~~~~~~~~--.-..
K
......
-.--.:-'-:.":'':
F....t..
I .
-'
-
t · ·-· ·
r·- -- --···.
-
·
-(·-
--. ·---- i·-
·
L. ..- r
-·:1-!--I
·-: ·
"I
.... _t... .,
¥:-_::..-.::-.:p,
*
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~''
. 1...
i-'':-.....-:.--.
..
:
=?:l.....
~ -' ?. ' _:.._
-
.. ,
t.'.=
:···
....
-·--ii--:rl
-··--(·--·-r*
.1
·
*
'
'
·
'
~
~-}-~. ......~
'1~
i
z,
,J
--- I-
i
n
-.. i-,.--.
-.-.
.1.,,.
..:
----
I-----
i
I
'',''"...........
i
--
·
I
-·I
I
LC4
.........
'~....
.
.
i~~~~~~~~~~~
·. . .
. -----. .
l,·--· ·---- -:·-~
*
--
·--
;
~ ~ ~--
I''
i··-I·
f
· · ·
'
rl
L_--r:--·--t
·-·!
.
F3
.....,
I
- .. . J.
r,
'-
.:'.. i-·-L
'-.-·-·- .. -......
'-.~.. :
-.
:_- --,
1··~~~~~~~
· -~ ·!
-i
'
:
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
: J.
· ·
14
I
E
4zi
'·:
-L···l
-i
i:.
_1 ...... -:r...;_-r_;
.I. L_-
-
1-·
o-.-r·m-I--c
-, 4- .1
,~,
c, : .
. __
L-Lrt·-·
· ·
---·---·
r---··--
T~
· -- ·--:-·
I
ri·· -- ·- ·--;
lj.
r.
i-·
--i. -·
i-.- -- _:.---
; ---.:..
I
- . !
:;
i
·--:· 1---···--·
N
-
.
.
----
i
:r·
;
.
.--
-4 ,:,
..
1
,
,
,
............. ..
;, ·.
.
.
.~~~~~
~~
L
,
·
..
'
1---
.
.· -·
.
------iI
I.
I--------
.
,I
.
.__ 71 .
-L.-- '.I
...
;. ...
.
~
I
I·
..
.
.
.
.....
.
..
......
.I
F
t
, ...
. ,,
I
,
-
- _,
'··'
and a decrease of about
0l in coal consumption may be ex-
pected with the Automatic Control.
Results taken from a series of dynanometer car
tests of a Nickel Plate light Mikado locomotive, stoker fired,
on a three-mile section of test track substantiated the following claims for the Automatic Cut-off Control:(1) Better speeds, drawbar pull,and drawbar
horsepower.
(2) Better time performance.
(3) Lower fuel consumption.
(4) Increased tonnage.
r,;
I.I
..
'
i'
i.
.a
85
I
I
CH APTER
5
-Hih Pressure Locomotives
It has been previously fmentioned that to improve the efficiency
of a steam
engine, the mostjobvious means
temperature range of the steam by pressures.
is to extend the
In examining the
r·
indicator card of a reciprocating engine we find two ways of enlarging its area: (1) by raising the initial pressure and (2) by
r-
·I·
lowering the exhaust pressure.
the ehaust
For non-condensing
steam is nescessary to produce the draft; the only
choice remaining is to increase the initial
rr.
ressure.
Since the invention of the steam locomotive, the pressure
I·
of
i·
i.
Lamotives,
this
the boiler has been raised gradually.
century
a pressure
At the beginning of
of 225 lb. per sq. in. was considered as
the safe limit for a radial -stay firebox. About 10 years later,
2, .
however, the Pennsylvania built a 2-10-0 locomotive with 250 lb.
rF
Ir.
`s:
per sq. in.
Locomotives ;vith ressures high than this have been
built for radial-stay fireboxes, but this (250 lb. per sq. in.)
n;
is
a;.
generally thought as the maximum limit for boilers of the con-
ventional design aat the
)resent time.
In a paper presented before the 47th annual meeting of the
Americam Society of
Is
1
echanical Engineers held in New York, Dec. 6
to 9, 1926, Proiessirs E. C. Schmidt and J.
a
able showing
the
Rankine-cycle
k.. Snodgrass prepared
efficiencies
gains from the use of high pressure.
to illustrate
the
It will be noted from Table
9 that 500 lb. steam gives 31.28 , greater efficiency than 200
lb. steam and 900 lb. steam gives 50. 63
lb.
er cent more than 20
86
Table
9 (1)
ankine-c-vcleefficiencies for sinrle-expa^nsioln
.rhslowing
cylinders, using steam at various initial ressures, superagainst 20 lb. asolute
.heatto 250 deg. and eausting
back ressure.
.tankine
Gain in Incre2 emperatures
In itial steam
overment
Eff.
cycle
superof
saturated
of
oressure
ofefficiency
that
steam
heated
steam
in.
lb. per sq.
/O
attained
deg;.
deg.
gage
OI
with
20Ofs
/, I
,.,1
f-U{
200
88-.0
638.0
18. 0
250
406.2
656 . 2
20. 34
7.61
7.61
671.9
21.50
1 .75
6.14
300
t3.50
43i .9
685.9
22 49
19.00C
5.25
400
448.4
698.
8 .4
23.38
26 .70
4.70
500
470.2
720.2
,24.
81
31.28
7. 8
600
489.1
73921
25.98
3'7.46
6.18
C505.7
755. 7
26. 95
42.59
5 .i
800
520.6
770.6
27 .76
46.88
4.9
9- 0In-
534.2
'784.2
28.47
5C0.6
70
As te
--
pressure becomes higher, the temperatures
and saturated staam will als, be higher.
--
3., --75 -
of water
smoke-
This means higher
box temperature and more loss of heat through the stack.
The use --
of hilh pressure, therefore, necessitates the application of some
device which will make use of t-leextra heat in te
ga
.
exhaust
ses
Owing to te
general belief tat
Erom -Rail-ay
,iechanical nginer,
250 1b
pressure is pro-
Jan., 12 7, p. 5
ft
ressure for a radial-stay firebox,
bably the maximum -vorkin
TVa.
-ri earl:·.$; Ci~T.A-9;?~~d7
L
L.4*KJ
E.J~LL
"
Va I-,.LA
Y
U
L
' rf
bA.L
t
A
.D
C f;7ll .nr-Tlr
n.Am~d
u
-Jl,
yL
VLJU1
ir--j-n
DJ. ale
Fl
ub
o\f Ti-:icth
W
m
.
becomes more difficult as the working pressure is increased, the
water-tube firebox -w's
tional design.
contemplated upon to replace the conven-
The Brotan firebox ( 2) first introduced in Central
Europe, conmists of a watertube forebox connected with a fir-eube
or
boiler of the ordinary type.
the
During 1926 and years following,
nmericanLocomotive Company built more than 20 locomotives
woth l4cClellonfireboxes( 3) for the New York, New Haven & Tartford.
T:ey
were similar to the Brotanin
differed in details. A 4-8-2
essential features, bu-t
type N, Y., N. ,. a i. locomotive,
road To. 3500 equipped with the McClellon boiler wss tastes in
%I
comparison with a similar 4-8-2 locomotive with an ordinary
boiler.
The principal dimensions were alike, the cylinders
were 27 in. by 30 in., the pressure
:
in the McClellon
boiler
was 250 lb. per sq. in. and in the ordinary boiler, 200 lb. per
sq. in.
The difference in pressures was made up by the differ-
ence in maximum cut-offs, the latter being 70% in the engine
with the McClellon boiler and 85% in the ordinary engine.
Tests were made with a dynamometer car over the same division
from New TIaven,Conn. to Providence, R. I., a distance of 113
miles.
The test results showed a saving of 5% in water and
of 1f8%in coal per drawbar horsepower in favor of the engine
with the M-cClellonfrebox.
The total overall efficiency of
the locomotive To. 3500 was
.47 per cent, as compared with
6.46 per cent of the ordinary locomotive.(4)
2) See Railway Gazette, Feb, 14, 1908, pp. 211-214
(3) See Railway Miechanical Engineer, March, 1926, o. 143-150
(4) See
See Tjai
Railway
way Mechanical Engineer, ug. 1928, p. Io9
U
88
The Baldwin Locomotive Works built in 1926 an experimen-
E21
tal 4-10-2 type
locomotive No. 60,000 (5
)
with purpose to as-
certain the gain in efficiency by the use of high pressure
';i
steam and high ratios of expansion.
It is a three-cylinder
compound freight locomotive with a working boiler pressure
:·
of 350 lb. per sq. in., and is fitted with a
orthington feed-
water heater, Duplex stoker and type A superheater.
The boiler
i:
has a watertube firebox, and forward of the Zebox
is of the
usual firetube type with a 50-element superheater.
The cylin-
ders are all 27 in. by 32 in.
pressure .
i.
Its exhaust goes to a receiver in the cylinder
casting which is connected with the steam chests of the two
·;;
;
The middle cylinder has the high
-[
low pressure cylinders.
This locomotive was thoroughly tested at the Altoona
Testing Plant of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
W7itha grate area
.4
of 82.5 sq. ft. the maximum rate of fifing reached in the test
'j:
was 150 lb. of coal as fired per sq. ft. of grate per hour.
·i
I-
··:.
-
i
The maximum equivalent evaporation was 84,184 pouids per hour.
Hadnot the pwer output of the loco:-lo ive reached the maximum
capacity of the Test Plant at the said rate of firing, the
evaporation
would undoubtedly
have been greater.
The
aximum
indicated horsepower obtained with a cut-off of 80%in the
high , and 50Z in the low pressure cylinders,
the speed being
2000 revolutions per minute or 37.5 miles per hour, was 4515,
-See Baldwin Locomotive
rs
published June, 1928.
Locomotive IN' 60,060
89
which is the greatest indicated.horsepower ever developed
on the
est Plant.
At a
peed of 120 revolutions per minute
with a cut-off of 70 per cent in the high
and 40 per cent
in the low-pressure cylinders, the water rate of the locomotive was 14.2 pounds per indicated horsepower, which is
lower than that of any other locomotive tested on the Plant.
After being tested on the Altoona
lant, the locomo-
tive was given road tests on different railroads.
ruary,1927,
it was tested on the
Chicago, 3urlington &
Division
of the
uincy Railroad in comparison with a
3urlington's standard Class
type,Engine 6157.
eardstown
In 2eb-
-2-A locomotive oi the 2-10-2
Both locomotives were handled by the
same engine crew.
hile the starting tractive forces of
hese two loco-
-*
-motives
were nearly the same, engine 60,000 showed a consi-
*![ *derably
greater horsepower capacity with increasing speed.
At 15 miles an hour it developed 19 per cent more drawbar
'?'p
ull than engine 6157, wh.ile at 30 miles per hour, the increase was 50
er cent.
of coal and water used
Tests
Table 1.0gives the average amounts
er
rawbar horsepower.
ith heavy tonnage showed that engine 60,000
gave a saving in coal from 15.4 to 24.8
from 19,4 to 24.4
er cent on a 100 ton-mile basis as com-
pared with engine 6157.
.,:
,
er cent and in water
'hese results together with other
go90
Table 10
(6)
Class
-2-A
6157
Average drawbar horse-power
developed
Baldwin
60,000
1465
i
oal per drawbar horse-power-hour, lbs
4.5
Water per drawbar horse-power-hour, lbs
24.8
Saving
1790'
3.6
19.
in Coal by engine 60,000
avin in
20 %
ater by engine 60,00.
19.8%
road tests serve to demonstrate the soundness of the principles underlying the design of locomotive 60,000.
The experiments on high pressure locomotives is now
-being carried on in Europe as well as in America.
Schmidt-Henschel double-pressure locomotive
(7)
The
on the Ger-
man State Railways has a working pressure of 850 to 900 lb.
per sq. in..
principles:
This locomotive operates under two fundamental
(1) the
rindiple of double-pressure arrange-
ment and (2) the principle of indirect evaporation.
The
boiler consists of two separate units, a high pressure watertube fire-box with a superheater, where steam above 850 lb.
pressure is generated and a moderate-pressure fire-tube
boiler where water is evaporated into steam of about 200 lb.
pressure.
Tests made in 1927 showed at full power a steam
(6)From Baldwin Locomotive Works' "Locomotive no. 60,000",p.70
(7)For detailed description, see Railway Mechanical Engineer,
Jan. 1927, p.5j August 1927, p.531; August 1928, p.440; &
December 1928, p.670.
9/
consumption of 15.6 lb. per drawbar house-power-hour behind the tender.
The minimum coal consumption per same
unit was obtained at approximately half power and amounted
to 2- lb.
The over-all efficiency is 8.86 per cent. (8)
Some alterations made in 1928 brought the lowest steam
consumption down to 151 lb. per drawbar horse-power-hour,
and the coal consumption down to 2
power-hour.
lb. per drawbar horse-
Figures 43 and 44 illustrate these features.
iMr.A. I. Lipetz said in his article on "Attempts
to increase steam locomotive efficiency" that comparison of
test results of the ultra-high locomotive and those from
German road tests with other locomotives of the same class
shows a saving
of at least 20% in coal, in favor of the
Heuschel-Schmidt high pressure locomotive.
Besides the attempts made in Germany, the Swiss
Locomotive Works, Winterthur, are building a high-pressure
locomotive of a different type, with a boiler of naval design, carrying only one pressure of 850 lb..
The Schwartz-
kopff Locomotive Works of Berlin is developing a 2,500 h.p.
locomotive with a boiler in which saturated steam of 1,500
lb. per sq. in. is generated.
The
affei Locomotive Com-
pany of Munich, Germany is building another locomotive
ordered by the German State Railways, generating steam at
(8)The Engineer, January 20, 1928, p.80
9e2
+C
-
-
e
7F:
·-
i
-
F
-
i
_
L~,
I
'I
_
F
,
-,- I
_
_
;C
4
i
I
~ ~
,
,
i
I
.
-
i
.
I
;
tola!
_. I|-i
Pun~a
I~91
-_
-----
-
I
.
_T_
-
L ---
_ r=-
-
-
-~~~_I
j
-+
i
,
__:
r
-
-.
I
it
_J-S
. -f--t
"m
1
20,
i
-·/I
--
_ --
_.._
I
:
--r
-tLk----rC-··CC-
_
<
il
. _
i
_
,
17P
_ _I
A
!
P
_
_
#
1
-----
qI
i,
Li
--
,i
0o
7*o0
5j00
/'16O
ro tbor /r._
/l'frc
n Per
i
Car,
Casmpf'o
- SI3
p
IJod /oo:;do
/ o /
'o
o0d0
o
/-,9/ro
(SCrawdFr
ch
" ld'f - - #en
#r,11b
s
ic-4,d
)c
.4.
. L.Z.T..
4
-
;' - t
!
O
__
_- _.
,
4 - _,
, __'"_
, _,..
4 --
_, / j
'
,____
_ '
i
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7yiS' -L : ~.
--+-- . ---, ---:4. 2 0II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ _ _ ,.
10
;z-t·c
)rjkvcar
1/.
?
,rAe/ Cosumplnji4 per
j/Pg
Pta wbqb4rh/r.J'po ,Cwer
ri,
/414va
Y Mcc.
98
¢75
1p.r
water's critical pressure and temperature; viz., about
3,200 lb. per sq. in. and 706 dog. F.
In a written discussion
on L.H. Fry's paper on
High-pressure Steam Locomotives, presented before the
Spring meeting of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, H. B. Oatley, vice-president, Superheater
Company, prepared several charts showing the economy sex
cured in the high-pressure locomotives.
Table 11 is a
comparison of the four types of locomotives.
It will be
noted that the Schmidt-Heuschel double-pressure locomotive
is a very small unit in comparison with the two American
locomotives.
Fig. 45 shows the water and fuel rate of the
German locomotive plotted against drawbar horse-power
before and after its conversion to the double pressure
arrangement.
Fig. 46 and 47 give the steam and dry coal
consumption per drawbar horse-power-hour measured at the
engine drawbar plotted against percentages of maximum
locomotive capacity in terms of engine drawbar horse-power.
These curves clearly illustrate the economy affected through
the use of the high pressure and the double-pressure principles.
Summarizing the advantages of using higher pressure
in locomotives, we may say that :
(1) The use of higher pressure results in a considerable reduction of steam and coal consumption, and
ik
I
Tabl-e 11
Comparison of a German State Railway's
4-6-0 type Pennsylvania I-1S and the
Baldwin o. 6,000 with the SchmidtHeuschel Locomotive
Ger. State
Schmidt-
Penn. Baldwin
Type
ormal
Ger. St.
Type
o
Type
i3lr12
Bir
orking
lb.
Steam Pres.
er sq.in.
i
Dia. Drivers, in.
Fo . of Cylinders
Dia. of Cylinders,
in.
Stroke,
Rys.4-6-
205
10
880 hih
205 low
77.95
77.95
_
in.
4-10-2
I-1-S
Type
T
250
62
6
2
3
27
19.7
1 h.p.-114
24.8
24.8
32.
32
33,400
90,00C
82,500
2 h. .19._
32200
Heating Surface
Surface,
2ft
eting
Tubes.,&
Flues,
ft.
eating Surface,
eating Surface,
Total, s. ft.
guperheating
!Surface,
sq. fte.
iGrate Area, sqc.ft.
ITypeof SuPerheater
1,494
157.)
2
1,258
151
I
662
A__
30.75
A
4,044
_
d
T
856
26.9
___
TwJ-E
1, 357
1,47
A
A
70.Q 82.5
From Railway
echanical Engineer, 1927, p.532
)
_
A
(2) Figured on one-galf the surface of
(3) For both superheaters.
;
5,192
(1) Figured on 85% boiler pressure for
simple engine.
water tubes.
4,447
74
1,480
'
i
_
!Firebox,
sq.ft.
__' _.I
axorce, lbs.
Ii
350
A
:
(2) Greater tractive force and power is available
by increasing the pressure within the usual fixed limits
of width and height.
This is particularly significant
in view of the fact that the current American locomotives
have practically reached the clearance limit of the railways due to the constant demand for heavier power.
There are, however, some difficulties in the design
and operation of high-pressure locomotives, which must
ceive careful consideration.
e-
The use of water tube boiler
can not be widely spread if the problem of scaling is not
solved and treated water used on railroads.
30:;
USAY0
: ' .
L:
-I1'4,;- -
:c--1--·
-··-- ;-·-···---1i
...
i:
-LI·,...
·..,.
·t.
----·
, -·--· -·,·
H
(
··
... ' ...'
;.,..,1.....
--..--il-j.
-r · --- -· ----- ·--t-----·f
.
-----
I--. . ..
·.
. -- · · ·---r
·
` ---·-- ---· · -; · ·-.,....-.-.. r
_,,.,-._
... ___.t--· -- ·-- - -1-- ·---- · -·/-·
; ^..--1 i-i, i-·-'··
,r:
-·
-··c-j----·-r--
·--i
1
.-- fL
~
F'
-.
-t
c -·-·
t-··- ·-
:
,
·- 1--:
·i··
I
;·· · -- -··---':-·-·---- ·-)
·--·- ·-·- ·
··- 1
:....
'
'.'
~
.
·
_Z_,~.'.:.--
_!...
-- -c----I
I·--
7~q-.. -..
.....
1
,·
---- 1-·-· -----·
1
t
· · ··--T. -· · .: I·- ·- i
[/
...
.-.. L
... i·.- .-..---- i
-··-- I-·
.:
L7-
-.-. 'T-
L,-~--
i
i.-·
--
1..-
I -1-.
.-..
......
'
.....
....
-. .
'
?.-.- .i
....--
-.
_;
.-
, .
[
:
---....
:.
I
--L
, ---
-LIE--r-
-- L--
i-4r'·
P·u-I
_.
TT
...- _
--.
,
-
....--
. L----.- . .
I·------
I
.I ....
I...........
.....
.
.
i ·
I
I
t
t
· i· ·-
.,
..........
..........
~
1_.:
-L
·-· · ·
:·
--- u
.A
.
.
.
· -.
!·
.i
i,
-......
I
.
J
-
..
.
.......
,"
-r
.,..
i.
I'
·I-~
:!-"-··
~~~~~L:
i ....
:"~::'~:"
F---C-.t'',~.!'
·-- ---·i,
c---c--i-l
....
~
I'''
' " ' --......
i
t-
t-t)
`--i"~
· ·.rI-·
i:
tI-·
· I----
--:-'--........
I~
··
~
;
. .'....
{......
t
j
~.---':'-.'-
L. JL....:
;"
r
:
~
.
----
1e-----I....
i~ :--·
:
t-cl
I
...
- -
...
.,
: fl
'-....
%:1
[
........
'
..
I..
=~:'
~-....
..
".i-..
......
....
~~~~~~~~.....
T
i..-
~
'',...
'
'·'f....... ...-
..
I
~~~~~~~~~~~·
1--'--,
t~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...
~~`'-"'.':
....
......
;
- '-:
.
.
:~'~~..::-.:'_~"
: :-:-.·
.".'i
:t.
' -. :,- : i ....
''"-'..:::--:.-::
···- i
441;p I -.
Wff-7'--f-----'-!
+-I
.
............
'
-c-r-r
. - ...
......'
!--.
..
.
-
I
.. ,....
liSr,
i.
r
I-·--· ··-·· ·---1·----------Ir..i-.-.---- 1
·- ·-· -) · --·-
I
-
..
i.-
.. t
-
..~~~~~~~~~I
-II..-.--.
.
-If.i ' ....
.
-. . ?
,...;
.: t;L.
-· ·
r .... k .
· ·-- --·---.,......._.:.!f
-·
.
. , ...
.
.-.
.
.
....
'
... ..
-
~
.
I-I -
L
-
.
..
...........
: ... %
...
·..
- - ...
·-, .......-.._- .- , -. _--I-,-...
--......
1. ..
...
I.
:.., ... 1..
....
- ' . - . ..
...
.
. .. ...........
:. .
.
.
... I -
I'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
:---.:..':' .'-.
'_ , . . ' -' '
....
~"'~ I .:-.i",- ' ' ...... ; ~':.:
:
J -L
· · : ·-- ·- 1 -· ·-----.. 1. ... I.:.:rI:
- ---1--··-··;
I
:-i.
--I;C-
.... -- i
- I -=
..- I -I----.. t:-~. :· - -f
i: - I---:---r..
4=~~;i ... ...
4 - -- I-...-- _ !
L
I
-j
Ia
.,
.. .-
..
I-:
I
r·
--- 1·-··
I.,...,
1_._.
j--- · .---- ·r,
-...--1-.I-------I------r-----
I,
'~::~.::::"
' .-...-
:
-'- :!--'"--~
l:'---i"_
........
'~--- .
',·I..
l- _
·
k
I~
'%
~
iI
.....
.......
·:··-
Ll
r
L
--- -·-.---r ----·-··------------
-J~..
i ... :
~-
'"~·
11 I
.1
.~~~~
· ."-
(n
L.
r-
·
I-
L,
F--&it!-:~i=-:
"'!'
:vE.;:
.
,
ti:-~'--.·
: -.'.:---.--l,--i.-.'
,
ra
.i··
.::::......r ·
__
-
...
--
.i
t
t
..1
~-
.......
'·
.
--.- II~.. -... i ....., , ... . . i... . .
,---'
'""', '
. ~
i
I
i-F-·-L
-·--Li-i-f--
:i~~:~--~.~'
;
.
t
'
t-C--.-·:---1-,----ct·
· -)·:----
-.............
.
,-V "~
'Uc
.. ,__
'
""
2,.-....,._.
I
-
-
':'- l··-l~..'''!"' ~'
......
I
r
- ·-· t :-· - : · ·- · ·- · i--
-- r-·-
..L--
i
~..~
'
...................
'.
-C'n,.
i
i _
--- ;......
r - -·- .
-·-·
·- 1
.r
i-· · ·-1
·-t
....
+~-~-~-'-'t....
:...i
L.;......!'
, '....
...--.-.
.
," '
lk
·-- i- ·-- -
1-
+--;:..:-j.
.~_
'--:
..'i~
".'-"!
.::i":.7
F
":z-"
'.:.-..
-::
I
r
z
- _~· - v -
I ...:
!' '
.
.
.
.
.
".
-.
.........
...
....
- '...,...,....
. .... - I.
[
....
. ...
'::" .....
. I
':....:.
I-- ~~~~---· ·._...
·--
- -
,I .
.
I
!':r-;':::---.
--qI
;..:"'-'J"
i:-:?L[-_..:~... :.:...L_;.:'I'::'i"-'
.. ' ......-
---- ·
............................. ;
,........~...
i......- ........
........''
I
1>t
Cl #
dJ2
M 0-d l
-JJC/ 4-
j.·
rV
" P
: -C, ..· ..
.
t., .
': 1
.
,'
: .-
..
... _ '
i-:-.'-! *--'" . -. ':_--.'
. ,
='
::-.- *;
~~~~~~~~~~.r~..~- ;
*-----~
............
rZ- ....~ ~ ..... ~t-~~~~~~~~~~~~.
· c--~~~~~~~~
......... _
....
I-~~~~~~~"'.~~~~~'
---.......
.
' ·-'
'~~~~~~~~''-~~~~~~~~
:
.
-1--·
----
·--
.....
:·-
-----
·--..I.........
1.
·-
;
~-.
r--~...I.T
'
. ....
.~......
r-~~~~~
........
.--'-t'::1--i- :
-"i.....
+~~~..
-:
.
.
.
-·
i.~~
. ..........
~~~~~~~~~
'.-... i.....
. ..]'....
. ~·,~~~~~'.....f
··--- ~- ...
...
......
~~~~-c--c-l-~~~~............'
r~·-, _·_C
i~~~~~~~~~F
· ~ ~. .,_·
r---r~ · ~~ ~...~_.:
L. ["
1
'--.
·--
.I....
·-
z-; .....
.I.......
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---*-. ·
!---- ?~
...
...
r-·--·~~~~
, . ----.....
·· ··........
. .
C·'
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:...-'..
.. .---.. .-t-,--..":....
....
'T....
-·-
....-
-
t
t·
: . . ..... t,
.*:'~~~~~~~~~~~;-··r--,.
. .. ...........
......-.
....
~~.... -;--·-~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~i...
t:_~--~
~ ~'-·-'--1--.....
·........i=::---. :'--·-:
-:~.- ,......7'-·--['.
~!:!::.:.:--::..:.
:-4:
r- ~~~~~...
_~
..
.
..-..
.
'
I:'"~r·Ji
'
.
. .
--'' L.....S
/':_
...
..
-
..-.. ......
'
...
..... ......
i
·r~~~t.......----~,
......
; -..
k--'.':::-:::-:'.:
.
I:'":..-z_._:_--:.
~~~-~1
~..-,,,:
....
i ~
.....
....
....
t.it'.. . !:,":..:-1,'_
-~~~~~--i~~~~
·-- -,-'
.-....
.....
F __:- - I '
-II-
--- ,,-----
i.. .. .
. --. - .-I.
!
- -1.
-__
I-__----_oA
,
-· ·1 it·
-·IICf--L.----C-·i....
.....
.I'-UU'I-
..
k
~~~
---
- '" '
I ';' :
.T"--.-.- -
·
. . . I. ..
: i::'. -::_L"
': :qt
·,-,-----:P
-i --- ·- '·
-··- ·-·
1--
I
_1
:···-···
.............
p
_'-'-
F
~--
4
-
-
:
-i--··--
-'"
7'.
I
.
- r..
-
-----
-- ··
-
. - .. . ...-
.. r
r::
;':I .
-
........... . I
:
1·- i
t · t- - ---
i-
:c-----· · ·--·--··
-- --------c----
i .. '
..
,
...
1 .
-.-...
....4 ....
. .......
- -
..
,I
i-
· ·-t'
.:
. 1
I
----· --'-I
· I
?`
·
L
-e---LI-- :-
........
,:
.
T5
'
i·-1-11-t·-- ·- -- -·-·--·1
.
' ·--
·--..--T.--.s-··----
.
'-·
C-' ' · : ·
-·
.. - ..i·'·- ,-. . ' '.
[- _.~~~~
I-------iC--3·
·---'--
g
..
··-
-t ·
j.-
.. __ - : . ...
--1
I
·-i
-
··
'
-
t · ·-- :--· ·i
_r
-··'·--·
-i
--- r-
1---·--
--
I
·' · :-··
----:· (
- --
-
- -. __
:-'7----:'
::-:-.:-::'-
.
.
I-
- i - ·- -
': '.~
--.-
.
__
--n
.. - i
. :-/--:.T:--:
.
--i
,
V-
-------- ,T-:-·---
·
~
.:.-
:
-~~'~.'::-'·;
..... :~__:-_:::..
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
...~~~~~~~~~~.
i
~~~~ ~ ~ .-..
........
;
~~~~~~I
..~. ..
i---~
:2---.
-.- I..........-'-.- *-...T1: = ........
------ --- ·
~~~~~~~~~
. i :j::
~~~~~~~~~~~~·---...2..:~.
:~,"
' ." _tL.
.
.-·ii· .I - "- ·~~~
:"'.'
''.:.'_j~:-~:~~~
---....
~II1:~:::;
~~-il-ljl_.
:::. -i:_L~il!::
-; : tl:
-~'
"-i
t-r"I~~~~~~~
'
'
"'
.....
'···~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*
-- '"r ....
..... '
i.
-. -:
..... *-
.....
.:
....
·
. 1.........
- .
.~.
' ,-
·
*
t-
J
-
:
....
·...
..-
i
·
0
44
.:L.::.
....:::
..:j..
,~/?-?-':--i=---....
~~
.~'~:.~;
:.i...~~~~~7.7
~.-.---~t
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
..~.:..-T:-..~...:
¥.-'-'---T:--·-:
.-
:-- i
....
C-
12
-·i--·
1-.
F ... .
.
.......'[-.
- -'.:
.; .... I....
;'L:__.
· 1-:
.··- ·-- ·- c· ----.--.·. ·-I
..· ·I
-.
_...,i....
.
.
' "-;
":'.....- ":_
"
-- t .. ,
-c----"i
··
. .
I
_:''
·------
-I
·--
·-r ·
i . -. .... r
· , ----
iL·(i.
Ii . -..
·t-
.-.........
I :-:. . -
.
..
... _1 __
'
1.1::I:
_':'-' :"
'--'-----·-i
,...
----
. :I ..
..- 7 ... -.'.-. . -- ....
cl-c----------t---------.----
,-7 -
I
:..-
.
i
I .......
-f--l
C-----t- ·-
1
~-
r
i
,
.
.t
--
.2
6
,o/, mx
,,,vn
miepa
Mc l'
6
a' ezoic/
Ed-yr- IY27
p', f 3 2
/O
'$
'
7
.-·-··; JrLn
''
:
:
:
'
I-.
7'
'~ :~-ds'
'el
. 7: 'i::::
--·1:7-
.
~ 7),',,P A'orL
P
··
I
~~~~~~~-..-....
4
.
.
-
:I::
::
.
z 1......
,
:---------·----c---·----I-------·----·--fi
-1---7-t-1--------
_. ...
r. ..-. _ .
..,.._.
,.....
_.. .. _..,...
30
T
I-
'"
-·
, . .
--
.. "-'-I,-
7 ".-·r~
L- --;...
-UII.
i-
I~~~~~~
-.
i
.
.I
. . .. z .
I-I
.
. .
,,-i.
I . . .. :
,-...
.
i- -
.
;
I--.-
i
......
i
,Z
, ,.~~~
f
: .,
i
i-
i
.i:cy.
,
i
I- .
· I-
.
.:
.
:...
---~l-.'c.-i'-'
-.7
-r----"-'--C-----·
t-
:
;
I
r'
i
--
--- -
-- -
.
__
-
. - . ---
- -
.
.7t - - ___
_
._ ~Z'~-:Z:__L-.
''
."_..-'
P
......
II·
;_
- ·---- i--·
..- :... i
·- t··-·-·-r--·C---------------
-
-i
r
'
: ..
:....~
-:......:
' ......
[:'.,
- 'i........
. ...
. ~.."'
~. - :.' ' ..
f ..''Il ! ':-. ~ .
~ ~~·I
~
I.:.-
_";..'.'~ "':" .
~.'T?7
1:_'.
`l<
I
P:
~ ~:'
' ~;-i
i.-::-:S
-' :
· .
20
.
T"z-'.:.--.~z
-':
~......
. :-':P:
! . ...
··
'~'
i'''..'_..
. ;.. ''.
-:
'--i:---'_
-'-...-t-'--'----....-....-.'
--
'~~'
i!::!:--::
:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
i-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
I..
:-----·-·....-
:-~
.......--
.....
·
_k
_
..~.
.
1
.
'·
'-
;----·-----;:
: .' .~ .......I
i;-I"1 ~ i"
... '----I
r-
ra
..
Ou
.
-.
--
":= ....... '
L--
t
·
r
i::~--!":.
·!::::
..I~~~
-1.--.-7--·
-'...:-...~......
I i-
.;
'
:"~
'
!
.------
(·-··
.
·
·.
.;
....
'. - i :
·
~
J
.
L i.i
ru
.....
7'··· ..........I...
', ~ ~'-----~ ~· -·-rr-.....':."'':.:::'::-I
..-
-'-"
'--·^·---·-------·i.
·- ·--
-. ·-.,.^
- -· "-
'
~~~~~;.
.'
· · · ·.--·
. ·
--
J-,
I
.:-:..:.L..__
.,::7.~
.
:
....
.
~:
i..
i~~I~~~~~
· '..·
...
{:
- .- :'::-r--:---· · · I- :I-:t-:.--'- ·--
. ._L."T--i--·--·-
....................
I
.,i
..... '~...
i-`"
-
~ · -.
..
·
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
h
s1
·- ·-I--- ·--- ;;---··-
.....
,-· · ·-· · ·
i·--
tI
F
t,
r- - ---
-1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----
I:
:
1
o/-
- r4!: :-~::_.:
·- I
..
-
.......
"-
i
...
:-
r-----l-.-
i··
· ·-
:. ..
i.__l
___,__,
· -- ·
O
B
O/
I-romn 5
/'9ec4
/YaX_
5ofr
F"41?1ne
r
'raW,6-1a
/ 32-7 P.S 3
R
.
.
99
C H A P T E R
5:-
Turbine
6
Locomotives
Besides the efforts which are being made in the
I
direction of raising the boiler pressure, various attempts
have been undertaken to improve the efficiency of the locomotive by reducing the back pressure.
The replacing of
cylinders of the reciprocating engine by a steam turbine
indicates the attractive possibilities offered.
It is evi-
dent that to reduce the back pressure some form of condenser must be added, and a high-speed turbine is the only
form of motor that can be used for a condensing locomotive,
because the specific volume of steam at low pressure is so
high that the low-pressure cylinders and exhaust pipes would
be prohibitively large and it would be impossible to house
I;
From the standpoint of thermodynamics
them on the locomotive.
the economy in fuel consumption of a turbo locomotive,whatever its system of power transmission, whether electric or
gear, depends largely upon the efficiency and reliability
of its condensingoquipment.
~.¥'.~~Mk
-4
P
-
1U"
.L
X.L-
L
actually built and run
U
l..Jc;.LLSI
t L
LC.L
was designed in 107
luzzo of the Ecole Plytechnique,
wheels were used,
% laO__.Lll
LI.LLJ.
LI:
J.L
ULUVU
b.L V
by Professor Bel-
Milan,Italy.
Four turbine
one being geared to each end of the two
/00
axles.
The war interrupted its development.
In 1909,
Mr.Reid of the North British Locomotive Company, in cooperation with Ramsay, built the second turbine locomotive.
Mr.Ramsay built another turbo-locomotive in 1922 with
electric transmission, and Mr.Reid in conjunction with
Mr.McLeod, also of the North British Locomotive Company,
constructed another with gears.
The Ramsay turbo-electric
locomotive consists of two portions, the front and rear,
connected
by a special form of universal
front portion
joint.
In the
-re the boiler,forced draft set and driver's
cab, the main turbo-alternator set and the auxiliary directcurrent turbo-generator being situated under the boiler.
The rear portion is practically all devoted to the condensing plant with axial fan, condensate extracting pump,etc.
Each portion carries two driving motors.
is of the impulse
The main turbine
type and contains nine stages.
It is de-
signed for a steam pressure of 200 lb. per sq.in., and the
steam
is superheated
exhausting
to a total temperature
to a vacuum
a single stage machine.
part,
of 27 in.
The auxiliary
turbine is
The condenser is the most important
and is of the evaporative
tary design.
of 685 deg. F.,
type and of a
eculiar
ro-
The evaporation is facilitated by the fan.
The locomotive was subjected to various shop tests and several main line tests.
During the main line tests He,
(1) Railway Mechanical Engineer, Jan.l125, pp.5-11
.V
01ol
the locomotive hauled heavy trains without difficulty, a
vacuum ranging from 80 to 95 per cent being regularly
E1
The most striking feature was the smoothness
maintained.
cf
running due to the
constant and even torque exerted
by the driving wheels.
The Reid-MacLeod turbine locomotiv 2onsists
of
a long girder frame on which the boiler,condenser,etc.,
are mounted, and which is borne by two eight-wheeled trucks.
On one truck is fitted a high pressure steam turbine and
on the other a low-pressure turbine.
Each of these turbines
drives through reducing gears a short longitudinal countershaft which is provided at each end with a bevel pinion
gearing with a large bevel wheel on a quill which, in turn,
through the intermediary of the driving wheel, drives the
axle passing
through
it.
The condenser
is also of the
evaporation type.
In Germany, the Krupp of Essen and The
affei
Locomotive Works of Munich built two 4-6-2 locomotives inBoth have been tested on the German State
(3)
Locomotive was designed for experiThe Mt9affei
dependently.
Railways.
mental heavy express service, and has a total weight of
229,000 lb.
It develops 2,500 horsepower; so the weight
only amounts to 91.6 lb. per h.p.
The weight of the turbo-
d
(2) The Engineer(London) Feb.4,1927,pp.118-120
(3) Railway Mechanical Engineer,Feb.1927, pp.78-84
i,
!
locomotive with the tender is 379,000 lb. or 4.5 per cent
less than the standard Pacific ty-e locomotive of the German
State Railways which is doing the same work.
Two surface
condensers are located on each side of the boiler,which has
a radial stay firebox and carries a pressure of 313 lb.per
sq.in.
The total evaporative heating surface is 1,720 sq.ft.
in addition to the superheateer which has a surface of 549
sa.ft.
Mr.A.I.Lioetzin his article on "Attempts to in-
crease steam locomotive efficiency" reference to which has
already been made, said that in a reciprocating type locomotive, such a boiler would not develop more than 1,250
horsepower.
Dr.H.Zoelly, Chairman of Board of Directors of
the Escher
yss & Co., Zurich,Switzerland, in conjunction
with the Siss
Locomotive ½orks,
interthur,Switzerland,
transformed an ordinary 4-6-0 locomotive to a 1000-hp. experimental condensing turbo-locomotiv4e
cooler for the condensing water.
rovided Ewitha re-
The turbine shaft is con-
nected by a double reduction gear with a jack shaft which
transmits te
power to te
necting rods.
placed
driving wheels by means of con-
Two water-cooled surface condensers are
one on each side of the boiler.
the evaporative
type,consisting
channels and perforated plates.
The recooler
is of
of a series of parallel
Tests have been carried
(4) For detailed description see Mechanical Engineering
Nov. 1924, p.653-660.
/03
out with this locomotive, and it has been said that an
economy of 30 per cent has been obtained under certain
circumstances.
(5)
The Ljungstrom turbo-locomotive was developed
by the Ljungstrom Brothers of Stockholm,Sweden.
sists of two units.
It con-
The front unit carries the boiler,
the induced shaft fan,placed in the smokebox, the coal
bunker, the air preheater,three feed water heaters connected in series,and some other minor appliances.
The
rear unit contins the main 1, 00 hp. turbine geared to a
jack shaft connected with three front driving axles by
means of rods, and the condenser.
The turbine is of the
impulse-reaction type with axial flow and develops 1,800
hp. at the maximum speed of 9,200 r.p.m. corresponding to
a running speed of 68.3 m.p.h.
It is equipped with an
air-cooled condenser and a reversing reduction gear.
The
condenser consists of a drum in the center of the rear
..
::-unit,
with flat ribbed tubes.
The exhaust steam is cooled
and condensed in the tubes, and collects in the lower portion of the drum,whence
it is. delivered
to the boiler by
means of a condensate pump and a feedwater pump.
The total
cooling surface of the condenser is approximately 10,700
sq.ft.
The double reversing gear with a ratio of approxi-
mately 22 to 1 brin:,s
of the turbine
(5)
~:..
\,;
-.~E~
down the rotative speed from 9,200 r.p.m.
to 420 r.p.m.
of the low-speed
See Engineering(London) 1922 pp.64-70,
gear.
131-133,
183-168 and 198-203
The locomotive was thoroughly tested for several
months after comoleted in a testing plant constructed specifically for the
purpose.
the Swedish State Railways.
It was then given road tests on
Fig.48 gives the general char-
acteristics of the locomotive.
The curves in the chart were
obtained-from dynamometer car readings.
The rising curves
show the horsepower developed at the driving wheels at all
speeds up to 90 km.per hour, which is the maximum legal
speed on the Swedish Railways.
Two horsepower tests were
made with four of the turbine nozzles open,and these are
very consistent with each other.
Corresponding to the lower
dotted curve of horsepower, a curve of drawbar pull has been
plotted showing how the tractive effort decreases as the
speed increases.
The fall is particularly rapid at low
speeds, which is a desirable feature for a locomotive as
it tends to prevent
the spinning
of the driving wheels
at
starting when the rails are slippery.
Figs.49 and 50 compare graphically the fuel
consumptions of a turbine locomotive and of a reciprocating
locomotive of equal power.
Assumption has been made in both
cases that at full load the turbine locomotive will do its
work with half the coal required by the reciprocating engine.
This assumption was justified by results from actual tests.
Fig. 50 shows that at starting,the turbine takes more coal,
but the starting torque of the turbine is so great that speed
ISoo..."r....
/ -
, ....
-
,.""-'
.-
-
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ao~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1_
/Zoo
-':
:i
1ooo' KY.
1-1
....;
.
''
"...- ·
. - ·
-."~
.......
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"~--
.. ...
.
f/00
is3......__~....
7
s,
aa
'
.
.i·
:-
.
"__-_..../t_.. ~... ... t ........ "-
e
..
....
....
...........
- i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ooK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
~1--:Z':::i: -'
~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
.. it
yoo
kq
.......--' '"·-·-
'
'-
·-- t~~~~~~~~~... !
1000'
.__:~
_. - .
.
.
,
.......
~~~~~
.....
-P-.
~:
· ::':it--'-.....
-...
'-'·....:'-"
:- .......
~~~~~~~~~~~
l'l'----'T....
·--I
fi-~~~~~~~~~~,
%
~9
'
·I
~
'
,__..
.· L..
--.? .. ,.-...:
i"' :
LI-..1.-C..-_.
b
~~~~~~~~~~.....
...
.
.
......
.
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_-~
i~
·
.,~ -'-:
,
:
i.·
'
.....
:~
.1
~
,
.
- --
: ::". .: --.-
. ~-..
-
.
oo'a Kj.
,
.
.
.
'
. . ".
: .
1'. I~ / ::'.-~--:::-~t--'.:.".'
"'-":!':.'.1.
~: ' :#
30o
~"r-':..
~~ -.
....
4..-'-.-.
'....... "........
· : '----........
'--,---.4...
:---~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.
:---+-.--
~~~~.
4So
_. .. ..
:
~'
-
·:
·
~
-.--.......
':"
. :"
,
,1
!;-....'
¢
)Pg4/-
-?:'-i-:--.:
I.-::..'-:'
.._.
'.'-"":'~:
:-:-......
,~~~~~~~.'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
....
~:-
2o0
.....
,'......,
5...-..
7;-r:
7.1/.
27_#
':~ . :- : - .i
'
Cvrvip
~I .... ...... I
....... ~
....
A,,gaUC
QW i
,
-
'
.
-
..
·
-
. ]
,
I
10d
..
-..
:j
-.
·
-
..
,.,/
,,z
I
. . .
'
.4
:1~~~~~~~~~~~~
/0
Fron,'
,20
,&1,/,
-
4
o
i
/'7
,o
0
a92
70
P
?o
---
/.
. . ].I
1ooox.
~J
;"
-. :j'
( · '"
'-'
'_
:A
'~
'"I '."L
-r
.
~
''
;·-~
...~.
:......
i. .
I....,..
:----F-·-
.
1.
..'-r:--T--- ......i"
.
.
- ..
...
_
.-
,
C
.
·
-·
: ;-"------
.
-- ^?I
::: :
-:
r
i
-------
.
-····-,
·
1"
....
-
·
-- ·
----------
--
·
.
----------
i
4
·-
II.
.
....
-
. . __ -,
.-.. -
I-
·
.. - . I
1-
" '~·-
-~·- 1
I
i..
I
''
' ' `3:
I
---
'f"--- ;--·--I;
- .-
---.- .-' ..-"- . ,' - --' -,I - ._ ... ......
- . -.'
._...
i---.
·-- --· - -- . . ..; .
-- .....- _-i~: .'.....
. . . ~~:_:' v-:i::-:-'.::l.
..! -:
-
I--i·
· i...
·
-- j
i
f-·
-_.__I
t
I
.I
i
-i
-
.
.. TJP.2LtZZ
i- .
·
tLliLI_:.I_
.4L.
.
".
_..1. . i--..
:
_
.
0
;;
.
·- · .
I
.
-
\,
' .~ - . ·.· - -
.
I
.D
-
'-
... ............
.....
i-..- .-,
-
.....
'.~
:----::
: -
'.
i_
c..-
I
,-:-',- · --··` . . .....
-.
.
1
i
)._'._.
i..-,;_-
I
I
L-C1· . C·L--·i
·r
---·
I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
----·---------- ---------I ----- ---c-.-·-----------·-----·
-
e
I:f f;f.l
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:..I.
-- 1·-----
· ·
· 1
-- ; ·
-------
I·--·-·-'
-r-(·..-...-..--,-----··--·
--- ··--- ··
i.:
7
'5
- --
--·
.
*-·-.---1;·--
--
· · ----
i..
-L
;---------J---------
0
'4
N
i
:·
.1.. .:.
......
I
K
......
ij
.....
Kl_~
t5
' .,
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1;
'.4
i
N
11
1h
r4
"1-
-4
I·
I
~~nj..
.3': '.
ui-:"
',<,g~
t,
II
:;.z'.:.-'
L-4
w~~~~~~~~,$
t'9'
. ......- ---'---- :.~~~.--,:'
'-'.----------------------6;) "- :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;...'; :
!-
.-
i
1~~~~~~~~~
.-
· ,.-....._
.
/.
.~~~~~~nu3
: c,~.. . Zb.
_....'
_
.
._..
..
..
i
':
....'
.
.
i
.._-_
?r-:---
..
i
:
._.
.....
......
.
,--11-
,.. .
i.-:.'-
~
i.----
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
.
.
uK4
L,
---
.....
......
.
·
·- I
N---"
_L-- -.. '.
.
~ -. ,
/c7
. t--- :;.L.I~:............
i4~4
...: - ..... -.
_..........
_.'
....
j4
+
7 7
i2T
F:
~:z
= _----
:~
I- -` " ~--
a
-.
:!
L,::--'
:- pT-~~~8,i--'.
,
'. . !..:'.
.._'_'~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.'....;.''":'
==
------
-·-r--4.
.-..-..
jf-
-:: -':
'1lzf--·
~ i'~ :-r ''
--==
-
'-"_.--.--~
_.
~
,·--
--
. . . ,
:,.,,.
..
:-t--1-
;~_.
.:.-
-
-
-.
.
4
20C
i.:-
_.-- .:':._i':-~---."...,7,:LX.'',~_:~
'.~
~ :~~~~~~~
~ ~ ~--7':-:.:._:_~--~:L:.~."
----
'
.
.
.
:
-~i-k~~+------:~-.
i-
::J'~~~~- '-
.
[(al
~i-"- -'-~'___--___
/4o
....
-:-
= ,-- --4...' ---
i -·:.-
~~~~~~~..
~
.
~'
~
.....
....
-
.
...
. , ·-· -
.
,''...
~~~~~~~~
.
T~
/00o ....
~
....................
..
...
i.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
..
::
-i
1-- :
·--·---- ~-
i
--7-·~~~~~~~~~~....../24
......
:--~- .....-..
-- F
.....
- :.
.. .
~---~- ~-..- .. ...-
:
---'-,t
'
,..... ....
;i
i
.,=_~
..........
i.-.
. ...
. ;.......
........
"'~'~....':_-__~_.- '.....-~~^--.11-.--~----'--
So4
-A:_X
~y.L
~ _'..'._.
.....
..
. ....-.
`
.~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---~--'
,...~.....t....
......
i-..
..
-i·, , ....'...
.,------i- "
-......---L----' ...
I~...~.. ~~;.....~
.
- ..; .
-- :.-.
___
~~~~~~
~_:..,.~.......!..:
;__:.
4o
.
.
;.
'.
.
.
, .,.__
'~
. .-
20
47
I
0
/o
20
,Coy
So
4o
Enyu,e4z'ny
5
/92L
6o
7o
50
9o
/00
lO8
I
is rapidly attained and after 5 miles an hour the turbine
passed the reciprocating locomotive in fuel economy.
The way in which the heat
of the fuel is dis-
posed of is shown diagrammatically in Fig.51.
It will be
seen that 14.7 per cent are transformed into useful work.
This value is extraordinary for a locomotive,being about
twice as much as that of the modern standard locomotive.
.;
:
,
X
,
!5
.71%
Cande ,Sr
3.3
~,o.$e/o
IoFekayz
-
/8 %
3.5o et
Radk',
I
(Taurned+
FdFeedar
I
O
Ah' Aur
7o on
#&al
/4.1 a/
-I-`
Fi1sI /
I;
dI4WC 8 o 1
ace
Zgrozm - Srzw 7 rbhir Locar,,s6e
:.1.
The application
of the turbine to locomotion
has not received so much interest in the United States.
Neither has the turbine locomotive
in Europe been sub-
jected to the heavy transportation practice in this country.
Careful study and serious consideration are therefore
L)
necessary before the turbine locomotive will take its place
as a motive power
of the railroads.
lo9
H A P T
R
Oil Burning Locomotives
The first attempt to burn oil in the firebox
of a locomotive in the United States was made at Santa Paula,
California,1894.
On account of the advantages possessed
by oil, many railroads converted their coal-burning locomotives to oil-burning, especially in the Southern Central
States and California.
for approximately
Railroad fuel oil purchases account
one-fifth
of the total fuel oil market
annually in the United States, the Bureau of Mines reported,
while conducting a Survey on the subject of R.R.Fuel Oil
consumption in 1927.
Although there are more than 150 rail-
roads using fuel oil in their operations, comparatively few
used it in large quantities.
Two railroad systems - the
Southern Pacific and the Atchison,Topeka & Santa Fe used
almost half te
total amount.
Oil is used as the principal
locomotive fuel, in both freight and passenger service in
California, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana, while in Kansas,
Oklahoma,
vice.
and Mlissouri, it is used mainly
in passenger
ser-
In the Northern Central States and on the Atlantic
coast, with tie exception of one oil-burning railroad, the
oil consumed is used in power plants
shonsferiy
bhots,
firing up of coal burning locomotives and the operation of
oil-electric switching locomotives.
As a result of the ap-
plication
of economydevices, such as feed water heaters,
suerheaters,
and various other improvements,the efficiency
of oil as a locomotive fuel is increased steadily during the
recent years.
The economic advantages of oil over coal as a
locomotive-fuel
are numerous.
They can be summarized as
follows:(1) High boiler efficiency
(2) Tonnage increase
of about 15~/odue to the
boiler capacity is available
fact that with oil the maximum
at all times.
(3)
onger
runs are possible.
(4) Complete combustion.
(5) Absence of ash and cinders.
(6) No mechanical stoker needed even for the
largest type of power.
(7) Easy control by merely adjusting a valve.
(8) No air holes and dead spots.
(9) No need of opening
the fire door for the
introduction of fuel, thereby causing reduction of pressure,
chilling of flues, sheets, and leaking.
(10) Less fire hazard along the right-of-way owing
to the
fact that
there
(11) Cheaper
the use of pipe lines.
is
no spark passing out from the stack.
cost of handling
and distributionwith
I//l
(12) Less expense for storing.
The necessity
of having separate bunkers for different kinds of coal is
eliminated as fuel oil is practically uniform in character.
CFueloil is not subject to spontaneous combustion -
coal is.
There is a reduction in the number of fueling stations due
to the increased fuel capaciy
of the oil-burning locomotive.
(13) Greater cleanliness, freedom from dust and
reduction in the amount of smoke, which are of particular
value around large city terminals, and is an asset to passenger service.
(14) Use of oil permits a more accurate check
of fuel consumtion,
which
is of grea.t value in conmpiling
individual performance of engineman, firemen, and locomotive.
Table 1
gives the comparative heat values of
coal and oil.
Table 12
Calorific
Value of
Coal
:Quantity of
Coal equal to
I bbl.of Oil.
B.t.u. er lb.
10,000
Pounds
620
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
564
517
477
443
413
Quantity of Oil
equal to 1 short
ton of coal.
Barrels
3.23
3.55
3.87
4.19
4.52
4.84
__
* Gebhardt,G.F. Steam Power Plant Engineering
/12
i
The aerage
B.t.u. content of bituminous coal
used for locomotive fuel is about 12,500 per lb. and that
of oil about 18,500 per lb.
will therefore contain
180 gal. of oil
71
Oil weighs
lb. per gal.,
the same amount of
heatunitsas one short ton of coal.
onvention of
At the 16th Annual
i
L.C.
ional Railway Fuel Association,
the Internat-
Hatch presented a
curve (Fig.52) showing the "Balance" prices between fuel
i
In preparing the curve,
oil per bbl. and coal per net ton.
into all the factors in-
he made careful investiations
volved in the
comparative
economy
of both kinds of fuel,
such as the relative boiler efficiency, the utilization
of the locomotive
of converting
and the cost
from one kind of fuel to the other.
in
the locomotive
The curve furnishes,
a general way, a reference for any railroad contemplat-
ing the possibility
the necessity
of chanting
over from coal to oil or
of changing back from oil to coal.
Wfith the limited
supply of fuel oil and its
widespread use on locomotives,constant efforts have been
exerted for its conservation,
locomotive design.
and for improvements
of the
In order to obtain complete combustion
of the oil, the following conditions must be satisfied.
(1) Proper atomization
of the oil
(2) Proper anount of air
(3) Proper temperature in the firebox
mixing
thorough
(4) Sufficient length of time for te
of oxygen and gases to complete combustion before
they reach te flue-sheet.
, .L~.
..
1.0s c .-
I-
' . - , '.~.Lg
"
' I'
·-·------ t--,-----l,-c..i--·.-:
'-·-··-···
---- e
,-(
---
"
: :,-
?-
-I ---- r
-- -- :?-··
- . .- -- -- ,..---.,- ·? -I ------- · .:=frr·-,
L. -. 1
-·t--· ·-·-· ·-- ·--
- -- ---- ·
----
-- ·- ·-- -;----·-- i·-·---··-!u-e
CI--·-"'"f-C":
-- I
f-T-.... ... _,
L--··,..-,
.1-.
"
-Li
.,.
C.-...+"-'_,....,.
-.I
:_.
I.-i-.CL-L,
-- ·--t.;-
r,.
;-·:-.e
i-1---·
rr·
i-l-t--· -f7_
c-·-
,-:.--·-··
.----;---·,-· -- ,---ic·c-;-·
·--- i
.. r.....-t'
--. P..-'
· ·--- :-----j
--.-r·---·
· r--.-^- -·1 I---i-----C:---·-·-·-·-- -- ·- ·i ·--·---- · l----t'----
'---:------ti·--
------·- i , :__:r';-',_.jll'`.i711--1,
,.,,:
' --r·-t-rL-i---rlfI'--·t
-cc--+
--
! --I-i..
-- 4f-- -L;tc;-·---·
t--c··--
-- ^r-----1----r7·I·-r
.-.-
--·L. --I
-
I--·
:
·-
-·-----·
---·
-----
,.--.-L.
iic.
----- ;· -- ·
....
I
I-cc'-t---i.·-r;-ri·----t--; ... i-
-i
-
·· i----l=--·
Lj!...,,-.·
1..
---·1
-. e
1
--· L__...:I__
',
.4
t--
I-..
.i---..
·-. 1$7-
-I.LT.·..
-·
....
C4
-A
IN
3
I
I...-.L- I-----t
$ ------ ·-rc"C-·
·
.'--t
iTC7
C i IIT
IclLtL.·.r
_1:I-
· .
.,.....- _'_%
.I.l
I
-. i
--.--.--. t
_r_.. _.. ,
Li-- . I
-'---
-
· ·- · :-r-
......
---
· I---·
-7-...i. ·
-----
1--· -i·-:---r--i---r---rlT^1.
-- -r:··I
·
-........
. 1
-- ··
I--- -- (·---,-r · --···
·------ ------
r- T(
I·(·L-
P--·-·
I- - · r-----F
i-'---t·--.- :i
r·-· -L-·
--·
·.il
.-.---·-
;_.L: .- ·
1.---_ --.i·-i··
'-'
~ .....
. ,...... r
.
l
;-.I......:-LI
..
.-
--r./-·r
-i7 ·- r--
t..
... .---L-~ ---;-'+--{
...... 1
a
-- ·-
·
--.-- ~ .~...
i.-:
....
-i..{
....
,- ...
~.
. .~.
- . ... .. ... ...-.........
i71
;._....1.--.
::
·
·-1-:-·.-·
.... i i-..
LL.i.i-rL--
.r.
-- :-(·-----:--i
-i-------j-
.1
---- ,--·--,--·-:-r·
... ,.
-·-·-·-,
---- -I ;---1"·--1
-- · -- (---·--- 1--- -..,.L. -,--·..
-; ----- r- -- ·
.. -:..,..-..:
..- -r..·.
. i..'"
~~ ~
1
c~~~..,-..
-
_
f
.,.;
.-....
...4.-_
_{
l -' -i.I....
.--.
.-
;.- , } ...........
....
.
---
:..i.
---
.
..
r
....
_-- -- :~-z.-J_
--....-
~----.
,--,.:~----+-.-
..L..__ ..-..
'..-:,
.
I
.
a/,/ C
Fr1-6
-,m'R
.
---
·--
.
.i..:~
.
- par A561- P, /a -Vg 74,
1f2
Ao-
/.
/j-/1
......._.~.. _....
--.-........... i' :- -: .:....'__.;
.
:T~_:~.fll.:.'~c~~-4.. .~
r~-j--·--i-'--t--
·--·.-...!..............
c·-
'~-- .----f--~~~~
-----'----·-~-'- ~.....
~.... '-~--~'
~
L
..·...
'i~"~
--· ":.. -,
.`~-" . "'~""---::-:F.............
~~~~...,...
. '"-'~i~/~~__~"-
~:
-----,~-i ~- .
t ~
r~~~~~
....... .........:..
?--$---~~~~~~
:. ...1 1 -,^.
.-.... '
...
{
~~~1-"Z-7
I.'+...-T-:_--._-,.~~
"":..-.--'__F"'.'--- .... :~:X'-.-._%":.:-!-'
........
..:i...
i......------*......
t-_;:-~-_F
.----'-;.-.I ":-~;.-'
~. ..
~ ......
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---·-
C-~--i~:
--
·-!-·
-. I.
-- ...
-ifl-.T.L^.-1-:.-
..,~.:..
... ,... ,.._...
-. i.. '
,-------
-r
r··^·
-----
-:-/-
-·rCi·ir---C--IiI
-- I L
-
7-7
1 I---_
L-Ct-I
-;---+---*--- L·'.
tT77--7-LiI : I
iTLrL-L;i'ikf-t---"
c-iC-;--·-··-Lrcr---- ·---.· --
··-
...ri.:'
... ,..
J,
L,
tj
11-1 7
-.-.·i
i:.;: ,.
·----··$--ti·
r-----· f-rC--7.
.:-r--.---) L--··
-:----:--+,·-·;-i
----;-j-·----t1----- -:t
_[ -.L::..:Zf
.i f
-; .c.. .-1.--.-:..
'--)
-·--·------:
-- ,-.i-.L. ... i.. ,·-,lcC.L)
--- t--!-i-·!
+14Z7J
.-----
-r·
·-
..-.·- ·---- ;.
it-- · ------ -
%
1,4.
------
t -- i-
.-.
.r..l--i
........
'~,
.. l---.L.
:__ " ... -- .... L......-..-...
-·--·-
.-.
I-
,-..--- i-_l----. %....:.,....,..
i-~
.. '-'-
F- ....
I-~~~~--- 4
---- --C
ir" ii-·- -I
----
...
-- ·---- ·
-· ··· ·
;-;-,-r· :-C--L
",.'-L
..I::-:.T-1
H---~-.
----H-- (..~.....:
I-.~....
.....;----
.LI
.....
---· ·---c- -
F~--..~---~-·----,---.I,
.--
-- ·
-.. r;i---r-l-.-- l..j.,l.
..
..- r
-·,-·
-.-.- ,$--
......
..,.-,1,..-,
.,.-
t-------l
---
.-... -Li ----
t·^
t ---+-· -: -r
..
-'
r-- "
1'...... --..r.. ...-- -
·-- ·--I-.-.-· -- 1-·--
------ t·---·
7
-·-i
·-.
-tL11-I---·t-:----
- - !I- -T--
. j-.,
i
_;..._,__I..... ... ,... ;._c.....
!-l:.r
-. -L:..:..
. -L^..
r-·
· ··--i--- L·---·
--·--'·-----r
.- '-.--.-. r^ ----. .· .
t
·-
-I
---tC-
T·r-'------- -1 -- · ·
-·.- -:tr-----·
r--··-:C--; -- ·- -- ----- : · ---- · ·- I
-·---·
-
-- ''-e
-- -1--- t---·
-·--·---
i
-- s-:·t·-·-------·
i
1.--_;_L ·.-.-
- .:--:j - i.
--
c-·I·:*--I.-Li
.... i.-.- ·--''
· · ·-r-----··------ )-·- ·- tT----r----
---'*-.. -1.--- .
- - 7 . i tI·
- --'... ........
..-- . . -.
~-I. .. 4k-- -,-i. +.--. -~---
+t-r--'-·
-Li-·c+--c·tlt·
-. -'---·----··
bg
- -, - .
-·-
-- rJ--
i-- -- ·i--
-- t· ·-
~~~
T
- -.- . --1 I-~r
- -1
r-
----- ),·
I.-_1.--1- :-·
iI
/O
--
I--..
i_...-.
----- ·- ·-·
·-t-:------- ( -·
·- ·t---
· i ·
--*I
-.-- r^^l-I·-i--.--:.-·
.;...,
-_...._._I
:.I_.
... .- L..
-·---··
-r-'
-·--*·
-·- ·---·-.-: ·-- ct--- Ltl---i
L--·_C--r-;-l--i--
Y. ·-- ·
-- '
-- L: .-. ----- i-l-·- -- ---- -·---- '-'--·- 1---
.. :.--.,:;-.L.:_1...
... ,_.
'-
; -i
---,·-·-- ·- c·_:.r:
-L·--cr
·-. I··---;--· It
·-i-r-i··-·-- -·----
.- '.!.....`t
1··
---·
---- l--r
··-r
--- ;---·-·-t----· ^-.I-···_·''---·-'
i
:__L-L
r
).liL--
.
·i-t
iCI: I:,.---I..--cy-r
I;----r---·-·---r'---
---- s;-..-,-
.J
-l-
··-
'
......
~-
-.
...~.......
· _i_.
!
.li
r··-·
"14
The burner is located in the front of the firebox below the flue sheet.
The oil is sprayed toward the
back end of the fire box where the flash wall is constructed
to deflect the flame, which turns forward and travels again
the whole length of the fire box to the flue-sheet.
Hardly
a second elapsed from the time a drop of oil leaves the
burner tip until it is completely atomized, consumed and
reached the flue-sheet.
agent.
Steam is used as the atomizing
Various attempts have been made to introduce me-
chanical atomizing burners on locomotives both in Europe
and America, and highly satisfactory results have been obtained.
It has been said that the location, metihodof con-
nection and height of the burner have more bearing on oil
consumption of locomotives than the type of burners, the
difference
in fuel consumption
between
the best and the
poorest burners being only 5.
The proper location and size of air openings
in the fire-pan are of utmost importance.
tice is to have the air openings
the cylinder.
seven times the area of
Sufficient air must be admitted to prevent
overheating of the burner.
Too much air may chill the lower
flues and gradually cause them to be leaky.
;.
The usual prac-
lS,
E A P T
H
R
II I
Electrificati on
It has been mentioned in a previous chapter that the modern
steam locomotive converts only about 8
of the energy in the fuel
sup-pliedinto useful power at the rim of the driving wheels.
The
eletric locomotive, however, has an efficiency of about 40%, or,
in other -words,40% of the energy available in the fuel or water
power at the
power.
enerating station is converted into actual pulling
The advantares of electric operation are many, especially
under dense traffic, o
lines with heavy grades, and where frequent
stops Liaveto be made, as in commutation .passengerservice:(1) Electric locomotive has
reater tractive efforts for
starting and for short periods of heavy demand tan
developed continuously.
can be safely
ig. 53 indicates a comparison of the trac-
tive effprts of steam and electric locomotives.da approximately
aqual horsepower rating. It will be seen that even the locomotive
:providedwith a booster does not have the range
ossessed by the
electric locomotive.
3y usinga large amountof sand so that the tiwheelswill
not slip, a very high tractive
short
orce can be developed for a
time in order to have the train started.
It may be
twice the value for continus operation.
(2) Heavier trains cn be iauled iueto thle fact that this
reserve tractive
over is available always at an inst ant's no-
tice.
(3) 2re-uent stops can be -.
n:de Lue to te
power required for restarting.
available high
4iI
-5,pczd- AI/esP/zr,
)Cg. 5f3 o S&C
7iC~'Y
~jp442S
E1ClC
9Eq/
M
6/p
/t, pr
e /o/
(arc c Cunrv
LOcOmAlA
~?.
Rak,
8oa. /4 3
S
J7
(4)
ith a uniform torque, electric locomotive gives smoother
startsmg, and less chance of slipping of wheels.
(5) The rating of an-eleetric locomotive is governed by
rise of temperature.
It is a question
point where the wheels will slip.
of heating,
up to the
So in cold climate, as the
atmospheric temperature is lower, greater power is available,
whereas in steam locomotives, low temperature produces an opposite
effect.
(6) The electric locomotive has a high factor of untilization, or high availability for service.
quired at terminals.
Less attention is re-
It is not necessary to take the locomotive
from the train until it has run about 5000 miles.
Statistics
show that the electric locomotive is available for service for
approdimately 85%"of the time, vnile the steam locomotive is
available
only for 1/3 to 1/2 o
the time.
(7) Regenerative braking represents another great advantage of electric locomotives.
In the case of heavy grades, instead
of dissipating the stored-up energy of a descending train in
heating and wear of brake shoes and wheels, this energy is conerted
to electrical energy and either used to pull other trains up grade
or else returned
to the power
station.
This is a two-fold
saving:-
power economy on one hand and reduced wear on the other.
(8) Concentration of power under the control of one engine
crew is a significant fact.
(9) Electric operation lessens terminal congestion by simpli-
fying
train movements.
(10) Elimination of smoke.
(11) Cleaner and more comfortable travel.
Thus we see that from the stand-point of operation, electric
locomotives giw-le
much better and more favorable results than steam
locomotives.
But special mention should be made of the fact that
the overhead cost of electric operation ts extremely large.
To
operate trains with electric power, we must have the generating
plant --steam or hydro-electric--transmission lines, transformers,
converting equippment in the case of D. C. system, distribution
systems, and the locomotives themselves.
The investment required
for all these projects must be taken into consideration before a
net gain or loss due to electrification can be stated.
Losses of
energy are unavoidable in these intermediate stages.- In order to
keep the investment costs as low as possible, consistent with the
losses in transmission, a relatively
high voltage alternating
current is employed, and transformers are therefore necessary.
The loss in transmission ranges from 15 to 20 %, and the transformer
loss will be from 2 to 5 %.
The conversion equipments
in the ease
of D. C. system will cause a further reduction of efficiency of
about 10
of energy.
4
. The distribution system will result in a further loss
These factors may tfied to offset the operating advan-
tages of electric locomotives, and have to be carefully considered.
The significance of local conditions can not be ignored.
H. E. Byram told of St. Paul's experience with eectrification
Er.
with
I1'
I
i
i
3000,-
- - · ·-- ·
~
iC;havu
.0
,:i
._
W,
r
.
__
1
-. ,-
!2 L. I---
'"
c.,-
-
t
-
-- 4--4-L-.
--·
... ..__,_,
_.......,
'
y - :'
"......:C- ...... i.:r'f;:
!'' ':.-:
:L;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
----- l-~r----L·
-·-·( -
I··-------'--·-
r
-L---lt-----L-·jTtPir
1
·-- ··----/--T--;
1
--jC;d-s$-
- ------ ·-r---------
;
,·
I-L-.----
1.:..
r
---- t
---
I
I I...
-I......
-:..I -` . ."...
-......
.......
l....._:J1JJ
. ..-........
I . . .... .. -. j ...
.. ..
.... :
J.. ~~
....JI. I
;... . ........
"' ''
-,
II -11
·
-
J
:.-~,~---..1.
_5';-1-·1
.
=
'
--- C--·
.
-
- _r
..__
1-- __
a
.-( t.,
fI
.-
-. -
!-i-. ---
.
7.fit
·-
-
--
-t ...
--I---· 1·
F
-
.. '-·i ' . z .'".
L
- - - - : · :'. -~~~~~
;.~~--il:!'
~
c :T'
-._1~'-V
It"---
-i. ,.
I.
....
.......---
'~.rCd0-r
-j11
,n7
-
-4 i _
- .
. ,
·
.-
.......... ... . .
LI - 'i~-t' I;"~:··------- 'I...
--
: .
J
--
---
114·
~
L__
-- _ ·
' .......~_ I I_~
------
I·
..
.
·---
··
-I--
~J
..
I... ·-----
:
-------
·
-ry
r
:i-i
:BiCkC-.,. t -. =., ..,
':t '---.L
.
t·
1-:
i........
-7 777-7
~'--.
i
. -..
i '. 17
.-.-. ...... . ....I~:
':-~,-'.::.'
....n, i.' ' ::"
. ':
...: .. _..i
· t..
.- ....
I·-/
.·-··.-..--·
.
.....
.
..
t....,.........
·
L'II"~"~~~~~~~~~~~-----~
~~-.
?.-,--'
.....
:.r...
,
·-j--~I··
--
3
' '--
.....
T~..~*..T~-
j
.......
t
.........
--
......._.:
. z
/dd4
·-
'
I-.~-~....-------........-
;.......
....-~. ..... ·-·
-:""-T~'~
' :z·.--z.:'::': ~''''-.~"~. ~ '--r~"-i
.t-:';-'-
a
J
t.
%
...·-
j~~
~ ~
·
·
·
/o, od
.-'~.
-. :-7.
-:-:'.-l.--.:;:-'
-".-::
...
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
_I::~
....
.... c . . I II I. I:
'
: ::-i-I:
--'i::
I
~~~~~~~~-~
I
,l~=__.
,
(
I
i
~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
i
L_;.
~..
~~
. 41 1
[~l Ii ll [i1
C
--?F_:
.
t':.--?-.
....1---'?...
: '- -..·i
· .~~--------~-C
.
-t
:
~.-..-
....-
. . I...,'''-......
. .
.
----.....-'r
. [?."-~~. .
.--t--t
?]-----~ ~
,-
.
.; .
?
.....
.
tr~~~~~~~~~~
/I4fd
.
~.
~'p .:t.. 1.... ~ .~ ~ ....~~~~~~~
.../r~.
..... -f"~-.~.....
I· ·--.
--- -- ~~
----".- -:---F :.%-'-..?/...'.,.-?..7'.-T.I
:i...-- ..'~-"F.
~%-z--.?----~.i:--..:--..
k
ii:
:1:·------ ·
·-· '
·
. ....
I
I
d
I
·---i~·: ~I1 i..l -- i
I I·i -t---I
.l ~ I -
i ·- · ·
I -- Ii
- -
--l''
-.......
. .
,-C!-:
~
....
.
-Itji - I
I.
........
, ··I
JlI ' .. ·
I
ti
-I -
.'
~~~~...
..
~~ ~
~~_i·..[ JJ d
t ....
I
IJJ
I
~'
I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
-
..
.. I
~~~~~~~~~~J.J....
J· I
I ~~~I- .. ~.......L -Ii r
I--~~~
4o
.....
. .
-- 'J
'-
_. .....
~
.......
J.'
-
-
.TL~ i_ ll.j I
I
JdO
I
'~'·'-
L/
'I
~..~.
2
...
3
'........
+
/:,, ,'ea
'
-
I I II
I' III'III
~~~
~~~~~~~~~~_
-~
,r
£f Co/ /~r ¢
7
e
r'
I 'I'I'II'
?
Poi,-Y/a',
C,/
CIoS5,.s.?4
.,//,Z.,,
WkZXE'CX4IbA
From ';~')c,,¢
v/
V2
/1
. p./¢5"
,
Emomov, al W;74X
the statement: "There were two reasons for our electrification;
`-
one was that there was water power available at hand to generate
the current at very low price; the other reason was that in this
mountain operation we use a great deal of current and that makes
the electric operation much more attractive from an economical
standpoint-" l
It can be generally stated that where traffic
density i-sheavy and fairly uniform, electrification will probably
bring a nice
eturn on the investment, but where traffic is light
careful considerations of local factors must be maie before determining the desirability of electrification.
In Europe, the economies of railroad electrification have
been studied analytically, and more enthusiasm has been centered
on the subject.
M. Parodi of the Paris-Orleans Railroad developed
*e method of analysis for investigating the question whether
electrification is economically justified on a given section of
line on the basis of the coal price and traffic density of that section.
He produced two curves (ig.
54), one for single track road
and another for double track, from which we can find the diensity of
traffic, in terms of coal consumption required to justify electrification for a given price of coal per ton.
Balatroni had deduced -hle
In Italy, Mr. Francesco
formula for Italian railways from the
point of view of national economy, as following:-(2 )
kle T 1 + (1 +
) r C(
kqT
(1) Railway Age, July 31, 1926, p. 200
(2) Bulletin of International Railway Congress 1927, p. 1068
-a
i
,
:
.-
/21
I-
index of advisability of
k
price
of a kilogram
electrification
of coal burnt in locomotive
q = fuel used per ton-kilometer.in kilograms
T
-
traffic in ton-kilome ters oer kilometer on a steam
railway
kll
cost of kilowatt-hour at trolley
e = average consumption in kilowatt hours of electric
energy at the trolley per ton-kilometre
Tl
traffic in ton-kilometers per kilometer with electrification
5-
proportion per cent of the line the service line
should be electrified
C
cost of electrification per kilometer of track
in lires
r
annual charge due to interest, upkeep, and amortization of capital
If
the
ratio
is less thak unity, electrificationlis
justifiable from economical point of view, and more so as
becomes smaller.
But if
becomes greater than unity, elec-
trification will not be profittable.
The enthusiastic activity in Europe for railroad electrification is not entirely'due to the favourable economy
of electric traction, but influenced to a quite large extent
by the political and social factors.
Italy, being dependent
/22
. upon other countries for coal, having water supply at hand,
and aroused by the high spirit of nationalism, looking forward to the complete self-sufficiency of the nation, is urging
an extensive
rogram of electrification.
In Switzerland
where conditions caused by war and industrial disturbances
in other countries from which she must of necessity import
coal , electrification is justified on the ground that with
the plentiful water supply available, she may be placed in
a more independent position as far as motive power is concerned.
Austria and Sweden are two other countries which
have a sufficient s1pply of water powerfut must depend on
other countries for coal.
Electrification is also greatly
favored to displace coal on their railroads.
Table 13 gives the balance accounts of profits and
losses of Swiis Federal Railways in 1927. It will be seen
that 1,700,000 francs were saved by electrification.
len-
tion must be made, however, of the fact that, up to the
present time, electrification has been adopted on lines
carrying only heavy traffic in Switzerland.
Total
Table 13---Balance of Accounts of Profits & Losses (3 )
Swiss Federal Railways
If onL1
1927
steam traction used
Reeipts
.
Total Expenditure9,68
4............
137,730,000
Surplus of Expens' '.'.......... .
.
surplusof
*spen s
.....
11,950,000
s
Additional
costs
if'ol..y
104,117,990
.
117783OC
'49 615',010
13, 665,010
steam traction were used...
1,715,010
13, 665,010
Units in Francs
(3,)r
13,665,016
From Bulletin of International Railway Congress Association
1927,
p.
350
71
-/23
intthe United States, electrification is at present one
of the most important problems for the railroads.
Smoke nui-
i-
sanuceof the steam locomotives and tne rapid increase of tra-
i
ffic density both tend to promote electrification of the present steam railroads.
Although only about one per cent of the
mileage of the railroads in the United States has been electrified, she has almost one half of the total mileage of electric traction of the whole world.
During 1928 a big step-
has been taken, and electrified mileage of the country will
be increased by 25 per cent upon completion of the projects
now authorized. (4 )
railroad eperts
The prevalent opinion, however, among the
is that electric traction will not displace
steam traction to any considerable extent in the near future.
(4) See Railway Age, January
5, 1929.
/24
BIBLI OGRAPIY
Booksad Pamphlets
1. Steam Power Plant Engineering by G. F. Gebhardt
2. Efficiency in the Use of Oil Fuel by J. E. Wadsworth
3. Principles of Locomotive Operation by A. J. Wood
4. Heat Engines by J. R. Allen
5. The Firing of Locomotivt
by J. F. Cosgrove
6. Superheat Engineering Data by The Superheater Co.
7.-.Bulletins of Test Department, Pennsylvania Railroad
8. Locomotive No. 60,000 by Baldwin Locomotive Works
9. Design and Proportion of Locomotive Boilers and Superheaters by C. A. Brandt
l0.Limiting the Cut-Off for Capacity and Economy in Locomotive Design by
11.
. S. Vincent
The Locomotive lieatBalance, Bulletin 5, .American
Arch Company
12. Locomotive Booster by Franklin Railway Supply Co.
13. Locomotive Feedwater
eaters by The Superheater Co.
14. The Use of Tiighly Superheated Steam in Locomotive Practice by Locomotive Superheater Co.
·
-I--
--
-DL·Yrl·LIL·--.r--·IP-ruu----··
Periodicals
1. Railway Age
2. Railway Mechanical Engineer
3.
Mechanical Engineering
4. Engineering
5. Baldwin Locomotives
6. The Engineer
7. Bulletin of International Railway Congress Association