RELATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND DRYING RATE OF WOO D
TO RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHER E
Revised, May 194 1
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AORI'Cl)Lff rRE
)FOREST SERVIC E
FORE-ST PRODUCTS LABORATOR Y
Madison, Wisconsi n
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
RELATION OF MOT 8TURE CONTENT AND 3RYI NG - T ,
-® F'
WOO D
TO RELATIVE HUMIDIFY OF ATMOSPHERE
It is well known that wet wood gives off moisture under ordinar y
atmospheric conditions, and that dry wood takes on moisture in damp weather .
This causes a corresponding shrinkage and swelling, coeuai€nlQy known a ;s: "working ." As a result, doors, sash, and drawers frequently stick in damp
weather and became -loose in dry weather . Wooden parts may check, warp, o r
open up at the joints wYeh the relative hunU .dity of the air is low, o r
expand excessively When it- is high .
In fact, even properly seasoned wood under ordinary conditions dail y
takes on or gives off moisture to accommodate itself to changing at-mo.spheri: c
conditions, This property,' which is known as "hygroscopicity," is als o
found in many other, materials, such as paper, clothing, hay, leather, and
soil,
The purpose of this article is to give informat on as to how th e
relative humidity in the atmosphere outdoors, in the dry kiln, in the wood working shop, in_ the storage room, or elsewhere affects the moisture con tent of wood . A brief technical discussion of atmbbsphe .rie humidity an d
how it may be accurately'determined is also included . Much of this information has been obtained though the researches of the U . S . Forest Products
Laboratory .
Fundamental Relation of - : foi :sture Content
of Wood to Atmospheric Condition s
The combination of water and wood may be oonside'red a solution o f
water in wood, the wood being ._the solvent and the water t .lit solute . Them
e
is definite limrt to the amount of water that can be diss .olylOd In the'. Ve
.ra, i
and when this point is reached the wood is said_to be saturated . This i s
commonly called , the "fiber-saturation point ." The vapor pressure at thi s
time equals the saturate vapor pressure at the existing temperature, an d
therefore the -wood is at equilibrium with 100percent relative humidity . As
the amount of water in the wood-water solution decreases the vapor pressure
decreases ; hence, the wood is at equilibrium with lowe x_ relative humidities .
This relationship is shown by the curves in Figure 1 . These curves were constructed from data obtained on Sitka spruce, but areaija general applicable
to all species . For example, wood expoterd to *relative humidity of 6 0
percent at 160° F . will finally attain . a-moistl-re •coat:ont of approximately
S percent . It is interesting to note that changes in .relative, :4umidity , are
more critical on moisture content than are changes to temperature .
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Significance of Relative Humidity in Air Drying Woo d
In air drying, lumber finally reaches a definite moisture conditio n
below which it does not go, no matter how long it is kept on stickers ,
provided the atmospheric conditions remain fairly constant . Black walnut ,
after being stored in an unheated shed for 60 years at the Rock Island
Arsenal, had a moisture content of 11 .6 percent, based on the oven dry weight ,
The moisture content of small blocks (1-1/2 by 1-1/2 by S inches )
air-dried under cover in an open sheda t , New Haven, Conn ., for over a year ,
is given in Table 1 :
Table 1 .--Moisture content of small blocks throughl y
air seasoned at New Haven, Conn .
Moisture conten t
Percent
13 . 3
Longleaf pine
Loblolly pine Red spruce
Eastern white pine
California red fir White ash Hard maple Red ash
Sweetgum Chestnut
14 . 7
15 . 0
13 . 4
14 . 1
14. 4
14 . 9
14 . 9
14 . 9
13
In a drier climate these specimens would have dried down to a lowe r
moisture content, and in a damp climate they would not have become so dry .
Wood thoroughly air dried in the humid parts of France and England is sai d
finally to reach from 15 to 17 percent moisture .
Table 2 shows how the relative humidity varies with the seasons i n
different parts of the United States . In general, the outdoor relativ e
humidity is highest in winter and lowest in spring, although exception s
occur in some parts of the country . By means of the curves in Figure 1 ,
the ultimate dryness of small pieces of wood during the different season s
and in various parts of the United States may be estimated . For example ,
at Seattle, Wash ., the ultimate dryness of pieces of wood unprotected fro m
the weather, except from snow and rain, will be reached in the winter an d
will be at about 19 percent moisture, whereas in western Texas, it will b e
reached in the spring and will be about 6 percent moisture .
This seasonal and geographic variation in relative humidity i s
important in connection with the rate at which drying proceeds . Lumbe r
exposed to the spring and summer atmosphere will dry most quickly, principally because of the comparatively low relative humidity at that time o f
the year, but also because of the warmer temperature . For example,
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A
railroad ties, of ponderosa pine, cut in May and June arfecos, NI~Iex ;, we i
practically seasoned in 1 month, while those cut in Nove+er and becembe r
required about 6 months for seasoning . On the other hand, winter-cut lumbe r
suffers less from checking and other defects during air seasoning . Dryin g
is slow at first and when spring comes the lumber is already partly dry, s o
that deterioration is not great . Furthermore, in any climate with a high
relative humidity and warm temperature, lumber is more subject to infectio n
with stain and decay-producing organisms than it is in drier climates .
Table 2 .--Average relative humidities over a period of at least 15 year s
at different seasons in various parts of the United States *
Mean relative
New York Cleveland, Madison, Bismarck, Havre, Spokane ,
humidity, percent
Mont .
Wash .
City
N. D .
Ohio
Wis .
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual mean
73
70
74
75
73
:.
82
70
71
75
74
77
72
70
74
73
r82
61
47
67
64
79
66
56
6s
67
73
6s
65
71
69
Seattle, Portland, Salt Lake City, Denver, Kansas City, Memphis, Washington ,
D .C .
.,
,-gash
Tenn .
Ore,
Utah
Colt, .
Mo .
74
72
g4
g3
75
7
6
9
52
51
73
72
69
7
75
)49
7 65
67
36
70
869
51
46
71
79
72
71
73
76
75
53
50
Chattanooga, Wilmington, Jacksonville ,
Tenn .
N. C.
Fla .
75
70
78
77
75
Phoenix,
Ariz .
San Diego,
Calif .
45
47
74
78
81
78
78
4
,
40
*46
38
Galveston ,
Tex .
84
82
79
78
79
75
78
77
77
77
79
75
78
El Paso,
Tex .
,41
27
tt.
74
80
83
79
32
32
New Orleans ,
La .
so
so
78
78
83
81
80
Pensacola ,
Fla .
San Francisco,
Calif .
sl
Sacramento ,
- Calif .
80
71
61
66
69
79
79
84
80
80
Weather Bureau Bull . Q, "Climatology of the United States . "
ry
The effect of differences in locality on the drying rate is als o
marked., even iip 'he same latitude . For example, while the ponderos a
pine ties at Pecos, $ . MAT, . seasoned in 1 month, shortleaf and lobloll y
:;
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pine ties cut at the same .time of year in eas,txn Texas required from 3
to 4 months for 'seasoning . This was dui• princi iI Ly Rt;e4iffer-q es in th e
relative hum fttei _Pecos being in . a comp +ative"ly . 'y'r: ion, .Wh reas the. ,
'°' •' F
climate in eastern Texas is mere humid ;
=~:
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in Connection with Kiln" Drying;
and Conditioning of Lumber
• Relat. ve H ni.djty
r- • " '
A1thde gh the relative humidity has an importa ti : effect on the dryin g
rate of a pile of lumber being air seasoned, this effect is less whe n
lumber is kiln dried . The rate of aar circiilation within a pile of lumbe r
being air seasoned is low, conseq-dently air entering-at a high -relativ e
humidity rapidly'approaches saturation and greatly deereases its capacit y
for drying l The circulatioa of air within a pile of lumber in a dr y
is usually l ; much greater than that in an air-seasoning . pile, an_d"therefor` e
air entering at a high relative humidity does not appreach . so' near saturation before it leaves the pile . The chief functions of relative humidit y
i4. .the kiln drying of lumber . are the regulation of the surface drynes s
the TaguJation of the ultimate moisture content to which the'lnmbe r
Wi l l dry .,
.
r .
During the early stages• of drying in a kiln, a comparatively highs: ..
relative humidity is used, especially . if the lumber is green, so as to_
pm event . the surface from reaching too low a moisture contentt with 0e0g;tant
n.
checking and casehardening . This must be aecomPanied by good c'i're-ul
otherwise the atmosphere 'id-thin the pile will rapidly approach satui Mfr 'r r
@ual4-tbie end of the drying, when there is ' less'danger of ' injury, a compara-r
kFre- r . 1qw relative ,humidity may be used in order to dry the lumber to th e
desir,e, .final moisture content .
If it is desirable to condition lumber for the relief of casehardening stresses during the kiln drying process, the relative humidity can b e
so manipulated that the ,sufaces absorb moisture while the center is stil l
. drying;
The seasoning of lumber which is not to be dried to a low averag e
moist..re,;content may be hastened by drying the surface layers down to a
low,e' moistllr-e content than is ultimately desired . The kiln drying operatiom;may !be stopped before-the center has reached the desi =red m'o'istur e
•ce te3rltbecause the moisture will continue to move from the wetter ce1nte r
%tom the-drier -surface, layers until the, desired ultimate average moi's'tur e
content-'has been reaches'.
Relative Humidity in Storage Sheds, Shops, and Buildings in Genera l
3,1
Fro m what has already been said it will be seen that by properly con From
trolling the temperature and the relative humidity of the surrounding air ,
*,.
seasoned lumber may be kept at any desired moisture content . For eY
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flooring stored in a shed may be kept at about percent moistur e
indefinitely if the relative humidity is held at about 42 percent when th e
temperature is around 70° and slightly higher at higher temperatures an d
lower at lower temperatures . (See Fig . 1,) In factories making furnitur e
and other wooden products requiring a low moisture content, particular car e
should be taken to keep the doors and windows closed in damp weather . O n
the other hand, in winter when the air is heated, it may be advantageou s
to raise the humidity artificially to at least 30 percent . The same
principle applies also to storerooms in which the finished articles are kept .
One source of trouble in plants manufacturing wooden products whic h
must meet exacting demands lies in not keeping the relative humidity fairl y
constant throughout the plant .
For example, the dry lumber may be stored i n
a room where the temperature is 60° F . and the relative-humidity 60 percent .
Under such conditions the moisture content of the lumber will tend to go up
to 11 percent . This lumber may then be taken into the shop and worked up a t
70° and a relative humidity of 49 percent . As a result, the moisture con tent of the lumber will fall more rapidly, especially if it is in smalle r
pieces, to about 9 percent . Later, the completed article may be put int o
the finishing room where the temperature is 80° . This rise in temperatur e
alone will lower the relative humidity of the shop air to 34 percent and
the lumber will dry out to about 6 percent moisture . The finished produc t
may then be stored in a room where the temperature is again 60° and the
.relative humidity 60 percent with the result that the wooden parts wil l
take on moisture and swell, When the article later appears in the store ,
office, or home, it may again dry out, checks may form, and glue joint s
. .may open up . In general, changes in moisture with small change in relativ e
humidity take place slowly, especially if the wood is coated on all side s
with varnish, shellac, paint, or other protective coatings . Although suc h
coatings do not prevent the absorption of moisture, they do retard it .
The moisture content which wood has at the time of manufactur e
should correspond approximately to the average it will eventually attai n
in use, or slightly less, The relative humidity of the air surrounding
the article in use should, therefore, govern the extent to which lumber i s
dried, This is of particular importance to manufacturers of furniture ,
cabinets, and other wooden products in which shrinking and swelling must b e
reduced to a minimum . Wooden articles sent to the coastal regions of th e
south Atlantic, Gulf,-and Pacific States where the outdoor relative humidit y
is comparatively high the greater part of the year (Table 2) and wher e
buildings are heated during a small portion of the year only, should hav e
a higher moisture content than similar wooden articles sent to the Rock y
Mountain region or to the inland valleys of the Southwest, where th e
relative humidity is comparatively low .
Explanation of Humidit y
i
•
gee?
Although it is generally understood that by humidity is meant th e
moisture in the air, it is believed that a more detailed explanatio n
will be of value .
-5-
II
'
Absolute humidity means the actual amount of moisture present in th e
air in the form of vapor . This may be expressed in grains per cubic foot ,
or grams per cubic meter, or in any other suitable units .
The maximum amount of moisture air can hold in the form of vapo r
varies with the temperature, as follows :
Temperature ° F .
Number of grains of moisture pe r
cubic footwhensaturated
4o
6o
SO
100
120
14o
16o
1SO
2.00
220
2 .9
5 .8 00
11 .0 0
20 .00
34 .00
57 .0 0
91 .0 0
140 .0 0
208 .0 0
*302 .00
*At 17 .2 pounds absolute pressure .
In kiln drying, it is more convenient to express the amount of moisture in the air as a percentage of the moisture saturation at the temperature of the air . This is known as the relative humidity . For example, a t
100° F . the air can hold 20 grains of moisture per cubic foot when full y
saturated, but if only 5 grains are present, the air is one-fourth saturated ,
or has a relative humidity of 25 percent . On the other hand, a relativ e
humidity of 25 percent at 160° means that 22 .7 grains of moisture per cubi c
foot are present . When the air is fully saturated, the relative humidit y
is said to be 100 percent .
Since the amount of moisture that air can hold varies with the
temperature, it follows that heating air containing any fixed quantity o f
vapor lowers its relative humidity, and, conversely, cooling air raises it s
relative humidity . When air has been cooled sufficiently to become full y
saturated, it is said to be at the dew point . If its temperature is lowere d
still more, the air cannot hold all the moisture and condensation takes place .
The Relation of Relative Humidity to Evaporatio n
The average rate at which evaporation takes place from wet surface s
depends considerably on the relative humidity of the air . At 100 percent
relative humidity evaporation ceases entirely . However, the average rate o f
evaporation is not altogether proportional to the relative humidity . Fo r
example, at a relative humidity of 60 percent and a temperature of 110°, th e
evaporation will take place at a certain rate, while at 60 percent relativ e
humidity and 130° the rate will be much greater . The reason is that at th e
8509
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S
higher temperature the difference between the vapor pressure of the wate r
in the wood and of the water vapor in the air is greater .
In drying lumber, however, we do not have very wet surfaces, o r
only for a very limited time, and therefore the average rate of drying in a
kiln is only partially governed by its relative humidity . Another facto r
enters in ; namely, the average rate at which the moisture comes to the surface of the wood . This average rate depends on the kind and thickness o f
lumber, whether plain-sawed or quarter-sawed, sapwood or heartwood, as wel l
as on the atmospheric conditions . Heat hastens the transfusion of the mois ture from the interior outward ; therefore, the temperature should be kept a s
high as the lumber will stand, and the relative humidity should be regulate d
accordingly .
a- .
-•.
How to Determine Relative Humidit y
Relative humidity in the dry kiln or in the atmosphere may be deter mined with a wet and dry-bulb hygrometer . A hygrometer is made by attachin g
two similar thermometers to a convenient stand, the bulb of one being kep t
moist by means of a wick which dips into a vessel of water . These instruments depend for their action on the fact that the drier the air, the mor e
rapid will be the evaporation from a wet body exposed to the air . Sinc e
evaporation requires heat, it follows that the extent to which a wet bod y
is cooled by evaporation will depend upon the ability of the surroundin g
air to absorb moisture . If the air is saturated, no evaporation takes plac e
and the wet and dry-bulb thermometers read alike . If the air is no t
saturated, evaporation will take place and the cooling effect of evaporatio n
will cause the wet bulb to indicate a lower temperature than the dry bulb .
The dry bulb gives the actual temperature, regardless of the relative humidit y
To determine relative humidity by means of a hygrometer requires a
fair circulation of air . At ordinary temperatures a circulation of at leas t
15 feet per second is required, but at higher temperatures the rate may b e
lower . If the circulation is feeble it is necessary to fan the instrumen t
before an accurate reading can be made . Read the temperatures and subtrac t
the reading of the wet-bulb thermometer from that of the dry bulb thermometer .
In the relative humidity table on the following page find the temperature o f
across the table to th e
the dry bulb in the left-hand column and follow
column under "Difference Between Wet and Dry-Bulb Temperatures," as give n
at the top of the table . The figure given in the table at the intersectio n
is the relative humidity, expressed in percentage . As an example, the
following may be taken : Dry-bulb temperature, 140° F . ; wet-bulb tempera Find the dry-bulb temperature in th e
ture, 132' F . ; difference, 5° F .
across
the table to the proper colum n
left-hand column, and follow
under "Difference Between Wet and Dry-Bulb Temperature ." A 8° F . difference ,
we find the figure 79, which is the relative humidity expressed in per
centage .
R509
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