Before Internet
 Million dollar mainframes
 NO personal computers
 Systems were stand-alone
 Terminals
 Few Standards – No Compatibility
 Hardware
 Software
 Sharing?
 Reel-to-reel tapes

Before Internet
IBM 360 - 1964

Development of the Internet
From 2 directions
 Top Down
 Globally From Location to
Location
 Bottom Up
 Networking Within a Location
 Not personal computers
Which one came first??

Development of the Internet
Technical Issues
 Hardware
 Networking
 Wires?
 *Dr. Passos*
 Software
 Compatibility
 Few Standards
Xerox Alto

The First Inspiration
 1962: Licklider -
MIT Scientist
“galactic network”computer to computer
J. C. R. Licklider

U.S. Defense Department
 1968: ARPANET Proposed
 Requested bids – Rand Corp.
 Goals:
 Work even if damaged
 Share information
 Each site bought same computer – no standards

First “internet”
 1969: ARPANET went online
 4 computer systems
 In California & Utah
 Restricted: Universities,
Defense Research Centers

Growth of Arpanet
 1973: International defense sites in England and Norway
 1981: 213 Computers
 1983: 1,000 Computers
 1987: 10,000 Computers

Political Developments
 1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET from Military – MILNET
 NSF had supervision of
ARPANET
 1983: Internet protocols went online

Email
 1971: Ray Tomlinson
 Arpanet Project: SNDMSG
 Send messages between users on a single computer
 First email
 Through Arpanet, between 2 computers sitting side-by-side
 Used the @
 2 years later
 75% of Arpanet traffic was email
 Not available otherwise

Internet Before WWW


Arpanet - goal was resource sharing
 FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information
 Required log-in, access rights
Groups
 Dial-ups
 Bulletin Boards, Discussion
Groups, Etc.
13

WWW – The Pieces




Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s
 mouse + on-line system
Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper
 Hypertext
Ted Nelson: Xanadu System



Computer Lib/Dream Machines
Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens
Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s
Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987
14

WWW - Finally
1989 –WWW Protocols


Tim Berners-Lee @ CERN
 European particle physics lab
 Swiss-French border
 First Web Site
Features and Goals
 A shared information space, inclusion
 Across platforms
 URL- Uniform Resource Locator
 To avoid database restrictions
 HTTP- to replace FTP
 HTML
15

WWW – The Early Years
 Slow Start - few but CERN supported
 Hard to program links
 Just a few browsers-
 Lynx & Viola
16



NSFnet: 1988 – 1995
“NSF backbone services are provided to support open research
& education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication & research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.”
17


Allowed “announcements of new products or activities… but not advertising of any kind”

Allowed “communication incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use”

Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private or personal use”
18

Growth of Internet
 By 1992 – restrictions lifted
 Jan. 1992 – one trillion bytes/month
 Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion bytes/month
 1995 – NSF net “dissolved”
 Structure for commercialization was already there
19

ARPANET and Internet
William Wulf, May 1993:
“I don’t think any of us know where this is going anymore, … but there’s something exciting happening, and it’s big.”
Former DEC Engineer
NSF in late 1980’s
20

Congress’ Vision of Internet
Opposite of what happened
 High-speed government n.w. for research & education
 Researchers would pay for use
 Telecommunications companies would build and charge
So, how did we get here?!?
21

Browsers
 Mosaic January 1993
 Released over the Internet
 Used Mouse, hypercard
 Links in different color
 Seamless integration of text and graphics
 Re-written for Windows and Macintosh


Netscape Navigator



Clark & Andreessen
Netscape Communications Corp
1995 – Public release of stock
 $28  $58 (day 1)  $150
Internet Explorer, Mozilla

1990’s – Time of Great Change

Early1990’s – mostly universities
 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on commercial use gone
 Today: No Central Control
 Volunteer Groups: like WWW
Consortium- etc. established standards