Achieving Quality of Service Guarantees on Frame Relay
using Weighted Round-Robin Queueing
by
Geoff M. Lee Seyon
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering
and
Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
February 1998
©
Geoff M. Lee Seyon, MCMXCVIII. All rights reserved.
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly
paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part, and to grant
others the right to do so.
Author .....
-
.....
. ...
. . . . . . . . .....
.. ...
gineering and Computer Science
Department of Electrical
January 30, 1998
. ...... .
Certified by..
Dr. Steven G. Finn
Principal Research Scientist, MIT
Thesis Supervisor
Certified by'
Louis H. King
Senior Director, Hughes Network Systems
'I
_JThesis --Supervisor
/
Accepted by...........
MASSACHUSETrS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
JUL 14 1998
LIBRARIES
... (...
Arthur C. Smith
Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Theses
Achieving Quality of Service Guarantees on Frame Relay using
Weighted Round-Robin Queueing
by
Geoff M. Lee Seyon
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
on February 10, 1998, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degrees of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering
and
Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Abstract
This thesis investigates the problem of achieving Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for
voice and LAN-type data traffic sharing a buffered Frame Relay link, with Weighted Round
Robin (WRR) as the service discipline. Through analysis and simulation, we study and
compare the performance of WRR to other service disciplines, in terms of the number of
voice and data circuits which can be supported with QoS requirements met. Simulations
were carried out with Frame Relay models constructed using the OPNET Modeler network
simulation package.
Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Steven G. Finn
Title: Principal Research Scientist, MIT
Thesis Supervisor: Louis H. King
Title: Senior Director, Hughes Network Systems
Acknowledgments
First, I would like to sincerely thank, my MIT Thesis Advisor, Dr. Steven Finn, who went
beyond the call of an advisor in making this thesis a reality. His rigorous yet patient style
was admired and appreciated. I have developed a greater appreciation for research from
working with Dr. Finn.
I would also like to express my gratitude to both Louis King and Robert Harokopus of
Hughes Network System, who not only ensured that there was a conducive research/work
environment at HNS, but who continually provided much encouragement and guidance
for me in the field of data networks.
I thank them also for their patience and support
throughout this endeavor, despite their own hectic schedules. I thank Deepak Arur also
from HNS for his feedback on early drafts of the thesis.
Thanks to Professor Robert Gallager, with whom I had the privilege of working as
Teaching Assistant for the 1997 Fall semester class, Data-Communication Networks (6.263).
With Prof. Gallager, I not only learned much from his insightful and exuberant teaching
style, but was given the wonderful opportunity to learn that teaching is learning. Also as
part of the 6.263 teaching staff, Balaji Prabhakar has on several occasions willingly acted
as a sounding board for ideas and offered helpful feedback. I thank him for his guidance
and good friendship. Thanks also to Nancy Young, for much administrative support as the
thesis neared completion.
The process of producing the thesis would have been much more arduous without the
support of Kavita Baball. Special thanks also to Rachel Mohammed, who was there to
provide guidance and encouragement during the more trying times not only during the
writing of the thesis, but throughout my 4 1/2 years at MIT. For the support from these
two friends, I am especially thankful.
Very special thanks to my family and other dear friends who have over the years helped
me see me more than I could have for myself.
And to my God, I thank Him for His Love and Guidance throughout many challenging
times.
Contents
1
2
Overview of Thesis ............
1.2
Chapter Organization
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1.1
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11
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14
15
Problem Definition & Objectives
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2.1
Motivation
2.2
Proposed Solution
2.3
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2.2.1
Proposed Approach
2.2.2
Other Proposed Methods for QoS Support . . . . . .
Weighted Round Robin
...................
. . .
2.3.1
WRR Service Algorithm .
2.3.2
Features of WRR .
2.3.3
Segmentation with WRR
...............
...
................
Objectives ....
2.5
Quality of Service . . . .
.......................
...............
....
2.5.1
Definition of QoS .
2.5.2
Objectives of a Good QoS Scheme . . . . . . . ...
2.5.3
The General Quality of Service Negotiation Scheme
Frame Relay . . . .
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2.4
2.6
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Introduction
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Framework & Models for Analysis
3.1
Network Model . . . .
3.2
Traffic Models ..........
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3.2.1
On-Off Voice Traffic Model
3.2.2
Data Traffic .
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3.2.3
3.3
3.4
3.5
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..............
3.3.1
Voice QoS Requirements . . . . . . .
3.3.2
Data QoS Requirements .......
Service Schemes .
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3.4.1
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
3.4.2
Non-Preemptive Priority (NPP)
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3.4.3
Weighted Round-Robin (WRR) . . .
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34
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Admission Control Scheme
36
Analysis
4.1
Mean Bit Rate (MBR) Bound . ...............
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4.2
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) using Peak Rate . . .
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4.3
4.4
5
QoS Requirements
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Traffic Composition
4.2.1
Parameters Values (TDM) . .............
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37
4.2.2
QoS Delivered: Voice Traffic (TDM) ........
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37
4.2.3
QoS Delivered: Data Traffic (TDM)
4.2.4
Admission Region (TDM) . .............
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Non-Preemptive Priority ...................
.
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4.3.1
Parameter Values (NPP)
4.3.2
Effective Capacity
4.3.3
Admission Region using Effective Capacity (NPP)
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Comparing Weighted Round Robin (WRR) to NPP
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Simulations & Results
Simulation Plan . .
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Default Settings without Segmentation .
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5.2.1
Settings ..............
5.2.2
Approach .
5.2.3
Discussion of Simulation Results
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Default Settings with Segmentation . . .
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Settings .......
5.3.2
Approach .
5.3.3
Discussion of Simulation Results
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5.3.4
5.4
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Comparison of Segmented and Non-Segmented schemes
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Non-Preemptive Priority ............................
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5.4.1
Settings
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5.4.2
Approach
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Discussion of Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
52
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'Optimized' Weighted Round Robin
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Settings ...............
5.5.2
Approach .........
5.5.3
Discussion of Simulation Results . . . . . . . .
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5.5.1
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6 Conclusion
6.1
Future Work
56
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A-1
A OPNET Frame Relay Models
.A-1
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A.1 Overview of OPNET ...
. ... . . . . . .
A.2 Implementation Overview .
A.3 Description of Frame Relay Models Constructed
. . . . . ..
.A-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3
.A-3
A.3.1
Overview
A.3.2
FR Switch with WRR Queueing
.A-4
A.3.3
Voice and Data FRADs . . ....
.A-5
A.3.4
Traffic classes on PVCs
. . ....
.A-6
A.3.5
Other Modifications
A.4 Model Reports
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
.A-6
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.A-8
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A.4.1
Node Model: ixfr8_switch_base
A-9
A.4.2
Process Model: ixfrswitch . .
A-16
A.4.3
Process Model: ixfr_trans . . .
A-27
A.4.4
Node Model: ixfr4_vfrad_base
A-32
A.4.5
Node Model: ixfr4_vsrv_base .
A-36
A.4.6
Node Model: ixfr4_dfrad_base
A-39
A-43
A.4.7 Node Model: ixfr4_dsrv_base
A.4.8
Process Model: ixnetapp_mgr
A-46
A.4.9
Process Model: ix_netappserv
A-57
A.4.10 Process Model: gnacli
..
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.
A-64
A.4.11 Process Model: ixfradmgr ......
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A.4.12 Process Model: ixfradconn ......
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A.4.14 Packet Format: ixfrmsadminframe .
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A.4.13 Packet Format: ixfrmsframefmt
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A.4.15 Link Model: IX_FRlink_base .....
A.4.16 Header File: ixfrmsinterfaces.h
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A.4.17 Header File: gna.h . ..........
.
A.5 Model Figures ..................
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. A-103
B-1
B Simulation Data Points
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B.1 About Data Points ...............
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B.2 Default Settings, MFS = 4032 .........
B.3 Default Settings, MFS = 262
. A-97
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. A -95
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B.4 Non-Preemptive Priority . ...........
B.5 'Optimized' Weighted Round Robin
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List of Figures
16
2-1
Large LAN data frames introduce voice jitter . ................
2-2
Weighted Round Robin service scheduling . ...............
2-3
WRR Service Algorithm . ..................
2-4
Voice frames scheduled ahead of data: an advantage of WRR over FIFO . .
21
2-5
Work conservation with WRR ...................
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22
2-6
Multiplexing of voice and data traffic . ..................
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23
3-1
Frame Relay Network Model
3-2
Markov Process for on-off voice model ...................
3-3
Traffic characteristics generated by an on-off voice model . ..........
31
4-1
Timing diagram for voice frames in the TDM scheme . ............
38
4-2
Probability of Loss vs. Pd for K=-65
4-3
Admission region for TDM
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41
4-4
Matlab script for calculating effective capacity admission region .......
44
4-5
Estimated Admission Region for NPP
4-6
Expected admission region comparison between WRR and NPP .......
45
5-1
WRR Admission Region without Segmentation . ...............
48
5-2
Admission Region for WRR with and without segmentation .........
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5-3
Simulated Admission Region for NPP
5-4
NPP/WRR Optimized Admission Region compared
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A-1 OPNET Models for FR network with WRR queueing . ............
A-2
A-2 A Frame Relay "cloud" interconnecting various "edge" devices
.......
A-3
A-3 ixfr8_switchbase node model ...................
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A-103
A-4 Node model for ixfr4_vfrad_base and ixfr4_dfradbase
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A-5 Node model for ixfr4_vsrvbase and ixfr4_dsrvbase .
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A-103
. A-104
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A-104
A-7 ixfr_trans process model . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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A-105
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A-105
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A-106
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A-106
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A-106
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A-6 ixifr_switch process model .
A-8 ix_net_app_mgr process model . . . . . . .
A-9 gna_cli process model .
. ... .. . . .
A-10 ixnetapp_serv process model.
A-11 ixfradmgr process model .
A-12 ixfrad_conn process model
. .. . . . . . . . . ..
. ................
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List of Tables
2.1
An example of Frame Relay QoS classes and possible service algorithm.
5.1
Maximum utilization points in NPP
17
.
. . . .
. .................
A-4
A.1 Models for FR Switch with WRR Queueing . .................
A.2 Models for voice and data FRADs
A.4
Other associated models ...................
A-5
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A.3 PVC setup process models ...................
52
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A-6
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A-7
....
Chapter 1
Introduction
This introduction provides an overview of the thesis problem area and main issues, briefly
describes the approach, and presents the organization of the remaining chapters.
1.1
Overview of Thesis
This thesis investigates the problem of making Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees over
Frame Relay (FR) networks using Weighted Round Robin queueing. This research is motivated by the problem of maintaining voice QoS in the presence of competing LAN data
traffic over FR network equipment manufactured by Hughes Network Systems (HNS). Much
of the work in this thesis was performed at HNS as part of the MIT VI-A Internship Program.
Frame Relay and Quality of Service Guarantees
Consider a circuit-switched voice network in which a 64 kilobit per second (Kbps) physical
circuit is dedicated for each call. The dedicated circuit allows voice to get through with
a quality and with delays acceptable for an interactive telephone conversation. Thus with
every telephone call, there is an implicitly guaranteed Quality of Service.
Now consider packet-switched communication. All transmitted data will get to its destination if there is sufficient buffering and an end-to-end flow control mechanism such as
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used. The guaranteed QoS in this case is a
loss-less guarantee, however, typically there are no guarantees on bandwidth or delay. For
example, if we use the World-Wide Web, text and images are transferred error-free (assum-
ing the web server is reachable), however there is no way to predict how long the images
will take to be transmitted. In fact, if the network is really congested, the web browser may
'stall' indefinitely, indicating that there is not enough bandwidth available to transmit the
requested web object.
Problem Discussion
With packetized voice, we have to deal with the issues of using packet switched networks
to carry data traditionally carried over circuit switched networks.
This means that we
encounter scenarios where voice and other types of data are mixed together on the same
transmission links. Without the proper mechanisms in place, voice data may become congested within the network, resulting in unpredictable delays and ultimately, poor quality
voice output at the receiving end.
This is the case in traditional Frame Relay networks, where First-In First-Out (FIFO)
queueing often is used and many types of traffic compete for a single buffered output link.
One way around the problem is to use a prioritized scheme where high priority traffic is
served before the low priority. With this scheme, a network can be designed to accommodate
the service requirements of the highest-priority (mission-critical) traffic. If the characteristics of traffic are known beforehand, the network can be properly designed and provisioned
with adequate resources (buffers, bandwidth etc.) to meet service quality requirements,
assuming no network failures.
In the prioritized scheme, lower priority traffic can make use of any bandwidth not
used by the high priority. This lower priority traffic class is often termed "best-effort" or
"available bit-rate" service, since it is never certain when excess bandwidth would become
available for it. Essentially, no guarantees are made for this service class. This of course is
one disadvantage of this scheme, as it is often desirable to make some guarantees on these
other service classes.
One alternative scheme is time division multiplexing (TDM) or frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where fixed portions of bandwidth are allocated to each service class. Each
channel provides a separate guaranteed amount of bandwidth, thus facilitating service class
distinction. The disadvantage of these schemes however, is that bandwidth allocation is
fixed and active channels cannot utilize idle bandwidth on other channels.
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) Service
Another alternative scheme is called Weighted Round Robin (WRR) service. With WRR,
bandwidth can be allocated to service classes (as in the TDM scheme) yet during idle
periods of one service class, its bandwidth can be utilized by the other service classes. WRR
provides the benefits of guaranteed service for high priority traffic classes and more than
"best-effort" service for lower priority traffic. In addition, WRR does not lock bandwidth
into time-slots or pre-allocated frequencies. Thus bandwidth on idle channels can be used
by other channels needing it.
Proposed Solution
In this thesis, we investigate how voice and voice-type data can be combined with data traffic
in a Frame Relay network while maintaining acceptable QoS for all users. Our investigation
studies the capability of the Weighted Round Robin service scheme, a mechanism which
can be adopted for Quality of Service support in Frame Relay switch devices.
The Approach
In order to perform our investigation, the following approach was adopted. Models for voice
and data traffic were defined, then QoS requirements for both were specified. Next, a simple
network topology was chosen over which we could investigate the effects of combining the
two traffic types.
We consider first a model where the switching in the network is based on a Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM) model with pre-allocated bandwidth, then we proceed to analyze the
maximum number of voice and data connections which could be supported under this
scheme. TDM provides a baseline reference for showing the tradeoff between the maximum
number of voice circuits versus the maximum number of data data circuits when there is
no statistical multiplexing of different traffic classes. Next, we explore a priority scheme
with voice as the highest priority. Finally, we consider a scheme in which voice and data
are statistically multiplexed over the same link and WRR is used as the service scheme.
A significant portion of this investigation was performed through simulation using OPNET Modeler simulation software package, from Mil3 Corporation [8].
Models for Frame
Relay network devices with support for QoS were developed, as well as traffic models for
voice and data. The simulations were used to determine which parameters are critical to
ensuring that Quality of Service is met. Simulations were performed with varying quantities
of both voice and data traffic.
Additionally, mathematical analysis is done to help validate and bound the results obtained from simulation. Based on our voice traffic model, we analyze the maximum number
of voice circuits which can be supported over a given bandwidth, without allowing the queue
length to exceed the length corresponding to the maximum delay threshold for voice. We
also analyze the delay incurred by voice frames in relation to the configuration of the WRR
server and the maximum frame length.
1.2
Chapter Organization
The remaining chapters of this thesis are organized as follows:
* Chapter 2: Problem Definition & Objectives - Defines the problem in detail,
presents the approach to a solution, and states the objectives of the thesis.
* Chapter 3: Framework for Analysis - Discusses the method of approach. Describes the steps which are taken in the thesis to attain the objectives of the thesis.
Discusses the models used for simulation and comparative analysis.
* Chapter 4: Analysis - Presents mathematical analysis showing expected values for
certain models as well as determine bounds for other criteria.
* Chapter 5: Simulations & Results - Outlines the OPNET simulation used in our
investigation and presents the results.
* Chapter 6: Conclusion - Evaluations and conclusions based on the work performed
in this thesis. Also includes suggestions for future work.
* Appendix A: OPNET Frame Relay Models - Report the frame relay models
developed in OPNET.
* Appendix B: Simulation Data Points - Tabulates data from the OPNET simulations.
Chapter 2
Problem Definition & Objectives
This chapter defines our problem (section 2.1), presents the solution approach (sections 2.2
and 2.3), and states the objectives of the thesis (section 2.4). To provide background related
to the problem area, a general discussion of Quality of Service is presented in section 2.5,
and relevant fundamentals of Frame Relay technology are discussed in section 2.6.
2.1
Motivation
Frame Relay has established itself as a cost-effective means of transporting LAN-type data
over links with bandwidths in the range of 64Kbps to 2Mbps. Up until recently, Frame
Relay technology had not supported Quality of Service guarantees. As a result, real-time
interactive services such as voice and video could not be readily offered over a Frame Relay
network due to the inherent problem of combining this real-time traffic with the LANdata traffic. The problem occurs where frames carrying voice traffic become backed-up
behind long data frames. These voice frames arrive at the receiving voice terminal with
large variances in the delay. The end result is output speech which is choppy or slurred.
Figure 2-1 illustrates such a scenario in which voice frames incur large delays as they become
back-logged behind long data frames sharing the same output link buffer.
Although there exist techniques for compensating for delay variance (or jitter), there
must still be some maximum end-to-end delay guarantee for voice to have adequate performance. Moreover, the network must be able to support guarantees on not only delays, but
also on other connection parameters such as bandwidth and loss. While voice frames may
arrive at the receiver within a delay bound, voice quality may not be adequate if half of
these frames do not arrive at all. Achieving QoS guarantees for voice and data traffic over
Frame Relay networks is the problem addressed in this thesis.
Widely Interspersed Voice Frames
Voice
LAN Data
S
LAN Data
Frame Relay Switch
LAN Data
Figure 2-1: The Problem with voice over Frame Relay: Large LAN data frames introduce
voice jitter
2.2
2.2.1
Proposed Solution
Proposed Approach
Our proposed approach is to use the Weighted Round Robin (WRR) as the service discipline
in Frame Relay as a means of supporting Quality of Service guarantees. The WRR service
scheme is detailed in section 2.3.
The thesis investigates the viability of this proposed solution. The method of approach
is as follows:
1. Model Definition: We define a model of a Frame Relay network multiplexing voice
and data traffic over a single link. Our model consists of the following components:
(a) Network Model - the topology of the Frame Relay network
(b) Traffic Models - the traffic generation models for voice and data
(c) QoS Requirements - the QoS parameters for voice and data traffic classes
(d) Service Schemes - Service schemes we compare in terms of their capability to
support the QoS requirements
2. Analysis: We perform a predictive analysis of the response of the network for various
traffic patterns (using queueing theory and available research).
3. Simulation: Next we simulate traffic over the network using various scenarios in
order to determine the QoS-compliant admission region.
4. Evaluation: Finally we examine how well our analysis predicted actual simulation
behavior, then we discussed the relative merits and/or drawbacks of the WRR scheme.
2.2.2
Other Proposed Methods for QoS Support
Several proposals for Frame Relay QoS support have emerged. Various companies [11, 15]
have proposed Frame Relay products which offer real-time classes of service in addition to
support for traditional LAN traffic. For example, four QoS classes have been proposed [11]
for Frame Relay, along with possible service algorithms, as outlined in table 2.1.
Table 2.1: An example of Frame Relay QoS classes
Service Class QoS Parameters
Delay, Delay Variation,
CFR
Frame Loss (minimum)
(constant
frame-rate)
Delay, Delay Variation,
rt-VFR
Frame Loss (higher values
(real-time
than CFR)
variable)
Loss Ratio (only guaranteed
nrt-VFR
if source reacts to FR flow
(non-real-time
control mechanisms)
variable)
AFR/UFR
(available or
unspecified)
none
and possible service algorithm.
Service Algorithm
Head-of-Line (HOL) highest
priority traffic. Always
served if data present.
Weighted Round Robin
(WRR) with nrt-VFR
WRR with rt-VFR
HOL. Serviced only when
other queues are empty.
In addition, the Frame Relay Forum has produced a White Paper [4] discussing the
issues of voice over Frame Relay. Some participants of the Frame Relay Forum are lobbying
for an Absolute QoS implementation standard on Frame Relay [2]. Their basic argument is
that end users will demand quantifiable and measurable performance from their purchased
network service, provisionable only by an Absolute Quality of Service implementation. We
will discuss this further in section 2.5
2.3
Weighted Round Robin
In this section, we describe the Weighted Round-Robin (WRR) service scheme which we
evaluate later in this thesis in terms of its capability to support QoS.
The Weighted Round Robin scheme was identified as a good candidate for queue servicing because it provides features which are applicable to our problem. These features: minimum bandwidth guarantees, isolation and work conservation are outlined in section 2.3.2.
2.3.1
WRR Service Algorithm
WRR rotates service between a number of subqueues, rather than from a single output
queue with First-In First-Out queueing. At each output port of the switch, there are a N
subqueues corresponding to N separate service classes e.g. voice -+ subqueue 1, data -subqueue 2. Each subqueue i is assigned a credit limit, Wi. In some implementations the
credit limits are specified in bytes, in others they are specified in frames. A byte-by-byte
credit scheme is used in our work because in Frame Relay, frames can be of variable length.
A frame-by-frame accounting scheme would unfairly favor traffic classes which present larger
frames.
Credits are deducted for each byte serviced from the subqueue. Service proceeds in a
Round Robin manner, i.e. subqueue 1, then subqueue 2, and so on, up to subqueue N,
at which point the service cycle is completed and we repeat the process. At the beginning
of each service cycle the credits for subqueue i are incremented by Wi.
Each subqueue
is served until it is exhausted (empty) or until all credits have been used. Thus, empty
subqueues are skipped.
class 1
class 2
class N
Weighted Round
Robin Scheduler
Server
Figure 2-2: Weighted Round Robin service scheduling
In "strict" WRR the service provided to a subqueue may cause a frame to be cut in
half. This occurs when the last frame serviced was of length L bytes, but there were only
c < L credits remaining in the bucket, (c > 0). Our policy will be to proceed with servicing
the last frame and to keep track of the amount by which the subqueue overran its limit. To
facilitate this policy, the number of credits is permitted to fall below zero. The number of
credits for subqueue i is never allowed to exceed Wi. Thus, the queue will be serviced in
the subsequent cycle, only if the credit debt was less than the credit limit.
This scheme ensures that even though a subqueue may be serviced beyond its quota a
particular cycle, it will be denied service appropriately in subsequent cycles. In the long
run, it will be allocated only its fair share of bandwidth.
The proposed WRR service algorithm1 is detailed in pseudo-code in figure 2-3. For this
work we are considering only two classes of traffic (voice and data), thus our WRR scheme
will involve only two subqueues, i.e. N = 2.
2.3.2
Features of WRR
WRR offers three features which can be exploited for supporting multiclass QoS:
1. Minimum Bandwidth Guarantees
2. Traffic Class Isolation
3. Work Conservation
A related scheme, Generalized Processor Sharing, allows for similar guarantees [9].
Minimum Bandwidth Guarantees
With WRR, minimum bandwidth guarantees can be made for delay-sensitive traffic classes
so that transmission can continue despite the presence of long bursts of data from other
traffic classes. This would address the problem of delay-sensitive frames becoming backlogged behind a series of long LAN-data frames, assuming that all frames can be limited in
size (as we discuss later on). In figure 2-4, we show a scenario where a long burst of data
has preceded a series of voice frames. With Weighted Round Robin, voice frames can be
more fairly interspersed amongst the less delay-sensitive data frames.
When the network is heavily utilized, the minimum bandwidth guaranteed to each traffic
class in WRR is the fraction
W,
of the total bandwidth on the link.
1This algorithm was proposed by Louis King (Hughes Network Systems) and modified in consultation
with Steven Finn (MIT).
/***
/***
Queue Service Algorithm for ***/
Weighted Round Robin ***/
/* Four Subqueues, numbered i
=
0, 1, 2 and 3
**
**
**
**
**
Bucket[i] will maintain the number of byte-credits available to queue
number i. Credit_Limit[i] is a predefined constant for each queue,
specifying the maximum number of credits which will be added to the
queue on each cycle.
**
** It is always true that:
** Bucket[i] <= Credit_Limit[i] for i
*/
0, 1, 2, 3
/* Initialize buckets [0..3] to empty */
Bucket [0] = Bucket[1] = Bucket[2] = Bucket[3] = 0;
/* Begin service with queue 0 */
i=O;
while (1)
/* Loop Forever */
/* Each loop constitutes one service cycle */
{
/* Credit bucket on each cycle... */
Bucket[i] += Credit_Limit[i];
/* ... but only up to the corresponding bucket size */
if (Bucket[i] > Credit_Limit[i]) {
Bucket[i] = Credit_Limit[i];
}
/* Serve queue while credits available */
while ((queue[i] not empty) && (Bucket[i] > 0)) {
Get Next Frame;
Transmit Frame;
Bucket[i] -= FrameSize;
}
/* Move onto next queue */
i = (i+l) mod 4;
Figure 2-3: WRR Service Algorithm
LAN Data Frames
Voice Frames
FIFO
WRR
First
Service Order
Last
Figure 2-4: Voice frames scheduled ahead of data: an advantage of WRR over FIFO
Traffic Class Isolation
Isolation means that if a particular traffic class is exceeding its bandwidth specifications,
then it will not affect the QoS of other traffic classes. For example, in a traditional Frame
Relay scenario, if an excessive amount of traffic from one particular source suddenly arrived
at an output queue, other traffic classes using that output queue can be starved of service. With WRR traffic class isolation, a misbehaving class would jeopardize only its own
performance, and other classes would obtain at least the minimum amount of bandwidth
allocated to them.
Work Conservation
While minimum bandwidth guarantees can be made by using service schemes such as Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), the disadvantage
of these schemes is that they allocate a fixed proportion of the bandwidth to each traffic
class. The result of this is that if some traffic classes are inactive for a period of time, their
idle bandwidth cannot be utilized by other classes, resulting in an inefficient use of the
link's bandwidth for bursty traffic. WRR addresses this problem by allowing all backlogged
traffic classes to efficiently share the full capacity of the link.
Figure 2-5 illustrates a
scenario where idle TDM slots must be processed before the awaiting voice frames can be
transmitted. Idle slots waste bandwidth, whereas in WRR, voice frames can proceed with
transmission, thereby decreasing end-to-end voice delay.
The WRR algorithm is work conserving because the output link is never idle while there
is work to be done i. e. a frame to be transmitted.
idle slots
voice
idle
voice
I - II
TDM
I I I
i
ii
I
WRR
1
idle slack removed
____
Service Order
voice
First
Last
Figure 2-5: Work conservation with WRR: whereas TDM idles while voice present in queue
2.3.3
Segmentation with WRR
Segmentation is the repackaging of the contents of large Frame Relay frames into smaller
frames. The process is analogous to "fragmentation" in the Internet Protocol (IP).
With WRR, during each service cycle, each traffic class sees a period of no service
corresponding to the time while the other subqueues are being serviced. This "time-out"
can introduce an unwanted level of jitter into the traffic stream. The "time-out" experienced
by traffic class i can last as long as
C
, where LN is the length of the longest frame
in traffic class j, and C is the service rate.
Segmentation limits the level of jitter introduced by large frames by forcing them to
be split into smaller segments. With smaller maximum frame sizes (MFS), less jitter is
introduced. However segmentation can also introduce more overhead, because while the
frames are smaller, the frame headers remain the same size.
It should be noted that in the CCITT Frame Relay recommendation Q.922 [6], Appendix IV the Maximum Frame Size can be no less than 262 bytes.
2.4
Objectives
Having detailed the problem and outlined a proposed solution approach, we now present
the objectives of this investigation.
Our objective is to find the admission region for the simple network depicted in figure 26, where voice and data are multiplexed over a single Frame Relay link, and Weighted
Round Robin is used as the service discipline.
We approach this objective through
Voice Traffic
Voice Traffic
Voice & Data Traffic
.-
3
LAN Data Traffic
LAN Data Traffic
Figure 2-6: Voice and Data Traffic being multiplexed over a Frame Relay link
1. Analysis using:
* Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) as a lower bound
* the Mean Bit Rate (MBR) as an upper bound, and
* an estimate of the Non-Preemptive Priority (NPP) admission region
2. Simulation in order to:
* Test our NPP admission region estimate obtained from analysis, and
* Evaluate the WRR performance with the goals of
(a) coming close to NPP in terms of its voice performance while achieving better
data performance
(b) coming as close as possible to the MBR upper bound in order to maximize
bandwidth utilization.
2.5
2.5.1
Quality of Service
Definition of QoS
In addition to the ability to transmit data at faster and faster rates, networks are now
capable of supporting a wider range of services. In particular, users can request that the
network guarantee a certain minimum Quality of Service. Quality of Service is a specification
of service requested by a user (or application) and guaranteed by the network for a traffic
with specified characteristics. Quality of Service may be specified in one of two broad ways:
* Absolute Quality of Service - where we may have quantitative service specifications such as "maximum delay of 150 ms, maximum loss of 0.1%"
* Relative Quality of Service - where we may have a qualitative specification such
as "minimum possible delay, medium loss tolerance"
A more complete discussion of how QoS is negotiated between a user and the network
is given in section 2.5.3.
2.5.2
Objectives of a Good QoS Scheme
The primary objective of supporting Quality of Service is to meet the specified service
agreement for each user. In addition to this, a secondary objective is to ensure that network
resources are optimally utilized.
While a QoS scheme must achieve the primary goal, the secondary objective may be met
to varying extents. Some schemes may be inexpensive to implement but sub-optimally use
network resources. For example, the Plain-Old Telephone Service (POTS) network ensures
that once a call is connected, it receives a dedicated 64 Kbps circuit which is sufficient for
good voice quality. However this scheme does not allow callers to take advantage of unused
bandwidth during periods of silence on other calls, and this is inefficient for bursty traffic.
Evaluating QoS Schemes
The "goodness" of any particular QoS scheme should be evaluated by how well it meets the
second objective - efficient utilization of network resources. An ideal QoS scheme would
be one in which the maximum overall utility is delivered to the network's users. This can
only be achieved if the QoS scheme optimally utilizes the network. Shenker [14] describes
a network utility function (Efficacy) which is maximized when this goal is achieved.
In this thesis, we focus on QoS schemes which allow more users to share the network.
2.5.3
The General Quality of Service Negotiation Scheme
We discuss the general scheme by which Quality of Service is negotiated, outlining the
mechanisms necessary for implementing a network which supports QoS. This discussion
follows from [10][section 9.3.2].
Flowspec (User Requirements)
In order for a network to guarantee service, it must know about the characteristics of the
user's traffic flow. Therefore, the first requirement in QoS negotiation is a mechanism which
allows the user to tell the network about the type of service required as well as its traffic
characteristics.
Two components must be specified:
* the Rspec - a specification of the QoS requirements
* the Tspec - a description of the traffic characteristics
The Rspec can be expressed in either absolute or relative terms.
* Absolute Quality of Service - the service level must be specified in terms of 'hard'
or absolute parameters. For example, a voice connection may be set up between two
network endpoints, and the voice application may quantitatively specify values for
the connection's parameters such as the delay, the delay variance and the maximum
tolerable loss ratio.
In the ATM world, the ATM Traffic Management Specification [12] states that the
Rspec for each connection is to be specified with absolute parameters. In ATM, these
parameters are Maximum Cell Transfer Delay, peak-to-peak Cell Delay Variation and
Cell Loss Ratio. As proposed by the Frame Relay Forum [2], the corresponding QoS
parameters for Frame Relay are: nominal Frame Transfer Delay (FTD), Frame Delay
Variance (FDV) and nominal Frame Loss Ratio (FLR).
* Relative Quality of Service - specified qualitatively (e.g. by the type of data stream
such as voice or data, and possibly with a relative priority). A typical scenario would
involve voice connections operating with the highest priority and data connections
making use of the remaining available bandwidth on a best-effort service basis. This
scheme follows an implicit QoS model where the network would choose an appropriate
type of service suitable for supporting the specified traffic type.
Here, the set of
available QoS levels is pre-determined by, and limited to, the relative QoS levels which
the network supports. We also refer to this as a best/better-effort scheme which only
allows for making limited QoS guarantees.
The Tspec must be specified along with the Rspec. The Tspec gives the network some
information about the actual traffic which will be injected. This is important since traffic
with different characteristics may require different amounts of the network's resources. For
example, we know that bursty traffic often requires more buffer resources than constant
rate traffic.
The combined specification of an Rspec and a Tspec will be referred to as the flowspec.
Admission Control
The next required mechanism in QoS negotiation is the process by which the network decides
whether or not an additional user can in fact be admitted for service. This mechanism is
known as admission control. Admission control is important because there may be times
when the network is already loaded to the point where supporting an additional user may
not be possible without violating previous service guarantees to existing users. In this case,
admission control must reject the new request. In addition, the network must obtain the
information needed for the admission control scheme to make its decision. This information
includes the delay, buffering and available bandwidth along a route through the network.
Resource Reservation
Once a user is admitted to the network, a third QoS negotiation mechanism is required
for resource reservation. The network must send the appropriate messages to the switches
along the desired route in order to reserve particular amounts of bandwidth and buffering
at each. The network then establishes the connection. This is referred to as signalling in
the ATM world.
Packet Scheduling
The final mechanism comes into play once a requested service has been granted and the
connection has been established. There must be a means of enforcing the scheduling and
rate of packet transmission along the route of each flow. The mechanism which performs
this is known as packet scheduling.
2.6
Frame Relay
In this section, we present background material on Frame Relay and we also identify the
QoS support mechanisms which currently already exist in Frame Relay.
The core aspects of Frame Relay are specified in [6, Annex A]. The flowspec parameters
used in Frame Relay [7] include:
Committed Information Rate (CIR) - the rate at which the network agrees to transfer
data under normal conditions. The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time,
Tc. CIR is negotiated at call set-up.
Committed Burst Size (Bc) - the maximum committed amount of data a user may
offer to the network during a time interval Tc. Bc is also negotiated at call set-up.
Excess Burst Size (Be) - the maximum allowed amount of data by which a user can
exceed Bc during a time interval Tc. This data is delivered, in general, with a lower
probability than Bc data. Be is also negotiated at call set-up.
Committed Rate Measurement Interval (Tc) - the time interval during which
the user is allowed to send only the committed amount of data (Bc) and the excess amount of data (Be). Tc is calculated as Bc/CIR if Bc > 0, otherwise Tc =
Be/LineAccessRate.
The CIR/Bc/Be scheme is the mechanism on Frame Relay which allows traffic scheduling
at the ingress of the network. It acts as a means of specifying the characteristics of traffic
on a per-user basis.
On Frame Relay, Virtual Circuits (VCs) can be setup in much the same way as telephone
circuits in POTS thereby granting a dedicated bandwidth stream to each user. For QoS,
there must be some admission control scheme in place which determines whether or not a
new VC can be established or not. Presently, there is no standard admission control scheme
over Frame Relay.
In most cases of FR, the role of admission control is subsumed by network planning, in
which the network management operator pre-determines traffic requirements and plans the
network accordingly; and a pseudo-CAC algorithm, which is some scheme that only admits
new connections on the basis that the usage limits specified by the network operator are
adhered to.
VC-overloading is a technique used in Frame Relay networks which allows VCs to be
setup in such a way that the total allocated bandwidth to all VCs is greater than the network
capacity. This technique is a short-cut for achieving statistical multiplexing of several traffic
flows.
This goes against the philosophy of having an admission control scheme, but the
technique has been adopted in scenarios where actual usage has been observed below CIR
for each VC. Clearly, this is not a recommended technique.
Currently there is no standard means of allocating network resources on the interiorof a
Frame Relay Network i.e. at the all Frame Relay switch ports not including the ingress and
egress ports. This introduces issues such as fairness and congestion control. For example,
if the traffic load due to a particular class suddenly jumps above an expected level, interior
nodes along the path of this class may become overloaded.
In addition to dropping the
frames of the misbehaving traffic class, the network will be forced to drop frames of other
traffic classes using one of these overloaded nodes. The result is that one misbehaving traffic
stream can unfairly cause deterioration of QoS for all classes.
While, this is typically due to poor network planning or poor traffic policing, there should
be some means of distinguishing service classes within the network, thereby insulating each
from traffic anomalies in other classes. The CIR/Bc/Be scheme facilitates traffic policing
at the ingress port where traffic enters the network. However, it cannot facilitate control
over frame scheduling within the interior of the network. This is where the relevance of
Weighted Round Robin Queueing is introduced as a means of isolating such cases of unfair
network usage.
Chapter 3
Framework & Models for Analysis
This chapter defines models and criteria to be used in the analysis and simulation.
3.1
Network Model
Nv
Voice
Sources
Source
w'Destination
Voice FRAD
Voice FRAD
Source
Data FRAD
Destination
Data FRAD
Data
Sources
Figure 3-1: Frame Relay Network Model
The model used to investigate the interaction of voice and data traffic is shown in
figure 3-1. Both voice and data are channelled across a single link from one side of the
network to the other. The source voice Frame Relay Access Device (vFRAD), on the top
left of the diagram, is used to simulate the source of multiplexed voice connections. The
voice data from the source vFRAD flows through the two Frame Relay switches and to the
destination vFRAD, at the upper-right, where the voice is demultiplexed. Similarly the
source data FRAD (dFRAD) on the lower-left multiplexes data bound for the destination
dFRAD on the lower-right.
Each of the five links in the network is modeled as a T1 link with transmission capacity
of 1.536 Mbps. We assume that the propagation delays for each of these links is negligible.
Traffic Models
3.2
In this section we present the models used for the two types of traffic we investigated, voice
and data. In doing this, we describe the traffic characteristics for both, thereby defining the
Tspec's. In addition, we introduce a parameter, -y, that is used to characterize the fraction
of total traffic which is voice.
3.2.1
On-Off Voice Traffic Model
Our voice traffic model is an on-off model [1, 13] where the transmitter alternates between
an on-state where data is transmitted at the peak rate of R, bits/second for some random
duration, and an off-state where no data is transmitted for some other random time. The
random time spent in each state varies according to two separate exponential distributions.
On
Off
Silent
Voice
Pat
'
R,
bps
Figure 3-2: Markov Process for on-off voice model
The following parameters characterize the on-off voice model:
* R, [bits per second] - peak traffic rate during the "on" period.
* 1/O, [seconds] - average time in "off" state
* 1/v [seconds] - average time in "on" state
* p, =
+f ,) - source activity, or fraction of time in "on" state.
,V/(
This source can be represented by the continuous-time Markov chain in figure 3-2, and
its traffic characteristics are depicted in figure 3-3 [13].
Information
on
off
on
off
on
Rate Rv
0
Time
Figure 3-3: Traffic characteristics generated by an on-off voice model
3.2.2
Data Traffic
For our data traffic, we adopt a Poisson model with the following parameters:
* Ad - Message arrival rate [messages/second]
* Ld - Expected message length [bytes] - message lengths are chosen from an exponen-
tial distribution with this mean.
* Bd - Data Buffer Size [bytes]
3.2.3
Traffic Composition
In order to characterize the composition of traffic on our network, we define the following:
* Nv - the total number of voice circuits meeting QoS requirements
* Nd - the total number of data circuits meeting QoS requirements
* I,= R,p, [bits/second] - the average information rate for a voice circuit
* Id = AdLd [bits/second] - the average information rate for a data circuit
Using these, we can now define
Nv I
NvI + Ndld
31
(3.1)
i.e. -y represents the fraction of the aggregate bandwidth which is comprised of voice
traffic. Clearly 0 < -y < 1, where low values of -y represent low voice activity and high values
of -y represent a high component of voice on the network.
3.3
3.3.1
QoS Requirements
Voice QoS Requirements
For our voice traffic, our required Quality of Service (Rspec) parameters are:
* Maximum Voice Delay, Dmax
150 milliseconds.
* Frame Loss Ratio, FLR, - no more than 0.1% of voice frames can be lost. Additionally,
a frame is considered lost if its delay exceeds Dmax.
3.3.2
Data QoS Requirements
For acceptable data performance, we define the following Rspec:
* Frame Loss Ratio, FLRd - no more than 0.1% of data frames can be lost
3.4
Service Schemes
In this section, we discuss the following Service Schemes for supporting QoS guarantees:
* Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
* Non-Preemptive Priority Queueing (NPP)
* Weighted Round Robin Queueing (WRR)
In this subsection, we will describe the service schemes we have considered.
In the
following chapter, we will analyze how our QoS objectives are met using each scheme.
3.4.1
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
This scheme is used as a straightforward base model and we obtain a simple QoS admission
region for voice and data traffic. We do not assume that the underlying technology used is
Frame Relay, for it can be any data transmission technology which supports a TDM model.
In TDM each connection is allocated a time-slot for transmission. For connections
requiring more than the bandwidth of a single time-slot, multiple time-slots can be combined
to accommodate the bandwidth requirements. We allocate each voice circuit to a single
time-slot. Each time-slot provides the bandwidth equivalent to the peak voice rate, R,.
There is no contention for bandwidth for any voice circuit. This is essentially the same as
dedicating a switched circuit to each voice connection. The remaining time-slots will be
allocated to the aggregate data traffic stream. We use a finite input buffer of size Bd bytes
to accommodate the burstiness of the aggregate data stream. As bursts can be arbitrarily
large with a Poisson arrival model, there is some amount of loss due to buffer overflow.
We estimate this loss and bound it below the required threshold, FLRd, by limiting the
number of data circuits, Nd, admitted to the network, and/or by increasing the number of
time-slots allocated to data transmission.
The adjustable parameters in the TDM scheme are:
*
7 - the size of each time-slot in milliseconds. (Equivalently, this could be represented
in bits since we use T1 links.)
* N, - the total number of time-slots in the system.
* Bd - the data buffer size [bytes]
3.4.2
Non-Preemptive Priority (NPP)
Non-Preemptive Priority is a straightforward implementation of a priority scheme - the
algorithm serves the highest priority non-empty queue next (i.e. once the current framein-transmission has been completed). A drawback of NPP is that high priority traffic may
incur a delay penalty due to large low priority frames already in service. In addition, low
priority traffic may be denied service by high priority traffic. Consider that in prioritized
Frame Relay, the high priority traffic classes are typically reserved for delay sensitive traffic
such as voice while the low priority traffic classes are often used for the less delay-sensitive
traffic. Voice frames are typically small to minimize latency, while data frames are typically
larger to minimize overhead. Thus we have the possibility of a large data frame causing
a long "time-out" in voice service. NPP by itself may not provide adequate voice delay
performance in the presence of long data frames. Therefore, we consider the use of frame
segmentation.
We will examine the behavior of NPP both with segmentation of data frames into smaller
frames. Each frame will include a fixed sized header of 8 bytes.
The adjustable parameters in the NPP scheme are:
* Bd - the data buffer size.
* Maximum Frame Size
Weighted Round-Robin (WRR)
3.4.3
For Weighted Round Robin, we use the scheme described in section 2.3, with voice traffic
assigned to class 1, and data traffic to class 2.
The buffer size for voice traffic will be
limited to the maximum size which can be served within the delay threshold, Dmax. The
Bd parameter is the buffer size for the data traffic. The frame header size will be a constant
8 bytes.
The traffic model has the same parameters as the NPP scheme. In addition, the WRR
model includes subqueue credit limits, Wi's.
Thus, the adjustable parameters for WRR are:
* Ed
* Maximum Frame Size
* W1 and W 2 - the credit limit for each of the two subqueues. Values may be different
at each of the two switches.
3.5
Admission Control Scheme
The final piece of our framework is an Admission Control Scheme which will be necessary
for achieving the QoS objectives.
We adopt an admission control algorithm which limits the number of connections, N,
and Nd, to values within a particular admission region. The admission region will be
determined by the service scheme employed as well as the pre-planned usage of the network.
Some form of network management and planning system is assumed to be in place to allow
a network manager to configure the network for certain pre-planned usage patterns.
For example, one such requirement may be that a given network should support at least
50 voice circuits, and as many data circuits as admissible under the given QoS criteria. Then
let us suppose that with the given configuration of the network can support at most 30 data
circuits. Admission control would then admit no more than 30 data circuits, otherwise,
there would be the possibility that it would not be able to support the 50 voice circuits
should the need suddenly arise. Alternatively, admission control may admit more than 50
voice circuits, and support only the number of data circuits allowed with the remaining
bandwidth.
Chapter 4
Analysis
In this chapter, we analyze how the service schemes described in the previous chapter can
be used to achieve the required QoS objectives. In addition, we define a simple upper bound
on the admission region based on the average bit rate of each traffic class. While general
parameterized models were presented in the previous chapter, in this chapter, we solidify
1
our models with specific values for the models' parameters . The QoS service schemes we
analyze here are:
1. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) using voice peak rate channels
2. Non-Preemptive Priority (NPP) on Frame Relay
3. Weighted Round Robin (WRR) on Frame Relay
4.1
Mean Bit Rate (MBR) Bound
A simple upper bound on the admission region can be obtained using the mean bit rates of
the aggregate voice and data traffic streams, I, and
'd
respectively. The equation for this
region is:
N, I + NdId _ C
(4.1)
where N,, Nd > 0 and the link capacity, C = 1.536 Mbps.
1The parameters used here were proposed in consultation with Lou King (HNS) for the evaluation of our
WRR Frame Relay model. Results can be extended to other values.
Note that, in the sections below, the values of I, and Id vary depending upon the
particular service scheme. For TDM, there is no Frame Relay overhead and we designate this
bound as MBR(TDM). For both NPP and WRR, Frame Relay overhead of 8 bytes/frame
is assumed. When we use MFS = X bytes for data frames, we designate the mean bit rate
bound as MBR(X).
4.2
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) using Peak Rate
To determine a baseline against which other service schemes can be compared, we start
with an analysis of the TDM scheme.
4.2.1
Parameters Values (TDM)
We assume:
* 32000 bps required by each voice and data circuit
* Link capacity, C = 1.536 Mbps
* Voice will be generated as fixed-size frames every 30ms i.e. 100/3 frames per second
(fps). Frame length, Lv = 120 bytes. (No framing overhead is assumed in the TDM
scheme.)
* 1 time-slot allocated to each voice circuit
* remaining slots multiplexed for data
* The length of each time-slot,
7 = Lv/C.
* Total number of time-slots, N, = 30ms/T = 48.
4.2.2
QoS Delivered: Voice Traffic (TDM)
Voice frames are generated at a rate of Lv/Rv = 100/3 frames per second (fps). We assume
a synchronized system where the designated time-slot becomes available as soon as the
voice frame is ready to be transmitted at the source voice FRAD. We assume that at both
Switch 1 and Switch 2, the data from a time-slot begins transmission on an out-going slot
immediately after it is received i.e. there is queueing for only one frame, and thus there is
no queueing delay. The timing diagram for this scheme is shown in figure 4-1.
IO
Frame 1
T-625 psec
-I
Frame 2
5'II
2-r~IL
:I
Frame 1
ah,.._"
y
Frame 3
Frame 2
Frame 1
y
I~
4'
r
Frame 4
Frame 3
Frame 2
2
~I
:;I
Frame 4
Frame 3
Frame 4
6T r -----------------------
r-----------------
r
Figure 4-1: Timing diagram for voice frames in the TDM scheme
Latency of voice
The resulting end-to-end transmission delay will be duration of three time-slots, 3AT =
1.875ms. As the maximum amount of data which would be encoded in each voice frame
is 30ms worth of voice, the voice latency due to framing is not more than 30ms, otherwise
portions of voice will remain unencoded. Therefore, the total end-to-end latency of voice,
between coding and transmission, will be less than 32ms with this scheme, clearly well
within our voice QoS requirement of Dmax < 150 ms.
No Loss of voice
As the scheme provides a dedicated 32000 bps TDM channel for each voice circuit, there
will be no loss of voice frames due to either queue overflows or network congestion.
Voice Admission Restrictions
In this scheme, each voice connection is mapped to one of 48 time-slots in the system. While
this guarantees an absolute QoS for the voice, there is clearly a restriction on the maximum
number of voice circuits which this scheme can support i.e. N, < 48.
4.2.3
QoS Delivered: Data Traffic (TDM)
We model the QoS delivered to the data traffic in this TDM scheme, by performing a loss
probability analysis using an M/M/1/K model. The effective interswitch trunk service rate
for the data is approximated by the link bandwidth allocated to the data timeslots. Recall
that our data traffic follows a Poisson model. We specify the following parameter values for
data traffic 2 :
* mean message arrival rate, Ad = 2 messages/second
* mean message length, Ld = 2, 000 bytes
* Id = AdLd = 32000 bps
* Aggregate data buffer size, Bd = 128 Kbytes
The bandwidth allocated to voice traffic is NR, bps, while the bandwidth available to
data traffic = C - NR, bps. (This assumes a processor sharing service approximation.)
Using the processor sharing approximation for the effective service seen by the data
traffic, the effective data traffic load, Pd =
c-gR"
We estimate how often an arriving data message is lost by using the blocking probability
for a simple M/M/1/K queue model where the maximum buffer size (in messages) is K =
Bd/Ld. With this model, the loss probability, PL is the probability that a message arrives
and finds K messages already in the queue.
PL = (1
pd)p
(4.2)
1 - pK+I
With our chosen values of Bd = 128 Kbytes and L, = 2, 000 bytes, we obtain K =
[128KB/2000BJ = 65.
Using this value for K, we plot PL versus the data utilization
factor, Pd in figure 4-2.
Using equation 4.2 with K = 65 and upperbounding it with our QoS loss requirement
of 1/1000, we calculate that Pd must be less than 0.9383. We can also see this result in
figure 4-2
2
Test values as agreed upon with HNS.
10
-
- -
-
- -.
-
- -
-
- -
-
- -
-
-
-
-
10o
10
*
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
Effective DataLoad,pd
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Figure 4-2: Probability of Loss vs. pd for K=65
4.2.4
Admission Region (TDM)
Based on our analysis of the QoS delivered with the TDM scheme, we can now determine
the admission region. We see that there is a step-wise linear tradeoff between the number of
data circuits and the available bandwidth for data i.e. the remaining bandwidth not used
by voice circuits.
This leads to the following equation for the frontier of the TDM admission region:
Nd = [0.938 x (48 - Nv)]
(4.3)
which is plotted in figure 4-3 along with the MBR(TDM) upper bound. The area below
and including all points on the line constitutes the admission region within which QoS is
supported under the TDM scheme.
4.3
Non-Preemptive Priority
NPP supports QoS by giving highest priority to voice traffic. Except for the residual time
encountered while a lower priority data frame is in service, the high priority voice traffic
experiences only queueing and transmission delay. This means that if we assume that
voice is the only traffic in the queue and we analyze the maximum number of voice circuits
which could be supported, then this should serve as an upper-bound for the non-preemptive
40
Admission Region for Time Division Multiplexing Scheme
40
35
030
z 25
120
E 15
10
Figure 4-3: Admission region for TDM
priority scheme.
To determine the bound on NPP, we first determine the maximum number of homogeneous on-off voice sources which can be multiplexed over a single-server buffered link of a
given capacity. We assume that this bound will translate directly onto our NPP scheme,
since data traffic will be second priority and with segmentation, should not significantly
affect the service of the voice traffic. To estimate this bound, we use a formula for effective
capacity described below.
4.3.1
Parameter Values (NPP)
In the NPP scheme, we assume:
* Link capacity, C = 1.536 Mbps
* Voice will be generated as fixed-size frames every 30ms i.e. 100/3 fps. Frame length,
L, = 120 bytes plus 8 bytes of frame header = 128 bytes. This results in a peak voice
traffic rate, R, = 32, 000 x
* 1/a, = 5 seconds
* 1/P, = 3 seconds
* Pv = cr,/(av + ,) = 3/8
= 102400 [bps]
4.3.2
Effective Capacity
We define Effective Capacity, C e of a traffic source as the minimum capacity required at an
access buffer to service the source and meet its QoS requirements. This property is additive,
allowing estimation of the total bandwidth required to serve several sources, each of whose
effective capacity is known. This concept, also known as Equivalent Bandwidth, is discussed
in [5, 3].
The effective capacity, Cv, of an on-off voice source will be greater than the average
information rate but less than the peak rate i.e. I, < C' < Rv, thus allowing for statistical
gain over the TDM scheme.
4.3.3
Admission Region using Effective Capacity (NPP)
We use the following formula developed by Guerin et al. [3, 13] to calculate the effective
capacity for multiple homogeneous on-off sources multiplexed into a shared buffer:
2
Ce
+
k)2 + kpv )RvNv
(4.4)
with the parameter k defined as
k =
vBv/R(1 - pv) In (1/PL)
(4.5)
The variables, Rv, ac, fy, p, are as given in section 4.3.1, Nv is the number of voice
circuits, and PL is the threshold for the probability of loss. The formula determines the
minimum capacity, Ce, required to bound the probability of buffer overflow to less than PL.
With our QoS loss requirement, we use PL = 1/1000.
We use a buffer size Bv equivalent to the amount of data which can be serviced by the
effective capacity within the QoS voice delay requirement, 150 ms:
B, = Cve x 0.150 seconds
(4.6)
We first apply the formula to estimate the maximum number of voice circuits (i.e.
m
with no data traffic), which we will call N "a.
We let Cgv = C = 1,536,000 [bps]. Thus
B, = C x 0.150s = 230400 bits, and required loss threshold, PL = 1/1000. With these
values, the formula yields Nvm a x = 60 voice circuits.
We proceed to estimate the admission region. For the range of values of N, between 0
a
and N m",
we apply the parametric equations given in 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 to determine C e,
the effective bandwidth required to serve the N, on-off voice sources.
Computing the effective bandwidth for voice, we then determine the remaining bandwidth available for data traffic, C - C e . Using the same M/M/1/K approach as in the
TDM scheme, we estimate the maximum value of Nd which can be supported under this
scheme. Unlike with the TDM scheme which used no framing overhead, we use 262 byte
data frames, of which 8 bytes are frame header overhead. Thus the average rate of data
traffic now becomes, Rd = 32, 000 x Z
[bps].
The Matlab script in figure 4-4 was used to perform the calculation described here and
plot the resulting admission region.
In figure 4-5 we plot the predicted admission regions for this Non-Preemptive Priority
scheme. The plot suggests a fairly linear trade-off between the number of voice circuits to
the number of data circuits, but with a wider admission region than the TDM scheme when
there is more voice (N, > 25).
In the next chapter we will determine how closely these
theoretical bounds predict admission regions attained through NPP and WRR simulations.
4.4
Comparing Weighted Round Robin (WRR) to NPP
We have no direct analytic results for WRR, but we qualitatively consider the QoS support
capabilities of WRR compared to those of NPP. By setting the credit limit for the highest
priority subqueue to infinity (or a very large practical value), WRR emulates NPP service.
Therefore, for a given number of voice circuits, we expect that WRR will support at least
as many data circuits as NPP and likely more. Thus any point within the NPP admission
region should also attainable with the WRR scheme. Also, with all other model parameters
equal, the performance of both schemes should be identical for single-class traffic i.e. either
only voice traffic, or only data traffic. In the next chapter we compare the admission regions
generated through simulation for both the NPP and WRR.
The expected comparison of admission regions between Weighted Round Robin and
Non-Preemptive Priority is depicted in figure 4-6.
%%Matlab script for computing admission region using an effective
.Ucapacity formula for Nv on-off voice sources
%%multiplexed into a single buffer. The M/M/1/K formula
%%for buffer overflow is used to compute the maximum
%%number of supportable data circuits, for K=65
% calculate Nv_max
C=1536000;
Rv=32000*128/120;
beta_v=i/3;
alpha_v=1/5;
p_v=alpha_v/(alpha_v+beta_v);
Bv=C*0.15;
P_L=1/1000;
k=beta_v*Bv/(Rv*(l-p_v)*log(1/P_L));
Nv_max=floor(C/Rv/((l-k)/2 + sqrt(((l-k)/2)^2 + k*p_v)))
X determine and plot admission region
Nv=[0:Nv_max];
Bv=C*0.150*Nv/Nv_max;
k=beta_v.*Bv./(Rv*(l-p_v)*log(1/PL));
Cv=Nv.*Rv.*((l-k)/2 + sqrt(((l-k)/2).^2 + k*p_v));
Cv_last = linspace(0,0,Nv_max+l);
% begin iterations here
while max(Cv-Cv_last) > 1,
Cv_last = Cv;
Bv=Cv*0.15;
k=beta_v.*Bv./(Rv*(l-p_v)*log(/P_L));
Cv=Nv.*Rv.*((1-k)/2 + sqrt(((1-k)/2).^2 + k*p_v));
end
X
calculate bandwidth available for data
Cd=C-Cv;
% estimate number of voice circuits which this will support
Rd=32000*262/254;
thresh_d=0.938; % M/M/1/K overflow threshold
Nd = floor((thresh_d*Cd)/Rd);
plot(Nv,Nd);
Figure 4-4: Matlab script for calculating effective capacity admission region
Estimated Admission Region for NPP using Effective Capacity
"0D
z
.530
(3
1i25
0
.
E
:::::::::::
20
.MBR(TDM)
z
MBR(262)
NPP (Estimated)
TDM \
0
20
60
80
Number of Voice Circuits, Nv
100
120
Figure 4-5: Estimated Admission Region for NPP using Effective Capacity to determine
bandwidth required to support voice QoS and an M/M/1/K loss probability model to
determine bandwidth required to support data QoS
Number"
of data
circuits
Admission Region for
Nd
Non-Preemptive Priority
.
.
.
Admission Region for
:Weighted:Round Robin
.
..
.
.
.•
.
.
.
•
Number of voice circuits
Nv
Figure 4-6: Expected admission region comparison between WRR and NPP
Chapter 5
Simulations & Results
In this chapter, we describe the simulations conducted and the results obtained. We compare
simulation results to our analyses in chapter 4. All simulation points recorded are listed in
Appendix B.
5.1
Simulation Plan
In all simulations, voice traffic was assigned to class 1 and data traffic to class 2. The Frame
Relay CIR/Bc/Be settings at the voice and data FRADs were:
* CIR/Bc/Be for class 1 (voice) = [1.536Mbps, 256Kb, 128Kb]
* CIR/Bc/Be for class 2 (data) = [1.536Mbps, 256Kb, 256Kb]
The following simulations were performed with OPNET:
1. Default Settings: WRR without Segmentation, MFS=4032 bytes: Initial
configuration based on default values for our model parameters.
This simulation
was carried out to investigate the admission region generated when no segmentation
is used. The parameters used and results obtained are presented and discussed in
section 5.2 below.
2. WRR with Segmentation, MFS=262 bytes: To investigate the effect of segmentation, we decreased MFS to the minimum allowable, 262 bytes, keeping all other
parameters the same as in the no-segmentation simulations. These results are presented and discussed in section 5.3 below.
3. Non-Preemptive Priority: By setting the credit limit for the voice queue (W1 )
to a very high value relative to that of the data queue, we emulate Non-Preemptive
Priority service, thus allowing us to determine a simulated admission region. The
results of this scheme are presented in section 5.4.
4. 'Optimized' Weighted Round Robin: We attempt to find Nv/Nd points supportable by the general WRR scheme which could not be supported under NPP by
adjusting credit limits for voice and data. The results of this scheme are presented in
section 5.5.
5.2
5.2.1
Default Settings without Segmentation
Settings
* MFS = 4032 bytes1
* On FR Switch 1: Wi = 10,000 bytes, W 2 = 5, 000 bytes1
5.2.2
Approach
The goal of this series of simulations was to determine the admission region supported by
WRR for the default parameter values listed above. The admission region is the set of all
values of N, and Nd which support QoS.
It would have been ideal to be able to investigate the entire N,/Nd-space, however
simulation time was a factor. A simulation of 80 seconds of traffic with many voice circuits
(high -y) required approximately 10-30 minutes of actual time. Thus it was not time-wise
feasible to perform simulations for all of the (approximately 3000) simulations. Hence the
following approach was used.
First we obtained the best values at the extremities i.e. data traffic only (-y = 0.0)
and voice traffic only (y = 1.0).
Then we "walked" the frontier, guessing which Nv/Nd
scenarios would fall on the QoS supportable frontier and using the simulations to test a
range of nearby points. In some cases, it was necessary to probe a column of points in order
to determine the maximum supportable point. This gives rise to the series vertical probe
1
Test values agreed upon with HNS.
spots characteristic in the results. For this series of simulations, approximately 340 data
points were recorded. These are listed in appendix B.2.
Simulated Admission Region for WRR, MFS=4032
45
45
..... MBR(4032)
4- TDM
"....
40
WRR, MFS=4032
35 -
- -
NPP Estimated
Z
30 -
o
S25 -
\
\LL
\
20
10- .
\
"
5-
0
20
40
60
80
Number of Voice Circuits, Nv
100
120
Figure 5-1: Admission region for Weighted Round Robin using the default maximum frame
size (MFS) of 4032 bytes. Clear boxes indicate points where QoS was met and 'X'-boxes
indicate points where QoS was not supported.
5.2.3
Discussion of Simulation Results
Figure 5-1, shows the results of the non-segmented default setting simulation. We also
include the mean bit rate bound, obtained from using Rd = 32000 bps and R, = 12000 x
12= 12800 bps, as well as the TDM and Estimated NPP admission regions.
For low values of y, we see an approximately linear tradeoff between the number of voice
and data circuits supportable. However, as N, approaches 70 and above, the frontier takes
an uncharacteristic dip, and eventually tapering to an N,ma' value of 100 voice circuits. We
see that the admission region approaches the mean bit rate upperbound more closely for
low values than for high values of y.
We also see that the admission region estimates for TDM and NPP obtained in chapter 4
are conservative. The WRR admission region is closer to the mean bit rate bound than to
either of the two estimates. We expected the TDM scheme to be a conservative estimate
because there was no statistical multiplexing of voice. Even though the NPP estimate was
based on a formula (equation 4.4) for on-off sources multiplex into a single buffer, it has
been observed that it does not perform well for a large number of sources [13, 3].
The
formula uses the average number of bits generated by a source during the average burst
interval, R,/,.
This burst size is used to account for the probability that a particular burst
from a single source exceeds the buffer size [13]. Therefore, in scenarios such as ours where
the burst size and the buffer size are comparable, the formula predicts a higher likelihood of
overflow, and thus a more conservative value for the effective capacity. The result is also a
conservative prediction of the admission region. For our chosen values, the maximum value
of B, is 230400 bits, and an average burst is R,I/,
= 102400 bits, almost half the buffer
size. If the burst size were smaller, or the voice delay time constraint were longer, the NPP
estimate would likely be better.
5.3
5.3.1
Default Settings with Segmentation
Settings
* MFS = 262 bytes
* W and W 2 : same as in section 5.2
5.3.2
Approach
In order to determine the admission region with segmentation in use, we simulate columns
of points for values of N, = 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 100 and 101.
This approach used fewer
simulation runs than in section 5.2. These data points are listed in appendix B.3.
5.3.3
Discussion of Simulation Results
In figure 5-2, we show the simulated admission region for WRR with segmentation of large
data frames into frames no longer than 262 bytes. Also shown are the admission region
without segmentation and the mean bit rate bounds for MFS=262 and MFS=4032.
As is turns out, the maximum number of voice circuits under this scheme remains 100.
This effect is expected because there is no data traffic. With no voice traffic, the maximum
number of data circuits fell to about 40. This was attributed to the higher overhead imposed
by the smaller data frame sizes. With frames of size 4000 bytes, an 8 byte header imposes
a negligible 0.2% overhead, whereas for 262 byte frames, the headers constitute 3% of the
bandwidth. Thus the penalty for shorter frames is an increase in the network overhead and
a decrease in the number of QoS supportable data circuits.
5.3.4
Comparison of Segmented and Non-Segmented schemes
Adm. Reg. for WRR with MFS=262 compared to WRR with MFS=4032
35
0
cj30
25
20
E
Z
4
"N
60
Number of Voice Circuits, Nv
120
Figure 5-2: Comparison of Default Settings WRR results with and without segmentation.
Triangles signify simulated results, however interpolating lines are used to associate related
points but not necessarily depict the exact admission region.
We see in figure 5-2 that segmentation has almost no impact on the admission region,
apart from the decrease in supportable data circuits at low y. We conclude that the use of
a higher level of segmentation alone does not extend the admission region.
However while the admission region was not broadened, we noticed that there was a
decrease in the voice delays when segmentation was used. Without segmentation, we found
end-to-end voice delays as high as 50 milliseconds.
However with segmentation, we saw
no end-to-end voice delays greater than 30 milliseconds.
These maximum delay values
observed are explained by the equation Maximum Service Timeout experienced by voice =
E15? c .
as stated in section 2.3.3. With W 2 = 5000 bytes, MFS = 4032 bytes and
C = 192000 bytes/second, we see here that the maximum timeout = 5000+4032
192000
while with MFS = 262 bytes, maximum timeout =
5000+262
192000
50 ms,
30 ms.
While the different maximum delays did not result in different admission region curves,
there could be implications in multi-hop networks, which were not investigated in this thesis.
With Dmax < 150 ms maximum delays of 50ms imply a limit of 3 hops, whereas for 30ms,
the limit would be 5 hops.
5.4
5.4.1
Non-Preemptive Priority
Settings
* On Switch 1: W1 = 19, 200, 000 bytes, W 2 = 262 bytes. (W 1
105 x W 2 .)
* MFS = 262 bytes
5.4.2
Approach
This series of simulations was done in order to have an NPP admission region against which
we could compare the WRR admission region. We used a value for the credit limit in
the voice queue, large enough to emulate an NPP server.
As the length of "time-outs"
experienced by voice in NPP is minimized for small data frames, we set MFS = 262 bytes.
As with the simulations done in section 5.3, we tested columns of points for chosen values
of N,. These data points are listed in appendix B.4.
Simulated Admission RegionforNPP
2 30
025
020
MBR(262)
z 15 10
NPP (Simulated)
NPP (Estimated)
20
0
40
80
60
Numberof VoiceCircuits, Nv
120
100
Figure 5-3: Admission region for Non-Preemptive Priority based on simulations
5.4.3
Discussion of Simulation Results
In figure 5-3, we show the admission region produced from the NPP simulations. We observe
that the theoretical estimate proposed in the analysis is very conservative and seems to be
insufficient for predicting the actual NPP admission region. In fact, the admission region
under the NPP scheme seems to be fairly close to the mean bit rate bound, implying that
QoS requirements are met even while the queue is heavily utilized. The utilization for these
points are given in table 5.1.
N,
Nd
p
Nv
Nd
p
Table 5.1: Maximum utilization points in NPP
50
40
30
20
10
02
00
23
28
31
36
40
43
41
0.911
0.935
0.916
0.940
0.881 0.947 0.943
101
100
99
95
90
80
70
00
01
01
06
07
10
15
0.906
0.882
0.900
0.921
0.847
0.855
56
20
0.900
0.842
In figure 5-4, the NPP results are compared to results obtained in section 5.3. We
see that the NPP admission region extends beyond the WRR region, particularly for large
values of N,. We know WRR can perform as good as, or better than NPP since WRR
can emulate NPP (section 4.4). Therefore we see that WRR can do worse than NPP if the
credit limits are configured poorly, such as with the original settings of W1 = 10, 000 bytes
Comparing Simulated Admission Regions for NPP and WRR
45 "G----O
x- - - x
S40
40
S35
- -
---.
-
NPP (Simulated) and WRR (Optimized)
WRR (W1=1OK, W2=5K)
MBR(262)
NPP (Estimated)
TDM
\\
z 30 -
025
\
" 20 -
E
=1
\.
z 15-
.\\"
10
\
55
0
\"
x
.
20
40
80
60
Number of Voice Circuits, Nv
100
120
Figure 5-4: Simulated admission region for Non-Preemptive Priority and Optimized
Weighted Round Robin compared to the other admission regions. 'O's and 'X's signify
simulated results, however interpolating lines are used to associate related points and not
necessarily depict the exact admission region.
and W 2 = 5, 000 bytes. In the following section, we explore better settings for W1 and W 2 .
5.5
5.5.1
'Optimized' Weighted Round Robin
Settings
* W 1 and W 2 varied to maximize QoS performance
* MFS = 262 bytes
53
5.5.2
Approach
The goal of this final series of simulations was to find QoS-compliant points outside the
NPP admission region (from section 5.4), but supportable with some configuration of WRR
credit limits. For the same N, values used in the NPP simulations, we chose points with
higher Nd values (by one), and searched for credit limit settings to achieve the required
QoS. The data points and the credit limits which were explored are listed in appendix B.5.
5.5.3
Discussion of Simulation Results
We were unable to find any W 1 and W 2 values which could support more data circuits under
WRR than under NPP with our QoS requirements satisfied. We found that by decreasing
credit limits for voice and increasing them for data, we achieved either less loss on the data
or more delay on the voice, up to the delay threshold. However, neither effect was sufficient
to extend the admission region beyond NPP to incorporate any of the "new" points.
In section 4.4 we had suggested that compared to NPP, WRR would support at least as
many data circuits, and likely more, for a given number of voice circuits. Our results show
that for the chosen network and traffic models, WRR supports the same admission region
as the NPP scheme. Thus, the NPP curve in figure 5-4 also charts the 'optimal' admission
region for Weighted Round Robin.
Chapter 6
Conclusion
In this thesis, we constructed simulation models of Frame Relay network devices to determine a QoS-compliant admission region for simultaneous voice and data traffic under
Non-Preemptive Priority and Weighted Round Robin service schemes. Since WRR is a
'superset' of NPP for a two-class traffic system, we expected to find results indicating that
the admission region under WRR would be larger than under NPP for the systems under
investigation. However, we were unable to find a broader admission region under WRR
than NPP.
NPP supported voice with lower maximum and average delays than WRR. Since both
NPP and WRR are work conserving, we conclude that in WRR, a higher delay on voice
traffic implies a lower delay for data traffic. However, we observed no significant difference
between NPP and WRR in the frame loss ratio for data (FLRd).
We were able to develop neither an analysis of the WRR system nor an accurate analytical model for the NPP system. Therefore, we were unable to find a good means of predicting
the admission region for a given set of system parameter values. However, through simulation, we were able to determine NPP and WRR admission regions and found that they
approached 85-95% of the mean bit rate bound, suggesting a possible admission strategy
based on that bound. TDM is showed, as expected, to be an inefficient QoS scheme at less
than 50% utilization when the traffic is all voice.
We conjectured that limiting the maximum frame size (MFS) would improve the network's capability to deliver QoS for delay-sensitive traffic. For the given network and traffic
models we studied, our simulations indicated that the admission region was not significantly
altered by reducing the MFS from 4032 bytes to 262 bytes. However, we observed that
in decreasing MFS, average and maximum voice traffic delays were decreased, suggesting
that segmentation might be helpful in other networks, possibly in those networks requiring
multiple hops for voice.
Our overall conclusion is that Weighted Round Robin can be used as a mechanism to
support Quality of Service across a single link in Frame Relay networks, however for the
two-class voice and data traffic model studied here, Non-Preemptive Priority appears to
perform just as well.
6.1
Future Work
Comparing WRR to NPP
We found no advantage of WRR over NPP for our two-class traffic model. This may have
been a result specific to the network and traffic models studied here. It will be useful to
determine the scenarios where the WRR admission region is significantly larger than that
of NPP.
More complex networks
It should be noted that only a simple network model was investigated and evaluated in this
thesis. While this was done in order to simplify the model being studied, the work may be
extended to more complex networks, possibly those involving multiple hops from the voice
source to its destination, or with more than two traffic streams converging into a single link.
Effective Capacity for on-off sources
The popular on-off voice model [1] used in this thesis was chosen because it was simple to
implement and an analytical effective bandwidth formula existed for this model. We made
use of this formula for determining the effective capacity of traffic from multiple on-off
sources converging into a single buffered link. However the formula proved to be poor for
predicting the admission region for multiple voice traffic sources. Work done in this area
should be extended to develop of effective capacity formulas which provide better bounds
for multiple on-off sources. A more generalized formula, dealing with multiple traffic types
and possibly multiple queue-hops would be useful.
Appendix A
OPNET Frame Relay Models
This appendix presents the details of the OPNET simulations and models used to investigate
the behavior of WRR queueing for QoS support over Frame Relay.
A.1
Overview of OPNET
OPNET is a comprehensive software environment for modeling, simulating, and analyzing the performance of communications networks, computer systems and applications, and
distributed systems [8].
The package facilitates a multi-tiered approach to modeling. A network editor is used
to specify a network comprised of various node and link components. Typically each node
represents some device on the network, such as a router, switch, terminal, workstation or
server. A node editor is used to define the functionality of these devices. In the node editor,
various types of process models, receivers and transmitters can be interconnected to form
the schematic representing the processing performed by the node. One tier deeper than
node models, process models can be any arbitrary unit of processing, or can also be one
of several supplied models such as first-in first-out or priority queues. The process models
themselves are specified with state diagrams and C-code in a development environment
called the process editor.
Apart from developing the network model and its various sub-components, OPNET also
facilitates specification of probe points along the network at which data can be gathered
and later analyzed graphically. And of course, a series of simulations can be set up to
investigate the performance of the network model.
A-1
The specific version used for this thesis was OPNET Modeler 3.0B. In particular, the
models constructed were based on generic Frame Relay device models supplied with the
standard models package.
In the next section, we go on to describe these specific Frame Relay models which were
implemented for this thesis.
A.2
Implementation Overview
The following figure depicts the relationship between the components of the Frame Relay
network which were modeled in OPNET.
Figure A-1: OPNET Models for FR network with WRR queueing
A-2
A.3
Description of Frame Relay Models Constructed
In this section, we describe the various aspects of the standard Frame Relay models supplied
with OPNET and discuss how these were modified in order to support our Frame Relay
system with the Weighted Round Robin service scheme1 .
A.3.1
Overview
A Frame Relay network can be viewed as being comprised of various peripheral or "edge"
devices interconnected via an interior network "cloud", as depicted in figure A-2.
FR
switches take frames from input ports and send them out appropriate output ports, thereby
routing them along a particular source to destination path within the network interior. In
traditional Frame Relay, all frames are queued in a single FIFO buffer at each output port.
In our model, we use multiple subqueues at each output port, thereby permitting service
separation between the various traffic classes. This aspect of our system is described further
in subsection A.3.2 below.
/
%<&N
Figure A-2: A Frame Relay "cloud" interconnecting various "edge" devices
1
This model is loosely based on the HNS IX Frame Relay Concentrator Switch (FRCS) implementation.
However, no inference should be made from this thesis about the actual HNS product.
A-3
An Edge Device is typically any device which is capable of interfacing with the interior
Frame Relay network cloud. These devices can be workstations, servers, routers or gateways
to other networks. As such devices can be viewed as having "access" to the interior of the
FR cloud, they are generally referred to as Frame Relay Access Devices (FRADs). In our
network, we create devices which represent FRADs for voice and LAN-data sources. As
described in subsection A.3.3, our source voice FRAD will mimic a device which multiplexes
several packetized voice sources over the FR network, allowing them to be demultiplexed
by a destination voice FRAD at the other end.
Similarly we also construct source and
destination FRADs for LAN-data sources.
Edge devices communicate with each via the Frame Relay switching cloud.
Before
communication between edge points can proceed, a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) must
be established via some static means, such as pre-planned network configuration. (Switched
Virtual Circuits [SVCs] are more convenient alternatives to PVCs, having the capability of
being established on-the-fly. However, SVCs are not implemented in this system.)
We
implemented traffic (priority) classes on a per-PVC basis. Subsection A.3.4 discusses the
relevant changes to the supplied PVC establishment scheme.
So far we have presented an overview of the major portions of the standard Frame Relay
system which we modified. In addition to these, there were minor modifications which are
presented in subsection A.3.5.
A.3.2
FR Switch with WRR Queueing
In order to add support for Weighted Round Robin queueing in the FR switch model
provided, the following models were developed:
Table A.1: Models for FR Switch with WRR Queueing
Report
Type
Derived from
New Model
Section A.4.1
ixfr8_switch_base frmsfr8_switch_base Node
Page A-9
Process Section A.4.2
frmsswitch
ix_fr_switch
Page A-16
Process Section A.4.3
frms_trans
ixfr_trans
Page A-27
The original frmsfr8_switch base model provided a Frame Relay switch with 8 input
and 8 output ports. Service discipline was FIFO queueing. For our investigation, modified
A-4
this to support Weighted Round Robin queueing, with traffic separation for up to 4 classes.
This was achieved by first increasing the number of output queues from 1 per port to 4
per port. Next, we modified the service algorithm to implement WRR service. Since the
implementation of service in the model is event-based, we had to modify our algorithm
given in section 2.3.1 to suit.
Note that in the node and process reports in sections A.4.1 and A.4.2 respectively, there
are other model parameters such as "Action on Discard" and "Priority Start ..." and "
Stop Discard" fields for the four traffic classes. These are remnants of parameters initially
scoped for investigation on the HNS IX FRCS product. For the purpose of this thesis, these
model parameters can be ignored. Also the CreditLimit variable described in the algorithm
in section 2.3.1 is actually called Cycle Length Priority in the actual model.
A.3.3
Voice and Data FRADs
Altogether, four FRADs node models were implemented: a client and server FRAD for both
voice for data. Additionally, we modified the Generic Network Application (GNA) process
models to provide voice and data traffic generators used within the FRAD node models.
These are all tabulated in table A.2.
Table A.2: Models for voice and data FRADs
Report
Derived from Type
New Model
Section A.4.4
Node
fr4_wkstn_base
ix_fr4vfrad_base
Page A-32
Section A.4.5
Node
fr4_serverbase
ix_fr4_vsrv_base
Page A-36
Section A.4.6
Node
ixfr4_dfrad_base fr4wkstn_base
Page A-39
Section A.4.7
Node
fr4_server_base
ixfr4_dsrv_base
Page A-43
Process Section A.4.8
net_app_mgr
ix_net_app_mgr
Page A-46
Process Section A.4.9
netapp_serv
ix_net_appserv
Page A-57
Process Section A.4.10
gna_cli
gnacli
Page A-64
GNA (Generic Network Application) is a simple, general model of client-server network
applications. Its behavior can be modified through parameters and configuration attributes
in order to make it act like a wide variety of network applications, including text or graphical
A-5
virtual terminal sessions, database applications, and file transfer utilities. It does not model
in detail the behavior of any particular application.
For the purpose of creating voice
and data traffic generators, the GNA models were sufficient starting points. We modified
the Remote Login application into a generator for Packetized Voice based on the on-off
voice model defined in section 3.2.1, and we also modified the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
application to generate traffic according to the data model in section 3.2.2.
A.3.4
Traffic classes on PVCs
PVCs must be established between endpoints in order to enable communication over the
FR network.
A PVC is physically set up by sending out administrative packets which
configure each switch along the desired path so that frames are routed appropriately. In
addition to the path through the network, a PVC is specified with the CIR, Bc and Be
parameters. In the simulation, this configuration information is broadcast to the respective
nodes within the network, thereby establishing the PVCs. From this point onwards, the
switches will properly route traffic according to the designated PVCs, and communication
between FRADs can begin.
In order to designate particular PVCs as carrying a specific class of traffic, we modified
this scheme to also include the (priority) class of the PVC's traffic. In our new model,
therefore, the traffic class must be specified along with the PVC path (source and destination
FRADs), CIR, Bc and Be parameters.
The process models which handle the PVC setup scheme are tabulated below in table A.3.
Table A.3: PVC setup process models
Report
New Model Derived from Type
Process Section A.4.11
frmsfrad_mgr
ixfrad_mgr
Page A-75
Section A.4.12
Process
frms_fradconn
ix_frad_conn
Page A-87
A.3.5
Other Modifications
In addition to the models modified above, there were other OPNET models which were
needed to support the features and functionality implemented.
A-6
Briefly, there were modifications to:
* the Frame Relay frame formats (normal and administrative) - addition of service class
fields
* configuration of the link to support the new frame formats
* header files for the Frame Relay Model Suite (frms) as well as the GNA suite (see
reports).
These other modifications are also summarized in table A.4.
Table A.4: Other associated models
New Model
ix_frmsframe_fmt
Derived from
frms_frame_fmt
Type
Packet Format
ix_frmsadminframe
frmsadminframe
Packet Format
Report
Section A.4.13
Page A-95
Section A.4.14
Page A-96
IX_FR_link_base
FR_link_base
Link Model
ix-frmsinterfaces.h
frmsinterfaces.h
'.h' File
gna.h
gna.h
'.h' File
Section A.4.15
Page A-97
Section A.4.16
Page A-99
Section A.4.17
Page A-102
A-7
A.4
Model Reports
This section presents the OPNET Modeler reports for all models developed for the IX Frame
Relay system. The models included here are as follows:
* Node Models:
- ixfr8_switch_base
- ixfr4_vfrad_base
- ixfr4_vsrv_base
- ixfr4_dfradbase
- ixfr4_dsrv_base
* Switch and FRAD Process Models:
- ixfrswitch
- ixfr_trans
- ixfradmgr
- ixfrad_conn
* Generic Network Application (GNA) Process Models:
- ix_netapp_mgr
- ixnetappserv
- gna_cli
* Other Models:
- ixfrmsiramefmt
- ixfrms_adminframe
- IXFR_linkbase
- ix_frmsinterfaces.h
- gna.h
A-8
A.4.1
Noe ModelReon
Node Model: ix-fr8 _switchbase
ix
wlts
4901 199
MonFe 02m13
baIch
P
NodeM
1o27
NodeModelComments
GeneralNodeFunctions
Repo lX-to
rre
h.
Pa a2of
27
MonFb02 13401 1998
i
'Start DiscardingAl Frames Threshold
speofies O percentage of buttfer
capacityabove whichall frames willbe
discarded Al frame wrlcontinueto
be discarded untilthe percentage of
buffercpacity fals belowthe value of
the Stop Oscardlig Al Frames
Threshold'
The Xfr8 swlcn base is denvedfrom
node model This
theIra sWltCMbirase
a FrameRelayswitch
modelrepresents
to
that is used ina FrameRelaynetwork
connecttwo FrameRelaydeaces(eloner
anotherFrameRelay switchora Frame
Relay Acess Devea (FRAD)( The
Ixfreswitch oasemodelmay be used to
supportup toeightFrameRelayphysica
connectionsThe modelwas modifiled
to
RoundRobinqueue
supportthe Weighted
servicedlscplineof theHugries Network
Systems
IX FrameRelayConcentrator
Switch
'Stan DiscerdingDEFramesThreshold'
speifes tre percentage
ofbuffer
capacityabovewhichallframes withle
Discard EnableWtset wi be discamrded
Allframes with ie DiscardEnabldebt
set wll contnue tobe discarded until
of buffercapactyfails
the percentage
belowthe value of the 'Stop Discarding
AllJI
FramesThreshold*
Protocols
FrameRelayIANSITi 606 ANSIT1 617
ANSITj 618 ANSIT1 606a ANSIT1 513,
ANSITi 606b ANSITi 617a)
Stop Congestion Status Threshold'
speaes the percentageof buffer
capaiorybelowwhichthe bufferis said
to be uncongested Thecongested status
is tracked by localandglobal
Interconnections
statstlcs
EightFrameRelaysenal lineconnections
at selectabte data rates The eight
have selectable
FrameRelayconnections
data
rates
*StopDiscarding
AllFramesThreshold'
speaies the percentage
of buffer
capacitybelowwhichldiscarding (If
occrrnng)of all frameswillcease
Attnbutes
'Stop DiscardingDEFramesThreshold'
speofiesthe percentage
of buffer
capacitybelOwwhichdtscardlng(it
occurming)
of frames withthe Discard
Enablebitset
Burer Capaaty (per port) speaftes
of bitsthat canbe stored
lie percentage
ineachportof the switch
'NetworkActionon DEFrames*If
enabledframeswhichhave theirDE
(DiscardEnable)
bit st
sewil be
discardedwhen thenetworxis congested
AnibutesAdded
Status Threshold'
Start Congestion
of buffer
speoiles the percentage
capacity abovewhichthe buter is said
to be congested The bufferwll remain
of buffer
percentage
congesteduntil ithe
capacityfallsbelowthe End Congestion
atnrbutevalue The
StatusThreshold*
status s trackedby local and
congested
globalstatislics
-CycleLengthPioriy 1 4'
specalfies
the maximum
numberofbytes
whichwillbe servedfromeachpinonity
queueoneach serce cycle
*Actionon Priory speolleswhether
queueing wl be pnontybased (WRR)or
non-pnontyFIFO
r
iNe
Mael
Feb02 1349021998 Page4of27
node Thetotal
numberofbets
stored
Inanysingle
subqueue
must notexceedthis
value
<<Summary-o
General Fnctlon switch
Protocols FrameRelay
Supported
Port InterfaceDescnption
8 FrameRelayconnectionsat selectable
datarates
YES
SymoolMap
Altlw
other values
Symbol
1,024,000
YES
Suppressed
NO
Anttbute
CycleLength Proty 1 properties
PmrOet
r"
Value
OldNames
1
LengthPnonty
FRswmtch
Cycle
Assign
Status
set
InitialValue
10000
Default
Value
10000
DataType
integer
Private
Attnbut
Description
Units
bytes
NONE
Map
Symbol
NodeeModelKeywords
FrameRelay
switch
hidden
Node ModelTypes
fixed
mobile
satellite
M
NodeModel
ReportIrM etllWh
bise
i Mn Feb0213 4902 1998 1 P ae 3 of27
Ix fI I\ltch bi
ReoaoR
YES
NO
NO
switch
Node ModelInterae Attnbutes
AnnbuteAction on Pnontypropertes
Property
Value
OldNames
FR switchPonty Queueing
promoted
Assign
Status
enabled
DefaultValue
toggle
DataType
Private
Descrption
Annobute
NONE
Symbol
Map
AnnbuteButter Capacity(per port) properties
Value
Property
OldNames
FR_swltchBufferCapacity
(foreach subqueue)
set
AssignStatus
InitialValue
1.024,000
DefaultValue
1,024,000
double
DataType
Private
AttnbuteDescnption
bits
Units
0 0 ndulusve
LowRange
Comments
Buffercapacayofthe switch
Value
1 024000
Inherit
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
Attrbute
Cycle
LengthPriority
2 propermes
Pronerny
Value
Innent
Old Names
N/A
FRswtch Cycle LengthPnonty2
lnl'd
N/A
AssignStatus
Intlal Value
Default
Value
DataType
AttributeDescption
Unmts
SymborMap
,
set
5000
5000
Integer
Private
bytes
NONE
Attlbute Cycle
Length
PaIony 3 proerties
Proopery
Value
OldNames
FR swtchCycleLength
Prionty3
AssrgnStatus
set
rbal Value
1000
DefaultValue
1000
DataType
integer
Pnvate
Attnbute
Descnption
Units
bytes
NONE
SymbolMap
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Inherit
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
WA
YES
YES
YES
AnnbuteCycleLnmth Priority4 propees
Value
Proerty
OldNames
FR swildCycleLengthPnonty4
Assign
Status
set
Inital Value
100
A-9
N/A
YES
N/A
WA
YES
YES
Inherit
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
Inherit
N/A
N/A
Node Model: ixfr8_switch base (cont'd)
NodeModelRelxa I_ frlMswb
MonFC 02 134902 99
.i
Attnbuta ..wth Pnonty 1 Stop Discard properties
Value
Poer
Old Names
FR swtchPnonty 1 Stop Discard
promoted
AssignStatus
025
DetaultValue
double
Data Type
Pnvate
Attnrbute
Descnption
range
ofthe discard-DE-only
Units
NONE
SymbolMap
Attnbutejtch Paonty 2 StartDlscard properties
Value
Property
Attbute witch Pnonh 2 Stop Discard properties
Value
AssgnStatus
DefaultValue
Data Type
Attribute
Desonphon
Unts
SymbolMap
properties
Attnbut FRswitc.Priodrty Discardnmg
Value
Proerty
promoted
AssignStatus
enabled
DefaultValue
DataType
toggle
Pnvate
AttrbuteDescnption
NONE
SymbolMap
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
nhert
promoted
05
double
Pnvate
range
of the discard-DE-only
NONE
Attnbut itch Pnonty 3 Start Discard propertes
WA
FR switchPnonty3 Start Discard
promoted
05
double
Private
range
of the discard-DE-only
NONE
AssignStatus
DefaultValue
Data Type
AnnbuteDescnption
Units
SymbolMap
NodeModelneontixh
MonFeb021349 021998
swtnchb"
Pe
7 of27
I
d, Model
R
t INtr 21M 1-
FRswltch Enablecongestionstatus
set
07
07
double
Prnvate
of the buffer apaoty
0 0 incusive
10 ndcusive
Innert
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Atrtbute tCongestion Status Threshold properties
Property
Value
nhnt
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
inhent
i MonFe 0213 49021998 I Page8of27
buffercapacity fallsbelow
the value of the 'Stop
DiscardingAllFrames
Threshold'attnbute
N/A
OldNames
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescnpton
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
YES
N/A
NA
YES
YES
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
Inhent
AttnbuteNetwork Actiron DEFremesproperties
Prperty
Value
OldNames
FR switchNetworkactionon DEbit
AssignStatus
set
enabled
InitialValue
enabled
DefaultValue
toggle
DataType
ArtnbuteDescrpton
Pnvate
Comments
Determines
if the switchnode
should performthe discard
eihgiblltylest It enabledand
the networkis congested.all
receed frames that have the DE
bit set arediscarded
NONE
SymbolMap
YES
N/A
NWA
YES
YES
OldNames
FR switchPrionty3 StopDiscard
promoted
075
double
Prvate
ofthe discard-DE-only
range
NONE
Attribute...flth.Priorty4 Start Discardproperties
Value
Propert
OldNames
FR swltclPronty 4 StartDiscard
promoted
AssignStatus
075
DefaultValue
double
DataType
Pnrivate
AttnbuteDesnpbon
ofthe dlscard-DE-onlyrange
Units
NONE
Symbol Map
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
FR_switmPnonty2 StopDiscard
AssignStatus
DefaultValue
DataType
Descnption
Attnbute
Units
SymbolMap
N/A
OldNames
Inhert
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
NO
SymolvMap
Allowothervalues
Thisdouble type annbute
defines thebuffercaoacity
above wlch the bufferwill
be saidto becongested
The buffer
wiltremain
congested untilthebuffer
capaoty faIls
baelw
the
value specifiedby the Stop
Congestions
Status
Thresold attnnbute
Symbol
09
YES
Suppressed
NO
Thresholdproperties
Attribute
... sacardingDEFrames
Value
Proety
OldNames
FR switchStartdiscardingDEframes
AssignStatus
set
Inital Value
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescnphon
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
0a
08
double
Pnvale
of te buffercapacity
00 indusive
1 0 Indusive
YES
Value
09
Inhent
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
NO
Thisdoubletype attribute
SymbolMap
Allowothervalues
Symbol
07
YES
Suppressed
NO
Altbute .. carding All Frmes Theshold propertnies
Value
Property
SOldNames
AssignStatus
initialValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AttributeDescnpton
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
descnbes
the buffer
YES
Value
07
capacty abovewhichframes
wailm
thediscardenablebit
set wl be discarded
Frameswiththe dIscard
enablebit setwll continue
untilthe
tobe discarded
buffercapacity fallsbelow
the value ofthe 'Stop
Discarding
DEFrames
Threshold*
atlnbute
Inel
N/A
FR switchStart iscardingal frames
set
09
09
double
Pnvate
of the buffer
capacity
0 0 icsuve
1 0 ndusve
SymbolMap
Allowothervaues
Symbol
08
YES
Suppressed
NO
YES
Value
08
AttributeStop Congestion
Stats Thresholdpropertes
Property
Thisdoubletypeattribute
descnbes the buffer
capacity abovewhichall
frames willbe discarded
AlIframes willcontinueto
be discarded
untilthe
Value
A-10
nhernt
N/A
OldNames
Ass4gn
Status
InitialValue
DefaultValue
of 27
Intent
Va/ue
Prna;y
N/A
FR switchPronty 2 StanDiscard
promoted
025
double
Private
of the dscard-DE-onlyrange
NONE
MooFb 0213409021H I Ppe
bee
-
_
AtMbute..wtl.Poly 3 StopDiscat propemes
Intent
Old Names
AssignStatus
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteOescnpiton
Units
SymbolMap
Mod R
SNod*
t 1 9 m ,ta
of27
YES
NA
N/A
YES
YES
100
Integer
Private
bytes
NONE
DefaultValue
Data Type
Attbute Descnpuon
Units
SymbolMap
1P
FRswtch Disablecongestion
status
set
05
05
N/A
YES
Node Model: ixfr8_switch_base (cont'd)
ReFloox rSewt
NodeMoeb
Meon
Feo02 13490
iAbsw
19
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
YES
double
Pmate
of the buffercapably
0 0 incduse
1 0 midusve
Data Type
AtMbuteDescnpton
Units
LowRange
HlgnRange
Comments
Nod Moe Repor:IX
Pa 9 o127
Symbol
05
YES
Alow othervalues
Suppressad
NO
bMass
Asign Status
InbtalValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescnptlon
Untts.
LowRange
HighRange
threshold
Uncongeston
Percentage ofbufferusage beow
whichthe bufferis uncongested
The oufferremainsuncongested
untl its usagensesabovethe
value soecied by the 'Enable
congestion status attnbutle
SymbolMap
srelf
Comments
MonFe02 1349 02 1998 i Pa
FRsslteC Stopdiscardng DE frames
set
06
06
double
Pnvate
ofthe buffercapably
0 0 mOduve
1 0 Incluswe
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
YES
StopdiscardingDEframes
threshold.Whenbufferusage
fallsbelowthis value,the
bufferstops discardingDE
frames.
YES
Value
05
SymbolMap
Attlbute .. sadlng All FramesThresholdpropertaes
Value
PrDoerty
OldNames
FR_swltchStopdiscarding allframes
set
Assln Status
07
nitialVaue
07
DelaultValue
double
Data Type
Pnvate
AffnbuteDescnption
capacty
of the buffer
Unts
0 0 indusve
LowRange
1 0 idusive
HighRange
Comments
thresholdWhen
Stopdiscarding
bufferusage fallsbelowthis
stops
valuethebuffer
discardingall frames
1027
Allowother values
Inhent
N/A
AtnbuteSwitching Rate properes
Prnoerty
OldNames
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
YES
AssignStatus
Inltal Value
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescnption
Units
LowRange
Comments
Symbol
06
YES
Suppressed
NO
Value
YES
Value
06
Inhent
N/A
FR_transSwitching
Rate
set
5.,00
5O000
double
Pnvate
frameslsec
00 nclusive
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
Number
of incomingframes that
canbe forwarded Administratve
frames areforwardedto the
managemententity,data frames
to theswitching
are torwarded
entty
SymbolMap
SymbolMap
Symbol
07
YES
Allowothervalues
Suppressed
NO
Atnbute iscardng OEFramesThresholdproperties
Val
Property
OldNames
Allowothervalues
YES
Value
07
Anntbutue
Proetty
properties
Assgn Status
InitlalValue
DefaultValue
DataType
IN/A
N/A
Symbol
5,000
YES
Suppressed
NO
YES
Value
5,000
Inhnt
Value
hidden
00
00
double
N/A
YES
N/A
1
Report Ixrlwtch
Nod Model
Atnbute Descnptlon
Comments
Mn Feb0213 49021998
bases
Pnrivate
Pa
usr tdproperties
Atffnbute
Property
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AntnbuteDescnpton
Comments
N/A
YES
Thisattnbuterepresents the alstance of a
satellite
from sea-Ievelon the surface of the earth
SymbolMap
Attibute condebon properties
Pperty
AssignStatus
Initial
Value
DefaultValue
DataType
AnnbuteDescnption
Comments
SymbolMap
NONE
YES
Value
hidden
enabled
enabled
toggle
Pnvate
nhent
Propnety
AssignStatus
InitalValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AttnbuteDescnptlon
Units
Comments
SymbolMap
pmpertis
Attbute pnriority
Propety
AssgnStatus
Inbal Value
DefaultValue
Data Type
Descnptlon
Annttbute
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
SymbolMap
SymbolMap
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Thisattnbuterepresentstheoperationalstatus ofa
node
YES
NONE
AttNbutepeert properies
Value
hidden
00
00
double
Pnvate
sac
Thisantbute suppons the tranlaton in time
of a satellte's orbit
NONE
Value
hidden
0N/A
0
integer
Prate
0
32000 inclusie
iclndusive
MonFe 02 134902 1998 [ Pae12127
Node Model
Repoml Mrlstch ba
11of27
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Inhrnit
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
Value
hidden
0
0
integer
Pnate
Inhent
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Thisattbute is an integerwhich is providedfor
purposes
user-speoic Identlrcaton
YES
NONE
"a
defaultvalue
attnbiute
valu
name
process model
icon name
FRmgmt
Irms mgmt
processor
stnng
typed file
aon
p
srik
processor
begsimintrpt
endmm Intt
failureintrts
intrptinterval
pnonty
recoveryIntrpts
superpnonty
enabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
0
disabled
disabled
toggle
toggle
enumerated
toggle double
Integer
enumerated
toggle
disabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
0
disabled
dhsabed
1l1 -> FR swilch fideststream f TI
ovchetfiresis FR miat farc streamn
t
value
attriute
defaultvalue
strm
YES
name
src stream
dealstream
strm14
src stream[0
del stream [1]
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
srestream[0
Inherit
ntrpt method
scheduled
integer
double
color
scheduled
00
RGB023
delay
color
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
.....FR t nn
A-11
00
RGB030
value
to
defaultvalue
name
processmodel
subqueue
tcon name
FR-trans
Ix fr trans
stnng
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pcfifo
(Seebeow)
queue
compound
Swntching
Rate
begsim intrpt
ends4mitrpt
failure Itrpts
Intrt Interval
promoted
enabled
double
5000
toggle
toggle
enumerated
toggle double
disabled
attibute
Thisattnbute represents a node's prionty
Whenmultipleevents are scheduledfor the same simulationtime,
those for a higher pronty node wdilbe executed fint
YES
NONE
deet stream ([0
disabled
disabled
disabled
typedfile
icon
queue
disabled
disabled
disabled
i
Node Model: ix-fr8_switch_base (cont'd)
NodeModel
Repor I_
swt
MonFeb02134902 1998
0
disabled
disabled
pnontv
recoveryintrpts
super pnonty
integer
enumerated
toggle
P
13of27
No. ModelRepotI
fmeie
b
pk capacity
0
dlabled
disabled
MoFe 02134902998
P
140127
sfinity
double
infinity
=,c
intty
mfiniy
roe
dOUble
double
deut yAe
infinty
infinity
ut FR britnas
,oue f1
['eue FR
iranbute FAv
count
list
afrbute
bit capac
pk capacity
nnsuu
e
dethe
ecoos
8
(Senbelow)
integer
oblectlist
0
insutig
value
inflety
infinity
tone
bit capaaty
pk capaoty
double
double
defaul valu
inhnty
inlinity
Ianbure
value
tne
detaut value
brtcapauty
bit capaoty
intlely
nfinIy
inity
double
double
double
nhnlty
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infnity
bit FR taUnsa
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ue [01
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pk capacty
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infnity
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SatnOuta
piR
ty
4#FR ttlns.g
FR swtch
a_fr.dtc
(Seebelow)
queue
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
integer
integer
Integer
double
double
queue
1.024
000
10000
5000
1000
100
05
07
Nerworhacton
on DE bit
promoted
toggle
enabled
gefaultvalue
PrFonty
1Stop Discard
Pionty
2 Stan0sard
Pnonty2 StopDiscard
promoted
promoted
promoted
double
double
double
025
025
05
Inhnilty
Pnonty
3 StanDiscard
promoted
double
05
type
defaultvalue
ntlrity
finnity
double
double
infinity
infinity
process
model
defaul value
infinity
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ueue [61
atnbfre
value
inhninity
bitcpaoty
odsModel eno
sugqueue
icon
name
Capaty (for
eachsubqueue)
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Cycle
LengthPnonty2
Cycle
LengthPnonty
3
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Length
Pnoty4
Disable
congestion status
Enablecongesuonstatus
value
00
double
double
IX_ swtch
bse
type
double
Mn Feb021349 0218
Pag 15of27
Pronty 3 StopDiscard
Pnonty4 StartDiscard
PnontyDiscarding
PnontyQueueing
StandiscardingDE frames
all frames
Stat dIscarding
DEframes
Stopdiscarding
allframes
Stopdiscarding
begalm n~rpt
nrt
endmint
fallurelntrpts
ntrpt
lnterval
pnonty
recoveryinirpts
superpnonty
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
promoted
enabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
0
disabled
disabled
double
double
toggle
toggle
double
double
double
double
toggle
toggle
enumerated
toggledouble
integer
enumerated
toggle
075
075
enabled
enabled
8
09
06
07
disabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
0
disabed
disabled
count
ist
32
(Seebelow)
We
Integer
objectlist
defaultvalue
0
I
lxfrstto-tb
NodsModelRe
poa
Ft
R
swt
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p
typedfile
pcftfo
compound
con
double
integer
MonFeb02 1349021998 Page 16of27
infinlty
bitcapaoy
pkcapaty
infinity
infinity
double
double
hnfinity
nfinity
bit capacy
pkcapaary
value
infinitly
infinity
te
double
double
defaultvalue
infinty
intmlty
double
double
infnty
infinity
type
double
double
defaultvalue
infinty
inhnty
t
double
double
defaultvalue
inrty
infinty
color
atrm_9
arcstream(3]
dest stream (01
scheduled
00
RG8023
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
strm
src stream([0
dest stream(01
scheduled
00
RGBO30
1,
FR
capa ty
bit
pkcapacty
defau vale
double
double
nfinity
infinity
attnhufe
v
=s
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defaultvalue
infinity
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bit capacty
pkcapacity
twe
double
double
ale
i nly
1r
tnnrty
twe
double
double
defaultvaiue
nfinity
infinty
atnbute
name
src stream
Aft FR swltl.subouuee [11
stnng
RGBO30
double
tue
po capacty
srcstream(0]
dest
stream 0]1
scheduled
00
Sw
value
nfinhity
infrty
bit capaoty
enumerated
enumerated
Integer
double
color
ilnlty
pkcapaty
sfe.
acOureue
l
defaultvalue
strm
name
infinity
infnity
eatstinim011
hope
stnng
elault val e
infinity
infinity
value
infinity
bitcapacty
pkcapacity
double
color
RGB3W
infinity
in1 i
Iattnbute
mteger
color
double
toe
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
arcstream[1]
deatstream [0]
scheduled
00
nfinity
snhiyduule
1
strm
srcstream{0]
deststream[01
scheduled
00
RGBO30
sm_6
sc stream[0]
deststream[01
scheduled
00
RG300
srcstream
deststream
introtmethod
delay
uble
double
double
bit capacy
pk cpacty
lu
defaut
value
name
srcstream
dest stream
intrpt method
delay
color
paacstmremFR trent [r stream
(fI1
->FR momt
attiute
value
name
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ty
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ut
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attbute
[31
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dest stream
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defaud value
double
double
nfinity
infinity
attnbute
011ue
tie
defaul value
defaultvalue
name
src stream
strne
src stream[2]
stMng
enumerated
strn
sc stream([0
nfiny
dest stream
dest sream (0
enumerated
desalstream (0]
[4]
I
A-12
Node Model: ixfr8_switch_base (cont'd)
N
NodsModel
Reno ix
"te_mw
chnbee
scheduled
00
RGB023
Intrptmethod
deay
color
1
strm 11
src stream 1]
deal stream[01
scheduled
00
RGB023
name
src stream
dest stream
method
delay
color
strm 12
we stream(0]
dest stream [0]
scheduled
00
RGB023
R
t
984
W
-l
al
mt
- b
tc
integer
double
color
scheduled
00
RGB030
mtt method
delay
color
•De
tnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
dearultvalue
strm
src stream(0]
dest stream[0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
[ eekerIu
FR switch
a
name
src stream
det stream
Intrptmethod
delay
color
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
stra
sr0 stream [0]
deststream [01
scheduled
00
RGB030
-,
MonFea0213490219
scheduled
00
RG8023
e
otiLdes
name
src stream
deal stream
(ntptmethod
delay
color
M d
e
I MenFet0213 4902 1998 1 ag17of 27
integer
double
color
180127
I Pe
scheduled
00
RGB030
far srem 1711-> ot
7 [dest atrn r0o
vlue
type
strm_22
itnng
src stream M
enumerated
de stream [0]
enumerated
scheduled
integer
00
double
RGB023
color
diaul vIe
sUm
arcstream [0]
de stream[0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
In-t
o des
intpt
integer
double
color
411- ot 4 Idest sleam Mo1
name
dest stream
intrptmethod
delay
color
strm 19
src stream[4]
dest stream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB023
name
src stream
dest stream
int10tmethod
delay
color
S[51- ot 5ides
va(ue
strm 20
src stream15]
dest stream [0]
scheduled
00
RGB023
sn' stream
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
color
strm
srcstream i0]
dest stream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
ge
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
Integer
double
color
defautuvaue
strm
src stream [0
dest stream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
!
t' e
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
defaultvalue
strm
src stream [0]
deststream [0)
'
integer
double
receiver QrI
wo-pv
aftnbute
name
channel
ec threshold
icon name
stnng
cmpound
double
con
Oratute
count
list
(See below )
e
like
delaut val..
pr
00
ptrx
de/aut
value
integer
objectlist
0
9
double
stnng
deflaultvalue
1,024
ad formatted,
or 2.chnne roi
v1l
datarate
packetformats
unspeated
Insrm_admlnframe,
f
m01
strmn21
src stream (61
deststream ([0
swnch bee
two
pr2
(Seebelow)
00
ptrx
aItndute
FR trans rdest sam
o=kd striam or 2 larc stream T011->
amputo
kvlue
name
strm_2
src stream
src stream (0]
dest stream
dest stream [2]
intrptmethod
scheduled
delay
00
color
RGB300
1
NodeModelReponx t
value
Lyt
161 -> e 6 rde
name
sre stream
dest stream
r 2
r
name
c nnel
0cctireshold
icon name
MonFeb02 134902 1998
Page19o27
No
Model
Report: rl
packet formats
valu
pr_
(Seebelow)
00
pt_rx
type
stnng
compound
double
con
00
ptl
value
1
(Seebelow)
tpe
integer
objectlist
qfautt lue
0
lir or I channel [01
atnbute
data rate
packetformats
val
type
double
stnng
de/ta
unspeclied
t
Irms_admlnframe
kt srem or 0 fir
attribue
name
srcstream
dest stream
intrptmethod
delay
coor
defaultvaue
strm
src stream (0]
dest stream [0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
MonFeb02 134902 1998 P
frmsadmmnframe,I
20o 27
stnng
al formatted,
trem 101 -> FR tans Idet stream f011
value
strm 0
arcstream 0]
dest stream[0]
scheduled
00
RGB300
np
snng
enumerated
enumerated
minteer
double
color
de value
srm
src stream (01
dest stream
(01
scheduled
00
RGB030
value
1,024
allformaned
gttow recover Dr 3
attriute
name
channei
cc mthreshold
name
1con
value
pr_3
(Seebelow )
00
ptrx
p
stng
compound
double
ion
defautvalue
pr
chanel or 3chenl
I attriute
count
list
value
1
(Seebelow )
tpe
Integer
obect list
defautvaue
0
or 3Ichannel'f0
attnoute
datarate
packetformats
uzu
unspeifled
Irms_admnframe,f
to
double
stnng
dplaul va1ue
1 024
allformaed
name
src stream
dest stream
intrptmethod
delay
color
strm3
8c stream(0)
dest stream[3]
scheduled
00
RGB300
stng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
strm
sm stream(0]
del stream[0
schduled
00
RGB030
stream
=0
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
Integer
double
color
twe
stng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
efauitvaue
pr
channel or 1,channe0
atntute
count
list
nackr
or 1 src streamfO1-> FR trans dest stream 111
value
attnbute
strml
name
se stream [0]
src stream
dest stream(1
deal stream
scheduled
intpt method
00
delay
color
RG8300
switchba
[2n
defaultvalue
strm
src stream[0]
dest stream(01
sheduled
00
RGB030
00
ptrx
I
b"
name
channel
aCC
threshold
icon name
attute
count
dat
pr 0
(Seebelow)
00
pt_rx
stnng
compound
double
icon
1
(See below)
type
Integer
oblect list
defaultvalue
0
value
unspecalfied
tyPe
double
defaut value
1.024
pr
00
pt,x
r 0
data_
r.te
A-13
Node Model: ixfr8_switch_base (cont'd)
NodeMod Reo
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MonF 02 1349021998 I Pa
swch _
NoOMom eRpot M
21of027
0_m8a
pacet formats
string
compound
double
lcon
pr
1
(Seebelow )
te
integer
objectlist
delaut vlue
0
atibute
value
tu'e
da401tvalue
datarate
packetformats
unspeafted
Irms admmiframe.f
doule
stng
1,024
all formatted
Spr6
channel
aecthreshold
oionname
(Seebelow)
00
pt_rx
ianbute
count
list
va/u
00
ptrx
Ifrmsadmm fm e
ackeream
[det stream [
name
sr stream
deststream
strm17
src stream (0]
deststream([6
snng
enumerated
enumerated
st9m
src streamf0)
dest stream [01
mtrit method
delay
color
scheduled
00
AGB300
integer
douole
color
scheduled
00
RGB030
value
pr 5
(See below)
tVDe
stnng
compound
double
can
5r
name
channel
accthreshold
onname
00
pt t
count
Ist
P.-
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ReportIxr
NodeModel
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al omane.
d,
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deal stream
intrpt method
delay
color
at
r
16
sc stream [0]
deststream [5]
scheduled
00
RG8300
stg
enumerated
enumerated
t1eger
double
color
src stream101
det stream[0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
name
pr_
4
pr
(See below)
stnng
channel
ecc threshold
icon name
strm
,
pr 6 [sr etream 011- FR tans
Iq-Ueureru8r
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2of27
Dockd'mrsas ofr fal stresmf011 FR trans[dest tream (511
name
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i MonFaO
02313409021998 I P
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defaultvalue
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0
value
unspecifed
douOle
1.024
MonFeb021349021998
b
a_swtrch_
Pae
compound
00
double
ptrx
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munt
1
(See below)
Integer
OblectlIst
0
data rate
packet formats
unspeahea
rms_admn frame f
double
string
1.024
allformated,
oake wen or 4 [arc
stream
ran->FR trns Ideat
stream1411
atlnuta
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name
strm_15
stnng
srcstream
arcstream[0)
enumerated
dest
stream
dest
stream[41
enumerated
intrpt
method
scheduled
nteger
delay
00
double
color
RGB300
color
00
ptrx
defaultvalue
strm
src
stream[0]
deststream[0]
sc uleduled
00
RGB030
1
NodeModelReoomft _stt
of27
Mo Feb02 1349 021998
bae
Page 24of27
receiver or 7
name
channel
ecc threshold
con name
pr 7
(Seebelow)
00
ptrx
stnng
compound
double
con
pr
channel or 7 channie
rtnbute
count
list
value
1
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10
nteger
object
list
defau value
o
00
pLtrx
name
channel
iconname
I
tnb0t 7 hqnu
data rate
packetformats
vlue
unspeied
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packe tream or 7 rsrc stream 1011
'rn to
name
sm stream
dest stream
mnrptmethod
delay
color
FR trans dest stream
ve
srm 18
srcstream[01
dest stream
scheduled
00
RGB300
0
channel
pt-2
(Seebelow)
iconname
re
double
stnng
default
value
1,024
aHformatted.
pt
yalua
1
(See blow )
two
Integer
objectlist
defaultYalue
0
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100
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Oetault
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1 024
pttx
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ount
list
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atinbute
data rate
two
string
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
ditar value
strm
srcstream[0]
detal
stream [01
scheduled
00
RGB030
pt
pttx
0
(See below )
Integer
oblectltst
unspeaifed
Irmsadmn frame.I
double
stnng
1.024
allformated.
pt1t
Axrger ot
&=packet
.rma
10r1010
a
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defaultvalue
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1004
default
value
data rat
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double
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allfonnatted.
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ion
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icon
count
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A-14
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Node Model: ixfr8_switchbase (cont'd)
NodeModelRepo i -
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name
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MaonFeb 1302
13
02
19
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pt
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integer
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0
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all formatted,
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MonFeO213 49021998 i Pa
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1
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double
string
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all formatted,
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101i
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ft
unspefled
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trmeraier ot 4
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name
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e
attibut
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channel
iconname
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integer
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e
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mmer pt
cnceuty
name
channel
Iconname
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5
p_5
(Seebelow)
pt_tx
acon
lu
string
compound
Mn Feb02 134 02 1998
Report Irx_irswitchbe
Node Model
stnng
compound
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pt tn
valu
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tie
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list
0
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Inrms
admminfame,f
ri#efault
double
stnng
name
channel
iconname
pt_7
(Seebelow)
pttx
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pt
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pt
pt_4
(Seebelow)
pttx
defait value
1,024
allformatted,
A-15
(Seebelow)
objectlist
defiault
value
0
Process Model: ixfr_switch
A.4.2
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modelwasdenvedfromfrms switch Thisprocess
The x_frswitchprocess
output port Italso
model switchesincomingframes toan appropnate
bysetting meFECN
partiopates inme congestioncontrolmechanism
the frames
andlor BECNnoufcatonbits inincoming
Netor
Attribute
Propety
The 'frmsrstrmindx ICIis used by theFR tIras moduleto conveythe
incomingstreamndex nformaton to theFR switcnmodule Itcontainsan
intger held('stream indexin') whichis usedby me FR-swtchmodulein
frame
Conjunctonwiththe inputOLCInumberfor switchingthe incoming
I
.. .
ILOl
. ..
- -
actionon DEbit propemes
Value
Defaul Value
DataType
AttnbuteDearpton
AutOassiggnvalue
enabled
toggle
Prtvate
FALSE
Comments.
if the switchnode
Determines
shouldperformthediscard
lest Ifenabled and
algibilty
the netok is congested all
receved frames that have the DE
bitset are discarded
Packet Formats
modelusesthe"xfrms framelmt" packetformat.whichis
Thisprocess
the framerelayframeusedto sendframe relaydata andcontrol
packet
modelalsouses the ix frms admin frame"
informationThisprocess
to the
a PVCfromthesourceFRADmodule
format,whichis used to setup
neededtoset up
destinaon FRADmodule it cames information
swtchinginformationalongthenodesinthe PVC
Enablecongeeton statuseproperties
Atltribute
Value
prope
07
DefaultValue
double
Type
Data
Private
AtnbuteDescnption
FALSE
Auto assignvalue
ofthe buffercapacty
Units
00 iodusive
LowRange
10 inclusve
HighRange
Congestionthreshold Percentage
Comments
of bufferusage above whichthe
bufferis congested The buffer
remains congested untilits usage
mevalue specified
ails belOW
by the 'Disablecongestion
status' attnbute
Value
Symbol
SymbolMap
07
07
YES
Allowother values
StaistfcWres
NONE
Process Registry
AnnbutesNONE
1 Published
2 ExpecedAnnoutesNONE
Resrctnlons
withina queuemodule
Thisprocess modelmustbecontained
AttnbuteStartdiscarding DEfilms=
Pmpety
DelaultValue
Data Type
Description
Attribute
Auto assign value
Units
LowRange
Atnbute... Capscty (o ech subquas) properties
Pnvate
FALSE
bits
...
YES
Allowomervalues
ICIInterfaces
1,024.000
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LowRange
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ty
link delay
externalfile set
-
properties
Value
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double
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00
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bufferusagefallsbelowthis
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DiscardDEframes thresholdWhen
bufferusagenses abovethis
value,the bufferdiscardsframes
wth the discardenable(DE)bit
set Such framesare discarded
untilthe bufferusagefails
belowthevalueof the 'Stop
discardingDEframes" attnnbute
value he buter stops
discarding allframes
SymbolMap
Symbol
07
Allowothervalues
YES
Value
07
AttnbuteStop dilmeadlngDEframes propertes
SymbolMap
Allowothervalues
Symbol
Value
08
08
YES
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
06
double
Private
FALSE
of mebuffercapacity
0 0 indusive
1 0 ndusive
DEframes
Stop discarding
threshod Whenbufferusage
falls belowmisvalue, be
bufferstops discrding DE
frames
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Symbol
Value
06
06
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YES
Attnbute
Value
ProperyDisablecongestionstatus propertes
De ault Value
Data Type
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Auto assignvalue
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
AtnbuteStopdiecardmi allframesproperties
Value
Default
Data Type
Attnbute
Description
Auto assign value
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
Value
DefaultValue
DataType
DescrpUon
Attribute
Auto asgn value
AttnbuteStart dlweadlng all frams properties
Value
Proert
09
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double
Data Type
Pnrivate
Descnption
Antnbute
FALSE
Auto assignvalue
ofthe buffercapaaty
Units
0 0 ndusve
LowRange
1 0 indusive
HighRange
Discardthreshold Whenbuffer
Comments
usage nses above thisvalue tie
all frames All
bufferdiscards
frames are dscarded untilthe
bufferusagefallsbelowthe
value of he Stop discardingall
framesattnbute
Value
Symbol
SymbolMap
09
09
YES
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Value
07
double
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whic thebufferis uncoegested
The bufferremainsuncongested
untilits usagerises aboveme
value specifiedbythe 'Enable
congeston status"attbute
Value
Symbol
0o
.
19
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4
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Process Model: ixfrswitch (cont'd)
MonFe 02 1354081
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IP
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value
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05
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double
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Value
pmbe
5000
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integer
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bytes
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075
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double
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FALSE
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Units
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1000
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integer
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FALSE
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bytes
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I
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MonFeb02 135408 1998
swltch
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ProcessModel erf
Attnbutebegslmintrpt properties
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N/A
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hidden
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disabled
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N/A
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order
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simulaton
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N/A
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Pmory
Page 8 of44
module
are scheduledfor the rootprocessofa processor
YES
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disabled
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MonFeb02 1354081998
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olum trnptsproperties
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droprty
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Data Type
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Report Ix
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Page4 of 16
applicationThe cd nt
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MonFeb02 134949 1998
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nFeb021349491998 Pae 1 of1
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1
(See below)
fot pr 1 channel1
alnbutg
data rate
packetformats
valug
unspecified
f
Irms_admiltframe,
te
inter
oblectliost
defaultvaulr
0
y.
t1e
doault value
double
stong
1 024
allormatted
src stream
del stream
senstream[01
deeastream [2]
enumerated
enumerated
srcstream(0)
dea stream (0]
Intrptmethod
delay
color
echeduled
00
RGB300
integer
double
color
scheduled
00
RGB030
value
pr_3
(See below)
00
pt-
stnng
compound
double
pr
icon
ptta
1(S bo
(See below)
mteger
object list
0
name
canne
cc threshold
ckawstnu
value
strm 1
Src stream [0)
deststream (11
scheduled
00
AGB300
name
src stream
dest stream
intrpt method
delay
color
tne
defaultvalue
strng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
stn
srcstream 10]
dest stream [0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
count
list
data rate
oar,.t rrceiver Or 2
a tnuta
name
channel
ecc threshold
icon name
value
pr_2
(Seebelow)
00
pt_r
type
stnng
compound
double
rcon
packet formats
desuit value
value
tye
delaultvalue
unspeafled
Irms_adminframe,
f
double
stnng
1,024
allformatted
tnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
strm
src stream(0]
dest stream [01
scheduled
00
AGB030
pr
00
pt_rx
f
chane or
Jarnbute
count
list
00
pr 1 0] > FRAD 11
Iatnbutr
/a
IP
MenFeb021349 491M
2.channe
value
1
(Seebelow)
le
integer
oblet list
defautvaluea
0
value
unspecified
frmsadmln frame,I
two
double
stnng
defaultvlue
1.024
allformatted
9"
o
sftem.' or 3 rol-> FRAD[31
attnbute,
r
Yal/
defaultvalue
name
src stream
dest stream
intrptmethod
delay
color
strm3
sunstream[01
dest stream 31]
scheduled
00
RGB300
anute
name
value
pt0
type
stnng
defaultvaoue
pt
channel
Iconname
(Seebelow)
pt a
compound
Icon
pl t
or 2.Channei[1
Saltitu
datarate
packetformas
121
S->FRAD
Iname
value
e
strm_2
stnng
defaultvalue
strm
Mn F 02139
499 18i
NodeModel
Reporttx_f4_vtradbase
Pe 15 of16
lw
aanute
value
tye
defaultvalue
count
list
1
(See below)
integer
objectlist
0
tat ot 0 channel [01
atrntuLte
data rate
packet formats
value
unspecified
frms admin frame,I
te
double
stung
defaultvalue
1.024
all onrmated,
t 2.cheer o01
data rate
packetformats
twe
stnng
compound
icon
defaultvalue
pt
-t
-lue
count
Ihst
value
1
(Seebelow)
type
integer
Objectlist
defaultovalue
0
tat ot 1,channel[f1
atnbute
datarate
packetformats
value
unspecified
fnns admin_frame I
te
double
stng
defaultvalue
1,024
allformated
tof-wetronsmuter ot 2
attnoute
name
channel
iconname
value
pt_2
(Seebelow)
pt_tx
p
stnng
compound
icon
defaultvalue
pt
altnobute
count
list
alue
1
(Seebelow )
tye
integer
obect list
defaultvalue
0
ptlDt
A-35
1,024
all formatted
We
stong
compound
con
pt
atrnbute
count
list
vc1l
1
(See below1)
type
Integer
ODectlist
defaultvalue
0
a te
datarate
packetformats
Valui
unspeafied
frms admm_frame,f
type
double
stog
defaultvalue
1 024
ad formated
channel Ot 3 channel
pt_to
loe
double
stung
value
name
channel
iconname
value
pt 1
(Seebelow)
ptlt
value
unspeafled
Irms admmframe,
pt13
(Seebelow)
ptx
attrbute
tter Ot 1
vt-f( trqqman
atnbute
name
channel
loonname
MonFe 02 134949 1998 Page 16of 16
Node ModeI
Report _fr4_ladbe
detaul value
ptltx
A.4.5
Node Model: ixfr4_vsrv_base
RPeortI t4 v
Noe Model
MonFsb021350
1 e Ies
_bse
RPe
NodeMoael
Repo ht
o 12
Node ModelCommes
MonFeb02135016 19
_vsm_bM
2 of12
P
4 Frame Relayconnecrons at selectable
date rates
GeneralNodeFunctions
from the
The ix_fr4_vsrvbase was denved
fr4 serer basenode model Thismodel
reresents a FrameRelaynodemodelwhic
running
applications
has client-server
over FrameRelay
node
FrameRelay
FRAD
Protomols
server
hidden
Frame Relay(ANSIT1 606 ANSITi 617.
ANSITi 618. ANSIT1 606a ANSIT1 513,
ANSIT 606b.ANSITI 617a)
Interconnecuons
saver
YES
NO
NO
fixed
mobile
satellite
4 Frame Relayinputsand4 Frame
RelayouloutsThefourFrame Relay
connectionshave selectabledata rates
Attnbutes
Ned. Moel InteriemAlitrbutes
Atbute MaxFramesSta propertIes
r
Value
Proer
OldNames
FRADxfrad conn MaximumFrameSize
set
AssignStatus
4,032
Inital Value
4,032
DefaultValue
integer
Data Type
Pnvate
AttnbuteDescnpton
bytes
Units
262Indusve
LowRange
Comments
Maximumsize theframe relay
networ can process Frames
Table speciies
*ServerConflguration
the servicesprovided bythe servers, and
for eachservice
the "SelectionWeight"
There shouldonlybe an entryfor
'PacketlzedVoice in thetable
TPALAddress speclies the transport
layeraddressof the server
NetworkPVCConfigurationspecifies
the PVCconnectionsaltached to this
Frame Reiaynode Mayalsobe used to
between other
speafy PVCconnections
FrameRelaynodes
/Inhernt
N/A
N/A
YES
NIA
N/A
YES
YES
YES
larger than this size are
Restnctions
segmented
SymbolMap
AllFrameRelaynodes including
ixIr4 vst .ase nodes must have unique
node names Namingtwonodes wththe
samename, even ifthey arelocated in
differentsubnets willresultIn
unpredictablesimulaton timebehavior
Symbol
1.500
4.032
YES
Allowothervalues
Suppressed
NO
NO
AttnbuteNetworkPVC Conflguraton properties
Property
Value
OldNames
FRADPVCConhguraton
AssignStatus
set
<<Summary>>
GeneralFunctionworkstalon
ProtocolsFrameRelay
Suppored
Pon InterfaceDescnption
YES
Value
1500
4032
Innent
N/A
I
I
Reort IX r4 verv base
I NodeModel
InitialValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescription
Comments
MonFe 0213 0161998
Pge 3ot12
I o
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
NONE
compound
Pnvate
Use the wsub-blet
attnbutes to
speay thePVCconnectlonsfor
this nodeor for theentre
nework
ROerr
Model
n
4 vha
baU
I MonF 0b2
135016 1998 i Pa
SymbolMap
NONE
YES
Annbuteconditionproperltes
Propery
AssignStatus
Inttal Value
DefaultValue
Data Type
AnnbuteDescnpton
Comments
Value
hidden
enabled
enabled
toggle
Pnvate
Inhent
4 of12
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Thisannbuterepresents he operational
statusof a
node
NONE
YES
Poery
Value
Innhent
AssignStatus
Inba Value
DefaultValue
DataType
AnttuteDesnption
Uruts
Comments
hidden
00
00
double
Private
sec
SymbolMap
Ardbute phase propertes
SymbolMap
Allowothervalues
Annbute
TPALAddress propertes
Property
OldNames
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AttnbueDescnption
Comments
Symbol
NONE
YES
Suppressed
NO
YES
Value
( )
inhent
N/A
Value
tpal Address
set
AutoAssigned
AutoAssigned
stnng
Private
SymbolMap.
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Attbute priortyproperties
Propety
Asn Status
Intal Value
DefaultValue
Data Type
AttnbuteDescription
LowRange
TPALaddressof the nodeThis
value must be uniquefor each
node
SymboiMap
Allowothervalues
Attnbute
alttude properties
Property
Status
Assgno
InitialValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AnnbuteDescnption
Comments
Symbol
AutoAssigned
YES
Suppressed
NO
Value
hidden
00
00
double
Private
YES
Value
AutoAssigned
HighRange
Comments
SymbolMap
Inente
N/A
YES
WA
N/A
YES
Thisannbuterepresents
te distanceof a
satellite
from sealevel on thesurfaceof theearth
A-36
Thisattnbte supportsthe translationintme
of a stellite's orbit
NONE
Value
hidden
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
Inhenm
SWANA
YES
0
integer
Pnvate
0
32000 nclusve
indusve
N/A
WA
YES
YES
YES
a node s pnonty
This attnbuterepresents
for the samesimulatonhme.
When multipleeventsarescheduled
those for a higherpnontynodewillbe executedfirst
YES
NONE
Node Model: ixfr4_vsrv_base (cont'd)
NodsModel
Repomr
onFb 02135016T1 8 i P1
4 vl rvb(e
Attnbutuser d pmertles
Pq,'y
Value
AssignStatus
InitalValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescnptlon
hidden
0
0
integer
Pnvate
NedeMoel
5o12
aeprh
i4Mve
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
I
strm_4
src stream(01
dest stream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB023
strm_6
stnng
strm
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
sec stream(0i
dest stream[01
scheduled
00
RGB030
strm 7
src stream[31
dest stream(0]
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
strm
src stream [0]
deststream [0]
scheduled
00
integer
double
scheduled
00
RGB023
color
RGB030
sMm21
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
strm
src stream [01
dest stream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
stnng
typed ile
icon
stnng
toggle
p
sink
processor
AutoAssigned
disabled
FRA5r31->i.
ot 3
sting
p
deststream
Intrptmethod
delay
typedfile
sink
color
Icon
processor
compound
toggle
toggle
enumerated
toggledouble
integer
integer
enumerated
toggle
disabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
4032
0
disabled
disabled
lOT
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
Integer
double
color
strm
src stream(0]
deststream [0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
oaka'stre,
FRAD[41•
name
src stream
deal stream
intrptmethod
delay
color
strm 5
src stream(1]
deststream(01
scheduled
00
RGB023
stnng
strm
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
src stream(0]
dest stream
(0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
srcstream(4]
deststream [0]
sc eduled
00
RG8300
tpal
tpal
processor
promoted
enabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
name
process model
icon name
Address
begsim Intrpt
endsim intrpt
failureIntrpts
Intrptinterval
pnonty
recoveryintrpts
superpnonty
Packer
strmam
name
smrc
stream
dest stream
med
intmpt
delay
color
deststream[01
intpt method
scheduled
00
RGB300
delay
color
name
smrc
stream
dest stream
ntrptmethod
delay
color
value
strm 222
wec
stream(0]
deststream[4)
scheduled
00
RGB023
a
name
processmodel
server
ix_net app serv
con name
CustomApplicationTranspo0
DatabaseTransport
EmalTransport
F Transport
Pacetized VoiceTransport
ProcessingRate
ServerContguration
Wndow
Stabsec
VideoConferencng Transport
XWindowsTransport
begum intrpt
endsimintrpt
failureintrpts
ntrptnrterval
pnonry
recoverymtrts
super ponty
processor
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
10
(Seebelow)
10
FR
FR
enabled
enabled
disabled
disabled
0
disabled
disabled
enumerated
integer
double
color
deftau value
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
Integer
double
strm
src stream(0]
dest stream[(01
scheduled
00
color
RGB030
tue
defaultvalue
stnng
p
typedfile
icon
stnng
stnng
stnng
stnng
stnng
double
compound
double
stnng
stnng
toggle
toggle
enumerated
toggledouble
integer
enumerated
toggle
sink
processor
TCP
TCP
UDP
TCP
TCP
10
None
10
AALS
TCP
disabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
0
disabled
disabled
I
(Seebelow)
integer
oblectlist
0
ServiceName
Packetlzed
Voice
stnng
Padkeetzed
Voice
count
strm 210
sc stream [2)
tnne
stnng
enumerated
defaultvaue
strm
src stream(0]
MonFeb021350 161998
10
double
10tO
atrnoute
name
sm stream
deststream
Inttptmethod
delay
color
value
str 220
src stream[0]
dest stream[21
scheduled
00
RGB123
type
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
defaut value
strm
srcstream[0]
deststream[0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
tDyp
defaultvalue
pr
o-F rteor
rF.
attriute
name
channel
accthreshold
icon name
o0 0
value
pro
(Seebelowm)
00
ptrx
stnng
compound
double
icon
00
ptnr
,
value
1
mve
Integer
lst
(Seebelow)
objectlist
atnbute
data rate
packetformats
value
unspeafled
tcDe
double
defaultvalue
1 024
nnfrsadmn rame. f
stnng
alllormated
val
strm0
srcstream[01
deststream ([0
scheduled
00
RG8300
typ
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
deIauftvalue
strm
src stream(0]
dest stream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
Packetsa
or 0 01-> FRAD[1
attnCute
name
src stream
deststream
intrptmethod
delay
color
A-37
Page 8 ot12
SetectonWeignt
rhannr pr 0.chppag
attnbute
count
[ ,Ol |unr
list
disabled
disabled
dIsabled
disabled
0
disabled
disabled
Nod
deststream[01
scheduled
00
RGB030
tye
disabled
enumerated
toggledouble
integer
enumerated
toggle
MdeaM
Repot Ia f4vervbe
MoeFee 021350 161998 i Pag 7 ot12
deststream
toggle
0
name
src stream
NodeModel oeod Ix_f4 vmN_be.
i Pa6 of12
s stream (2]
deststream
(01
scheduled
00
RGB023
name
sn stream
name
src stream
dest stream
intrptmethod
delay
color
98
501619
name
J
FRAD
ix frad mgr
processor
promoted
enabled
disabled
disabled
disabled
promoted
0
disabled
disabled
13
02
em stream
deelstream
intrpt method
delay
color
Thesattnbute is an integerwhichis provided
for
usar-speofcidentlfcationpurposes
NONE
YES
name
process model
con name
PVCConfiguration
begsm ntrpt
endsmintrpt
falureintrpts
Intrptinterval
FrameSize
ix frad conn Maximum
ppnotty
recovery
intrpts
super pnonty
F
I on
Inte
Comments
SymbolMa
M
m
defaultvalue
0
Node Model: ixfr4_vsrvbase (cont'd)
NodeModel
Report.
lt4_ v
01-ptDregtver or
attntgg
ae
) P
Mn Feb021350 161998
o
12
SNo Modl ReporttMf4 voe
b
I
1
value
defaultvalue
e
name
pr1
stung
pr
chnnel
ecc threshold
iconname
(See below)
00
ptrx
compound
double
Icon
00
ptrx
ackt
.onmat
PC
MonFeb0213 016 1998
i
Irm
pr.geg
mm_
frame,I
Page
10o 12
sg
aefonmaned.
of 2[ 01-> FRAD
vtat
elue
c
I4ne
Or
fpnnel
1.ohenal
count
list
value
ea
1
(Seebelow )
dtauvalius
nteger
0oectlist
hst or I channel 101
aMnbutr
data rate
packetformats
value
unspecfied
frnsadmn_frame, f
ouble
stnng
0
strm2
sc stream(0]
deatstream(21
sing
enumerated
enumerated
strm
src stream [01
dest stream [0]
intpt method
scheduled
intger
scheduled
delay
color
00
RG300
double
coor
00
RGB030
name
pr_3
channel
Occthreshold
nng
compound
double
icon
pr
(Seebelow )
00
pt-n
integer
0
defaultvalue
1,024
al formatted.
ion name
yk
defaultXglue
name
srcstream
dealstream
00
ptLO
r 1 0 -> FRAD
agntute
tw
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
integer
double
color
value
strm 1
src stream (0]
deststream [1]
scheduled
00
RGB300
name
src stream
deststream
intrptmethod
delay
color
fault value
stnr
alu
src stream(0]
dest stream(01
scheduled
00
RGB030
v(See
count
Ist
(See below)
objectlist
unpoefiaed
frs admin frame,I
double
sting
Itnt or 3.ehannel
data rate
packet tormats
value
pr-2
(See below)
00
pt_rx
name
Channel
ac threshold
Ion name
stnng
compound
atnbutoIdatarate
00
Icon
pt_rx
1
integer
(See bew )
oblechtSt
unspealed
o
uble
9
Mn FeO021350161:8
NodeModelReporttxr4 _vsr bae
affnqute
name
channel
icon name
c 4an{l
double
oarka rmam or 3 [1
nbut
t
valq
1oe
pt_0
(See below)
pt_tx
sting
compound
icon
value
1
(Seebelow)
integr
oblet list
vel/a
unspeofled
f
rms admm_frame,
tope
double
stnng
FRA
1
p
->
name
src stream
dest stream
intrptmethod
delay
color
value
"atnuf
count
1 024
ad formated,
0meueu
aD
value_
pr
0
strma3
srestream(0]
deststream[3]
scheduled
00
RGB300
deat
"a
valie
stnng
enumerated
enumerated
rnteger
double
color
value
stm
src stream[0]
deststream(0]
scheduled
00
RGB030
defau value
1,024
Pae 11of 12
N
defaultvalue
pt
ModelReport x
gcnnel
at
r4
vs_Mbae
Par12 o12
Mo0FO02 135016 1998
2.chonnel
t
count
1
oteger
pttx
lIst
(Seebelow)
obectlist
value
da
dfault
0
attibutea
0
.channei
Satriute
count
list
I atnodute
data rate
packetfomats
plt
(Seebelow)
pt_tx
tw
strng
compound
icon
eauft value
pt
Sdanbnua
count
list
value
1t
(See below)
00e
nteger
objectlist
delaul value
0
value
unspeated
frmsadmnframe. f
to
double
stnng
deault value
1.024
aNformaned.
tye
stnng
compound
icon
defaultvalue
pt
lit bt 1 charn
Ia art
data rate
packetlormals
1
alue
pt2
(Seebelow)
pltx
name
channel
ion name
pt_3
(See below)
ptL-t
channl t .Channel
count
list
pt_tx
rOl
#.4o-,g
trinsmiaer ot 2
atbute
name
channel
iconname
unspeotled
frms_admlnframe,I
tun
double
stnng
defautvalue
1,024
allfornatted,
defaul value
1.024
all formatted.
atvl
name
channel
icon name
e
vf
data rate
packet formats
pt_tx
A-38
nng
pt
compound
icon
pt_
integer
0
e
1
(See below)
object list
unspeated
fIns admtn_frame,I
double
stnng
1,024
al fomantted,
Node Model: ixfr4_dfradbase
A.4.6
IN-
.. ..
. . ..
( MonFa
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Mode-i
R-n: I 114dfd b
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1352o
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1
I
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s
.
No Mdet Repr
GeneralNodeFunctions
Node ModelKeywords
FrameRelay
FRAD
Protocols
workstation
hidden
Frame Relay(ANSIT1 606.ANSITl 617,
ANSITI 618 ANSITI 606a ANSIT1 513.
ANSITI 606b ANSITI 617a)
Node ModelTvars
NodsType
fixed
mobile
Interconnections
4 Frame Relayinputsand4 Frame
Relayoutputs ThetourFrame Relay
connectionshave selectabledata rates
Dfauit
wkstn
Suoported
YES
NO
NO
satellite
Annbutes
n.
Noe ModelIntsrfaceAtufibutsl
to only
Thisclientnodeis modified
supporthe FTPclientapplication
conhigurablewithdtiferenttraffic
generattonparameters
Attrbute ClientCustomAppllsMlonproperties
Property
Value
OldNames
clientCustomApplication
tdden
AssignStatus
Off
Intial
Value
On
DefaultValue
compound
Data Type
Pnvate
AttnnbueDescnpton
"TPALAddress' Thisattnbuteallows
of the addressof
for thespecdfication
the node
Comments
specifies
*NetworkPVCConfiguration'
the PVCconnectionsattached to this
Frame Relaynode Mayalsobeused to
betweenother
specify PVCconnections
FrameRelaynodes
Inhent
N/A
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
for a
Specifies
parameters
ample clientapplication
wt detailedaccess toits
metncs
trIffic generation
SymbolMap
Restnctions
AllFrameRelaynodes. including
II fr4 dfrad sassnodes must raveunique
nodenamels Namingtwonodes withthe
samename,even if they arelocatedin
differentsunets, wiitresultin
simulationtimebehanor
unpredictable
M
~~
~ ~ - - -1~~~~~
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Page o 1
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Page11o 16
MenFeb02 3 5209 1998
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0213 5209 1998 Pae 15of16
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ANSITi 617.
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Node Type
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A.4.10
Process Model: gna_cli
F02
Commentscl
Process
ModelRort
15053 198
ge
ProcesModel
Reon
41
MonFeb0215 0533 1998
ne cll
Page 2of41
Attnbute
Close_Command_Reraemesslon properhes
GeneralProcessOescrpton
DefaultValue
DataType
Attnnbute
Descnptlon
Auto assgn value
Units
Low Range
Comments
a clientsessionAtltrafficbetween
The gnadl process modelrepresents
clientsandservers is organized into sessions An instanceof this
for everyseason it modelsa single
processmodelIsspawned
conversationbetweena clientanda serverDunnga session,theclient
alternates betweenpenods of lowtrafftc(lullpenods)andpenodsof
hightraffic(burstpenods)
20
double
Prnvate
FALSE
sec
0 0 exclusive
Amountof timetheclientwaits
forthe close confirmpacketfrom
theserverIf thepacketis not
afterthe delay
received
speolled the client resendsthe
packet
ICIInterlaces
•tpal req' ICIis usedin conjunctionwithpackettransferstothe lower
layer Itcontains fields*TransportID'.*SessionID', "flags"
iD' 'Remote Port'. Servicename' 'LocalPort'. Remote
*Application
Address' and'Protocol'
Packet Formals
"gna"
packetformalis usedbyall the gnaprocessmodelsThe packet
fields "response' whichmaycontain a response
contains thefollowing
packettobe sent fromthe serverto theclientaftertherequesthasbeen
unitsthat
"obsize' whichis the numberof jobprocessing
processed.
the responsecan besent and 'command' which. set
must bespentbefore
value,is theintegercode of a request thatshouldbe
toa non-zero
have beensent
issued to tpal bytheserverafteralltheresponses
ProcessModelInterfa Attributes
Antnbutebegitmitrptproperties
Proerty
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AttnbuteDescnptlon
Comments
if
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interfaces
None
Value
hidden
enabled
disabled
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Value
hidden
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disabled
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N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Thisattnbutespecifieswhetheran 'end simulation
interrupt'is generated fora processormodules root
process
attheendofthesimulation
YES
NONE
Attbute failureintrptspropentes
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N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
whethera beginsimulation
Thisattributespecifies
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process at the startofthe simulation
YES
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Registry
Process
Publshed AttrlbulesNone
ExpectedAtnbutes prolocol (tpal)
SymbolMap
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intrpt properties
Property
AssignStatus
InitialValue
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DataType
AttnbuteDescription
Comments
Restrctions
of theneLapp_mgrprocess
Thegna_dlmust be declaredas a childprocess
to thelower layermustbe madeon Inputandoutput
modelConnections
0
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streams
I Process ModelAttributes
IMonFeb02 15053318
gna cll
ProcessModelRepod
AssignStatus
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DelaultValue
Data Type
Attrbute Descnotlon
Comments
SymbolMap
hidden
disabled
disabled
enumerated
Pnvate
1 MonFeb02 150533 1998
Report gr_cl
ProvesMOdel
Pa e3 o41
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
Thisattnbutespecifieswhetherfailureinterrupts
for a processor
module'sroot process
aregenerated
of nodes or linksin thenetworkmodel
upon failure
YES
NONE
SymbolMap
NONE
YES
Atbute super prinonrity
propertes
Property
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AttnbuteDescription
Comments
Value
set
disabled
disabled
toggle
Pnvale
Inherit
N/A
YES
N/A
NA
YES
order
theexecution
Thisattnbuteis usedto determine
of events that arescheduledtooccur at the same
simulationtime
YES
NONE
antrpt
Attnbute
interval properties
Propery
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DelaultValue
Data Type
AttnbuteDescription
Units
Comments
SymboIMap
properlies
Attbute prinorty
Properly
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
DataType
AnnbuteDescnptlon
LowRange
HighRange
Comments
SymbolMap
Atinbuterecoveryimtrptsproperties
Propery
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AttnbuteDescnrptllon
Comments
Value
hidden
disabled
dlsabled
toggledouble
Pnvale
sec
Inhernt
Value
set
0
0
integer
Pnvate
-32767inrclusive
32767inclusive
Inherit
SymbolMap
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
Thisattributespecfleshow oftenregularinterrupts
module
of a processor
arescheduledforthe rootprocess
YES
NONE
HdlrI
t
ock
~ln
ncll
An
NIA
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
order
theexecution
is used todetermine
Thisannbute
same
to
occur
at
the
scheduled
events
that
are
of
smulatlon time
YES
NONE
101em
1
glo,1rl
mltl
25
l rhyt
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1u 0lllnorp
Value
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disabled
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ne111n
et
l 0mIIat
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N/A
YES
NIA
N/A
YES
Thisattnbute
specifieswhelherrecoveryinterrupts
arescheduled
forthe processor module'srootprocess
model
of nodesor I.nksinthe network
uponrecovery
Page 4 o41
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"PropagationSpeed' specifies
to Distance
thedelay"annbute of thelink is set
themedium If
delaybasedon
Based'thisspeedIsused tocalculatethepropagation
twonodes
thedistancebetween
iUnkModel Intlts AOlitn
Attnbutebe properties
Prp=erfy
AssignStatus
InitialValue
DefaultValue
Data Type
AttributeDescnpton
Units
LowRange
HighRange
Commenis
Lnk ModelKewo
link
point
point_to
FrameRelay
hidden
Link ModelTypes
Link Type
ptsmp
ptdup
bus
bustap
Icon
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Supored
NO
YES
NO
NO
fr_duplexlink
Value
set
00
00
double
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eribit
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00*0001countproperties
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Value
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I
integer
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NONE
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
N/A
YES
N/A
N/A
YES
YES
YES
YES
of
Thisattnbute can beused tospecify the probability
overa
whicharetransmitted
biterrors in packets
bus
YES
NONE
SymbolMap
AnkM delAttinbutes
Propegatio Speed properties
Attnbute
Value
Propert
Speed ofLight
DefaultValue
double
DataType
unt p
AttnnutDescnripton
Public propagation_speed
Units
LowRange
Comments
meterwsec
0 0 indclusive
the
Thisattnbutespecifies
propagationspeed(in
MonFeo021402 0 1998
Reor IX FR link base
LinkModel
Antbuteclosuremodelproperties
property
AssignStatus
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Pa
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es
MonFb 0214 0204 1998
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any
between
theconnectivlty
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transmitterandrecerer on the bus
YES
NONE
Attnbutecoil model properties
poerty
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set
dbucoll
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Symbol
Defaut Value
dbu coll
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DS0
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OS3
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oPmoeD0i
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DefaultValue
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Attributedatamrt ppertles
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N/A
NO
N/A
N/A
NO
NO
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Speofiesthe speedof data
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N/A
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YES
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when two packetsaresmultaneouslypresentatthesame
receiverchannel on the buslink.
YES
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pel
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Page 4 of 6
number. whichis pnmanlyIntendedas a routing
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51840,000
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sec
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se name ofa ppeline procedure
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YES
NONE
6I6
#define FRMSC_ FRAD_STRT_ADM_PROC
/**
90
ix frms interfaces h
/* Macro for the maximum string size used in this model
#define MAXSTR SIZE
64
I** File that defines data structures and constants
/I' used in the IX frame relay modeling suite examples
**/
**/
/I Include header file to use math library functions
u-ed in the model
I'
#include
<math h>
*/
*/
/
Define macros to denote the different types of
/*
/'
packet formats used in the frame relay example
*/
/*
model
'/
"xfrms_framefmt"
#define FRMSC FRFRAMEPKFMT
#define FRMSCFRADMINPKFMT
'ix
frmsadminframe'
'frms-tpal_setup_frame'
#define FRMSCFRTPAL_SETUP-PKFMT
/* Define macros to denote the different types of ICI */
*/
/' formats used in the frame relay example model
'frmstr applinfo'
#deflne FRMSCFR_APPL_INFO ICIFMT
'frms_fr_dest lnfo'
Idefine FRMSC_FR DEST_INFO_ICIFMT
#define FRMSC-FR STRM INDEX ICIFMT
'frmsfr strmindex'
*/
/- Define macro to indicate that the statistics used
'I
in the example models
/*
'FR Residual Error Rate'
#define FRMSC NETWORK RER STAT NAME
"Global FR End to End Delay
#define FRMSC_FRAD ETE_GLOBAL NAME
(sec)
'Global FR End to End Delay
#define FRMSC-FRAD_ETE-VAR-GLOBALNAME
Variance'
'FR Network Congestion Sta#define FRMSCNET_CONGESTION_STAT_NAME
tus'
'Global FR Actual Load
#define FRMSC_FRADLOALOADBITS_GLOBALNAME
(bits)
'Global FR Actual Load
#define FRMSC-FRADLOAD_BITS_SEC_GLOBALJAME
(bits/sec)'
'Global FR Actual Load
#define FRMSCFRADLOADPKTSGLOBAL_NAME
(packets)"
"Global FR Actual Load
#define FRMSC FRAD LOAD PKTS_SECGLOBAL NAME
(packets/sec)'
"Global FR Throughput
#define FRMSC.FRADTPUT-BITSGLOBAL_NAME
(bits)'
'Global FR Throughput
#def ine FRMSCFRAD_ TPUT_BITS_SECGLOBAL_NAME
(bits/sec)'
'Global FR Throughput (pack#def Ine FRMSCFRADTPUT PKTS_GLOBAL_NAME
ets)'
'Global FR Throughput
#define FRMSC FRAD_TPUT PKTS_SECGLOBALNAME
(packets/sec)*
/*
/*
/I
/*
Define macro to indicate that the FRAD nodes need
initiate frame relay administrative procedures of
setting up switching tables at all the switching
nodes in the network
*/
*/
'/
*/
*/
/* Macros to distinguish different types of Frame
/*
Relay applications for the process registry scheme
Idefine FRMSC REG_PLAIN APPLICATION
11
#define FRMSC REG_IP-APPLICATION
22
*/
*/
/* Macro to indicate the PVC setup procedures and
/*
network configuration
#define FRMSCSAPUNSET
-1
#define FRMSC PVC_CONFINCOMPLETE
-I
#define FRMSC PVC_CONF IN PROGRESS
0
#define FRMSC PVC_CONF COMPLETE
1
'/
/* Macro to indicate the FR Switch port information
/*
and DLC configuration
#define FRMSC SWITCH STRM IN
0
Idefine FRMSC SWITCH DLCIIN
1
#define FRMSC SWITCH STRM OUT
2
#define FRMSCSWITCHDLCIOUT
3
*/
*/
/* Define macro to indicate the names of the local ETE
/* delay, variance, load and thruput statistics per FRAD module
*/
Idef ne FRMSC FRAD ETELOCAL NAME
'FR End to End Delay (sec)'
#define FRMSCFRADETEVAR_LOCAL NAME
'FR End to End Delay Variance'
#def ne FRMSC FRAD LOAD BITS LOCAL NAME
'FR Actual Load (bits)'
#define FRMSC FRADLOAD_BITS_SEC_LOCAL NAME 'FR Actual Load (bits/sec)'
#define FRMSC FRAD LOAD_PKTS LOCAL NAME
'FR Actual Load (packets)'
#define FRMSCFRAD_LOADPKTS SEC LOCAL NAME *FR Actual Load (packets/sec)'
#define FRMSC FRADTPUT BITS LOCAL NAME
'FR Throughput (bits)'
#define FRMSC_FRADTPUT-BITS_SECLOCAL NAME 'FR Throughput (bits/sec)'
'FR Throughput (packets)'
Idefine FRMSC FRAD TPUT PKTS_LOCAL NAME
#define FRMSC FRAD TPUT PKTS SECLOCAL NAME 'FR Throughput (packets/sec)'
/* Define macros used in the Application Configuration compound attribute
'/
#define FRMSC_APPL_APPL.CONF
'Application Configuration'
#define FRMSC APPL_GDF FILE
'External File'
Idefine FRMSC_APPL_SRCAPPL
'Source Application'
#define FRMSC_APPL_DEST.APPL
'Destination Application'
#define FRMSC_APPLDEST-FRAD
"Destination FRAD'
#define FRMSC-APPL START TIME
"Staot Time'
#define FRMSC_APPLEND TIME
'End Time'
Idefine FRMSCAPPL_PKSIZE_PDF
'Packet Size Distribution
#define FRMSCAPPLPKSIZEARGO
"Packet Size ArgO'
#define FRMSC_APPLPKSIZE-ARG1
'Packet Size Argl'
#define FRMSC_APPL IAT_PDF
*Interarrival Distribution'
#define FRMSCAPPL_IAT_ARGO
'Interarrival ArgO'
#define FRMSC APPL_IATARGI
'Interarrival Argl'
/* Macro to indicate the the "End Time'
attribute is set to '/
/* the end of the simulation
#define FRMSC_APPL END_OF_SIM
srcsnetid,
dest snet
srcfradid,
dest-fradid,
src-frad node
destfradnode
srcappl-name
dest_appl_name
src_SAP,
dest_SAP,
CIR,
Ob3id
10
/* Define macros used in the PVC Configuration compound attribute
*/
#define FRMSC FRAD PVC CONF
"PVC Configuration"
#define FRMSCFRAD SRCFRAD
"Source FRAD'
#define FRMSC FRAD SRC APPL
"Source Application'
#define FRMSC_FRAD DEST_FRAD
"Destination FRAD'
Idefine FRMSC FRAD DESTAPPL
"Destlnation Application'
#define FRMSCFRAD CIR
'Committed Information Rate"
#define FRMSC FRAD BC
"Committed Burst Size"
#define FRMSC FRAD BE
"Excess Burst Size'
#define FRMSCFRADFXP
"Frame Transfer Priority'
#define FRMSC FRAD FDP
"Frame Discard Priority'
/* Macro that Indicates that the source FRAD is set to the current node
-/
Idefine FRMSC_FRAD_SRCAUTOASSIGN
'Aut to Assigned'
id,
Ob)1d
Ob] id
Objid
char
char
char
char
int
int
double
double
[MAX_STR_SIZE],
(MAX STRSIZE],
[MAX STR_SIZE],
(MAX_STRSIZE],
double
Int
int
Route*
FrT PVC RteDesc*
) FrT_PVCLinkDesc,
pvcrteptr,
pvc-rte_desc_array,
*/
Animation display (custom animation) macros
/*
#deflne FRMSCANIH OFF XPOS
350
20
#define FRMSCANIMOFFYPOS
#define FRMSCANIM DELXPOS
350
#define FRMSCANIMDELYPOS
45
#define FRMSC ANIM_DES XPOS
350
#def ne FRHSC ANIMDES YPOS
70
#define FRMSC_ANIMRER XPOS
350
95
#define FRMSC ANIM RER YPOS
#define FRMSC GRAPH PROPS1
OPC ANIM PIXOP XOR I OPC-ANIM RETAIN
OPC ANI!M PIXOPXOR I
#deflne FRMSCGRAPHPROPS2
OPC-ANIM COLOR-RGB131
OPCANI]MFONTOPEN18
OPC_ANIMALIGNV_BOTTOM
OPCANIHMALIGNH_CENTER
#define FRMSC GRAPHPROPS3
OPCANIMPIXOP_XOR
OPCANIMCOLORRGB323 I
OPC_ANI HMFONT-OPEN18
OPCANIM_ALIGNV BOTTOM
OPCANIIM ALIGNHCENTER
/*
Data structure to contain Information about all the */
/*
PVC link descriptor arrays
typedef struct
/
Data structure to store the contents of selected
/*
/I
/*
routes into array of integers for easy manipulation
/*
within process models
'/
typedef struct
/* Data structure to store definitions for FRAD connection
/* descriptor for a node
This is also used to map the
/*
incoming data traffic from application based on the
/*
SAP number to an outgoing DLCI value
typedef struct
Int
Int
Int
) FrT_PVCRteDesc,
num_nodes,
subnet_id_array
node_id array
([AXSTRSIZE),
[MAXSTR_SIZE],
/*
Data structure to store definitions for PVC link
/*
configuration within the frame relay network
typedef struct
*/
*/
int
FrT PVCLink Desc*
) FrTPVC Llnk Table,
numdescs,
link-descarray,
/*
Data structure that contains Information about the
/*
source and destination FRADs and applications
/*
This data structure is embedded in the ICI that is
/I set to the packet going from the higher layer to
the FRAD layer
/*
typedef struct
*/
'/
"/
'I
char
srcFRAD_node [MAX_STRSIZE],
char
dest FRAD node [MAX STR SIZE);
char
src_APPL name [MAXSTRSIZE],
char
destAPPL_name [MAXSTR_SIZE],
) FrTAppl_Dest_Info,
Int
int
int
Int
Int
char
char
char
DLCI,
strm_to_app;
strmfromapp,
strmtonet,
strm from_net,
srcappl [MAX STRSIZE],
dstappl (MAX STRSIZE],
src_frad (MAX STR_SIZE),
cD
char
dst_frad [MAXSTRSIZE],
Boolean
conn_exists,
Boolean
appl_SAPset,
Prohandle
connprohandle,
) FrT_FradConn_Desc,
typedef struct
-.
Int
sum pkts,
int
sum_bits,
) FrmsT_Ld-Tput_Stat Data,
/* Data structure to contain information about all the */
/* FRAD connection descriptor arrays
"/
typedef struct
int
FrT_Frad_Conn Desc*
) FrT_Frad_ConnTable,
num_descs,
conn descriptor,
/* Data structure to contain information about the
/*
switching ports at the FR switches.
typedef struct
int
Int
int
Int
) FrTSwitch PortDesc,
I/
1/
strm_input;
dlcilnput;
strm_output,
dlcioutput,
/*
Data structure to contain information about all the
/* switch port descriptors
typedef struct
Int
FrT SwitchPortDesc*
} FrT_Switch_PortMap;
numports,
port descriptor,
/*
Data Structure to contain information about the
/* statistic collection parameters
typedef struct
double
double
double
) FrmsTEteStatData;
*/
sample_count,
sample_sum;
sample_sqsum,
/* Data Structure to contain information about the
/* statistic collection parameters
typedef struct
double
double
double
i FrmsT_RerStatData;
I/
/
*/
num framessent,
num frames rcvd;
num_framesdestroyed,
/* Data Structure to contain information about the
/* statistic collection parameters
*/
/* gna h Definitions and declarations for the */
/
/* GNA generic network application model
/....*..*..
.............* ...... .... .......
***/.. . ..
Copyright (c) 1995
by MIL 3, Inc
All Rights Reserved
Modified August 1997 by Geoff Lee Seyon
#Ifndef GNAH
#define GNA-H
/*...* Constants ..
/.
/* This code is used by the GNA client process to indicate to the
manager that the session has closed. Since the delivery mechanism
is a remote interrupt, it is important that this code doesn't
conflict with any of the indication codes used by TPAL
*/1
1
#define GNACINDSESS_CLOSED
This number gives an offset for all the application port numbers
based on the application Indices
define GNA
Odefine GNACPORTBASE 100
/*
/* Application names. */
#define GNACAPP VIDEO
#define GNAC_APP_RLOGIN
#define GNACAPPXWIN
#define GNACAPP-EMAIL
Idef ne GNACAPPFTP
#define GNACAPP DB_QUERY
#deflne GNACAPP DB-ENTRY
#define GNAC_APP_CUST
'Video Conferencing'
"Packetized Voice'
"X Windows"
'Email'
'Ftp'
'DB Query Application'
'DB Entry Application'
"Custom Application'
/***** Type definitions *****/
/* GnaT_Cli_Params
typedef struct
char*
char'
int
double
char*
double
Distribution*
Distribution*
Distribution*
Distribution*
Distribution*
Int
Distribution*
parameters for a client process. I/
protocol_name;
servicename,
rem_port;
dur,
remote addr,
locpercent;
lulldurdptr;
lullpkia-dptr,
burstdurdptr,
burstk_aadptr,
pksizedptr,
echo_flag,
resp count dptr,
Distribution*
resp_size dptr,
Distribution*
job_ovhd_dptr,
double
weight,
Boolean
resp pk_with_close,
int*
email loadreq ptr,
int'
emall_thru reptr,
int'
email_load byte-ptr,
Intemail_thru_byteptr,
Int*
rlogin_loadreq ptr;
int'
rlogin_thrureqptr,
Int*
rlogin_load byte-ptr;
Int"
rlogin_thru_byteptr;
Intl
ftp loadreq ptr,
int"
ftp thru_rqepti,
intl
ftp load_byteptr,
int*
ftp thru byte_ptr,
int*
video_loadreqptr,
int
video_thru_req ptr,
int*
video_loadbyteptr;
Int*
video_thrubyteptr,
int*
xwin_load reptr,
int'
xwin.thru_req ptr,
Int*
xwlnload byteptr,
int'
xwin_thru-byteptr,
Intl
db query-load_reqptr,
Int*
db-query_thru_reqptr,
Int*
db_query_load_byteptr,
int
db query thru byteptr.
intl
dbentry-loadreqptr,
int'
dbentry-thru_reqptr,
Int*
db_entry_load_byteptr,
int*
db_entry_thru byteptr;
Int
cust app_load reqptr,
int'
cust_appthru_respptr,
int'
cust_app_load byteptr,
Intl
cust_app thru_byteptr,
) GnaT Cli-Params,
/* GnaT CliRec. record of a client type
typedef struct (
Distribution*
sess ia-distptr,
Distribution*
sessdurdist-ptr,
GnaT Cl Params sess info,
) GnaT Cli_Rec,
*/
/* GnaT App. enumerate all applications base on the port numbers */
typedef enum (
Ftp = 20, Rlogin = 23, Email = 25, Video = GNAC_PORT_BASE, Xwin,
DB_Query, DB_Entry, Cust_App
) GnaT App,
#endif /*
'defined GNAH */
A.5
Model Figures
This section contains the figures for all models reported in the previous section.
pt_7
Figure A-3: ixfr8switch_base node model
Figure A-4: Node model for ixfr4_vfrad_base and ixfr4_dfradbase
A-103
pt_3
Figure A-5: Node model for ixfr4vsrv_base and ixfr4_dsrvbase
Figure A-6: ixfrswitch process model
A-104
Figure A-7: ix frt~rans process model
Figure A-8: ixnetappmgr process model
Figure A-9: gnacli process model
A-105
arrly I
copl
(RAA\
,,t
t--l
Iat
//(SVCCOMPL)
c
efal
Il(default--
(OPENIND
open
IND)
CLOSE
close
Figure A-10: ixnet_appserv process model
Figure A-11: ixfradmgr process model
Figure A-12: ixfrad_conn process model
A-106
Appendix B
Simulation Data Points
In this appendix, we given the points which were tested in order to generate the admission
regions under the various service schemes used.
B.1
About Data Points
In order to simplify the process of obtaining results from OPNET, we gathered two sets of
data for each simulation:
1. the frame loss ratio for data, FLRd, and
2. the maximum voice delay, Dmax
In our implementation in OPNET, we did not use 150 ms voice queues. Instead we used
large voice queues and allowed delays to exceed 150 ms and simply recorded whether Dmax
had remained below this for the duration of the simulation. We used the global frame loss
statistic supplied with the FRMS models to measure FLRd. While this may have let to
conservative results, we felt this was adequate for evaluating our model.
In the following sections, we present all data points gathered from the simulations. For
each, we recorded the number of voice circuits, N,, the number of data circuits, Nd, the
frame loss ratio for data, FLRd, the maximum delay encountered for voice, Dax, and
whether or not this point met the QoS requirements.
B-1
Default Settings, MFS = 4032
B.2
Nv
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Nd
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
< 0.02
< 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.15
> 0.1
> 0.1
Dma,,,[ms]
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
QoS met?
y
y
y
y
n
n
n
n
Nv
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
02
Nd
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
39
FLRd [%]
0
0
< 0.1
0
< 0.03
< 0.1
< 0.1
>0.2
<0.1
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
n
y
Nv
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
03
03
Nd
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
41
42
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.1
<0.04
<0.1
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
y
y
y
y
n
n
y
y
Nv
03
03
03
03
04
04
04
04
04
Nd
43
44
45
46
41
42
43
44
45
FLRd [%]
> 0.5
<0.1
<0.1
> 0.3
<0.1
<0.03
<0.04
<0.1
> 0.1
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
y
y
n
y
y
y
y
n
N,
05
05
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
Nd
40
41
42
43
44
45
40
41
42
FLRd [%]
0
< 0.02
1
< 0.1
> 0.3
> 0.2
<0.03
<0.04
<0.06
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
y
n
y
n
n
y
y
y
B-2
N
06
06
07
07
07
07
07
08
08
Nd
43
44
40
41
42
43
44
40
41
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
> 0.1
<0.02
<0.1
<0.04
> 0.1
> 0.4
< 0.01
< 0.02
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
n
y
y
y
n
n
y
y
Nv
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
09
10
Nd
42
43
44
40
41
42
43
44
39
FLRd [%]
> 0.1
>0.3
>0.5
<0.1
> 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.75
0
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
n
n
y
n
y
n
n
y
Nv
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
Nd
40
41
42
43
44
40
41
42
43
FLRd [%]
< 0.006
0
0
> 0.4
> 1.0
<0.08
> 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.75
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
y
y
n
n
y
n
n
n
Nv
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
Nd
44
39
40
41
42
39
41
42
39
FLRd [%]
> 0.1
0
< 0.1
< 0.006
<1
< 0.006
< 0.02
1
0
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
y
y
y
n
y
y
n
y
N,
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
Nd
40
41
35
36
37
39
40
36
37
FLRd [%]
0.4
0.5
0
0
< 0.1
> 0.25
> 0.1
< 0.01
< 0.005
Dmax[ms]
< 50
<50
<50
<50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
n
y
y
y
n
n
y
y
B-3
Nv
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
Nd
38
39
37
38
39
37
38
39
36
FLRd [%]
< 0.04
> 0.1
0
< 0.05
0.125
0
< 0.015
< 0.03
0
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
n
y
y
n
y
y
y
y
N,
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
Nd
37
38
34
35
36
37
38
33
34
FLRd [%]
< 0.4
0.4
0
0
0
0.4
> 0.1
0
< 0.1
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
n
y
y
y
n
n
y
y
Nv
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
Nd
35
36
37
38
34
35
36
37
34
FLRd [%]
> 0.3
0
0
0.2
< 0.01
< 0.04
< 0.1
0.05
< 0.01
Dmax [ms]
< 50
<50
<50
<50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
y
y
n
y
y
y
y
y
N,
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
Nd
35
36
37
35
36
37
32
33
34
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
0.25
0.1
0
< 0.04
1.5
0
0
0
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
n
n
y
y
n
y
y
y
N,
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
27
Nd
35
36
37
32
33
34
35
36
34
FLRd %]
0
0.6
2
0
0
0
0.3
0.2
0
Dmax[ms]
< 50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
QoS met?
y
n
n
y
y
y
n
n
y
B-4
N
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
Nd
35
36
33
34
35
36
37
33
34
FLRd [%]
> 1
> 0.13
0
< 0.06
0
0
1
0
> 0.1
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
<50
<50
<50
<50
< 50
QoS met?
n
n
y
y
y
y
n
y
n
Nv
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
Nd
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
31
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
> 0.3
> 0.6
< 0.01
0
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
y
y
y
y
n
n
y
y
Nv
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
Nd
32
33
34
31
32
33
34
32
33
FLRd [%]
0
< 0.01
> 1
0
0
< 0.01
1
0
> 0.4
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
y
n
y
y
y
n
y
n
Nv
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
36
Nd
31
32
33
28
29
30
31
32
29
FLRd [%]
< 0.003
> 0.5
> 1
< 0.1
0
>0.2
<0.05
> 0.3
0
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
y
n
n
y
y
n
y
n
y
N,
36
36
36
37
37
37
38
38
38
Nd
30
31
32
29
30
31
29
30
31
FLRd [%]
> 0.1
0
> 1
0
< 0.003
< 0.1
< 0.003
< 0.15
1
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
<50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
y
n
y
y
y
y
n
n
B-5
N
38
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
Nd
32
26
27
28
29
24
25
26
27
FLRd[%]
0.175
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
N,
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
Nd
28
29
30
31
32
33
27
28
29
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
>1
>2
>2
0
0
>1
Dma,,[ms]
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
QoS met?
y
y
y
n
n
n
y
y
n
N,
41
45
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
Nd
30
23
24
25
26
27
21
22
23
FLRd [%]
> 0.2
0
0
< 0.05
< 0.03
> 0.75
0
< 0.002
0
Dmax [ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
QoS met?
n
y
y
y
y
n
y
y
y
Nv
50
50
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Nd
24
25
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
FLRd [%]
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
> 1
> 0.4
> 0.4
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 60
< 50
> 200
< 110
< 60
QoS met?
y
n
y
y
y
y
n
n
n
N,
61
61
61
61
61
63
63
63
64
Nd
18
19
20
21
22
19
20
21
18
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
> 0.9
0
1
> 1.5
0
Dmax [ms]
< 75
< 105
<80
<60
< 70
<80
> 150
<130
< 100
QoS met?
y
y
y
y
y
y
n
n
y
B-6
Nv
64
64
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
Nd
19
20
21
22
23
17
18
19
20
FLRd [%]
> 0.5
0
< 3
< 1.5
< 2
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
> 150
< 150
< 250
< 175
< 50
> 150
> 150
> 50
> 75
QoS met?
n
y
n
n
n
n
n
y
y
Nv
65
66
66
66
66
67
67
67
67
Nd
21
18
19
20
21
17
18
19
20
FLRd [%]
> 1
0
> 0.1
> 0.3
> 1.5
0
0
> 0.8
> 0.4
Dmax[ms]
<70
< 100
> 150
> 150
> 150
<80
<50
> 150
< 150
QoS met?
n
y
n
n
n
y
y
n
n
Nv
68
68
68
68
68
69
69
69
69
Nd
16
17
18
19
20
14
15
16
17
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
> 1
> 0.1
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
QoS met?
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Nv
70
70
70
70
70
70
74
74
74
Nd
13
14
15
16
17
18
09
10
11
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
> 0.5
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
< 150
< 102
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
< 125
< 130
> 150
QoS met?
y
y
n
n
n
n
y
y
n
Nv
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
76
Nd
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
08
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
< 50
< 90
< 90
< 65
< 65
> 150
< 150
> 150
> 150
QoS met?
y
y
y
y
y
n
y
n
n
B-7
Nv
76
76
76
80
80
80
80
80
80
Nd
09
10
11
00
02
03
04
05
06
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax [ms]
< 140
> 150
>150
< 10
<55
<50
<60
<140
>190
QoS met?
y
n
n
y
y
y
y
y
n
N,
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
81
81
Nd
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
02
03
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
> 0.2
0
0
0
Dmax [ms]
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
> 150
< 60
< 90
QoS met?
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
y
y
Nv
81
81
81
81
85
85
85
85
90
Nd
04
05
06
07
03
04
05
06
00
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
< 60
< 90
> 175
< 150
< 80
< 150
< 75
> 250
< 10
QoS met?
y
y
n
y
y
y
y
n
y
Nv
90
90
90
90
90
91
92
93
94
Nd
01
02
03
04
05
00
00
00
00
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
<50
<90
<60
>250
>200
<9
< 125
< 11
< 15
QoS met?
y
y
y
n
n
y
y
y
y
N,
94
94
94
94
94
95
95
95
95
Nd
01
02
03
04
05
00
01
02
03
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
<50
>250
>150
<150
>150
<40
<60
<80
>150
QoS met?
y
n
n
y
n
y
y
y
n
B-8
Nv
95
96
96
96
96
97
97
97
97
Nd
04
00
01
02
03
00
01
02
03
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
>150
< 15
<50
<125
> 150
<40
> 150
< 100
< 150
QoS met?
n
y
y
y
n
y
n
y
y
Nv
98
98
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
Nd
00
01
00
0
0
1
2
3
4
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
> 0.15
0
0
Dmax [ms]
< 10
> 150
< 100
< 80
< 80
< 50
> 800
> 200
> 300
QoS met?
y
n
y
y
y
y
n
n
n
N,
101
101
102
103
104
Nd
0
0
0
0
0
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
Dmax[ms]
> 250
> 250
< 30
> 400
> 250
QoS met?
n
n
y
n
n
B-9
Default Settings, MFS = 262
B.3
N
00
00
00
00
00
20
20
20
20
Nd
41
42
43
44
45
33
34
35
36
FLRd [%]
> 0.1
> 0.15
> 0.1
> 0.2
> 0.3
<0.02
<0.07
<0.1
> 0.1
Dmax [ms]
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
< 31
< 31
< 31
< 31
QoS met?
n
n
n
n
n
y
y
y
n
N,
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
Nd
37
38
39
32
33
34
35
36
37
FLRd [%]
> 1
> 1.5
> 1
0
> 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.2
>0.15
>0.2
Dmax,[ms]
< 30
< 30
<30
<31
< 31
< 31
< 31
< 31
< 30
QoS met?
n
n
n
y
n
n
n
n
n
Nv
21
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
60
Nd
38
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
17
FLRd [%]
> 0.5
0
< 0.1
> 0.5
> 0.2
> 1.5
> 3
> 3
0
Dmax [ms]
< 31
< 35
< 35
< 35
< 35
< 35
<35
<35
> 125
QoS met?
n
y
y
n
n
n
n
n
y
Nv
60
60
60
60
60
60
80
80
80
Nd
18
19
20
21
22
23
04
05
06
FLRd [%]
0
< 0.1
> 0.5
> 1
> 0.9
> 0.9
0
0
0
Dmax [ms]
> 250
> 150
< 125
> 150
< 90
< 50
< 60
< 150
> 175
QoS met?
n
n
n
n
n
n
y
y
n
N,
80
80
90
90
90
90
100
100
100
Nd
07
08
02
03
04
05
0
1
2
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
> 0.15
Dmax [ms]
> 150
> 350
> 175
< 125
< 150
< 100
<80
<45
> 800
QoS met?
n
n
n
y
y
y
y
y
n
B-10
Nv
100
100
101
Nd
3
4
0
FLRd [%]
0
0
0
Dmax [ms]
> 250
> 350
> 250
QoS met?
n
n
n
B-11
Non-Preemptive Priority
B.4
N
00
00
00
00
02
02
02
10
10
Nd
40
41
42
43
43
44
45
38
39
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.1
> 0.25
< 0.02
< 0.08
Dmax [ms]
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
< 5.5
< 6.0
< 5.5
< 6
< 6
QoS met?
y
y
n
n
y
n
n
y
y
N,
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
Nd
39
40
41
42
43
32
33
34
35
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.3
> 1.5
> 1.5
<0.02
< 0.01
0
< 0.02
Dmax [ms]
<6
< 5.5
<6
< 6.0
<6
< 6.5
< 6.5
< 6.5
<6
QoS met?
y
y
n
n
n
y
y
y
y
Nv
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
40
Nd
36
36
37
30
31
32
33
34
28
FLRd [%]
< 0.1
< 0.1
> 0.3
< 0.0003
< 0.05
> 0.3
> 0.3
> 0.6
<0.1
Dmax [ms]
< 6
< 6
< 6
< 7
< 7
< 7
< 6.5
< 6.5
< 8
QoS met?
y
y
n
y
y
n
n
n
y
N,
40
50
50
50
50
56
56
56
56
Nd
29
21
22
23
24
19
20
21
22
FLRd [%]
> 0.5
0
< 0.001
< 0.001
> 0.1
0
< 0.03
> 0.15
> 0.15
Dmax[ms]
<8
<9
<8
<8
<8
<8
<9
<9
<8
QoS met?
n
y
y
y
n
y
y
n
n
Nv
70
70
70
70
80
80
80
80
90
Nd
14
15
16
17
10
10
11
12
07
FLRd [%]
0
< 0.04
> 0.1
> 0.3
0
< 0.03
> 0.1
> 0.1
< 0.01
Dmax[ms]
< 10
< 11
< 12
<9
< 10
< 12
< 12
< 10
< 20
QoS met?
y
y
n
n
y
y
n
n
y
B-12
Nv
90
90
90
90
90
95
95
99
99
Nd
08
09
10
11
12
06
07
01
02
FLRd [%]
> 0.2
> 0.2
> 0.3
> 1.5
> 1.5
< 0.01
> 0.4
0
0
Dmax[ms]
< 100
< 60
< 50
< 75
< 75
< 80
< 70
< 50
> 250
QoS met?
n
n
n
n
n
y
n
y
n
N,
100
100
101
Nd
1
2
0
FLRd [%]
0
< 0.1
0
Dmax[mS]
< 60
> 400
> 350
QoS met?
y
n
n
B-13
B.5
'Optimized' Weighted Round Robin
In this section, results are listed as recorded. Each point tested is indicated on a separate
line, with suffix of 'v' denoting the number of voice circuits and 'd' denoting the number
of data circuits.
The brackets on the left of each result represent a checkbox for QoS
compliance which is empty '[ ]' if QoS was not met for point, and checked '[/]' if QoS
requirements were satisfied. 'D' denotes Dmax. 'FLR' denotes FLRd. Numbers in square
brackets are the [W1,W 2 ] values which were used, specified in bytes. Lines beginning with
'%' denote annotated comments.
Simulation time was 800 seconds for each run, unless
specified otherwise by 'T'.
%%Attempts for (10,41)
[ ] 1Ov, 41d, [200,2000]:
[ ] 10v, 41d, [5000,23000]:
[ ] 1Ov, 41d, [4500,24000]:
D<4000, FLR>0.15%
D>175, FLR>0.3%
D>400, FLR>0.3%
Attempts for (20,37)
%%.
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
20v,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
37d,
[1OK,262]:
[1920K,262]:
[1K,262]:
[512,262]:
[256,262]:
[128,262]:
[1024,524]:
[64,262]:
[80,262]:
[320,1048]:
[640,2096]:
[1280,4192]:
[2560,8384]:
[5120,16768]:
[10240,32536]:
[128,19200000]:
[128,753]:
[128,1129]:
[128,1506]:
[128,2000]:
[128,625]:
[256,13501:
[512,2700]:
D<6,
D<6,
D<6,
D<8,
D<9,
D<15,
D<8,
D>900,
D>275,
D>275,
D<9,
D>300,
D>300,
D>350,
D>400,
D>6000,
D>375,
D>4500,
D>4500,
D>5000,
D>2000,
D>3500,
D>3500,
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%.
FLR>0.2%
FLR>0.2%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.3%
FLR>0.2%
FLR>0.2%
FLR>0.2%
%%try other points which worked with other settings
D<30,
[ ] 30v, 33d, [3940,4032]:
%%scaled weights from above
D<10,
[ ] 30v, 33d, [128,131]:
7% too much data lost. Try increasing W2 by 50%
D<90,
[ ] 30v, 33d, [3940,6048]:
B-14
FLR>0.3%
FLR>10%
FLR>0.3%
D>150, FLR>0.15%
[ ] 56v, 21d, [512,262], T=800:
D>150, FLR>0.15%
[ ] 56v, 21d, [1024,524], T=800:
D>150, FLR>0.15%
[ ] 56v, 21d, [1024,524], T=800:
D>200, FLR>0.15%
[ ] 56v, 21d, [18500,9500], T=800:
%%This point was interesting. Most of the voice delay stayed below 60ms
7. and only one "spike" went past 150ms. Now try to increase W2 (and scale
%%W1 as well) up to 28000 and see if this will give the data more
%%throughput - note that gamma = 0.5 here
D>300, FLR>0.15%
[ ] 56v, 21d, [49000,28000], T=800:
%%This point was also interesting. Most of the delay stayed JUST below
%%150ms, but several points bursted higher. FLR stayed the same. Seems
%%no significant improvement can be made for 56v
%%The following point failed for NPP
%%rho(80,11)=0.9031, gamma = 0.74
%%try gamma scale with W2=28000
D>400, FLR=O
[ ] 80v,11d, [80K,26K], T=200:
D>175, FLR<O.1%
[ ] 80v,11d, [140K,28K], T=200:
%%This point just barely keeps delay below 150ms. Try now with W2
%%slightly less and for full 800 secs.
D>250, FLR>0.1%
[ ] 80v,11d, [140K,27K], T=800:
%%Delay just barely below 150, but exceeds limit a few times. Loss is
%%just above threshold. Seems we typically only miss by one cycle, so
%%let's try going half/half.
D>250, FLR>0.1%
[ ] 80v,11d, [70K,13.5K], T=800:
7WDelay below 75 now, but still peaking past 250. Let's try increasing
%%WI alone
FLR>0.1%
D<80,
[ ] 80v,11d, [280K,13.5K], T=800:
%%No success.
%%The following point failed under NPP. Let's see if we can make it
UW work with general WRR
%%rho(90,9)=0.9434, gamma=0.795
D>700, FLR<0.02%
[ ] 90v, 09d, [140K,27K], (T=200):
D>350, FLR<0.02%
[ ] 90v, 09d, [270K,27K], (T=200):
UW Let's try halving the timeout which voice sees
D>220, FLR<0.09%
[ ] 90v, 09d, [270K,13.5K], (T=200):
%%Ok, now most of the delay is below 75ms, but this time, one peak
%%jumps up to 3x75 = 225! So while we seemed to have managed to give
%%the voice a second shot, we also increased the probability that it
%% would need more than 2 shots. Data loss seems to have increased, but
%%still just below the threshold. Let's try more service for voice.
D<150, FLR<0.08%
[/] 90v, 09d, [540K,13.5K], (T=200):
%%YES it worked. Run for 800s now to verify
D<150, FLR>0.15%
[ ] 90v, 09d, [540K,13.5K], (T=800):
.7 Actually at 800s it didn't work.
%%Try a bit less bandwidth on the voice.
D>150, FLR>0.2%
[ ] 90v, 09d, [450K,13.5K], (T=800):
burst above
a
couple
but
80ms,
under
stayed
delay
%%Okay... most
%% 150ms. Frame loss ratio increased.
B-15
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