EFFECTS OF A MODERN ENVIRONMENT ON EARLY PUBERTY IN HUMANS:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SKELETAL AND PUBLISHED DATA OF NONHISPANIC BLACKS IN THE UNITED STATES
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
MASTER OF ARTS
BY
MARI POULOS
CHAIR: EVELYN J BOWERS
BALL STATE UNIVERSITY
MUNCIE, INDIANA
DECEMBER 2009
EFFECTS OF A MODERN ENVIRONMENT ON EARLY PUBERTY IN HUMANS:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SKELETAL AND PUBLISHED DATA OF NONHISPANIC BLACKS IN THE UNITED STATES
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE
MASTER OF ARTS
BY
MARI POULOS
Committee Aproval:
Committee Chairperson
Date
Committee Member
Date
Committee Member
Date
Departmental Approval:
Departmental Chairperson
Date
Dean of Graduate School
Date
BALL STATE UNIVERSITY
MUNCIE, INDIANA
DECEMBER 2009
Abstract
STUDENT:
Effects of a Modern Environment on Early Puberty in Humans: A
Comparative Study of Skeletal and Published Data of Non-Hispanic
Blacks in the United States
Mari K. Poulos
DEGREE:
Master of Arts
COLLEGE:
Sciences and Humanities
DATE:
December 2009
PAGES:
306
THESIS:
Studies in the United States suggest that girls are developing secondary sexual
characteristics at earlier ages than in previous years, with non-Hispanic black girls in the
United States experiencing menarche at an earlier age when compared to their peers.
Early puberty and menarche may have multiple detrimental effects, including reduced
adult height, increased risk of breast cancer, obesity, and endometrial cancer. In this
thesis, data from published sources of height and skeletal information on non-Hispanic
blacks dating from 1763 to 1861 in the United States are compared with modern
population data from 1988 to 1994. The expected result is that the modern population
should be taller than the historic population. This held true for males, but not for
females. The sexes differed from each other in each population group. This could
suggest that female maturation is under greater genetic control than male, compensating
for harsh living conditions.
i
Acknowledgments
This thesis would not have been possible without the help and guidance of my
Ball State University committee members. I would like to thank Dr. Evelyn Bowers for
her comments and constructive criticism and for pusing me to include more revelant
background material. Thanks to Drs. S. Homes Hogue and Ronald Hicks for their
assistance in cleaning up my thesis and making it more accessible to the general
population. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their support and
guidance during this process. Without everyone’s help, I would not have been able to
complete this project.
ii
Table of Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... iv
List of Tables.............................................................................................................................. v
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Background I ............................................................................................................. 5
Secular Trends ........................................................................................................................ 5
Consequences of Early Sexual Maturity.................................................................................. 8
Factors Behind Secular Trend and Differences Between Groups ........................................... 15
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 3: Background II.......................................................................................................... 21
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 21
Pollutants.............................................................................................................................. 25
Environmental Stress ............................................................................................................ 40
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 4: Materials ................................................................................................................. 47
Modern Data......................................................................................................................... 47
Historic Data ........................................................................................................................ 49
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 56
Chapter 5: Methods and Results................................................................................................ 57
Methods................................................................................................................................ 57
Results .................................................................................................................................. 64
Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusion ...................................................................................... 67
Life Stresses During Historic Period ..................................................................................... 68
Genetic Factors ..................................................................................................................... 76
Other Factors ........................................................................................................................ 77
References Cited....................................................................................................................... 81
Appendix A: Non-Hispanic Black Height Data Gathered During the NHANES III Study ......... 96
iii
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Relationship between the endocrine system of the body and its response to
stress (Redrawn from Schell and Knutsen 2002; Ganong 1995; Mader 2004) ........................... 27
Figure 5.1 Boxplot of height data in inches ............................................................................... 60
Figure 5.2 Probability plot of historic male data........................................................................ 61
Figure 5.3 Probability plot of historic female data ..................................................................... 62
Figure 5.4 Probability plot of modern male data ....................................................................... 62
Figure 5.5 Probability plot of modern female data .................................................................... 62
iv
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Regions of the United States ..................................................................................... 49
Table 4.2 Summary of modern height data in inches ................................................................. 49
Table 4.3 Coastwise ship manifest slave height data ................................................................. 51
Table 4.4 Slave height data from New Orleans market .............................................................. 52
Table 4.5 Stature data from Cactoctin Furnace .......................................................................... 52
Table 4.6 Height data from Black Civil War Union Army soldiers ............................................ 55
Table 4.7 Height data from Black Civil War Sailors ................................................................. 55
Table 5.1 Results of statistical analysis ..................................................................................... 66
Table 5.2 Results of pair-wise comparisons .............................................................................. 66
Table 6.1 Examples of slave/cabin ratios .................................................................................. 69
Table 6.2 Foods typical in diet of slaves ................................................................................... 70
v
Chapter 1: Introduction
Populations in industrialized Western countries are exposed to many
environmental factors that did not exist in the past or were at significantly lower levels.
These factors can affect many aspects of human growth, particularly the timing of
puberty. Studies in the United States suggest that girls are developing secondary sexual
characteristics at earlier ages than in previous years (Giddens and Slora 1997). The
general decrease in age at menarche has been attributed to improved childhood nutrition
and general well-being of girls growing up in the United States (Chumlea et al. 2003).
Early puberty and menarche may have multiple detrimental effects, including reduced
adult height due to a shortened mid-childhood growth spurt. Some studies have found
that there are differences in stature between early-maturers and late-maturers (Biro et al.
2001; Freedman et al. 2002; Garn et al. 1986; Malina et al. 2004:341). Late-maturers
eventually reach and frequently exceed the stature of their peers who mature earlier.
Late-maturers also tend to have longer legs, i.e., a lower ratio of sitting height to stature,
than those who mature earlier, reflecting their longer period of mid-childhood growth and
any mid-childhood acceleration (Malina et al. 2004:341).
Secular trends in increasing adult height and weight and decreased age at
menarche have occurred in many countries in the last two centuries (Meredith 1976;
Meredith and Spurgeon 1976; Roche 1979; Sokoloff and Villaflor 1982; Steckel 1995).
Sokoloff and Villaflor (1982) reported that native-born Americans from the American
Revolution period and from 1815 - 1820 reached modern standards of height. Foreignborn Americans were shorter than native-born. Nutritional access was thought to be
fairly equal across groups. This is consistent with the findings reported by Margo and
Steckel (1982) who found that American slaves were taller than contemporary 19thcentury European populations. In general, height has fluctuated over time in Europe and
America. The secular height increase among Europeans occurred later than that in
America, and the secular change came primarily from increases among the lower and
middle classes (Steckel 1995).
Secular changes occurred in populations that experienced a changing environment
between the late 18th and middle 19th centuries. For example, no increase in adult stature
among either sex was reported for Oaxaca, Mexico, an area that has not experienced any
changes in the environment (Himes and Malina 1975; Hunt 1958; Roche 1979). Often
the greatest difference in adult stature over time manifests among those in the lower
socioeconomic classes and minority groups (Roche 1979). Multiple authors report that
the secular trend of increased adult height among upper-middle to upper socioeconomic
groups is slowing in developed countries (Eveleth et al. 1979; Roche 1979).
Studies of height changes in non-Hispanic blacks in the United States indicate that
secular changes are ongoing for this group (Eveleth et al. 1979; Meredith and Spurgeon
2
1976). Meredith and Spurgeon (1976) compared measurements of youths aged 13 years
taken in the 1970s to measurements taken in 1896-1897 and 1923-1961. They found that
the later group was taller than the earlier groups (Meredith and Spurgeon 1976). Eveleth
et al. (1979) compared measurements of black youths from 1956-1965 and 1977. They
found that the girls of the later group were taller, but that both groups had similar
weights-for-height. They also found that girls of the later group had slightly faster
maturation (Eveleth et al. 1979). Secular changes in childhood stature are greater than
changes in adult height, due to the secular acceleration of maturation (Roche 1979).
A secular trend of a decreasing age at menarche has also been reported, although
there appears to be fluctuation in that as well (Roche 1979). Historic accounts from 200
B.C. to 1500s in Europe indicate that the age at menarche was not as delayed as in later
reports from 19th century Scandinavian countries (Roche 1979; Tanner 1962). The
intensity of war and famine may have fluctuated during this time, affecting the age at
menarche. Many locations experienced a secular trend in age at menarche from 1840 to
1960, but like the secular change in adult height, this did not occur everywhere, nor
among all individuals of any given country (Roche 1979). Margo and Steckel (1982)
report that the average age at menarche among slaves would have been no later than 14.5
years of age. Differences in age at menarche are smaller when skeletal ages are
compared rather than calendar age, causing a larger difference to be reported than there
truly is (Tanner 1962).
Literature suggests that age at onset of puberty is not consistent across different
population groups. Non-Hispanic black girls appear to experience puberty slightly earlier
than their Hispanic, and North European-derived peers (Anderson et al. 2003; Biro et al.
3
2001; Chumlea et al. 2003; Giddens and Slora 1997; Sun et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2002). In
this study, data, including both that from historical sources of physical descriptions and
skeletal information and from previous non-Hispanic black populations in the United
States from 1783 to 1861, are compared with modern population data from 1988 to 1994.
Past populations of non-Hispanic blacks were greatly affected by slavery and other harsh
living conditions, which have an effect on adult height. Height data from known slave
populations and non-slave populations will be compared to ascertain differences between
the two populations.
After controlling for factors like socioeconomic status that affect growth , modern
non-Hispanic black populations are expected to be taller than past populations.
Socioeconomic status influences health in many ways. Those belonging to lower status
groups have less access to adequate nutrition and health care. There are also factors that
cannot be controlled for. These arise from the effects of selection created by the forced
migration in slave trade ships across the Atlantic and from the exposure to new diseases
upon arrival in the New World. Recent studies suggest many unhealthy factors exist in
the modern environment (Bearer 1995; Blanck et al. 2000; Colón et al. 2000; Denham et
al. 2005; Den Hond et al. 2002; National Research Council 1999). If a modern
environment has a detrimental effect on adult height, data from modern non-Hispanic
black populations should not be significantly changed from past populations.
4
Chapter 2: Background I: Secular Trends and the Age at Menarche in the United States
Secular Trends
Studies in the United States show that girls are developing secondary sexual
characteristics at earlier ages than in previous years (Giddens and Slora 1997; Anderson
et al. 2003). Sarah E. Anderson et al. (2003) compared data gathered through the
National Health Examination Survey (NHES) II and III (1963-1970) and the National
Health and Examination Survey III (NHANES III) (1988-1994) studies in order to
determine if the average age at menarche had decreased in the United States. The
authors’ analysis found that the average age at menarche decreased from 12.75 years in
the NHES studies to 12.54 years in the NHANES study. They also found that the
average body-mass index (BMI) increased as well, which is important as the decrease in
age at menarche is thought to be due in part to improved childhood nutrition (Malina
1979; Roche 1979; Steckel 1995).
Differences in the timing of puberty exist among different population groups in
the United States. Non-Hispanic black girls appear to experience puberty slightly earlier
than their peers (Anderson et al. 2003; Biro et al. 2001; Chumlea et al. 2003; Giddens and
Slora 1997; Sun et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2002). Giddens and Slora conducted a study of
girls aged three to twelve years who visited a pediatrician and were given a physical
examination. This study found that the girls studied develop pubertal characteristics at
younger ages than suggested in pediatric textbooks. For comparing pubertal
development, it is easier to compare age at menarche than to rely on signs that require
physical examination. The authors found that the mean age of menarche was 12.16
among African-American girls and 12.88 among European-American girls and that age at
menarche in each population has remained constant over the last 45 years (Giddens and
Slora 1997). This contradicts the findings of Anderson et al. (2003), who found a
decrease in the age at menarche in the last 25 years, and most other authors.
The authors could not explain why African-American girls were experiencing
menarche earlier than white girls. The factors that influence age at menarche will be
discussed later in this chapter and in Chapter 3. The population that the authors studied
was not randomly selected, but they argue that it was large enough to be representative of
the general population. Their sample was drawn from girls visiting a clinic rather than
created using a randomly selected sample. This could skew data depending on the
demographics visiting each clinic. Hispanic girls were placed into both AfricanAmerican and white groups, which could have had an impact on the conclusions drawn
for either group (Giddens and Slora 1997).
William C. Chumlea and colleagues (2003) also conducted a study of age at
menarche among US girls, using more variables than the Giddens and Slora (1997) study
and extending study until age 13 (2003). They found that the median age at menarche for
girls in the United States was 12.43 years and that the non-Hispanic black girls mature
significantly earlier than non-Hispanic white girls, while Mexican-Americans fell inbetween. The authors found that even though non-Hispanic black girls are experiencing
menarche earlier than their peers, there appears to be a limit to the lower end of the age
6
span. Only 10 percent of all US girls, regardless of race, experience menarche before
approximately 11 years of age (Chumlea et al. 2003).
Anderson et al. (2003) used data gathered during the National Household
Education Surveys (NHES) II and III studies (1963-1970) and the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III study (1988-1994). These authors found
that there was a secular trend of lower ages at menarche and that this decrease was
associated with an increase in body mass index. Black girls showed a larger increase and
were more likely to achieve menarche before the age of 12 when compared to their white
peers. However this increase in body mass index did not account for the earlier ages
among black girls, but it could account for the decrease among the rest of the population.
This correlates with a study conducted by Paul B. Kaplowitz et al. (2001), which found
that the effect of obesity, or being larger, is greater on white girls than black girls.
Frank M. Biro et al. (2001) used data gathered during the National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a longitudinal study including 2,256 girls
aged 9 to 19 years. They concluded that black girls had a mean age at menarche of 12.0
years and white girls a mean of 12.7 years, and that at all ages, the girls who matured
earlier were heavier, had higher body mass indices, and greater skinfold thicknesses than
their later maturing peers. The authors also indicated that early maturers were taller than
their peers at earlier ages and shorter as adults. In this study, early maturers became
shorter than their peers around the age of 15, which the authors attributed to having a
shorter period of prepubertal growth than those who mature later. By the age of 19, black
girls who matured earlier are shorter by an average of 1.5 centimeters when compared to
those who matured at later ages (Biro et al. 2001).
7
David S. Freedman et al. (2002) carried out research on data gathered during the
Bogalusa Heart Study, which consisted of a sample of 2,058 racially diverse girls from
Bogalusa, Louisiana. The Bogalusa Heart Study reported primarily longitudinal data, but
there was also some reported cross-sectional material. The authors found that between
the ages of 10.5 and 10.9 years, 8.0 percent of black girls attained menarche versus 4.6
percent of white girls. The median age at menarche was 12.73 years for white girls and
12.45 years for black girls. The use of median age instead of mean age can be
problematic and is better suited to smaller samples. The sample size means that extreme
values would only have a small effect on the mean. The data from the Bogalusa Heart
Study allowed the authors to determine that age at menarche decreased from 1973 to
1994 among black girls, but that this secular trend was not consistent among white girls.
The age at menarche for white girls increased from 1973-1974 to 1976-1977 and then
decreased. The authors controlled for height and either body mass index or weight and
found that black girls are more likely than white girls to experience menarche at an
earlier age (Freedman et al. 2002).
Consequences of Early Sexual Maturity
Maturing at earlier ages is thought to have consequences on an individual’s adult
life. Early maturers tend to be heavier and taller than their peers at the onset of puberty
and tend to remain heavier as adults (van Lenthe et al. 1996). They are more likely to be
obese than those who mature at later ages (Freedman et al. 2003; Garn et al. 1986).
Increased risk of breast cancer (Apter and Vihko 1983; Garland et al. 1998; Kelsey et al.
1993; MacMahan et al. 1982), endometrial cancer (McPherson et al. 1996), and
8
spontaneous abortions (Liestøl 1980) have been associated with early ages at menarche.
Various studies have confirmed that early maturers are shorter as adults (Biro et al. 2001;
Freedman et al. 2002; Garn et al. 1986; Malina et al. 2004:341; Onland-Movet et al.
2005). However caution must be applied when reviewing these studies, as correlation
between two variables does not definitively indicate a causal relationship.
Van Lenthe et al. (1996) examined the relationship between obesity and early
menarche using data from a longitudinal study on Amsterdam children. The authors
classified early or late maturers based on skeletal age and found that early maturers were
more likely to have higher mean BMIs between the ages of 13 and 27 years. The
children in this study came from households with earnings above the mean of the general
Dutch population, which could explain the higher levels of BMI. The authors also found
that the higher mean BMIs among early maturers continued into adulthood and that the
primary cause of obesity was not due to a constant high energy intake (eating too much).
The authors determined that obesity, measured via BMI, did not cause children to mature
at earlier ages but it could be a part of the pathway that causes early puberty (van Lenthe
et al. 1996). This may be because BMI does not distinguish fat mass from lean body
mass nor does it examine fat distribution (Malina et al. 2004). An earlier age at menarche
was also associated with a more trunk-oriented fat placement, which in combination with
obesity correlates with greater risks for coronary heart disease (van Lenthe et al. 1996).
The relationship between obesity and earlier ages at menarche was also examined
by Stanley M. Garn et al. (1986). Their sample consisted of approximately 16,890 adult
white women aged 20 to 34 years of age. The majority of the data came from the
National Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and
9
Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the rest from the Tecumseh, Michigan,
community health studies of the University of Michigan. The authors found that early
maturers are more likely to be obese and shorter than their later maturing peers and that
the weight differences increase with age. Early maturers have approximately 30 percent
more fat when compared to those who mature later, and this relationship remained after
controlling for socioeconomic status. Early maturers also had larger skinfold
measurements, a statistically significant difference when compared to those who matured
later (Garn et al. 1986). The authors’ study was based on adult women, and there was
little effort to control for the effects of cultural buffering, i.e., lifestyle choices that would
continue as an individual ages, such as eating habits and activity levels. The sample also
consisted solely of white women, and the results might not apply to non-Hispanic blacks.
David S. Freedman et al. (2003) examined the relationship between obesity and
early menarche in a racially diverse sample from the Bogalusa Heart Study. The sample
consisted of 1,179 white and black women who were examined approximately five times
between the ages of 5 and 37. This study relied on self-reported ages at menarche, which
are not considered less accurate than longitudinal observations. Freedman et al. found
that black girls were slightly taller and heavier than whites and that mean ages at
menarche were similar but blacks were more likely to report having experienced
menarche before the age of 12. Adult black women had higher mean weights, BMIs and
subscapular skinfolds, and their reported ages at menarche were inversely related to these
measurements (Freedman et al. 2003).
The authors found that the earlier age at menarche was associated with a shorter
adult height among white women, but there was no similar relationship found among
10
black women. Larger women, based on BMIs and skinfold thicknesses, were associated
with earlier ages at menarche, and most of the effect was due to faster maturation of girls
who were large for their age. Childhood obesity appears to have an effect on both the
rate of sexual maturity and the presence of adult obesity, but the exact nature of the
relationship is unclear (Freedman et al. 2003).
Early menarche has been identified as a risk factor for breast cancer (Apter and
Vihko 1983; Garland et al. 1998; Kelsey et al. 1993; MacMahan et al. 1982), but the
exact relationship is also unclear. An earlier age at menarche is associated with a higher
risk of breast cancer, no matter the age at which the cancer is diagnosed. There are a
number of possible explanations for this association. These include the idea that an early
exposure to hormones associated with regular ovulatory cycles increases the risk of breast
cancer and that there are higher estrogen levels after menarche that may continue into
adulthood among those with earlier ages at menarche (Kelsey et al. 1993).
Brian MacMahan et al. (1982) used a sample of women aged 15 to 19 years to
determine if the increased risk is due to a prolonged exposure to anovular cycles, which
are cycles that are not associated with ovulation. This sample of women was gathered
from multiple areas of the world with varying breast cancer rates. The authors gathered
urine samples on the tenth day of the menstrual cycle and another sample on either day
twenty or twenty-one. They found that the percentage of anovular cycles decreases as the
time interval since menarche increases and there was no association between a higher
number of anovular cycles and risk of breast cancer. The association between early
menarche and breast cancer may be to due estrogen interaction during adolescence
(MacMahan et al. 1982).
11
Dan Apter and Reijo Vihko (1983) also conducted a study to determine the nature
of the relationship between early menarche and increased risk of breast cancer. They
were specifically interested in the hormonal changes associated with menarche and with
the maturation of the menstrual cycle. Their sample consisted of 200 girls between the
ages of 7 and 17, who were studied longitudinally. They found that the girls who reached
menarche before the age of 12 were heavier and had the highest percentage of ovulatory
cycles when compared to their peers. Ovulatory cycles were established earlier, both in
time interval since menarche and in age, among those with earlier ages at menarche. This
group of girls also had adequate luteal phases. This is the period of time between
ovulation and menstruation. A greater number of anovulatory cycles or cycles with
inadequate luteal phases were thought to be associated with an increased risk of breast
cancer. This hypothesis was not supported for the sample studied, as the girls who
experienced menarche at earlier ages also had the longest exposure to ovulatory cycles
(Apter and Vihko 1983).
Apter and Vihko (1983) suggested alternative hypotheses for the association
between early menarche and increased risk of breast cancer. It could be due to high
serum progesterone with a normal or high serum estradiol, in combination with a higher
frequency of ovulation after menarche (Apter and Vihko 1983). Progesterone is a steroid
hormone that helps prepare the female body for pregnancy (Ganong 2005). Breast cancer
is estrogen dependent, and it can be influenced by estrogens or the removal of estrogens,
and therefore perhaps only the level of estrogen is relevant. The group of girls with early
menarche in the study also had high levels of serum estradiol. It could also be due to an
interaction between estrogen and androgen, with androgens providing a protective effect
12
in terms of breast cancer risk. The girls with early menarche had higher estradiol levels
versus androgen levels and lower testosterone levels when compared to those with later
ages at menarche (Apter and Vihko 1983).
Longer exposure to ovulatory menstrual cycles is one hypothesis for why earlier
ages at menarche are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Garland et al. (1998)
examine this hypothesis, using longitudinal studies of registered nurses. The nurses were
asked to remember their age at menarche, how long it took to achieve regular cycles and
the duration between menstrual cycles when they were 18 to 22 years old. Among this
group, the authors found that those with an age at menarche below 12 years had an
increased risk of breast cancer. Women with cycles shorter and longer than 26 to 31 days
had a reduced risk of breast cancer. Longer exposure to ovulatory cycles may be a factor
in the association between early menarche and increased risk of breast cancer, however
this does not explain why women with a shorter period of time between cycles had a
reduced risk of breast cancer. Overall, this study supports the hypothesis that
anovulation, or absence of ovulation, reduces the risk of breast cancer (Garland et al.
1998).
Lactation or breastfeeding may reduce the risk of breast cancer. Studies are
contradictory on this matter. Newcomb et al. (1994) and Zheng et al. (2000) found that
lactation reduced the risk of breast cancer among their sample groups. Newcomb et al.
(1994) also found that the duration of lactation was important, as women who breastfed
for a total of 24 months or more had the lowest risk of breast cancer when compared to
the rest of the sample. They also found that lactation afforded protection among
premenopausal women but not postmenopausal women. Valaoras et al. (1969) and
13
Stuver et al. (1997) conducted studies in which lactation was not found to decrease the
risk of breast cancer. This held true for both premenopausal women and postmenopausal
women.
Along with greater risks of developing obesity and breast cancer, early menarche
is also associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Carol P. McPherson et al.
(1996) used a sample of 24,848 women from Iowa aged 55 to 69 years to examine the
relationship between various reproductive factors and risk of endometrial cancer. The
risk of developing endometrial cancer was positively associated with an earlier age at
menarche, a longer ovulation span, an older age at menopause, the use of estrogen
replacement therapy, a heavier body, and lack of pregnancy experience. The authors
advance several etiologies for the association between the above reproductive factors and
increased risk of breast cancer. The reproductive factors are associated with higher levels
of estrogen, and increased exposure of the endometrium to estrogen could increase risk of
cancer. During pregnancy, there is mitotic division activity in the endometrium, which
expands as the uterus expands during pregnancy, reducing the chance of abnormal cell
growth. Overall, endometrial exposure to estrogen without progesterone may increase
the risk of endometrial cancer. The reproductive factors associated with an increased risk
of endometrial cancer are situations where there are high levels of estrogen with little or
no progesterone (McPherson et al. 1996).
A higher number of spontaneous abortions, or miscarriages, have been associated
with an earlier age at menarche. Knut Liestøl (1980) carried out a study with a sample of
1,088 Norwegian women with ages ranging from 20 to 45 years. Women were asked
about their age at menarche and number of pregnancies and miscarriages. The author
14
found that in general, spontaneous abortions decreased with older ages at menarche and
that early maturers were less likely to successfully give birth to twins. There were some
problems with this type of study, and there were some factors that could not be controlled
for. The author counted the total number of live births, still births, and abortions, either
spontaneous or induced. They did not account for multiple pregnancies and conceptions
experienced by one individual woman; in essence there was not a 1:1 ratio for
pregnancies to women. Moreover early spontaneous abortions are often not noticed and
therefore not reported. In addition there was an overrepresentation of older women
among the late maturers. When the author compensated for this by separating the sample
into five-year cohorts, the association remained. The exact nature of the association is
still unclear, and it may not occur in different populations (Liestøl 1980).
Factors behind Secular Trend and Differences Between Groups
The general decrease in age at menarche has been attributed to improved
childhood nutrition and general health and well-being of girls. A critical level of body fat
appears to be required for puberty and menstruation (Frisch and McArthur 1974; Frisch
and Revelle 1970), and, due to improved nutrition and fewer illnesses, girls achieve this
critical level earlier than in the past. There are other factors that could be involved, such
as genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Environmental factors can include
toxic chemicals (Wang et al. 2005) was well as social influences, such as home
environment stresses, such as the psychosocial environment and the physical
environment (Ellis 2004). These factors will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3.
15
A variety of factors have been examined in efforts to determine why non-Hispanic
black girls have an earlier age at menarche than their peers. Obesity or high body mass
index is one such factor. Pubertal girls tend to be larger than prepubertal girls, but this
could also be due to the hormonal changes associated with puberty. Non-Hispanic black
girls are more likely to have a greater body mass index than non-Hispanic white girls, but
this does not fully explain the difference in age at menarche between the two groups (Wu
et al. 2002). Overall, the effect of obesity on the timing of puberty appears to be greater
on non-Hispanic white girls than on non-Hispanic black girls (Kaplowitz et al. 2001;
Wang et al. 2005).
Qing He and Johan Karlberg (2001) examined the association between body mass
index change during childhood and the timing of puberty, among other factors. Their
sample comprised 3,650 healthy Swedish children born full-term in 1973 or 1975. This
was a longitudinal study, so data on changes during childhood and adolescence were
readily available. He and Karlberg found that a higher body mass index during childhood
was associated with earlier puberty, i.e., larger children experience puberty at earlier ages
than their peers (He and Karlberg 2001).
Peter T. Ellison (1982) tested two hypotheses that attempt to explain secular
changes in age at menarche. One hypothesis stated that an adequate level of skeletal
maturation is necessary for menarche while the other stated that a weight threshold is
necessary. Ellison used a sample of 67 non-Hispanic white girls born in 1928 and 1929
in California, collected during the Berkeley Guidance Study conducted by Tuddenham
and Snyder (1954). Weight, height, and relative weight were measured at age eight and at
menarche. He also calculated the velocities of weight, height, and relative weight prior to
16
menarche, to help determine skeletal maturation. He found an association between both
weight and height velocity with age at menarche, but that the contribution of each is
small. This suggests that there is not one single threshold for menarche in regard to body
composition. The association was stronger for height velocity and age at menarche,
indicating that some skeletal maturation is necessary for menarche (Ellison 1982).
The studies discussed above reached conclusions based on one segment of the
population, non-Hispanic white girls. Freedman et al. (2002) examined a more diverse
sample for the associations between various anthropometric measurements and age at
menarche. Their data came from the Bogalusa Heart Study, conducted in Bogalusa,
Louisiana, with a sample of 2,058 non-Hispanic white and black girls. The authors were
also interested in any possible anthropometric measurement differences between nonHispanic white and black girls. They found that on average, non-Hispanic black girls
were taller and heavier than their counterparts, and had earlier ages at menarche, but there
were no body mass index differences. Freedman et al. also controlled for height and
either body mass index or weight and found that non-Hispanic black girls were still more
likely to achieve early menarche. Overall, their findings indicate that age at menarche is
most strongly associated with skeletal maturation. The authors state that height is a fairly
accurate measurement of skeletal maturation in childhood and is useful in determining
skeletal maturation among children in similar age ranges (Freedman et al. 2002).
The difference in age at menarche between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic
black girls is not due to differences in anthropometric measurements. Possible causes
include levels of social stress, pollutant exposure, differences in endocrine hormones or
differences in leptin levels (Freedman et al. 2002). Leptin is a hormone that helps
17
regulate energy intake and energy expenditure and is necessary for female fertility (Wang
et al. 2005). It is produced by adipocytes, or fat cells, and larger people tend to have
higher leptin levels (Garcia-Mayor et al. 1997). Ricardo V. Garcia-Mayor et al. (1997)
examined leptin levels among a sample of 789 children. In general, leptin levels
increased in girls around the ages of five and six, along with body weight. Leptin levels
also started to increase around the same age in boys, but then levels decreased after 10
years of age. The authors also found that the boys have lower levels of leptin than the
girls, no matter the age or pubertal stage. Removing the children with higher weight did
not affect this pattern (Garcia-Mayor et al. 1997).
Non-Hispanic black girls have been noted to have higher levels of leptin than
non-Hispanic white girls, controlling for obesity, age and serum insulin levels (Wang et
al. 2005; Wong et al. 1998). William W. Wong et al. (1998) took serum leptin samples
from a healthy, diverse group of girls from the greater Houston metropolitan area. They
found that non-Hispanic black girls had significantly higher serum leptin and insulin
levels, after controlling for amount of fat mass and age. The authors also matched nonHispanic white and non-Hispanic black girls for age, sexual maturity, body weight,
height, fat-free mass, and fat mass and found that non-Hispanic black girls had higher
serum leptin levels. The serum leptin levels were also positively associated with Tanner
Stages of pubic hair development, a measure of sexual maturity. The higher serum leptin
levels may be a factor in the earlier age at menarche among non-Hispanic black girls
(Wong et al. 1998).
Coon (1965) had reported that blacks had larger adrenal glands than members of
other population groups, but this has not been replicated. Larger adrenals might be
18
expected to produce higher levels of adrenal steroids, such as dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA), which is also associated with hair development. Relationships between DHEA
and leptin have not been investigated, but adrenarche, when DHEA secretion resumes,
also occurs between the ages of five and seven years (Ganong 2005; Malina et al. 2004).
Non-Hispanic blacks also are more likely to have higher levels of insulin than
non-Hispanic whites. Frank Svec et al. (1992) carried out a study on a sample of 377
children aged 5 to 17 years from Bogalusa, Louisiana. The authors were interested in the
pubertal stage at which insulin sensitivity decreases and if there were sexual or racial
differences. The authors conducted oral glucose tolerance tests and measured the
resulting level of insulin. In general, higher insulin levels occur in late puberty when
compared to early puberty and at each pubertal stage, non-Hispanic blacks were more
likely to have higher insulin levels. They controlled for differences in body size, age, and
sexual development, and found that the above pattern held true. Both non-Hispanic black
boys and girls had higher insulin levels for the same glucose load when compared to nonHispanic white children (Svec et al. 1992). This is interesting, as non-Hispanic blacks
disproportionately suffer from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Harris et al.
1987).
Conclusion
A secular trend in the form of a decrease in the age at menarche has occurred in
the United States over the past 25 years (Anderson et al. 2003; Giddens and Slora 1997),
with the most drastic changes occurring among non-Hispanic blacks (Anderson et al.
2003). Studies have shown that non-Hispanic black girls are more likely to reach
19
menarche earlier than their peers (Anderson et al. 2003; Biro et al. 2001; Chumlea et al.
2003; Giddens and Slora 1997; Sun et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2002). The causes for the
secular change and population differences in the age at menarche have also been
examined, and the results are unclear. It appears that among non-Hispanic whites,
nutritional changes have had the greatest effect (Wu et al. 2002), while among nonHispanic blacks, other factors play a larger role. Maturing at earlier ages may have
negative effects on an individual’s adult life. These include an increased risk of obesity
(Freedman et al. 2003; Garn et al. 1986), increased risk of breast cancer (Apter and Vihko
1983; Garland et al. 1998; Kelsey et al. 1993; MacMahan et al. 1982), endometrial cancer
(McPherson et al. 1996), and spontaneous abortions (Liestøl 1980). Various studies have
found that early maturers are shorter as adults (Biro et al. 2001; Malina et al. 2004:341;
Freedman et al. 2002; Garn et al. 1986). This height difference will be the primary focus
of this thesis, since height data are available from earlier times.
20
Chapter 3: Background II: Effects of Pollutants and Stress on Growth and Sexual
Maturation
Introduction
Children and adolescents of the contemporary world are exposed to more
anthropogenic chemicals than in previous generations. The full range of effects of these
chemicals is not clear, but a number of studies have been done to examine particular
effects many of which suggest toxicity. This chapter will include both a general
overview of the effects of pollutants on growth and maturation and the presentation of
specific studies and their results. Discussion of non-pollutant factors, such as nutritional
and social stress, will also be included. The toxic chemicals that have been most studied
include lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other organochlorines. Often the
levels of such toxic chemicals that are deemed acceptable in adults have been found to
have unforeseen consequences in children and adolescents.
The effects of low-level chronic pollutant exposure on human growth are only
now being recognized. Most of the pollutants studied were in widespread use from the
1920s to the 1970s in the United States. Exposure to pollutants was therefore greater in
the past than in the present. However the most problematic pollutants are those that are
stored in fat and move up the food chain, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT) and PCBs. Even though use has been discontinued, such molecules persist in the
environment (Longnecker et al. 1997).
One aspect that is often not fully realized when it comes to environmental health
policy, is that children do not react as adults do. As Cynthia F. Bearer (1995) mentions,
children are one of the most vulnerable portions of the population, and this vulnerability
is related to their developmental process. Children are constantly experiencing changes
in metabolism, hormone levels and biochemical makeup resulting in ontogenetic change,
which is growth and development. Bearer (1995) defines three categories of
environments that affect a child’s well-being. These are the physical environment, which
includes anything that comes into contact with the body, such as air. The biological
includes the internal physiological workings of the body. The final aspect of the
environment is the social, which includes the daily circumstances of living in a family or
other settings as well as the laws and regulations that affect daily life (Bearer 1995).
Moreover, these aspects interact and overlap with each other. A change in one
induces change in another, which may in turn affect another aspect. Solomon H. Katz
(1972) presented this holistic model, in which four areas make up an individual’s
environment. These are the sociocultural, ecological, biological and demographic. A
change in one effects any or all of the other three. When examining the biological area of
an individual or group of people, the effects of the other three areas cannot be
overlooked. The cultural adaption of clothing and protective structures in response to
cold temperatures may have had a protective effect on the rate of sexual maturation (Katz
1972). Barnett and Coleman (1959) conducted animal experiments that found that
female mice exposed to cold temperatures reached puberty later than those exposed to
room temperature.
22
Bearer (1995) discusses the various ways that children are different from adults in
regard to each environmental category. For the physical, it should be understood that the
diet of children should and in modern cultures usually does contain more milk products,
and fruits and vegetables, than that of the average adult. This may lead to children being
exposed to more dangerous levels of pesticides and other pollutants found on food than
are adults. Bearer divides the consequences of the biological environment into four
categories: absorption, distribution, metabolism and toxic action. Each category
represents different ways for a pollutant or toxin to affect a child. Absorption occurs via
the placenta, skin, and respiratory and digestive tracts. Fat-soluble chemicals cross the
skin barrier with more ease than other chemicals. Children have a greater surface-tovolume ratio than adults, resulting in a higher chemical exposure dose than adults (Bearer
1995).
Absorption occurs in lungs, the number of alveoli in which increase throughout a
child’s growth increasing the respiring surface area. Airborne toxins gain greater access
to the body through the lungs as a child grows. With regard to absorption through the
gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, the author also notes that children absorb more calcium than
adults from the same food sources and that this greater absorption translates to lead and
strontium ingestion as well. For example, an adult will absorb 10 percent of ingested
lead, where a one- to two-year-old child will absorb 50 percent of ingested lead. Lead
also accumulates more rapidly in children’s bones than in adult bones (Bearer 1995).
Metabolism, or how a body processes a chemical input, depends on the
developmental stage a child is in as well as on the alleles present. There is genetic and
epigenetic variation so that some people are more susceptible to adverse effects from
23
certain exposures. The same enzyme may work more or less efficiently depending on the
age of the individual, affecting how the body processes a chemical. An individual’s
ability to process lactose, found in mammalian milks, is an example of this. Infants and
children are able to digest milk, but as they age, this ability is lost in some (Bearer 1995).
One interesting fact about metabolism is that infants lack some metabolic
pathways. The absence of pathways is either due to congenital absence or the pathway is
not yet active. One of these is the pathway for the liver to break down acetaminophen
into its harmful components. Acetaminophen can poison adults who have this metabolic
pathway (Riggs et al. 1989).
Juvenile organs and systems are undergoing growth and maturation and can be
negatively affected by exposure to toxic chemicals. Organ systems, including the
reproductive system, continue to differentiate as a child matures. A chemical that acts, or
is processed by the body, as a hormone can have a drastic effect on the development of
those organ systems at abnormal concentrations. Cell migration is necessary for certain
cells, such as neurons, to reach their destination for function and some substances can
affect this (Bearer 1995). For neurons, the ethanol in beverage alcohol can affect the cell
migration process and is one of the causes of fetal alcohol syndrome (Clarren et al. 1978).
Some organs, such as the brain and lungs, continue to develop for a longer period of time
than other systems, and therefore their heightened vulnerability to toxic chemicals
persists longer. With all that has been previously said, it is clear that there is variation
among children depending on their developmental stage and not all children are the same
in any given stage (Bearer 1995).
24
Pollutants
Nutrition, stress, genotype or epigenetic status, and socioeconomic status are the
main factors involved in human growth. If there are not adequate levels of nutrients,
growth can be delayed or, in extreme cases, such as pathogens, not occur at all (Lejarraga
2002). Other factors include those of the natural environment, such as climate,
temperature, and altitude; and man-made factors, such as air pollution, toxic levels of
metals, pesticides and other toxic chemicals and poisons. While the focus here is on
sexual maturation, factors involved in overall growth will also be presented. Climate
influences body size and proportions, reflected in Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules
(Holliday 1997; Mayr 1956; Roberts 1953; Ruff 1994). Studies have shown that body
shape differs according to climate, but not age at menarche (Roberts 1953; Ruff 1994;
Schell and Knutsen 2002).
It does appear that seasons and seasonality are factors that affect human growth.
Seasonal variation in sunlight could be why there appears to be seasonal variation in
growth (Bogin 1978; Katz 1972; Marshall and Swan 1971). The duration of sunlight
may influence the endocrine system and hormones involved in growth regulation. The
day-length effect occurs in other mammals, including some monkeys (Katz 1972). The
hypothesis of sunlight influencing human growth is under debate. There also appears to
be seasonal variation in the time of year menarche occurs. Studies in Finland and South
Africa found higher occurrences of menarche in spring and summer. This could be due
to seasonal variation in light, or to nutrition, or disease. Teasing apart the relationships
among these factors is difficult (Johnston 1974; Schell and Knutsen 2002).
25
Altitude, partly through hypoxia, is also a factor that affects human growth.
Studies have found that weight increases at a slower rate at higher altitudes, even after
malnutrition has been accounted for. There appears to be a delay in growth in height and
weight in both sexes, the adolescent growth spurt is delayed, and shorter stature is
achieved at altitude (Beall et al. 1977; Frisancho and Baker 1970). However it is difficult
to separate the effects of poor nutrition, cold, and socioeconomic status in groups that live
at the higher attitudes. It also appears that sexual maturation is delayed at high altitude.
For both the sexes, there is a delay in the age at which secondary sexual characteristics
develop (Beall et al. 1977; Frisancho and Baker 1970).
Stress of any kind, including both physical and psychosocial, stimulates the brain,
specifically the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates a number of areas (Figure 3.1).
These areas include the adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, and the pituitary gland. These
areas in turn release hormones that either directly stimulate processes of the body or
stimulate or suppress endocrine glands, which secrete hormones activating or suppressing
cellular metabolism. The main function of the pituitary gland is to secrete hormones that
stimulate other areas of the body to in turn release hormones that directly affect growth
and sexual maturation. The pituitary produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, which
stimulates the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and
triidothyronine (T3) which increase metabolic rate and so regulates
26
Figure 3.1 Relationship between the endocrine system of the body and its response to
stress (Redrawn from Schell and Knutsen 2002; Ganong 2005; Mader 2004)
growth and development. The pituitary gland also produces growth hormone, which acts
directly on cells, particularly muscle and bone. The pituitary secretes gonadotropic
hormones that stimulate the gonads, which are sources of the sex-specific steroids. The
testes are the main source of testosterone and other androgens in males, while the ovaries
are a source of estrogens and progesterone in adult females, and DHEA is the primary
androgen in fetuses and adult females. These hormones are necessary for the
development of sexual characteristics (Ganong 2005; Mader 2004; Schell and Knutsen
2002).
Like the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland also stimulates the adrenal glands,
which are primarily affected by stress. The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine, which act in the short-term to raise heartbeat, blood pressure and blood
27
glucose levels and to energize muscles by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
and skeletal muscles. Norepinephrine is also a neurotransmitter, and neurons located in
the brain also secrete this. The adrenal cortex responds to stress over the long-term by
releasing glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids decrease immune
activity while mineralocorticoids increase blood pressure and blood volume. The
pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to stress.
Glucocorticoids also increase in response to this because they inhibit ACTH and in turn
also inhibit DHEA, which is synergistic with ACTH (Ganong 2005). The adrenal cortex
also produces adrenal androgens in both sexes and androstenedione which is converted to
both testosterone and estrogens. All of these affect growth and sexual maturation
(Ganong 2005; Mader 2004; Schell and Knutsen 2002).
Schell and Knutsen (2002) define pollutants as unwanted materials or energy that
are produced by either humans or nature. Because pollutants have such negative effects
on humans, scholars may not generally experiment on humans with pollutants. Some
animal studies have been done, but generalizing to humans can be problematic.
Therefore scholars are left with examining natural experiments, which occur after persons
have been accidently exposed, and there are some variables or factors that are difficult
account for. As such, there is a set of criteria used to determine a causal relationship of
chemicals to a characteristic, based on statistical associations. Schell and Knutsen (2002)
define the criteria as follows: “(1) a strong association between variables; (2) biologic
credibility to the hypothesis proposed; (3) consistency with other studies; (4) compatible
time sequence; and (5) evidence of a dose-response relationship” (Schell and Knutsen
2002:177).
28
Organic pollutants include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), endocrinedisrupting chemicals such as phthalate esters (Colón et al. 2000), and insecticides and
herbicides such as DDT/DDE (Schell and Knutsen 2002). PCBs and other similar
chemicals are stored in fat cells and so can be stored in the body for years. These
chemicals move up the food chain and can be passed to children across the placenta,
through breastfeeding, and by eating contaminated food items. Evidence of the effects of
PCBs comes from studies of acute poisoning and studies of chronic low-level exposure
(Schell and Knutsen 2002).
The focus here is on the effects of chronic low-level exposure. It appears that
PCBs may affect endocrine function, and so physical growth, maturation, and cognitive
and behavioral development. The exact mechanism is not clear. However, elevated
levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone were found in neonates with higher levels of
PCBs. Elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone are indicative of low levels of
circulating thyroid hormones. This relationship is not found after birth, but the damage
may have long-lasting effects, as thyroid hormone is necessary for neurological
development. Thyroid hormone deficiency during development may result in mental
retardation, motor rigidity, and deaf mutism (Ganong 2005; Schell and Knutsen 2002).
More is known about high level exposure of PCBs, as in the cases of acute poisoning, but
more work needs to be done on the effects of low-level exposure (Schell et al. 2003,
2006; Schell and Knutsen 2002).
Lead is also a chemical or pollutant that has an effect on human growth. Lead
disrupts the majority of metabolic reactions in the human body, but it is unclear which
specific mechanism plays the predominant role in affecting sexual maturation (Schell and
29
Knutsen 2002). More studies have been done correlating lead levels and birth weight
than on lead levels and growth. In the studies that have been done on growth, blood lead
levels are negatively correlated with stature, weight and chest circumference.
Experimental studies on animals have shown that growth is reduced after lead exposure
(Schell and Knutsen 2002).
Changes in the timing of sexual maturation can have long-lasting effects. Most
data focus on early puberty. Early thelarche, or onset of breast development, is
associated with early diagnosis of breast cancer and adult obesity. Breast cancer is also
associated with early age at menarche (Wang et al. 2005). The effects of delayed puberty
on adult wellness are not clear at this time. Psychological effects, however, are (Belsky
et al. 1991; Ellis 2004; Steinberg 1988; Surbey 1990). Extreme delays (> 18 years) in
females are reported to be a risk factor for infertility. Slightly smaller delays (≥ 13 years
in the U.S.) have been associated with an increased risk of gynecologic pathologies such
as endometriosis. It appears that any alteration in pubertal development may have effects
that last long into adulthood (Wu et al. 2003).
Schell et al. (2003, 2005, 2006) looked at the effects of PCBs on a specific group
of people. This group was the Akwesasne Native Americans, who are a sub-group of the
Mohawk Indians. This group resides on the St. Lawrence River and was exposed to
PCBs when industries contaminated the river through improper disposal practices.
Native peoples may be differentially exposed to toxicants. The Akwesasne are at
particular risk because of their traditional dietary patterns, which include eating locally
caught fish and other river species, such as turtle. Minority communities often
30
experience different risk of exposure as they are more often affected by toxic landfills,
incinerators, dumping, mining, and other waste products (Schell et al. 2005).
In these studies of the Akwesasne (Schell et al. 2003, 2005, 2006) it was found
that menarche was more likely to have occurred in girls with higher PCB levels, even
after controlling for age. Age was measured in calendar years, so a 12 year old has had
her 12th birthday. At the lowest levels of PCBs, 33 percent of 12-year-old girls had
reached menarche, and at highest level of PCBs, 98 percent of 12-year-old girls had
reached menarche. Socioeconomic status and other pollutant chemical exposures were
accounted for. Serum concentrations were consistent with cumulative and recent
exposure to PCBs. However the authors did not account for body weight and level of fat
among those studied, which may have affected the results as PCBs are stored in fat tissue.
Prenatal exposure to PCBs can cause lower birth weight and shorter gestation.
These studies also looked at lead levels (Schell et al. 2003, 2005, 2006). Children
with higher lead levels are shorter, but not by much. Akwesasne girls with higher lead
levels also had delayed menarche. The lead levels among the girls with delayed
menarche were lower than the level that the Center of Disease Control and Prevention
state has an impact on human health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000).
The acceptable levels of lead have, however, been lowered several times as greater
knowledge of effects has accumulated. Further studies are needed to determine what a
truly safe lead level is, if such exists.
Blank et al. (2000) looked at exposure to polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in
relation to menarche and Tanner stages. Tanner stages are stages of developmental
morphology, which were presented by Tanner (1962) based on work done by Nicolson
31
and Hanley (1953) and Reynolds and Wines (1948; 1951). These stages are numbered on
a scale from Stage 1 to Stage 5, with Stage 1 indicating pre-adolescence and Stage 5
indicating adult status. In boys genital development and pubic hair development are
compared to both pictures and descriptions of the stages. In girls, breast development
and pubic hair development are scored in the same manner. Often children and youths
have been asked to examine themselves in comparison to provided pictures of each stage
(Tanner 1962). This has been found to be adequately precise when compared to
auxologists’ ratings (Malina et al. 2004).
PBBs are like PCBs, in that they can be acquired through the placenta and
breastfeeding. Blank and colleagues (2000) hypothesized that PBB exposure during
gestation and early infancy may disrupt the endocrine feedback loops necessary for
normal pubertal development. They looked at effects of Michigan PBB exposure from
eating contaminated food. Their sample consisted of 328 daughters of exposed mothers,
aged five to twenty-four years. This study found that girls exposed to relatively high
amounts of PBB in utero and through breastfeeding had an earlier age at menarche. The
mean age at menarche declined from 12.69 years in girls exposed solely to PBB in utero
to 11.6 years for girls exposed to high levels of PBB in utero and who had been
breastfed. Blanck et al. (2000) also found that the likelihood of being in Tanner pubic
hair Stage 2 or above was more highly associated with increasing PBB exposure among
girls who were breastfed. These measurements were not compared to a group that had
not been exposed to PBB, but rather those with high exposure were compared to those
with low exposure (Blanck et al. 2000).
32
The results of this study contradict earlier studies in rats, where females exposed
to high levels of PBB perinatally did not have an earlier age at menarche. The authors
account for this by explaining that primates differ from rodents in some aspects of
neuroendocrine development, such as the location of the hypothalamic release center of
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (Blanck et al. 2000). This is why it is so
important to do studies on the effects of chemicals on humans, as there are important
differences between them and rodents. The authors put forth possible mechanisms for
how PBBs affect the body. These include the alteration of endocrine feedback loops and
alteration of circulating hormone levels. The main Michigan PBB found in this study
may be neurotoxic and estrogenic and may also affect thyroid hormone concentrations.
Normal pubertal development is partly dependent on thyroid hormone and low thyroid
hormone concentrations have been associated with early female sexual maturation
(Blanck et al. 2000; Speroff et al. 1994;). However, low thyroid levels are also
associated with amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation. This can be primary
amenorrhea, in which the female had never menstruated or secondary amenorrhea, which
is the absence of menstruation for three months or longer, excluding pregnancy, lactation,
birth control pills, and menopause as factors (Ganong 1995).
Phthalate esters are considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals and may be a
factor in the increased number of Puerto Rican girls with pathologically early thelarche,
or breast development. Pathologically early thelarche or puberty in general, is sexual
development that occurs before the age of eight years in girls. In recent years, there has
been a large increase of girls with premature thelarche in Puerto Rico (Colón et al. 2000).
Various explanations have been put forward for this, including a diet that contains items
33
contaminated with estrogenic chemicals, an association with ovarian cysts, premature
production of sexual hormones, or exposure to pollutants. The cause is not thought to be
genetic, as studies of Puerto Ricans in other areas, such as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
did not find an increased number of cases of premature thelarche. If the cause were
genetic, Puerto Ricans in other geographical locations would be expected to display
similar levels of premature thelarche (Colón et al. 2000; Freni-Titulaer et al. 1986).
Colón et al. (2000) investigated whether or not exposure to pollutants was
associated with the increase in premature thelarche. Many of the endocrine-disrupting
chemicals are made in or imported into Puerto Rico, and like other pollutants, they persist
in the environment and move up the food chain. The authors’ sample consisted of girls
aged six months to eight years who presented with premature thelarche. They also used a
control sample made up of girls aged six months to ten years. Serum samples were
collected from each individual from both groups. Significant levels of phthalate esters
found to be estrogenic occurred among 68 percent of the girls with premature thelarche.
Exposure to these chemicals would have come from contaminated formula, food, or
exposure to plastics containing phthalate esters, such as toys and pacifiers. Phthalate
esters do not explain all the cases of premature thelarche and other causes include soybased formulas with high phytoestrogen levels (Colón et al. 2000). The author did not
control for the number of patients breastfed versus those bottle fed, and this may have an
impact on the percentage of girls presenting with phthalate esters in the blood and
premature thelarche.
Exposure to pollutants also comes from products that are used daily but are not
consumed, since skin is a route of exposure as is inhalation. Some hair products contain
34
exogenic estrogens, either from added hormones or placental extracts. These products
are considered cosmetic and are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, as
they contain less than 10,000 international units (IU) of estrogen (Li et al. 2002;
Zimmerman and Francis 1995). Patricia A. Zimmerman and Garly L. Francis (1995)
were interested in the number of cases referred for precocious puberty and if there was
any association with the use of hair products that contained hormones. A sample of 102
individuals presenting with precocious puberty were examined and parents were asked
about their use of hair products. Of the sample, eight children were exposed to hormonecontaining products. The eight individuals consisted of six girls and two boys, all nonHispanic blacks and at least 3.7 years of age but not over the age of nine years. Among
the girls, two had breast development, three had breast and pubic hair development, and
one had vaginal bleeding and pubic hair development. Both boys presented with onesided breast development (Zimmerman and Francis 1995).
In order to determine if the use of hormone-containing products was a factor in
these cases of precocious puberty, the children were further examined. Both the boys had
signs of estrogen effect, while four of the six girls had estrogen and androgen effects.
One of the girls had a hormonal pattern consistent with central precocious puberty, which
was most likely not due to external factors. How the hormones enter the bloodstream in
cases of exposure is not clear, but it is probably transfer through the skin. None of the
parents were aware of the hormonal content of the products. Marketing of hormonecontaining hair products is targeted to non-Hispanic blacks, which helps explain why all
the children affected belonged to this group. The authors were able to follow up with
35
some of the children in this study. After discontinuing use of the hair products, one boy’s
breast development receding within two months (Zimmerman and Francis 1995).
A study conducted by Su-Ting L. Li et al. (2002) examined the relationship of
hormone-containing hair products and early puberty as well. Their study sample
consisted of a diverse group of 130 parents with children under the age of 10 years from
three Seattle, Washington, pediatric clinics. Parents were shown pictures of hair products
containing hormones and asked about their use in households. Approximately 21 percent
of those surveyed stated they used hormone-containing hair products, and among that
group, 45 percent were non-Hispanic blacks. Eighty-five percent of parents who reported
using hormone-containing hair products also reported that they used them on their
children, including some younger than 5 years old. Approximately 33 percent of that 85
percent used the hair products on their children regularly. This study consisted of survey
questions, and therefore the exact amount to which children were exposed could not be
quantified. These products are marketed to blacks, who use them more frequently than
members of other groups. This could be a factor in the difference in the timing of
menarche between non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks (Li et al. 2002).
Melinda Denham et al. (2005) looked at the effects of various pollutant chemicals
on the timing of menarche among Akwesasne girls. They had a sample size of 271, with
140 females. Of those 140 females, 138 had complete data for analysis. The pollutant
levels were measured in blood samples taken from the sample group and were consistent
with long-term exposure to a variety of pollutants in multiple media. Observed mercury
levels were at or below background levels seen in the general population. The highest
lead level was less than half the Center for Disease Protection and Prevention’s action
36
limit of 10 micrograms per deciliter. PCB levels were consistent with a pattern of both
cumulative and recent exposures.
The girls in Denham and colleagues’ (2005) study ranged from 10 to 16.9 years
old. The study found that lead was associated with a later median predicted age at
menarche as well as a reduced likelihood of having reached menarche. The authors
propose two possible biological mechanisms for the delayed menarche. Lead might alter
sexual maturation through direct effects on all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis. Or, lead might indirectly affect sexual maturation by restricting or delaying
growth through altered cellular metabolism. Denham et al. (2005) found a group of four
potentially estrogenic PCBs that were associated with a greater likelihood of having
attained menarche, controlling for age, socioeconomic status and other potential
confounders. Like the studies previously presented, the evidence from this study
suggests that the timing of sexual maturation may be sensitive to relatively low levels of
lead and to certain PCBs (Denham et al. 2005).
Sherry G. Selevan et al. (2003) examined data gathered during the Third National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and looked at the correlations
between lead levels and menarche in girls. Their sample size consisted of 2,585 girls.
The authors looked at menarche and Tanner Stages and how they related to lead levels.
The authors divided the results into categories by ethnicity. They controlled for physical,
demographic and socioeconomic factors. This study found higher blood lead levels
associated with delays in all pubertal measurements among non-Hispanic blacks. Delays
in breast and pubic hair development were also found to be associated with blood lead
levels among Mexican Americans. For white girls, relationships between lead levels and
37
pubertal development were in the same direction as in the other groups but were not
significant. This could be due to a smaller number of white girls examined, exposed to
lead, or other environmental variation or due to genetic or other differences in
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal regulation or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function.
In the study of Sherry G. Selevan et al. (2003), the greatest delays in breast
development were associated with blood lead levels in non-Hispanic blacks. They found
higher levels of lead associated with decreased height but not with weight or BMI. They
also found that height, weight, and BMI were not associated with age at menarche in this
study. The pubertal delays found were interesting considering the low levels of lead
recorded. It could be that higher levels of lead occurred when effects are not seen until
adolescence or were not recorded. The authors suggest that a relatively low level of lead
exposure may influence growth and sexual development in girls. Selevan et al. (2003)
suggest that some of the variation among groups could be due to errors that occurred
during data gathering. NHANES III relied on women to recall their age at menarche and
dietary history, which is less reliable than direct observation.
Tiejian Wu et al. (2003) also examined data gathered in the NHANES III survey,
looking for associations of blood lead levels and sexual maturation. Their sample size
was restricted to 1,706 girls aged 8 to 16 years, of which 1,235 had menarche data
available. Their study sample included nearly equal percentages of non-Hispanic black
and Mexican American girls. About 37 percent of girls lived in families with income
below the poverty line, and there was an equivalent percentage of girls who lived in
metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in both sample groups. They did not include data
on white girls and focused on these two groups instead. They found a generally negative
38
correlation between blood lead levels and the percentage of girls having achieved each
pubertal milestone. They used Tanner Stage 2 for pubic hair and breast development was
well as menarche as pubertal milestones. This study found a significant difference in
mean blood lead levels for girls who reached Tanner Stage 2 pubic hair, compared to
girls who did not. There was a marginally significant difference in regard to menarche
and no significant difference for Tanner Stage 2 breast development.
This study also noted the effects of relatively low lead levels on sexual maturation
and that lead has a biologically plausible mechanism. Wu et al. (2003) also provided
other possible explanations for this association of lead levels and delayed puberty. The
lower blood lead levels among girls who attained sexual maturation may be a
consequence of puberty versus exposure during pubertal development. There is fast bone
formation during pubertal development, which induces more rapid deposition of calcium,
along with lead, from the blood into the bone. This may cause redistribution of lead in
the body, although the difference may be marginal, as bone lead is continuously returned
to blood circulation, as with blood calcium. Another explanation is that menstruation
may be an important pathway for elimination of lead, although in small amounts. If this
holds true, menstruating girls would be expected to have lower lead levels than nonmenstruating girls. These possible explanations need to be further studied, either to
disprove or support them.
39
Environmental Stress
Pollutants and man-made chemicals are not the only factors that influence growth
and maturity in humans. Perinatal stress (Luo et al. 2003; Persson et al. 1999), nutritional
stress (Frisancho et al. 1970; Steckel 1986), and psychological stress (Belsky et al. 1991;
Ellis 2004; Steinberg 1988; Wierson and Long 1993) also contribute to differences in the
timing of puberty. Perinatal stress is exhibited by size at birth or by pre-term birth.
Ingemar Persson et al. (1999) found that children born small-for-gestational age and
short-for-gestational age were also shorter at the beginning of puberty and also that
children born large or heavy were taller at the beginning of puberty. Girls who were
small- or short-for-gestational age were more likely to experience menarche at an earlier
age, but there was no similar association among the boys studied. The authors also did
not find an association between prematurity or preeclampsia in regards to the timing of
puberty. Perinatal stress that manifests as differences in birth size appears to have the
greatest effect on growth (Persson et al. 1999). Small size at birth that is followed by
rapid weight gain results in adult obesity (Barker 2007; Barker et al. 1989; Barker et al.
1997; Eriksson et al. 2003).
Zhong Cheng Luo et al. (2003) found a similar association among children born
full term, but with differing sizes. Children born larger were more likely to experience
puberty at a later age while children born small or thin were more likely to experience
puberty at earlier ages. Small babies were also associated with a reduced adolescent
height gain, which the authors attribute to poor intrauterine growth (Luo et al. 2003). The
exact relationship between growth in early life and the timing of puberty is not clear and
40
further research is needed (Barker 2007; Barker et al. 1989; Barker et al. 1997; Eriksson
et al. 2003; Luo et al. 2003; Persson et al. 1999).
Nutritional deficiencies are known to delay puberty and affect growth overall.
Frisancho et al. (1970) compared children affected by chronic malnutrition in Central
America to children from the United States. This study compared children from rural
areas in six Central American nations, whose caloric and protein intakes fell below
recommended levels. Most of the calories were from cereals, the majority of which was
corn and rice. During the first year of life, both groups grew at comparable rates, which
is probably due to breast-feeding among both groups. During the first six years of life,
absolute growth is comparable, but this changes with the beginning of adolescence.
Adult stature among the sample population was reached at later ages than the control
population, and stature was shorter by an average of seven to ten percent. The population
studied experienced nutritional deficiencies during the entire growth span, which leads to
greater effects on adult body size. Temporary malnutrition followed by improved diet
often results in a period of catch-up growth, so long as the improved nutrition begins
before puberty (Frisancho et al. 1970).
Frisancho et al. (1970) also looked at malnourished Asiatic populations and
compared the skeletal age of children to USA standards. They discovered that Asiatic
children are smaller than USA children. The authors attribute this to malnutrition during
childhood, but it could also be a genetic factor. The authors did not compare the
malnourished children of each Central American population to better-nourished
individuals in the same population, so the size difference to USA standards may have a
genetic component.
41
General discussion of slave living conditions and diet will be presented in Chapter
6. The growth of slave children during the early years followed the growth pattern
among children in sub-Saharan Africa, to a point (Cameron 1991; Steckel 1986). Slave
newborns were very small, and children remained small. Weaning introduced disease
through contaminated food and cooking implements as well as poor nutrition. Poor diet
continued as a child aged, as working slaves received better rations and the meat given to
families may have gone to those who worked. Once children working, they started to
receive better rations, which correlate to an improvement in growth patterns. Around the
ages of 8 to 10 years, slave children were larger than the children of malnourished
populations such as those in India and Nigeria of today. Access to improved nutrition
continued as the child grew, resulting in a period of catch-up growth (Steckel 1986).
In the last twenty years, understanding of the effects of social stress and the
timing of puberty has increased. Psychological studies in this area show that social stress
can affect timing of puberty, particularly age at menarche (Belsky et al. 1991; Ellis 2004;
Steinburg 1988; Wierson and Long 1993). There are two major models concerning the
influence of psychological and social factors on the timing of puberty. The first is the
Psychosocial Acceleration Theory, which states that girls who have negative familial
stress develop in a way that leads to an earlier age at menarche. The second model,
Paternal Investment Theory, is also concerned with negative familial stress, but more
emphasis is placed on the role of the father and other men on girls’ maturation process.
The presence of a father figure, such as a stepfather, may also lead to earlier maturation,
if the relationship between the mother and the stepfather is stressful. Exposure to
42
unrelated adult males before puberty may also increase the rate of sexual maturation
(Ellis 2004).
Laurence Steinberg (1988) was interested in the association between parent-child
distance and early puberty. Parent-child distance often increases around or after puberty.
The author tested two hypotheses. One states that puberty leads to greater parent-child
distance while the other states that greater parent-child distance lowers age at menarche.
Measures of parent-child distance typically consist of interviews with the parents and the
child or children. His sample consisted of 157 families from Wisconsin with a first-born
child aged 11 to 16 years. Parents and children were asked about family relationship and
age at menarche was noted. Each parent and child or children were asked how close they
felt to each other, in a psychological sense. The author found that puberty lead to a
greater parent-child distance and that parent-child distance influenced age at menarche.
This distance was most apparent in the relationship between youths and mothers and
halfway through the pubertal cycle. The associations were found among the girls studied,
not the boys (Steinberg 1988).
One of the more interesting aspects of this study is that the child’s perception of
the family relationship exerted the greatest influence. The associations between parentchild distance and timing of puberty were not as obvious when parental observations on
family interactions were considered versus adolescent reports. For example, if an
outsider did not feel that the family relationship was stressful, but the child considered it
to be so, it influenced age at menarche. Greater distance between a child and parents is
expected under psychoanalytic (Freud 1958) and social learning (McCandless 1970)
perspectives. Psychoanalytic teachings state that puberty forces a child to withdraw from
43
parents while social teachings state that puberty adjusts social relationships towards peers
rather than parents. Overall, the child is the one who creates distance, not the parents
(Steinberg 1988).
Jay Belsky et al. (1991) attempted to explain the results from the Steinberg (1988)
study and why the association exists. Early maturation may be an evolutionary response
to stress, which could result in procreation at earlier ages, which may be optimal under
such circumstances (Altmann 1986; Hamburg 1986; Lancaster 1986). The authors’
mechanism states that exposure to stress makes an individual’s body more biologically
receptive to social conditions. Moderate and high levels of stress appear to speed up the
maturation process, while extreme stress may stop maturation. Overall, prepubertal
social conditions appear to influence the timing of puberty (Belsky et al. 1991). The
magnitude of this effect was investigated by Michelle Wierson and Patricia J. Long
(1993). They were interested in testing whether or not an association existed between
familial relationships and stress, and age at menarche. They looked at a sample of 71
girls aged 11.5 to 18 years, and their mothers. In the sample, 44 had parents who were
married and 27 had divorced parents, but all lived with their mothers (Wierson and Long
1993).
The authors found that girls with divorced parents had an average age at
menarche six months earlier than the girls with married parents. Frequent marital
conflict, as reported by the parents, was also positively associated with age at menarche.
The greater the frequency of marital conflict, the earlier the age at menarche. The effects
on age at menarche were small and did not contribute much to the variation in age at
menarche. This study also suffered from some problems. The age range of girls in the
44
sample population was too narrow, and it included girls who had reached menarche
before beginning the study. To gain a better understanding of the effects, children should
be followed at earlier ages and for a longer period of time. Also, the authors did not
control for anthropometric measurements that influence age at menarche, such as height
and weight (Wierson and Long 1993).
Conclusion
Research in the area of environmental effects on growth has revealed that levels
of various pollutants that are not considered problematic might actually have an effect on
sexual maturation. Most of the data gathered concern girls, as menarche is easier to
gather data on. The male equivalent of menarche is first ejaculation, which can be
difficult to gather data on in some cultures. This research is also evidence that pollutant
levels need to be lowered, both in the environment itself and in the standards set by
institutions that determine actionable levels. While the exact mechanisms of each
pollutant’s effect on the body are unclear, there are possible explanations. They appear to
interfere with the endocrine system, which is a major component involved in maturation.
Further research is needed to determine exactly how these toxins affect the body, and
stricter regulations need to be enacted to lower exposure, particularly among those who
are disenfranchised.
Psychological and social factors appear to influence the timing of puberty,
particularly among girls. The magnitude of the effect is not large, and these factors may
not influence timing of puberty to the degree that nutrition and other physical factors do.
Moreover, the direction of the stress effect may vary with its magnitude. However it is
45
important to take into consideration influences that may not be easily quantifiable, such
as familial stress, since both physical and psychosocial stresses utilize the same final
common pathway in exerting their effects.
46
Chapter 4: Materials
Modern Data
To determine how modern living conditions have affected stature, data from
modern non-Hispanic blacks in the United States was compared to data from historic
non-Hispanic blacks. Data for the modern non-Hispanic black population in the United
States came from the National Health and Examination Survey III (NHANES III), 19881994. The Director of National Health Statistics at this time was Manning Feinleib, and
the Director of Health Examination Statistics was Robert S. Murphy. The gathering of
data was contracted out to Westat, Inc. NHANES III surveyed a total of 33,994 adults
and juveniles, in a nationally representative sample. The goal was to gather information
on the health and nutritional status of the United States as a whole. This was done
through a combination of interview questions and physical examinations by trained
professionals.
For this study data values for stature by race-ethnicity, sex, geographic region,
poverty index, and stature were exported from a NHANES III CD-rom. The raceethnicity categories consisted of non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and other. For
the purposes of this study, only data values for adult non-Hispanic blacks were retained.
Modern poor, or those with a poverty index of one or below, are the most comparable to
slaves in terms of environmental conditions, nutrition and access to health care.
Therefore slave height data will be compared to non-Hispanic black modern poor height
data.
The United States was split into four regions: northeast, midwest, south, and west
based on standard U.S. Census Bureau boundaries (National Health and Examination
Survey III, 1988-1994). Table 4.1 lists the four regions and the states that make up each
area. The ratio of poverty to income was determined using threshold guidelines provided
by the U.S. Census Bureau, with poverty defined as having a ratio of one, or when the
threshold value is equal to the income in dollars. Stature or standing height was
measured in inches to the nearest 0.1 inch using a stadiometer operated by trained
technicians. The individual being measured wore paper exam clothing and no shoes and
was asked to remove any hair ornaments or other decorations that would affect the
measurement. The individual was measured with feet flat on the floor, heels almost
together, legs straight and knees together, arms at his/her sides, shoulders relaxed, and
head facing forward. The measurement was taken after the individual took a deep breath
and stood fully erect (NHANES III).
Table 4.2 contains a summary of the height data values from this study in inches
to the nearest tenth of an inch. SE Mean is the standard error of the mean, which is the
deviation of the sample mean from the population mean. Q1 is quartile one, or the 25th
percentile and Q3 is quartile 3, or the 75th percentile. The quartiles divide the data into
four equal parts. The median can also be written as Q2 or quartile 2, as it falls in the
middle of the data (LeBlanc 2007).
48
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Maine
Michigan
Nebraska
Florida
Alabama
Montana
Oregon
New
Ohio
North Dakota
Georgia
Kentucky
Wyoming
California
Hampshire
Vermont
Indiana
South Dakota
North Carolina
Mississippi
Colorado
Alaska
Massachusetts
Illinois
South Carolina
Tennessee New Mexico
Hawaii
Rhode Island Wisconsin
Virginia
Arkansas
Idaho
Connecticut
Minnesota
West Virginia
Louisiana
Utah
New York
Iowa
Maryland
Oklahoma
Arizona
New Jersey
Missouri
Washington, D.C.
Texas
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Kansas
Delaware
Washington
Table 4.1 Regions of the United States (National Health and Examination Survey III,
1988-1994)
Sex
N
Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum
F 4416 59.102
0.139
9.246
30.2
57.2
62.7
65.1
72.7
M 3935 61.403
0.186
11.686
31.1
53.1
66.9
69.8
79.4
Table 4.2 Summary of modern height data in inches (National Health and Examination
Survey III, 1988-1994)
Historic Data
Information for the historic population sample came from several sources (Gould
1869; Kelley and Angel 1983; Margo and Steckel 1982; Pritchett and Freudenberger
1992). Access to raw stature data was limited by the scope of this project and by the data
available. Skeletal information was limited and the majority either dated to a time
outside the defined period or had undefined race-ethnicity. Consequently, mean statures
as reported by various authors that included this measurement were used. Their data
49
came from historic sources, such as slave cargo manifests (Margo and Steckel 1982), and
certificates of good behavior (Pritchett and Freudenberger 1992), as well as skeletal data
(Kelley and Angel 1983). A book published in 1869 by Benjamin Gould was a source of
historic stature data. That included reported stature measurements on Union soldiers
taken during the Civil War. All data were reported as means, with the exception of the
skeletal sample (Kelley and Angel 1983). All of the reports gave the mean data for sex
and age groups, so I was able to exclude individuals under the age of 20 years.
Robert A. Margo and Richard H. Steckel (1982) used coastwise shipping
manifests to examine slave statures. Their results are listed in Table 4.3. These
manifests were required by the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in an effort to
control the smuggling of slaves. The manifests identified slaves by name, age, sex,
stature, and skin color. Copies of these manifests are currently kept in the National
Archives in Record Group 36. The specific sample used by the authors included 50,641
slaves transported between 1811 and 1861 to and from the Atlantic and Gulf coast-ports.
Based on the stature measurements divided by age group, the authors determined that
males reached adult stature at 19.2 years, while females achieved adult stature at 16.9
years on average. This finding is why the age of 20 years is used at the minimum age in
this thesis, as most individuals, historic and modern, would have achieved adult stature
by this age (Margo and Steckel 1982).
50
Males
Females
Age Mean in inches Standard Deviation
N
Mean in inches Standard Deviation
20
66.35
3.00
1527
62.38
3.04
21
67.11
2.91
944
62.51
3.07
22
67
3.00
1374
62.58
2.95
23
67.16
2.99
795
62.5
3.37
24
66.9
2.94
872
62.73
3.05
25-29
67.01
3.02
3610
62.75
3.06
30-39
67.29
3.09
3467
63.02
3.01
40-49
67.19
3.10
1647
62.9
3.16
50+
66.89
3.39
901
62.57
3.28
Table 4.3 Coastwise ship manifest slave height data (Margo and Steckel 1982)
N
1264
337
664
404
442
2100
2889
1756
1130
Using coastwise manifests to determine the stature of non-Hispanic blacks may be
problematic, as traders chose specific slaves to sell, possibly biasing the stature of slaves.
Jonathan B. Pritchett and Herman Freudenberger (1992) examine this relationship
through the use of certificates of good character, which Louisiana required for out-ofstate slaves, comparing them to the coastwise manifests. These certificates included the
name, age, sex, and stature of the slave, along with the name of the previous owner and
two freeholders who swore a statement on the behavior of the slave. Table 4.4 includes
the stature results for both males and females. The certificates provided information on a
total of 2,289 slaves, both males and females and of
varying ages. Pritchett and Freudenberger found that the slaves included in the manifests
for the purpose of trade were on average taller than those who were not transported as
trade, and that the difference was greater at younger ages. The difference for adults was
0.53 inches at the age 20 and did not vary by sex. Therefore the stature data from
coastwise manifests may be higher than that of the general population, but the difference
among adults is small (Pritchett and Freudenberger 1992).
51
Males
Females
Age Mean in inches Standard Deviation N Mean in inches Standard Deviation
20
66.18
2.66
151
62.78
2.90
21
67.00
2.70
101
62.56
1.98
22
66.98
2.49
139
62.50
3.15
23
67.20
2.46
85
62.07
2.59
24
67.13
2.47
97
63.09
3.50
25-49
67.14
2.97
313
63.03
2.59
Table 4.4 Slave height data from New Orleans market (Pritchett and Freudenberger
1992)
As previously stated, available skeletal data that fit the criteria for this thesis were
scarce. One report by Jennifer Olsen Kelley and J. Lawrence Angel (1983) fulfilled those
qualifications. Their skeletal sample came from a slave cemetery in Maryland, dating to
the late 18th to early 19 th century. This cemetery was located near the old Catoctin
Furnace, an ironworks facility in Maryland. The slaves buried at the cemetery were
thought to have been workers there. The skeletal sample consisted of 31 individuals,
including 14 adults, whose stature estimates from long bones were used in this thesis and
are listed in Table 4.5
Males
Females
Age
Height in inches
Age
Height in inches
20
62.4
20
64.7
22
62.2
28
66.9
34
61.3
36
67.7
34
64.9
53
67
45
60.1
58
70.5
50
61.9
65
69.4
54
57.3
Table 4.5 Stature data from Cactoctin Furnace (Kelley and Angel 1983)
52
N
54
12
22
15
20
87
The two published articles on this cemetery did not include a detailed
methodology in regards to the determination of age and stature. The original
archaeological report, which may have detailed methodology, could not be obtained. The
methodology commonly used in this time frame would involve the use of regression
equations created by Trotter and Gleser (1958) and Trotter (1970) that analyzed both
skeletal material and living humans for the relationship between long-bone length and
overall height. For some groups the fibular calculation has the smallest standard error,
while in other groups the femoral has the smallest standard error. The equations used
depend on the individual’s ancestry and sex (Trotter 1970; Trotter and Gleser 1958;
White and Folkens 2005).
Age can be determined from skeletal remains by examining long bones for the
presence or absence of fused epiphyses, fusion of skull sutures, dental wear and general
wear on the bones (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). Stature can be estimated by using long
bone measurements in regression equations. Some of the measurements provided in the
report were not used in this analysis, as they were indicated to not be as accurate as other
measurements. The exact reason is unclear but may be due to the presence of fragmented
long bones, requiring an estimation of the total length (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). The
method(s) used for this skeletal sample are unknown. Based on skeletal markers found
on the bones, the ironworkers were relatively well-fed when compared to their peers,
which fits with available historic data. There were no clear markers of infectious
diseases found on the bones. Only childhood ricket markers were identified (Kelley and
Angel 1983).
53
A source published closer to the historic time period under examination consisted
of a compilation of Union Army records by Benjamin Gould (1869). The author divided
the stature data by race and age, with racial groups consisting of “whites”, “mulattoes”,
“full blacks”, and “indians” (Gould 1869:90-169). Both soldiers and sailors were
included, for a total of 43,615 individuals represented. The mean statures for each group
are listed in Tables 4.6 and 4.7. Statures for these individuals were divided into multiple
categories by age, and then the mean stature was calculated and reported in the book.
The official minimum age for enlistment was 18 years of age with a median age of
soldiers at enlistment of 23.5 years (McPherson 1988).
The ages recorded for non-Hispanic blacks in this book and in other historic
sources are likely not as accurate as those recorded for non-Hispanic whites. For the
Union Army soldiers, the enlistment officer may have estimated the age if the individual
did not know it (Gould 1869). This estimation of age would have had the largest effect
on the age groups closest to adolescence, as some adolescents may have been recorded at
an older age. There are differences between the age groups, as seen in Tables 4.6 and
4.7. These differences are most likely due to variation among those who make up the
sample groups.
54
Natives of Free States
Natives of Slave States
Age
Mean in inches
N
Mean in inches
N
20
66.2
561
66.6
2533
21
66.5
745
66.8
2433
22
66.7
517
67.1
2119
23
66.8
471
66.9
1682
24
67
411
67.1
1450
25
67
399
67.1
1606
26
66.6
290
67.3
1111
27
67.1
294
67.3
925
28
66.9
262
67.1
945
29
67.1
200
67.3
555
30
66.9
219
67
997
31-34
68.9
522
67.3
1747
35 & over
67.1
1397
67.1
5767
Table 4.6 Height data from Black Civil War Union Army soldiers (Gould 1869)
Natives of Free States
Age
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31-34
35 & over
Mean in inches
66
65.8
66.1
65.9
66
66.3
66.4
66.6
66.5
65.5
67.3
66.3
66.3
N
71
203
136
110
72
83
48
41
56
46
40
89
131
Natives of Slave States
Mean in inches
65.8
65.7
66
66.2
66.4
66.4
66.6
66.1
66
66.5
66.2
66.6
66.9
N
229
299
241
189
148
160
103
89
79
47
97
133
282
Table 4.7 Height data from Black Civil War Sailors (Gould 1869)
55
Conclusion
Overall, the historic data is more uncertain than the modern data, as the methods
of measurement are not known, even for the skeletal sample. This introduces uncertainty
into the conclusions drawn from the historic data. Measuring individuals with their shoes
on or not standing straight affects the height value recorded. There is also no mention if
individuals were measured or simply estimated, particularly in the case of shipping
manifest data. The authors who used historic data did not address these issues and how
they may have affected the conclusions drawn. However, the measurement of height
using a stadiometer dates back to the early nineteenth century and the standard of
measuring without shoes was also used this far back (Tanner 1981).
56
Chapter 5: Methods and Results
Methods
A sample of height data for 8,351 modern non-Hispanic blacks in the United
States came from the NHANES III survey and are listed in Appendix A. Not all data
included in the appendix were used in this thesis, as they did not meet the necessary
criteria. This sample included both adults and children, so any individuals under the age
of 20 were removed. This age was chosen as it is an age by which most contemporary
humans have completed linear growth. Individuals who lacked a height measurement
were also removed. In order to control for factors that may influence stature, such as
environment and level of health care and nutrition, data from the Western United States
was excluded Most of the states that make up the Western United States did not exist as
states in the historic time period under consideration. By the mid-nineteenth century
97.26 percent of slaves and 54.22 percent of free blacks lived in the geographic areas that
currently make up the Southern states according to the U.S. Census (Steckel 2000).
Poverty is defined as having a poverty index of 1.00 or below. The ratio of
poverty to income is determined using threshold guidelines provided by the U.S. Census
Bureau, with poverty defined as having a ratio of one, or when the threshold value is
equal to the income in dollars. The poverty threshold value varies depending on the size
of a family and the age of the individuals in the family (United States Census Bureau
2009). For the purposes of this study, those individuals with a poverty index of 1.1 or
above were excluded. Modern poor non-Hispanic blacks are the most comparable to
slaves in the context of this study. The removal of those individuals was made in an
effort to account for better living standards and health care in the modern United States.
Those who live close to or below the poverty level have less access to good health care
and nutrition, making their overall living conditions more similar to that of slaves. The
resulting sample consisted of height data in inches for 1,349 modern non-Hispanic
blacks. The study sample included 526 modern males, 843 modern females, 22 mean
data points for historic females and 77 mean data points for historic males.
Data on humans can be gathered using two broad types of studies. In crosssectional studies individuals are represented once in the study, while in longitudinal
studies, individuals are measured at specific intervals over a period of time. Crosssectional studies are best for gathering data on size, stage of maturity and other bodily
measurements as they span a more manageable study period. Longitudinal studies are
essential for gathering data on change over time. Longitudinal studies provide the best
picture of growth and development, but they are difficult to implement and finish. They
require funding over a long period of time and consistent methodology, and often
subjects are lost from death, moving or general loss of interest in participation. Crosssectional studies require careful sampling procedures so that all members of a population
are represented in the sample (Malina et al. 2004). All data used in this analysis were
cross-sectional in nature.
A total of 95 data points representing 60,553 historic non-Hispanic black height
data were used in this study (Gould 1869; Kelley and Angel 1983; Margo and Steckel
1982; Pritchett and Freudenberger 1992). The data used can be found in tables 4.3 to 4.7.
58
As with the modern data, individuals under the age of 20 years were not included. Living
conditions were not given, but it can be assumed that they fell within the normal variation
of the time. The geographic areas where the slaves lived were not known, so
comparisons between regions of the United States were not possible using historic data.
Heights have been shown to have a normal distribution, usually (LeBlanc 2007).
All data points were entered into the Minitab 15 program and analyzed to determine if
they displayed a normal distribution. Four groups made up the data: historic female,
historic male, modern female and modern male. Normal data is necessary for multiple
statistical analyses using ANOVA single-factor.
A boxplot for a range of data is generated by calculating the minimum, maximum,
mean, median and quartiles for the data. The box’s lines in a boxplot show the values for
the first quartile, median and third quartile. The mean can be indicated by a point within
the box. The whiskers, or lines, of a boxplot indicate the largest and smallest values.
The difference between the first and third quartile is the interquartile range (IQR).
Outliers are values that are of a distance larger than the IQR either from the first or third
quartile. These are indicated on a boxplot by a *. A boxplot of data with normal
distribution would have whiskers of equal length and a median located in the middle of
the box. The boxplots of the gathered data are shown in Figure 5.1 and indicate that the
distributions are skewed. The number of outliers supports the presence of a skewed
distribution as well (LeBlanc 2007).
59
Boxplot of Height in Inche s
75
Height in Inche s
70
65
60
55
50
Historic Female
Historic Male
Modern Female
Group
Modern Male
Figure 5.1 Boxplot of height data in inches
Probability plots are displayed in Figures 5.2 through 5.5. The lines in a
probability plot indicate the 95 percent confidence interval for all sample groups. Data
points are plotted against these lines and the probability that any deviations from the 95
percent confidence interval are due to random variation is calculated. This probability is
given as the p-value and anything equal to or less than 0.10 indicates that deviations from
normal are not due to random variation and the data cannot be considered normal.
Among the sample groups in this study, all but modern males displayed a non-normal
distribution. In order to use the ANOVA test, the data was transformed several ways,
including taking the log base 10, square root, cube root, and reciprocal. Unfortunately
the transformed data also violated the Normality assumption for the ANOVA test.
Therefore the nonparametric equivalent, the Kruskal-Wallis test (LeBlanc 2007), was
used. This test relies on testing medians rather than means and has less power than
60
ANOVA. A mean represents all data values while a median splits a distribution into two
equal halves. As such, medians are less affected by outliers or data that falls outside of
the 95 percent range of normally distributed data. (LeBlanc 2007).
Probability Plot of Historic Male Height Data
Normal - 95% CI
99.9
Mean
66.79
SD
0.7998
N
73
AD
2.903
p-value <0.005
99
95
Percent
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
0.1
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Height in Inches
Figure 5.2 Probability plot of historic male data
61
Probability Plot of Historic Female Height Data
Normal - 95% CI
99
Mean
62.28
SD
1.394
N
22
AD
2.413
p-value <0.005
95
90
80
Percent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
1
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
Height in Inches
Figure 5.3 Probability plot of historic female data
Probability Plot of Modern Male Height Data
Normal - 95% CI
99.99
Mean
SD
N
AD
p-value
99
95
68.71
2.947
526
0.439
0.292
Percent
80
50
20
5
1
0.01
55
60
65
70
Height in Inches
75
80
Figure 5.4 Probability plot of modern male data
62
Probability Plot of Modern Female Height Data
Normal - 95% CI
99.99
Mean
SD
N
AD
p-value
99
95
63.93
2.682
843
0.686
0.073
Percent
80
50
20
5
1
0.01
50
55
60
65
Height in Inches
70
75
Figure 5.5 Probability plot of modern female data
The Kruskal-Wallis test indicates whether or not there are significant differences
between the groups compared, but it does not indicate which specific pair-wise
comparisons are significantly different (LeBlanc 2007). The test also returns the mean
rank of each group, which is calculated by assigning all data values a rank based on their
size relative to other data. The rank proceeds from smallest to largest within each
variable group. The test also return normal standard Z values based on the mean ranks.
This indicates how many standard deviations away from the overall group mean rank
each specific group is (LeBlanc 2007). In order to determine which specific pair-wise
comparisons differed, a multiple comparisons test for medians for groups of unequal
sizes was done. In this calculation, all pair-wise comparisons are made, and the
63
difference between the mean ranks provided by the statistics program calculated. The
standard error of the difference between mean ranks is determined using the equation (1):
SE = √ [N (N+1)/12 (1/n1 + 1/n2)]
where N is the total sample size, and n1 and n2 are the group sample sizes for that
comparison. The standard error is used to determine the minimum significant difference
(MSD), which may vary depending on what the Type I error rate is set to. MSD is
calculated using equation (2):
MSD = qk,α(SE)
where k is the number of groups compared and α is the type I error rate, or false positive
rate. For the purposes of this thesis, the error rate was set to 0.05, the scientific standard,
and k = 4. Therefore the equation used to calculate the minimum significant difference
was (3):
MSD = qk=4,α=0.05(SE).
Using LeBlanc’s statistics textbook (2007) the q-value for α = 0.05 and k = 4, was 2.64.
If the Kruskal-Wallis test returns a p-value less than 0.05, the groups compared
differ in a statistically significant way. The minimum significant difference was
determined for each pair-wise comparison, and if the difference between the mean ranks
were equal to or greater than this value, the groups were said to be significantly different.
Pair-wise comparisons indicated which groups were different from each other.
Results
A total of 1,464 data values belonging to four groups were analyzed using the
Kruskal-Wallis test in Minitab 15. The test returned a p-value of 0.000, indicating that at
64
least one the groups was significantly different from the others. Tables 5.1 and 5.2 list
the results of the test and of the pair-wise comparisons of the medians. The hypothesis
for this thesis stated that if the modern environment has a detrimental effect on height
through early maturation, historic and modern stature should not differ. One of the
consequences of earlier maturation is a shorter adult height (Biro et al. 2001; Freedman et
al. 2002; Garn et al. 1986; Malina et al. 2004:341), and secular change indicates that
adult heights have increased over time in the United States (Eveleth et al. 1979; Meredith
and Spurgeon 1976; Roche 1979). Differences between males and females in historic
and modern times were expected, as humans are a sexually dimorphic species.
The pair-wise comparisons indicated that with the exception of modern females
and historic females, all the pair-wise comparisons were significantly different from each
other. This means that the differences in height between the two compared groups were
due to actual differences between the groups, and not to random variation. Random
sampling variation arises from the fact that the individuals measured within each group
differ. One group might contain individuals whose height lies at the extremes of the
human height scale, while another group does not. This effect can be mitigated by
collecting as large a sample as possible, so the effect on the mean is negligible (LeBlanc
2007).
65
Kruskal-Wallis Test on Height in Inches
N
Median
Ave Rank
Z
Historic Female
22
62.53
273.1
-5.14
Historic Male
73
66.9
916.4
3.81
Modern Female
843
64.1
506.8
-23.8
Modern Male
526
68.6
1087.9
24.09
Overall
1464
Group
732.5
H = 651.83 DF = 3 p = 0.000
H = 651.89 DF = 3 p= 0.000 (adjusted for ties)
Table 5.1 Results of statistical analysis
Comparison
Mean Rank Difference
n1
n2
SE
MSD = qk=4SE
Conclusion
Historic M - Historic F
916.4-273.1 = 643.3
73
22
102.82
271.45
Significant Difference
Modern M – Modern F
1087.9-506.8 = 581.1
526
843
23.49
62.02
Significant Difference
Modern M - Historic F
1087.9-273.1 = 814.8
526
22
92.00
242.88
Significant Difference
Historic M - Modern F
916.4-506.8 = 409.6
73
843
51.58
136.17
Significant Difference
Modern M - Historic M
1087.9-916.4 = 171.5
526
73
52.80
139.40
Significant Difference
Modern F – Historic F
506.8-273.1 = 233.7
843
22
91.30
241.04
No Significant Difference
Table 5.2 Results of pair-wise comparisons p=0.000
Modern males and historic males were significantly different from each other and
the sexes were significantly different from each other for both time periods. Modern
females and historic females were not significantly different from each other, which fits
the hypothesis of this thesis. The modern environment has an effect on the timing of
puberty among females, lowering the age at menarche. This results in a reduced adult
height, making the mean height of the group similar to that of slave women from the
antebellum period of the United States. Possible reasons for the lack of a significant
difference between the groups will be presented in Chapter 6.
66
Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusion
Statistical analysis indicated that with the exception of historic and modern
females, all other pair-wise comparisons were significantly different. The statistical
difference between males and females for both time periods was not unexpected, as
humans are a sexually dimorphic species. The difference between modern males and
historic males was also not unexpected, as previous studies have found that adult height
has increased over time in multiple countries (Meredith 1976; Meredith and Spurgeon
1976; Roche 1979; Sokoloff and Villaflor 1982; Steckel 1995). This difference could
indicate that males are not as affected by life stresses or pollutants as females, although
this is contrary to expectation, or that they receive preferential treatment in health clinics.
Males tend to be more sensitive than females to stressful environmental conditions,
particularly in utero and post-natally. However as a child grows, this difference is not as
apparent and stress is often mitigated by preferential treatment of one sex over the other
with regards to health care, education, and nutrition (Stinson 1985).
There are a number of reasons why modern and historic female median heights
indicate no statistically significant difference. The various stresses felt as slaves may
affect growth to a comparable extent as pollutants in the modern environment or the
decrease in age at menarche. Onland-Moret et al. (2005) proposed that the difference in
adult height between those women who mature earlier versus those who mature later is
possibly due to earlier closure of long bone epiphyses stimulated by an increase of
ovarian estrogens. Women who matured later experienced more growth in the long
bones and a delayed closure of epiphyses (Onland-Moret et al. 2005). Growth of the long
bones continues as long as the epiphyses are not closed. If the epiphyses fuse before full
growth potential is reached, stunting occurs. This holds true for both modern and historic
populations (Frisancho et al. 1970).
Life Stresses During Historic Period
The variability in slave living conditions would have had an effect on health and
subsequently on adult height. The basics, such as housing, clothing, and nutrition were
highly variable and depended on the plantation owner. Some housing was large and well
made in a way that afforded protection from the environments, while other housing
provided the bare minimum necessary for survival (Stampp 1956). Poor housing was
cramped, unhygienic and in general amenable to the spread of disease and pests (Savitt
1978). Interior housing makeup also varied, with the roomiest containing three or four
rooms and the smallest consisting of a single room. The average size was approximately
18 to 26 square feet with either one or two rooms (Fogel and Engerman 1974). The
number of occupants varied as well, as seen in Table 6.1.
68
Plantation Owner
Number of Slaves
Number of Cabins
Slave/Cabin Ratio
Charles Ball1
260
38
6.8
Louis Hughes1
160
18
8.8
Henry Watson1
100
27
3.7
Jefferson Davis2
113
28
4.0
Joseph Davis2
355
76
4.7
Table 6.1 Examples of slave/cabin ratios
1
Blassingame 1972
2
Eaton 1961
Clothing or material to create clothes was provided to slaves, often on a yearly
basis. In general, the clothing was not adequate to last all year for field workers or for
colder weather, particularly shoes (Stampp 1956). Shoes helped to protect from the
elements and injuries (Savitt 1978). Children wore long shirts or one-piece articles of
clothing, much like a nightgown, and had no shoes (Fogel and Engerman 1974; Stampp
1956). Fogel and Engerman (1974) stated that slaves were able to purchase or obtain
extra clothing, while Savitt (1978) states that extra clothing was more difficult to obtain
than food. This difference is due to the variability in slave living conditions and work
systems. There were two major kinds of work system for field work: the gang system
and the task system. The gang system did not afford slaves much free time, as in it
everyone worked together under the direct supervision of a driver. In the task system,
assigned tasks were completed without direct supervision, and upon completion a slave
had the remainder of the day as free time. The task system allowed slaves to more easily
maintain small garden plots of land, to hunt, and to engage in other practices that
supplemented their means (Eaton 1961).
69
The work system used on a specific plantation varied depending on the plantation
owner, the geographic area, and the crop grown (Eaton 1961). The gang system was
primarily used on tobacco, sugar cane, and cotton plantations, while the task system was
employed on rice, sea-island cotton, and hemp plantations (Eaton 1961). The individuals
who lived on plantations that employed the task system were able to use the extras they
obtained to trade for more substantial items of property, such as horses or material goods
(Morgan 1982).
The ability to supplement the typical slave diet was fairly important, as the diet
was often lacking in essential nutrients and vitamins. The adequacy of provided rations
is under debate. The consensus is that, at the least, the diet provided to slaves lacked
variety and, if afforded the opportunity, an individual would supplement. Fogel and
Engerman (1974) argued that enough protein, in the form of animal meat, was provided
to slaves and that nutrient levels exceeded the U.S. 1964 nutrition standards (Fogel and
Engerman 1974). The authors provided a list of what they considered the eleven
principal foods on large cotton plantations in 1860. These foods are listed in Table 6.2
and include items such as beef, pork, milk, and corn.
Principal Food Items on Large Cotton Plantations in 1860
Beef
Butter
Wheat
Pork
Sweet Potatoes
Minor Grains
Mutton
White Potatoes
Milk
Corn
Table 6.2 Foods typical in diet of slaves (Fogel and Engerman 1974)
Kiple and King (1981) argued against the findings of Fogel and Engerman (1974)
in regards to the adequacy of the typical slave diet. They argued that most slaves ate fat
70
pork and corn or rice and did not have much access to the foods that Fogel and Engerman
(1974) listed. Beef was difficult to keep and was not thought to be of proper quality for
laborers, as fat was thought to be the most important item. The inclusion of milk in the
diet was problematic, as it was not produced in usable quantities and many adult slaves
were likely to have been lactose intolerant (Kiple and King 1981; Savitt 1978). Kiple and
King also argued that it was unlikely that slaves would have eaten wheat bread, as not
much wheat grain was produced in the South, particularly in the Deep South. What
wheat was produced was consumed by whites and occasionally by slaves on holidays
(1981).
Fogel and Engerman (1974) stated that the diet provided to slaves exceeded the
U.S. 1964 nutrition standards, but they did not examine the quality of the typical diet.
Kiple and King (1981) argue that the diet may have been calorically adequate, but not
nutritionally, particularly in regard to protein. Corn or cornmeal comprised the majority
of the slave diet and therefore was also the major source of protein. Corn is an
incomplete source of protein, and white corn, which the South produced, lacked Vitamin
A as well. The animal food provided consisted mostly of fat and in general was not of
good quality. The diet was also low in absorbable iron, since corn, which made up the
bulk of the diet, contained little. Legumes, in the form of cowpeas or field peas, were
grown in large quantities in the South, however cowpeas were seen by both blacks and
whites as animal feed and were not frequently consumed by humans. Slaves may have
eaten them infrequently and often only while in season, as they were not dried and stored
for later consumption (Kiple and King 1981).
71
Adult nutrition varied, but most individuals were provided meat in some form,
while children often did not receive any or not enough for their bodies’ needs (Kiple and
King 1981; Steckel 1986; Steckel 2000. Historic records indicate that many children
suffered from a mild form of kwashiorkor, or protein-calorie malnutrition (Kiple and
King 1981). There are variable opinions in that regard as well. Savitt (1978) states that
the diet of slave children was adequate. However his work focuses on Virginia, which
may have differed from other geographic areas of the United States. The health of a child
was reflected in his/her height, which until adolescence remained in the lower first
percentile of modern height standards (Steckel 1986). As a child began working, he/she
was provided a ration with more protein, and therefore growth was able to proceed in a
normal fashion (Steckel 1986). In general the nutritional deficiencies were not deliberate
and most likely arose from general ignorance about the nutrients necessary for a balanced
diet (Stampp 1956).
Living conditions and diet of slaves played roles in the general well-being of
slaves, particularly in regards to the body’s ability to handle disease. The improper
sanitation in the areas where slaves resided, reflecting the lack of knowledge of the time,
fostered the spread of infections and parasites. Parasites aggravated nutritional
deficiencies, particularly since most slaves could not easily obtain extra nutrients to
compensate for the parasitic effect (Steckel 2000). The human body needs extra nutrients
to produce antibodies to fight off infections, and in general, malnourished people tend to
die more frequently of infectious diseases than well-nourished people (Kiple and King
1981; Norgan 2002). This is reflected in the higher mortality rates and lower ages at
death for blacks when compared to whites of the time, particularly among infants and
72
children (Fogel and Engerman 1974; Kiple and King 1981; Savitt 1978; Stampp 1956;
Steckel 1986, 1992a, 1992b, 2000; Walsh 2000). The census of 1860 recorded a
mortality rate of 1.8 percent for blacks and 1.2 percent for whites. The actual mortality
rate of blacks was higher, as slave deaths often went unreported and the cause of death
was unknown more frequently when black slaves are compared to whites (Stampp 1956;
Savitt 1978).
Mortality rates were highest before age five for slaves when compared to
contemporary rates among white infants and children. This is due in part to the health and
prenatal care of the mothers and to the environmental milieu after birth. Pregnant women
were often worked at the same labor level through the fifth month, and depending on the
time of year, until delivery (Fogel and Engerman 1974; Steckel 1992b, 2000). In general,
mothers returned to work approximately a month after birth and were allowed to nurse
the infant several times a day. However, weaning occurred at an earlier age when
compared to whites (Blakey et al. 1994; Steckel 1986). Infant mortality rates were high
for the general population compared to modern rates in the United States, but they were
even higher for blacks, both enslaved and free (Stampp 1956; Steckel 1986).
Mortality rates fluctuated seasonally, as blacks and whites experienced
differential mortality rates and different causes of death (Kiple and King 1981; Savitt
1978). In general mortality rates of blacks were higher during periods with increased
respiratory diseases, which varied depending on geographic location. For example,
deaths from respiratory diseases peaked in late fall and winter in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (Walsh 2000). The difference could be due to the size of lungs, as black
73
men and to some degree women have smaller lung capacity versus whites of similar
height for weight (Kiple and King 1981).
Malaria affected both blacks and whites fairly equally but was less fatal in blacks
(Stampp 1956). Most of the slaves came from West Africa, an area where the population
had built a defense against two types of malaria, those caused by Plasmodium vivax and
Plasmodium falciparum. The later form, commonly referred to as falciparum malaria,
tends to result in more fatal cases, as it more often results in complications, such as
kidney failure (Kiple and King 1981).
Approximately 90 percent of West Africans lack the Duffy red blood cell antigen,
making the red blood cells more resistant to P. vivax, as they use the Duffy antigen as a
receptor (Savitt 1978). Other defenses against malaria, particularly P. falciparum,
include sickle-cell anemia heterogeneity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency (Kiple and King 1981). Individuals with sickle-cell anemia, or carriers of the
gene, have hemoglobin S, an abnormal hemoglobin type. This results in deformed red
blood cells that interfere with the attachment of the parasite to the cells (Mader 2004).
The selection for heterozygosity for sickle-cell anemia would have lessened among those
who lived in North America, as the mosquito that carries falciparum malaria does not live
in North America. Therefore the frequency of the sickle cell hemoglobin has decreased
among those descended from black slaves in the United States when compared to
populations still living in West Africa and similar areas.
Glucose-6-phosphate deficiency (G6PD) also protects against falciparum malaria.
G6PD is an enzyme present in all cells and catalyzes a step in one pathway in the energy
making process. P. falciparum can invade red blood cells of all ages, but it prefers
74
younger cells, which often contain the most G6PD. Malarial parasites are vulnerable to
oxidant stress, and a G6PD deficiency can result in hemolysis when exposed to certain
foods, malarial parasites, or other infections. There are a variety of G6PD deficiencies,
with some more deficient than others. Along with G6PD deficiency, there is a shorter
half-life for the enzyme, so there are a smaller number of red blood cells with G6PD
(Greene 1993). The malarial parasites can adapt to G6PD deficient red blood cells in
hemizygous males and in homozygous but not in heterozygous females. Males are
hemizygous for this trait, as they only have one X chromosome and G6PD is coded on
the X chromosome. This results in female carriers of the deficiency while males are
more likely to have the deficiency (Greene 1993).
Infant mortality also fluctuated according to seasons, with 75 percent of infant
deaths occurring in February to April and September to November. These periods
correspond to periods of nutritional deprivation in late winter and early spring, and to
strenuous periods of labor among adults (Steckel 2000). A major cause of death among
newborns was tetanus, often from improperly treated umbilical cords (Stampp 1956).
Medical care was lacking, for both blacks and whites. Germ theory had not
developed at this time, and knowledge about the etiology of diseases was limited. It was
also thought that blacks were medically different from whites and needed different
treatments for the same diseases. The level of medical care is reflected in the life
expectancies recorded in 1850: 36 years of age for slaves and 40 years of age for whites
(Steckel 1992b).
Nutritional deficiencies and exposure to microbes and parasites would have a
detrimental effect on growth in childhood and therefore also on adult height. Taller
75
individuals, both black and white, were more likely to be from the interior and mostnorthern states in the South. This is due to the similar climate, disease exposure and food
production differences that affected everyone in a particular geographic region. Slave
children experienced catch-up growth, but this cannot fully compensate for deprivation
that occurred early in life (Norgan 2002). Adolescent growth was delayed in slaves by
approximately 1.5 years when compared to modern standards (Steckel 1992b), and
pubertal growth may have been flattened as most adult males reached maximum adult
height by the age of 20, approximately a year later than whites (Gould 1869). Essentially
they had a lower peak height velocity than contemporary whites. The effect of living
conditions on the height of slaves and other blacks can be seen when they are compared
to antebellum whites from the same area. On average, Southern whites were
approximately two centimeters taller than ex-slaves, indicating that social status affected
overall health (Margo and Steckel 1992).
Genetic Factors
Recently published research (Hartge 2009; He et al. 2009; Ong et al. 2009; Perry
et al. 2009; Stolk et al. 2009; Sulem et al. 2009) report genetic markers related to age at
menarche. These studies also found associations between the genetic markers for age at
menarche and adult height. Genetic markers associated with height had been previously
identified in the LIN28B gene, and a number of these newly identified markers for age at
menarche are also found on the LIN28B gene. In a number of instances, the markers for
age at menarche and height were found to be in high linkage disequilibrium, meaning
76
there is a non-random association between the two markers (Hartge 2009; He et al. 2009;
Ong et al. 2009; Perry et al. 2009; Stolk et al. 2009; Sulem et al. 2009).
There are problems with using these studies for comparisons for this research.
Sample populations consisted of women of Western European descent, and the results
may not apply to multiple ethnicities (Hartge 2009; He et al. 2009; Ong et al. 2009; Perry
et al. 2009; Stolk et al. 2009; Sulem et al. 2009). There were also some issues with
understanding sexual maturation, as one article stated that menarche is the completion of
female sexual maturation (Ong et al. 2009), and that is not the case. Menarche occurs
late in the maturation sequence and often women do not attain ovulatory cycles
immediately (Apter and Vihko 1983; Garland et al. 1998; MacMahan et al. 1982).
Uterine maturity appears to follow the maturation pattern for other muscles, which is not
complete until the early 20s. Another problem is epistasis, where an allele in one
location masks the expression of an allele at a different location. This can result in
different genotype-to-phenotype relationships among and between human populations
(Moore and Williams 2009). However these studies and further research may increase
our understanding of why women who mature earlier are often shorter than their peers
who mature at later ages.
Other Factors
There are a number of factors that need to be addressed, as they may have
affected the results of the statistical analysis. Due to the nature of the acquired data, a
less powerful statistical test was used, one that compared medians rather than means. A
mean represents all data values while a median does not include information about
77
smaller and larger data points, essentially the outliers. Medians are the middle data value
in a ranked list and ignore the actual values of the data. Means are the sum of the data
values divided by the sample size and are greatly affected by outliers (LeBlanc 2007).
The majority of the historic data used for analysis were means reported for a
particular sample. As previously stated, means are affected by outliers, biasing the
sample mean either direction from the true mean. The effects of outliers are mitigated
through larger sample sizes. Essentially, as a sample population size increases, its mean
becomes closer to the value of the mean of the general population (LeBlanc 2007). As
seen in Tables 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, and 4.7, mean height data were based on sample populations
of adequate sizes. More data was available for males, but that is due to the inclusion of
data gathered from Civil War sailors and soldiers.
Care must be taken when assessing the conclusions of a study, whether crosssectional or longitudinal, as other factors, such as socioeconomic status, may influence
results. Random samples of the population are more likely to represent a greater variety
of socioeconomic classes while studies that use patients, for example, may be biased
toward one demographic grouping. The group depends on the location of the clinic or
hospital where data was gathered. This effect of decreased variability in the sample
population can be alleviated by gathering data from multiple areas, thereby creating a
more variable sample. However the resulting sample may not be as variable and
representative of the general population as a random sample. The NHANES III samples
were collected in a way to represent the entire population of the United States.
The sample size for historic females was the smallest of the four groups, and this
may have had an effect on the conclusion that poor modern females and historic females
78
were not statistically different. Further research, using individual historic data rather than
reported means, would help to clarify this issue. As is, the statistical analysis results in
multiple conclusions. Conditions in the past for slave women and for modern women of
lower socioeconomic status apparently do not differ in regards to the extent of
environmental stressors. It could also be that anthropogenic chemicals that disrupt
endocrine function and accelerate menarche have the same effect as malnutrition does on
childhood growth, resulting in shorter adult height. Female growth may be under greater
genetic control than male growth, a conclusion supported by reports showing than males
are more affected by environmental stress than females. Males also die more frequently
at any age (Hrdy 1999; Stinson 1985).
The results of this work indicate that females may be differentially affected by
pollutant exposure. There is speculation that estrogen levels operate at maximum among
humans, and any amount of exogenous estrogens may have a drastic effect on growth and
sexual maturation (National Research Council 1999). However not all exogenous
estrogens act like endogenous estrogen and may create unique effects (National Research
Council 1999). Teasing apart the various effects of each pollutant and environmental
stress is difficult, as they sometimes utilize the same metabolic pathways leading to
similar symptoms.
Further research is necessary to determine the extent of the differences between
modern and historic females. The modern environment and exposure to anthropogenic
chemicals may have similar effects on growth and sexual maturation, resulting in a
shortened adult height. This research has shown that closer attention needs to be paid to
those who live in environments with increased risk of pollutant exposure and stress. It
79
also shows that female sexual maturation may be canalized, or under a stabilizing
selection to ensure biological systems are robust (Waddington 1942).
80
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95
Appendix A: Non-Hispanic Black Height Data Gathered During the NHANES III Study
Region
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
36.17
15.92
23.17
23.67
35.17
56.33
38.92
30.25
44.83
17.42
56.67
33.75
41.33
18.00
19.67
34.42
44.83
23.83
34.67
17.08
28.83
61.17
63.58
37.25
16.42
22.83
19.50
46.75
18.33
59.83
60.83
56.83
41.00
16.92
20.17
64.17
26.75
Height in Inches
72.10
70.60
70.50
70.10
70.10
70.00
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.30
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.00
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.80
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.60
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.20
68.10
68.10
68.00
68.00
68.00
96
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
40.50
19.42
20.92
38.17
23.42
23.67
28.08
36.83
64.50
27.83
21.25
38.00
29.67
34.17
33.17
29.00
40.92
30.92
26.75
31.83
61.42
53.67
19.17
17.17
55.75
34.17
58.08
42.83
21.17
17.67
26.75
14.33
41.58
31.08
37.58
50.50
33.17
37.58
27.58
52.17
51.25
43.83
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.90
97
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
25.83
47.25
62.75
32.50
23.00
20.75
26.08
37.08
47.92
16.50
58.75
51.00
18.67
48.50
57.33
15.75
70.42
48.42
29.92
50.33
26.83
61.17
20.83
33.33
30.67
30.25
48.50
17.25
37.92
30.67
33.33
17.17
42.17
13.50
26.25
21.25
33.42
73.75
34.67
50.50
19.67
54.83
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
66.30
98
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
61.50
49.67
39.58
16.75
36.00
26.33
44.42
46.50
43.92
13.75
18.17
26.50
31.58
36.92
56.25
47.25
75.00
14.42
65.17
24.42
25.00
26.83
15.75
15.25
32.25
31.67
74.42
13.17
17.42
13.00
56.75
31.92
42.33
45.58
22.08
68.58
27.25
41.33
17.17
37.75
27.58
30.08
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
99
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
42.17
16.17
42.58
18.33
17.00
36.50
19.92
35.17
20.75
31.83
44.25
60.33
24.83
64.17
51.50
13.25
28.00
21.67
64.25
54.00
29.25
34.50
30.00
35.42
33.58
22.50
32.50
19.58
16.25
61.92
13.75
16.00
15.58
32.83
33.17
28.58
25.42
16.25
45.92
22.17
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.30
65.30
65.20
65.20
65.20
100
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
14.67
23.50
33.92
57.92
26.50
61.00
86.17
51.25
23.42
41.42
44.17
69.17
22.83
71.08
70.08
46.25
60.83
18.33
14.33
14.17
31.08
21.75
37.67
28.58
37.17
34.17
17.50
20.83
41.58
31.00
69.33
43.42
40.00
28.25
40.75
27.17
28.25
39.83
31.00
15.75
50.33
23.58
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.80
101
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
29.83
53.83
50.67
63.42
57.75
19.75
15.42
12.42
36.83
14.42
32.92
35.50
34.92
77.83
37.42
34.42
16.92
12.25
90.00
31.92
17.58
49.25
66.17
66.50
53.50
15.00
70.50
30.92
52.75
27.17
31.92
41.17
27.17
22.00
33.83
33.58
35.92
22.25
79.33
75.92
37.25
27.58
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
102
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
70.75
30.17
51.17
36.00
17.50
21.42
40.75
74.92
52.67
14.08
39.33
67.92
36.17
18.67
25.08
32.17
25.92
32.50
13.92
57.83
35.42
44.75
34.75
20.42
29.50
18.75
68.50
61.17
28.50
32.00
70.58
32.75
71.08
56.33
41.42
27.83
37.42
34.17
14.00
73.25
73.25
55.92
64.50
64.50
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.00
103
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
62.67
42.75
21.50
50.75
14.42
23.92
13.50
42.00
44.00
19.83
66.50
22.42
15.00
30.67
46.92
62.08
29.08
47.83
22.83
23.50
31.67
41.58
29.17
24.58
78.08
40.42
27.42
44.33
24.50
41.50
18.00
24.83
49.50
64.75
66.00
19.00
14.50
26.67
49.58
37.33
62.33
18.25
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
104
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
21.50
25.83
56.92
30.67
34.00
32.92
14.42
33.83
22.83
18.17
41.75
36.75
14.92
56.08
15.50
54.92
40.25
27.75
18.50
34.42
16.58
40.50
16.83
36.83
12.83
56.75
12.67
16.67
35.17
22.50
19.50
56.50
34.67
17.17
42.00
25.33
79.92
49.17
38.42
11.50
28.50
50.92
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
105
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
39.17
64.50
49.33
68.00
28.67
18.25
45.33
25.42
37.00
36.50
31.33
73.83
17.17
21.17
69.50
16.42
35.17
31.67
12.17
43.25
70.83
28.50
33.17
31.00
35.00
14.67
41.67
31.25
14.50
38.58
83.58
16.58
44.92
69.83
65.83
66.17
36.00
11.25
43.00
24.33
20.08
38.92
63.20
63.20
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
106
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
70.00
40.08
18.83
11.50
36.42
31.75
37.00
30.83
17.83
50.50
23.75
40.75
23.33
63.92
55.25
49.25
30.75
21.17
29.42
54.58
17.17
24.92
43.50
56.50
65.75
23.58
49.42
80.50
31.67
16.83
13.17
13.00
41.25
39.67
22.00
73.83
48.67
30.42
34.42
33.25
15.75
62.60
62.60
62.50
62.50
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.20
62.20
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
107
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
38.08
39.67
55.83
64.75
42.08
13.58
53.58
38.58
16.00
38.08
28.33
10.92
52.17
52.58
24.92
61.25
11.42
19.58
62.25
39.00
31.75
62.50
64.75
60.42
37.00
33.00
34.00
10.58
12.67
62.92
32.33
37.17
55.25
31.08
64.50
31.92
62.92
39.17
35.17
74.58
12.42
73.75
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.30
108
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
73.42
63.75
82.42
61.92
47.83
13.83
14.25
33.58
86.08
42.33
36.67
13.58
48.75
15.50
27.50
32.50
32.17
33.58
16.75
63.58
51.33
33.67
43.58
76.50
44.00
73.58
70.08
60.58
12.42
43.00
16.50
27.83
17.58
11.25
17.25
38.25
81.92
40.33
17.50
11.67
61.30
61.30
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
60.90
60.90
60.80
60.80
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
109
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
34.50
68.25
54.00
61.58
13.17
81.17
18.50
57.92
12.83
9.25
69.08
59.33
11.17
56.83
10.08
23.00
38.50
13.83
11.58
36.67
28.25
34.58
34.00
29.17
43.50
58.92
39.33
27.00
12.50
10.50
12.75
23.33
44.50
13.33
9.17
11.42
39.08
10.33
18.00
11.83
37.50
15.00
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.10
60.10
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.90
59.90
59.90
59.90
59.90
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.70
59.70
59.60
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.40
110
Region
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
11.25
27.67
12.75
37.33
36.75
64.33
34.33
8.75
42.83
20.42
24.75
9.67
61.58
68.42
54.17
30.83
69.33
58.33
9.58
67.75
77.00
10.67
12.83
35.42
60.58
10.25
71.25
11.00
89.92
9.25
12.25
11.33
84.58
12.08
10.00
9.58
11.00
10.75
66.08
11.17
10.50
Height in Inches
59.40
59.40
59.40
59.40
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.20
59.20
59.10
59.10
58.90
58.90
58.80
58.80
58.80
58.80
58.70
58.60
58.60
58.60
58.50
58.50
58.40
58.40
58.40
58.40
58.30
58.00
57.60
57.60
57.50
57.50
57.40
57.40
57.40
57.30
57.30
57.20
57.20
57.10
111
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
39.50
10.00
9.92
9.08
11.08
10.17
10.17
9.08
10.42
10.58
9.92
12.08
9.25
8.83
8.92
11.08
8.92
10.92
11.17
9.75
10.92
22.33
9.00
8.83
9.83
11.33
8.83
8.58
9.25
9.33
8.25
9.75
9.25
9.67
8.67
8.67
10.00
8.83
10.17
7.25
8.17
8.75
56.90
56.90
56.60
56.60
56.40
56.30
56.20
56.20
56.20
56.10
56.10
55.90
55.00
55.00
54.90
54.80
54.70
54.60
54.50
54.50
54.40
54.40
54.40
54.20
54.10
54.10
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.90
53.40
53.30
53.10
53.10
53.00
52.80
52.80
52.80
52.50
52.40
52.30
52.20
112
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
8.17
7.08
10.25
7.42
8.25
8.58
7.92
10.00
9.17
8.00
6.75
6.67
6.92
5.92
7.92
7.17
7.75
6.92
6.42
7.08
6.08
5.92
6.92
6.33
6.00
6.17
5.08
6.50
7.50
7.33
7.25
7.83
7.17
6.25
8.25
7.33
6.58
5.58
5.17
6.42
6.58
5.50
52.10
51.90
51.90
51.60
51.60
51.40
51.30
51.10
51.10
50.90
50.70
50.40
50.30
50.00
50.00
49.90
49.80
49.70
49.30
49.10
49.10
49.10
49.00
48.80
48.30
48.30
48.20
48.10
47.80
47.80
47.70
47.60
47.50
47.50
47.50
47.30
47.20
47.00
46.90
46.80
46.70
46.60
113
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
6.58
5.75
5.50
5.25
7.50
5.83
5.67
6.08
5.58
9.58
6.25
7.17
6.83
6.50
5.83
6.00
5.33
6.50
6.25
6.25
5.42
5.42
5.42
5.08
5.25
5.50
4.92
7.83
5.25
5.17
6.17
5.00
5.67
4.42
5.08
7.08
5.75
4.83
4.92
4.42
5.00
5.00
46.40
46.40
46.40
46.30
46.30
46.30
46.20
46.20
46.20
46.00
45.80
45.70
45.60
45.60
45.60
45.40
45.40
45.40
45.40
45.30
45.20
45.00
44.80
44.80
44.70
44.60
44.50
44.40
44.30
44.30
44.10
44.10
44.10
43.90
43.80
43.60
43.50
43.50
43.50
43.40
43.40
43.30
114
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
5.50
6.75
5.08
5.58
5.08
5.00
4.00
3.92
4.67
4.92
4.58
4.17
4.08
3.67
4.08
3.67
4.42
4.33
5.00
4.58
4.58
3.83
4.00
3.75
3.83
4.42
4.00
4.17
3.75
3.75
4.75
4.42
4.33
4.42
3.75
3.58
4.00
3.42
3.75
2.75
4.08
4.08
43.30
43.20
43.00
42.90
42.70
42.40
42.30
42.30
42.20
42.20
42.00
41.70
41.60
41.50
41.40
41.40
41.30
41.10
41.10
41.00
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.80
40.70
40.70
40.60
40.50
40.40
40.40
40.40
40.30
40.30
40.30
40.20
40.10
40.10
39.90
39.80
39.80
39.80
39.60
115
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
2.67
4.58
3.58
3.00
3.92
3.25
5.67
3.67
3.58
3.50
3.75
3.08
4.00
3.50
2.83
3.08
3.50
3.42
2.42
3.50
2.75
3.33
3.08
2.50
3.25
2.92
2.67
3.67
3.25
2.75
2.25
3.00
2.92
5.08
2.42
2.42
2.50
3.17
2.67
2.17
2.17
2.42
39.60
39.50
39.40
39.40
39.30
39.20
39.10
39.00
38.90
38.70
38.70
38.50
38.50
38.40
38.20
37.90
37.90
37.80
37.50
37.20
37.00
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.70
36.60
36.60
36.60
36.50
36.40
36.30
36.30
36.10
36.00
36.00
35.20
35.00
34.90
34.80
34.60
34.40
116
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
2.42
2.42
2.00
2.17
27.25
32.58
38.92
52.58
44.25
22.25
19.17
40.58
39.50
23.58
22.17
49.00
26.75
41.08
44.50
16.17
27.58
35.00
30.75
27.08
50.67
19.58
24.50
43.17
47.00
34.25
49.17
23.17
42.92
52.00
65.83
33.92
68.42
33.17
39.92
27.50
23.17
37.17
34.30
33.90
33.60
33.40
76.50
76.30
76.30
76.20
76.20
75.60
75.40
75.10
74.80
74.80
74.70
74.70
74.60
74.60
74.40
74.40
74.30
74.30
74.20
74.20
74.10
74.10
74.00
74.00
74.00
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.80
73.80
73.70
73.60
73.60
73.60
73.60
73.60
73.60
117
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
48.08
17.92
32.42
41.33
15.08
19.08
44.83
24.58
38.17
42.08
47.75
75.67
16.92
37.50
15.08
47.92
63.33
30.00
59.25
45.67
69.08
67.25
41.92
53.00
24.75
64.67
20.50
22.00
64.33
19.67
73.17
60.67
17.67
25.00
45.83
56.42
24.25
18.08
26.17
54.50
61.83
73.50
73.50
73.40
73.40
73.40
73.30
73.30
73.20
73.20
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.00
72.90
72.90
72.90
72.80
72.80
72.80
72.70
72.70
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.30
72.30
72.20
72.10
72.10
118
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
19.50
55.42
47.17
39.58
35.75
36.92
22.25
36.08
53.83
40.92
22.33
23.17
44.42
16.58
24.08
62.08
46.50
24.58
43.83
44.33
27.92
24.83
71.75
60.67
34.92
51.08
24.08
48.17
15.75
25.00
60.08
28.83
32.75
30.25
23.00
71.50
18.92
59.50
17.33
51.92
16.08
39.67
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.70
71.70
71.60
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.40
71.40
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
119
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
36.33
22.25
28.92
31.00
32.50
22.00
39.75
61.33
58.67
39.58
49.00
39.50
30.00
43.58
34.00
16.92
69.17
51.75
21.42
24.08
44.25
48.25
33.08
20.17
28.00
65.25
47.25
19.50
40.58
80.42
36.08
18.75
32.42
45.25
61.50
37.17
71.08
30.92
38.08
29.42
30.17
54.58
71.00
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.50
70.50
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.30
70.30
120
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
44.42
44.33
28.42
63.00
37.42
15.67
73.42
72.08
61.92
17.83
32.75
36.67
48.92
34.08
40.25
33.92
16.00
70.58
41.50
42.33
34.58
30.08
39.50
52.67
49.25
17.50
26.58
71.75
48.33
16.67
33.42
63.42
31.08
55.75
28.33
71.25
42.33
69.58
68.83
38.50
18.25
70.30
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
69.90
69.90
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.40
121
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
51.67
32.08
18.25
41.50
49.75
46.92
50.33
65.25
15.92
53.00
42.58
76.92
68.92
19.83
64.58
21.67
34.83
43.92
50.33
56.08
34.42
66.17
63.67
25.75
19.58
27.50
22.50
70.08
19.00
40.08
42.17
55.50
44.00
56.67
60.08
40.17
43.25
20.67
38.00
27.17
69.50
82.17
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
122
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
19.17
66.42
43.00
32.00
45.58
29.83
31.33
57.50
35.33
61.42
34.75
52.08
20.50
36.00
38.58
38.25
36.83
41.08
42.58
48.50
31.83
42.50
26.25
33.92
28.92
14.92
75.25
16.83
18.17
19.58
14.83
21.58
18.08
17.83
38.17
36.83
42.67
57.17
12.58
24.58
66.83
69.00
69.00
69.00
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
123
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
64.67
27.67
42.08
67.83
32.75
60.83
30.92
39.08
28.75
70.00
28.58
24.67
19.75
39.83
61.33
69.67
32.17
35.00
29.00
48.50
52.33
18.08
15.17
23.33
46.25
17.33
69.00
25.17
16.75
30.67
22.00
71.67
44.33
27.92
15.83
18.83
63.75
60.25
90.00
23.58
63.25
25.75
68.50
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
124
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
20.25
15.33
38.58
41.58
40.33
26.92
76.50
12.75
27.92
36.67
17.08
66.83
32.08
16.83
20.08
11.67
69.75
61.00
12.50
58.83
40.83
47.42
66.67
76.75
43.42
58.92
35.25
83.50
23.42
67.33
73.83
16.00
25.00
65.08
65.00
21.67
16.92
61.92
34.00
35.33
13.75
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.20
67.20
67.20
125
Region
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
72.17
16.75
14.83
59.25
69.08
18.00
38.25
15.08
48.33
22.08
14.75
50.50
33.67
16.50
41.92
34.08
16.67
12.92
69.83
59.25
34.25
48.67
60.58
23.83
21.92
56.92
35.17
67.50
57.83
24.75
73.25
81.50
47.75
81.25
73.58
15.67
76.92
57.42
22.50
14.67
24.58
Height in Inches
67.20
67.20
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.40
126
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
39.83
45.58
70.17
14.92
31.75
19.75
17.58
65.58
15.75
36.58
69.67
51.50
13.08
14.33
13.67
39.92
59.08
44.67
30.42
16.83
38.17
29.58
42.42
28.75
27.17
21.33
87.08
66.42
29.67
15.25
22.00
71.33
41.58
36.17
40.75
33.67
16.25
14.42
41.08
13.33
14.83
75.25
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.40
65.40
65.30
127
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
74.58
49.58
15.00
30.67
67.08
62.33
75.50
31.58
14.50
26.75
12.58
62.83
23.92
78.08
82.92
13.42
19.75
79.42
40.17
64.33
17.83
12.58
16.75
14.83
43.92
14.42
73.83
12.00
68.42
10.50
72.92
12.58
72.83
12.58
16.25
17.17
65.83
11.67
13.58
57.42
49.42
12.67
65.30
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.10
65.10
65.00
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.50
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.20
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.70
63.70
63.50
63.30
63.30
63.20
63.10
63.00
128
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
73.92
15.58
13.92
12.67
16.08
26.08
73.25
13.83
10.92
11.83
10.83
11.92
14.33
15.58
79.83
38.75
19.25
10.83
11.92
9.92
12.50
13.08
12.67
13.50
12.92
11.17
10.17
12.33
9.75
10.50
11.25
10.92
10.42
10.75
12.33
11.92
10.08
10.92
10.50
11.42
10.25
12.33
62.90
62.80
62.70
62.60
62.50
62.40
62.40
62.30
62.20
62.10
61.80
61.80
61.50
61.50
61.40
61.40
61.20
61.10
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.60
60.60
60.40
60.40
60.00
59.80
59.70
59.70
59.60
59.60
59.50
59.40
58.70
58.60
58.50
58.30
58.30
58.10
58.10
58.00
57.80
129
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
12.25
12.67
11.25
13.75
9.58
10.17
11.67
10.83
13.58
10.67
13.00
11.75
12.33
12.33
12.00
10.08
10.75
13.58
9.75
10.50
11.33
8.50
10.67
8.25
8.50
10.33
10.75
11.42
9.75
9.58
9.08
9.08
10.08
9.67
10.42
10.17
9.92
8.83
11.00
9.92
11.08
8.92
57.80
57.80
57.80
57.70
57.70
57.50
57.40
57.40
57.20
57.00
56.90
56.90
56.70
56.70
56.70
56.50
56.50
56.30
56.20
55.70
55.70
55.60
55.40
55.40
55.20
55.20
55.10
55.10
55.10
55.00
54.90
54.90
54.70
54.70
54.60
54.40
54.40
54.10
54.10
54.10
54.00
54.00
130
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7.67
8.67
9.17
9.67
8.67
9.33
12.83
10.08
9.25
8.75
7.58
8.92
8.50
7.42
8.83
7.42
9.83
8.25
7.50
9.42
6.67
9.50
8.42
10.42
9.58
9.08
9.42
7.75
9.08
8.25
7.25
8.42
8.00
9.58
9.00
10.75
7.83
8.00
7.83
8.50
7.67
8.75
53.90
53.90
53.90
53.80
53.70
53.70
53.70
53.40
53.30
53.10
53.10
53.10
52.60
52.60
52.50
52.40
52.40
52.40
52.30
52.30
52.20
52.00
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.80
51.70
51.60
51.60
51.50
51.50
51.30
51.20
51.20
51.10
51.10
50.70
50.60
50.40
50.30
50.30
131
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7.00
7.08
9.00
5.75
6.42
8.25
7.00
6.33
6.67
7.00
7.42
7.25
7.67
8.00
7.50
9.25
7.00
7.75
7.67
6.08
5.75
5.58
7.92
7.67
6.17
7.50
6.50
6.83
6.42
7.08
6.92
5.67
4.92
5.58
6.00
6.17
5.50
5.75
5.42
6.33
5.33
5.08
50.10
50.00
49.90
49.50
49.30
49.10
49.00
49.00
48.90
48.80
48.60
48.60
48.50
48.40
48.40
48.30
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.60
47.60
47.50
47.50
47.50
47.30
47.20
47.10
47.00
47.00
47.00
46.70
46.60
46.30
46.30
46.20
45.90
45.90
45.80
45.80
45.80
45.60
45.60
132
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
6.08
5.42
6.00
5.08
5.92
5.17
5.33
5.00
4.33
4.25
6.33
5.42
6.08
4.17
5.17
5.33
4.00
5.25
5.08
5.83
4.75
6.42
4.25
6.17
6.00
5.17
3.58
5.92
4.50
5.67
4.50
5.75
4.75
4.50
4.92
4.17
4.58
4.08
4.58
4.83
4.50
4.67
45.50
45.40
45.20
45.20
45.20
45.10
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
44.80
44.80
44.60
44.60
44.50
44.40
44.40
44.30
44.10
44.00
43.80
43.70
43.70
43.60
43.20
43.10
43.10
43.10
42.90
42.80
42.70
42.50
42.50
42.40
42.30
42.20
42.00
41.90
41.80
41.80
41.70
133
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
3.83
4.42
3.50
4.58
3.75
5.67
3.58
4.42
5.17
4.92
4.25
3.75
3.83
4.25
3.33
4.33
4.50
4.75
3.92
3.50
3.67
3.92
4.25
2.92
4.33
3.08
3.25
3.83
4.00
3.08
4.17
4.50
3.50
3.75
3.75
4.42
3.67
3.33
4.25
3.58
3.83
3.08
41.70
41.70
41.60
41.60
41.60
41.50
41.50
41.20
41.20
41.10
41.10
41.10
41.10
41.00
40.90
40.90
40.70
40.70
40.70
40.70
40.60
40.60
40.40
40.40
40.30
40.20
40.20
40.10
40.10
40.00
40.00
40.00
39.80
39.70
39.40
39.30
39.00
38.90
38.70
38.60
38.60
38.60
134
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
3.08
2.67
4.00
2.83
3.83
3.25
3.75
3.58
2.83
3.42
3.00
3.50
2.75
2.92
2.75
2.92
2.58
2.58
2.17
3.50
2.58
3.33
3.08
3.00
2.33
3.08
2.67
2.17
2.75
2.25
2.50
2.33
2.42
2.67
2.33
2.58
2.58
2.50
2.25
2.50
2.50
2.58
38.50
38.50
38.40
38.20
38.20
38.10
38.10
38.10
37.80
37.80
37.80
37.80
37.70
37.50
37.50
37.50
37.40
37.10
37.00
36.90
36.90
36.70
36.70
36.70
36.30
36.30
36.20
36.10
35.90
35.80
35.80
35.80
35.70
35.60
35.60
35.60
35.60
35.60
35.50
35.40
35.40
35.20
135
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
2.08
2.50
2.25
2.25
3.00
2.42
2.17
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.17
2.25
21.75
28.25
31.33
42.83
35.50
20.17
46.58
43.83
30.50
52.17
31.25
19.75
24.17
15.58
22.25
23.50
16.25
16.92
28.92
47.00
32.92
35.58
41.17
29.75
36.67
56.75
40.67
21.25
24.67
38.08
35.20
35.20
34.50
34.40
34.40
34.30
34.30
34.00
33.40
33.30
33.00
32.60
71.70
71.10
70.70
70.60
70.60
70.20
69.80
69.80
69.50
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.10
69.10
69.10
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.70
68.70
68.60
68.40
68.40
68.30
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.10
136
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
30.75
34.33
60.08
46.42
57.92
61.17
49.83
26.08
54.75
42.17
28.25
39.33
64.58
37.92
25.08
35.75
38.83
42.75
36.33
44.83
13.92
24.00
41.83
25.67
37.17
38.25
38.92
24.42
61.75
51.75
27.83
32.83
35.67
65.25
48.50
26.25
14.75
40.00
16.08
45.25
18.08
17.42
68.10
68.10
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.80
137
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
66.67
32.08
47.25
49.67
43.50
51.17
23.33
74.17
34.08
78.83
28.00
27.25
19.58
27.83
48.33
53.33
12.25
20.50
38.58
39.50
35.58
31.75
39.83
57.50
52.92
26.67
64.25
19.08
45.67
18.00
15.67
56.67
29.42
46.83
63.67
23.75
18.58
12.75
60.83
35.67
62.83
50.50
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
138
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
77.58
33.00
56.50
35.75
48.33
22.67
25.83
61.17
49.67
17.67
29.75
31.50
26.50
23.08
38.25
24.42
24.42
57.08
18.50
37.67
12.50
57.50
24.58
32.50
51.08
39.75
24.25
65.25
12.17
41.92
42.50
11.67
41.42
49.42
19.42
20.25
24.75
30.00
63.17
32.25
19.25
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
139
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
49.25
29.75
76.58
64.92
45.92
44.50
22.50
22.25
68.50
60.58
29.67
32.83
18.00
62.83
67.25
44.67
27.67
44.92
50.00
35.75
20.92
19.83
79.00
27.75
28.08
19.58
34.42
16.08
36.50
20.67
37.83
58.75
15.08
19.08
60.50
21.00
14.67
20.00
34.00
31.75
34.83
30.08
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
140
Region
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
38.75
17.75
77.33
60.17
29.75
26.17
24.25
46.75
40.08
33.92
33.00
67.75
61.42
40.92
35.92
24.58
27.67
46.50
25.50
79.17
45.08
30.33
24.92
11.92
47.42
25.42
25.08
13.00
48.50
74.50
77.42
30.58
42.92
42.33
56.67
57.25
12.92
37.42
25.33
26.33
43.50
Height in Inches
65.00
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
141
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
22.17
58.25
20.50
14.75
59.75
28.25
15.75
27.50
49.50
16.75
55.42
71.67
39.00
42.08
63.75
31.67
24.42
36.75
56.75
36.00
15.08
16.67
43.75
56.75
11.83
44.00
13.25
87.42
29.17
42.58
15.83
46.08
70.33
59.58
34.33
65.00
74.42
61.33
25.33
44.17
58.25
36.50
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
142
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
23.50
11.58
19.42
46.42
26.58
22.42
27.42
16.17
18.67
77.75
39.17
52.67
43.83
49.17
36.92
17.00
37.75
44.83
23.17
20.33
11.92
62.75
53.08
59.92
25.50
46.08
42.58
76.08
16.17
71.67
75.75
38.83
68.92
31.75
21.42
53.50
41.92
26.25
24.42
22.25
44.50
44.33
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.40
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
143
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
57.67
30.17
37.25
38.92
20.58
12.75
52.50
40.50
22.75
32.25
73.25
47.58
15.00
50.75
16.42
39.50
13.00
66.33
70.75
90.00
13.08
62.92
16.50
19.25
36.67
12.92
25.50
27.50
68.17
55.33
37.58
90.00
58.33
24.08
20.17
17.92
72.17
38.92
61.67
16.33
69.50
45.08
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.20
63.20
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
144
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
72.25
61.17
59.17
42.67
62.17
61.92
79.08
22.00
24.33
18.08
18.58
31.17
74.42
34.08
41.58
42.83
65.00
26.50
17.08
47.83
27.08
44.75
38.33
71.00
58.33
48.00
22.92
12.67
15.83
47.17
24.08
62.58
23.50
89.33
35.17
24.00
34.67
34.83
68.17
68.17
37.75
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.30
62.30
62.30
145
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
33.00
55.17
37.17
41.50
29.58
78.00
33.42
37.67
16.17
39.92
34.08
68.42
68.58
12.50
13.42
17.42
39.50
50.67
71.58
36.08
29.08
67.75
21.83
63.58
19.58
11.50
57.92
41.17
45.67
55.92
57.08
34.17
13.58
62.42
61.58
61.75
60.25
58.75
14.08
65.08
44.75
80.83
62.30
62.30
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.10
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
146
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
33.50
11.42
14.67
38.42
45.42
34.92
25.75
9.50
11.17
42.17
77.25
57.17
38.00
28.00
30.08
43.58
39.58
78.08
64.83
25.08
19.67
36.17
20.58
11.67
80.33
64.00
19.58
20.00
56.83
41.08
73.50
20.00
44.33
30.42
55.67
12.83
37.83
58.33
36.08
35.25
32.83
45.08
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.10
61.10
147
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
62.67
72.83
68.00
23.75
29.58
42.33
74.50
84.75
50.58
63.50
50.67
29.33
67.08
24.92
46.75
24.50
73.67
45.00
24.25
33.42
62.92
33.67
36.33
11.67
31.83
50.08
72.33
12.08
11.75
67.75
54.83
11.50
79.33
62.75
74.42
74.92
74.25
45.67
14.17
61.10
61.10
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.80
60.80
60.80
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.30
60.30
60.20
60.20
60.10
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.90
59.90
59.80
148
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
84.17
69.25
64.50
20.17
67.33
39.25
28.50
43.67
39.75
48.42
40.92
64.92
83.25
16.58
74.58
53.67
11.25
68.00
72.00
44.17
12.67
9.83
89.75
84.67
73.58
11.25
84.83
10.67
15.00
11.58
9.67
82.33
10.67
10.83
10.17
11.75
9.58
10.67
9.58
8.83
11.00
8.92
59.70
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.50
59.50
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.10
59.10
59.10
58.80
58.70
58.60
58.50
58.40
58.40
58.30
58.30
58.10
57.60
57.60
57.40
57.40
57.40
57.30
57.20
57.00
56.90
56.60
56.10
56.10
55.90
55.90
55.80
55.80
149
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
11.17
11.00
10.83
75.50
9.67
12.25
10.58
7.58
18.00
9.67
8.75
9.33
8.08
7.42
8.33
8.92
8.08
9.00
8.58
10.42
7.33
7.75
9.42
8.83
9.92
8.00
8.17
7.58
6.25
7.25
7.17
8.67
7.50
6.75
5.92
6.42
4.75
6.83
6.42
5.83
7.25
55.80
55.80
55.80
55.60
55.60
55.20
54.70
54.40
53.70
53.50
53.30
53.10
53.00
53.00
52.70
52.50
52.50
52.10
51.70
51.70
51.70
51.20
51.10
50.70
50.70
50.60
50.40
50.20
50.20
49.80
49.70
49.60
48.60
48.30
48.20
48.20
48.10
47.80
47.80
47.80
47.80
47.70
150
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
5.75
5.92
6.75
5.67
5.75
4.83
5.42
6.50
5.33
5.75
5.33
5.50
5.67
5.92
5.50
5.08
5.50
5.58
5.92
5.33
5.75
4.17
4.67
4.58
5.50
3.67
4.33
4.67
4.25
4.08
3.92
5.58
4.08
3.42
4.92
4.92
4.00
3.92
4.50
3.58
4.33
3.58
47.40
47.30
47.20
47.10
46.90
46.70
46.60
46.20
46.10
45.90
45.90
45.90
45.80
45.70
45.00
44.80
44.70
44.30
44.10
44.00
43.90
43.50
43.40
43.30
42.70
42.50
42.50
42.10
42.00
41.70
41.60
41.60
41.40
41.30
41.30
41.20
41.10
40.90
40.80
40.70
40.60
40.30
151
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
3.42
4.00
4.00
4.25
3.75
4.17
2.58
3.25
3.33
4.08
3.92
3.08
3.17
3.00
3.25
3.33
3.58
3.00
3.58
3.67
3.08
2.83
2.92
2.75
3.00
2.92
3.58
2.17
2.92
3.00
3.42
2.42
2.42
3.00
2.25
2.08
3.08
2.08
2.25
2.67
2.50
2.33
39.90
39.80
39.50
39.40
39.40
39.30
39.10
39.10
39.10
39.10
39.00
39.00
38.80
38.70
38.20
38.10
37.90
37.90
37.60
37.60
37.50
37.40
37.20
37.10
36.90
36.70
36.60
36.30
36.20
36.20
36.10
36.00
36.00
35.90
35.70
35.70
35.60
35.30
35.10
34.90
34.80
34.80
152
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
2.25
2.33
2.58
2.08
2.08
44.00
35.92
21.17
36.50
23.58
24.75
33.58
18.25
25.92
59.00
43.25
35.17
36.00
23.33
47.33
61.75
41.42
15.17
27.25
23.33
39.08
15.75
45.75
28.25
46.17
19.83
41.00
43.42
40.25
61.67
26.42
14.33
18.00
22.75
22.50
27.75
33.50
34.80
34.20
34.10
33.00
30.20
77.60
77.00
76.60
76.60
76.30
76.30
75.30
75.30
75.20
75.20
75.10
74.90
74.80
74.20
74.10
74.10
74.10
74.10
74.00
74.00
74.00
73.80
73.80
73.70
73.70
73.60
73.50
73.50
73.40
73.40
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.20
73.20
73.10
73.10
153
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
40.83
21.83
34.67
65.58
28.75
67.83
26.00
19.25
54.08
19.75
27.25
30.92
30.67
28.75
77.25
39.92
28.25
35.33
48.58
55.17
42.42
30.50
68.75
35.58
29.92
31.25
41.17
18.08
27.92
57.25
23.25
34.33
26.33
41.92
18.17
45.08
44.00
25.42
19.17
27.42
29.42
73.10
73.00
72.90
72.80
72.70
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.40
72.40
72.30
72.30
72.30
72.20
72.20
72.10
72.10
72.10
72.00
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.60
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.40
71.40
71.30
71.20
154
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
25.33
27.33
42.25
78.92
32.08
60.67
39.75
32.33
15.50
30.17
34.17
42.08
43.58
19.75
30.75
60.42
59.25
42.33
19.75
68.50
20.67
41.00
22.75
70.50
70.50
24.50
40.75
19.92
28.17
25.17
23.00
34.33
32.08
74.25
36.58
76.00
13.42
29.33
34.42
78.75
73.08
17.83
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.00
71.00
71.00
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.50
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
155
Region
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
55.58
18.50
49.75
49.33
32.00
13.42
33.67
14.50
17.67
25.25
58.17
61.75
27.58
29.58
32.00
39.83
65.00
37.25
75.42
89.67
19.17
62.58
19.50
68.83
42.50
21.83
43.83
19.83
15.75
60.58
66.17
72.25
32.50
33.83
25.42
43.92
14.50
59.17
30.83
27.58
23.83
Height in Inches
70.30
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.10
70.10
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
156
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
29.92
50.75
52.25
60.58
32.92
41.58
31.08
42.42
57.83
36.25
39.75
85.58
18.25
17.75
71.33
58.00
36.25
37.17
87.83
17.58
87.67
33.08
15.08
32.83
12.75
19.75
23.00
14.50
45.83
22.33
75.08
59.92
19.08
35.42
60.75
73.92
33.33
37.75
66.58
28.17
35.17
82.25
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.30
69.30
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.70
68.70
157
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
26.42
51.08
29.75
34.08
27.25
22.75
80.00
39.67
90.00
26.75
24.08
57.08
45.75
13.08
43.33
17.50
25.50
60.58
70.75
17.92
29.17
34.92
14.08
59.58
40.92
16.25
16.08
13.92
69.42
14.00
62.83
44.92
39.00
20.08
81.08
14.00
74.50
34.92
62.17
62.25
68.00
34.75
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.00
68.00
158
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
19.33
26.50
58.25
32.42
24.08
65.17
69.17
13.42
38.58
17.00
29.33
69.42
36.50
66.67
25.83
59.00
59.33
58.58
41.83
70.25
20.83
45.00
47.33
42.75
22.00
34.50
15.08
32.67
38.50
48.08
61.00
68.42
59.00
58.83
54.83
12.83
23.25
15.50
14.33
25.75
14.25
19.25
68.00
68.00
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
159
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
27.67
61.25
24.67
70.92
47.75
42.17
61.17
17.83
48.17
61.58
38.00
40.58
26.75
53.50
68.17
50.92
80.92
15.42
60.08
20.50
20.50
90.00
24.25
43.17
53.25
77.08
21.58
64.17
70.83
74.17
69.75
46.67
63.42
55.92
20.92
65.17
16.08
73.83
22.00
77.83
63.17
57.17
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
160
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
15.92
52.42
21.75
38.92
75.17
78.00
38.00
15.25
14.17
22.50
68.50
32.83
29.08
67.75
45.75
46.17
38.92
57.58
73.83
76.58
62.58
13.58
67.33
70.25
23.58
17.92
43.83
11.42
14.00
46.50
69.17
64.50
19.00
89.75
82.75
19.58
14.33
65.50
23.42
14.08
14.08
43.92
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.20
65.20
65.10
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
161
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
47.00
20.17
14.42
63.75
62.42
78.00
35.83
43.25
72.25
75.75
65.50
17.33
15.58
67.67
33.50
49.42
26.17
12.92
62.08
13.42
46.75
16.42
14.00
13.00
12.25
11.67
64.25
14.50
12.50
80.33
11.33
12.58
12.58
14.75
10.75
10.50
9.92
12.08
10.83
64.90
64.90
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.50
64.50
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.20
63.90
63.90
63.80
63.70
63.60
62.90
62.80
62.80
62.60
62.40
62.20
62.20
62.00
61.80
61.60
61.50
61.20
61.10
61.00
61.00
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.80
60.10
60.00
60.00
162
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
10.33
9.67
12.83
13.33
9.92
10.00
11.33
11.67
12.92
12.58
10.08
10.33
11.50
10.33
10.92
11.08
9.67
11.08
12.83
10.00
9.58
9.33
8.83
11.25
11.17
8.75
88.42
10.08
10.00
9.00
10.08
11.75
9.33
10.75
8.83
9.42
9.67
7.67
10.33
9.33
9.25
10.33
60.00
60.00
59.80
59.40
59.30
59.00
58.80
58.70
58.70
58.50
58.00
58.00
58.00
57.70
57.70
57.60
57.60
57.00
56.70
56.60
56.00
55.80
55.80
55.50
55.20
55.00
54.90
54.80
54.30
54.30
54.20
54.00
54.00
53.70
53.70
53.70
53.40
53.30
53.10
53.00
53.00
53.00
163
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
8.25
9.92
7.83
8.42
8.50
10.00
7.33
9.08
10.00
8.25
6.83
6.83
7.75
5.58
7.67
9.92
7.58
7.17
9.00
8.83
9.00
7.33
7.33
9.08
6.08
6.50
7.33
7.00
6.25
5.75
6.00
6.08
6.00
6.83
8.50
7.08
8.75
5.17
5.00
5.67
5.58
6.58
53.00
52.70
52.60
52.60
52.00
51.90
51.80
51.70
51.70
51.50
51.50
51.00
50.90
50.90
50.70
50.60
50.40
50.30
50.20
50.20
50.10
50.10
49.80
49.70
48.90
48.90
48.60
48.50
48.40
48.30
48.30
48.30
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.90
47.80
47.50
47.30
47.20
46.60
46.50
164
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
6.50
6.33
5.58
5.50
5.58
6.42
5.83
5.08
4.67
5.42
7.00
5.25
5.00
5.00
5.17
5.00
4.92
5.75
5.25
4.83
4.42
6.92
4.92
5.00
4.92
5.50
5.08
5.17
4.00
6.75
4.58
5.17
10.08
4.67
4.17
6.25
4.75
4.42
5.08
4.83
6.00
5.08
46.40
46.30
46.20
46.10
45.90
45.80
45.80
45.60
45.60
45.40
45.30
45.30
45.20
45.10
44.90
44.90
44.70
44.70
44.70
44.40
44.30
44.10
43.90
43.90
43.80
43.70
43.50
43.40
43.20
43.10
43.10
42.80
42.80
42.70
42.60
42.60
42.60
42.50
42.40
42.00
42.00
42.00
165
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
5.17
4.08
3.67
5.08
4.17
5.42
4.42
4.17
3.58
3.75
5.00
4.00
3.25
4.17
4.17
4.58
2.67
3.75
3.25
3.67
3.33
5.08
3.25
3.92
4.33
3.50
3.50
2.75
4.42
3.17
3.67
3.42
3.25
3.00
2.17
2.83
3.67
3.67
2.75
3.33
3.58
2.42
41.90
41.90
41.80
41.70
41.60
41.50
41.50
41.40
41.40
41.40
41.10
41.00
40.90
40.90
40.70
40.60
40.40
40.40
40.40
40.30
40.30
40.20
40.00
40.00
40.00
39.80
39.70
39.60
39.10
38.80
38.70
38.50
38.30
38.30
38.20
38.10
38.10
38.00
37.90
37.90
37.80
37.70
166
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
Northeast
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
2.83
2.92
2.50
2.67
2.58
2.83
2.83
3.08
2.75
2.50
2.50
2.17
3.08
2.92
2.67
2.50
2.67
2.17
2.67
2.67
3.17
2.17
2.42
2.25
2.17
2.58
2.58
2.00
14.33
16.58
13.00
41.92
17.42
38.08
63.58
14.50
22.25
35.58
35.83
40.08
33.83
20.00
37.60
37.50
37.40
37.30
37.10
37.10
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.80
36.80
36.70
36.60
36.50
36.50
36.10
36.10
35.90
35.70
35.50
35.40
35.40
35.40
35.20
35.00
34.80
34.30
32.90
72.70
72.40
71.90
71.70
71.50
71.50
71.40
71.10
71.10
70.50
70.50
70.40
70.30
70.10
167
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
67.08
12.83
31.42
17.33
22.33
45.08
37.92
35.50
45.17
35.58
15.58
12.67
30.17
58.33
16.50
32.50
43.00
41.92
21.42
46.67
32.00
62.92
19.92
14.67
37.00
29.00
24.42
61.08
44.42
39.83
40.08
29.17
37.50
42.83
21.75
23.42
38.00
13.83
28.33
28.00
72.83
49.08
70.10
70.00
70.00
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.50
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.00
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
168
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
31.50
45.42
20.83
29.42
53.50
12.58
30.33
66.42
45.50
65.17
28.00
49.58
33.17
18.50
72.17
30.50
24.17
16.58
56.17
39.00
21.67
16.17
35.00
41.25
38.25
22.42
76.42
31.25
21.58
23.92
29.17
31.67
43.92
36.50
50.08
47.50
19.33
41.75
32.33
45.00
54.33
46.33
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
169
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
50.17
38.42
33.83
35.17
16.75
22.42
59.42
41.00
32.33
41.00
63.83
23.92
29.58
20.00
35.00
42.17
38.75
22.25
64.08
26.00
64.08
19.17
18.75
14.92
35.25
32.75
42.50
20.33
34.67
41.58
52.42
25.83
31.33
16.83
48.83
22.25
20.58
49.50
48.83
20.67
51.58
37.17
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
170
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
15.00
21.75
31.83
18.17
64.08
19.75
17.50
19.08
30.17
52.17
66.00
26.42
65.08
30.42
28.83
36.50
18.58
28.92
33.58
18.00
30.67
57.83
41.83
50.83
30.58
24.83
46.50
26.08
32.17
17.00
68.17
25.33
30.00
17.17
58.92
41.33
18.33
41.75
13.08
14.17
Height in Inches
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
171
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
13.33
29.33
42.92
44.75
15.58
26.83
69.92
25.50
60.92
26.00
24.83
21.50
32.42
13.17
19.67
43.17
51.50
57.17
63.50
31.42
28.67
28.42
58.58
36.17
34.08
40.75
16.50
66.17
24.67
40.67
68.17
33.33
18.58
34.25
29.00
23.58
13.42
25.33
56.58
27.00
26.58
50.92
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
172
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
25.17
55.58
23.00
16.33
40.58
22.67
17.83
54.17
60.83
37.08
12.50
18.00
41.25
17.08
40.08
23.58
31.83
41.92
24.00
22.58
13.67
31.33
66.67
20.25
29.08
28.33
56.08
47.58
40.42
19.33
17.67
32.17
59.17
32.33
49.92
44.50
47.67
12.25
43.92
49.25
57.50
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
173
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
38.25
30.58
26.25
31.83
35.75
34.08
54.33
68.92
41.17
42.33
40.50
50.42
44.00
18.17
27.17
13.75
36.58
27.75
66.00
18.75
20.75
33.50
37.92
37.75
25.83
60.25
52.00
30.83
18.42
32.50
16.92
59.92
23.92
42.33
55.92
21.67
18.92
40.33
72.67
18.42
35.17
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
174
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
25.75
37.17
16.58
38.50
15.33
20.92
40.42
18.33
18.17
25.33
21.58
36.00
66.17
22.25
41.00
36.25
74.50
13.50
17.00
31.83
21.25
27.42
38.17
20.17
20.17
30.50
56.00
43.75
25.17
38.08
39.08
55.58
17.25
14.00
30.75
67.17
22.67
15.92
56.33
18.08
21.58
19.17
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
175
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
15.58
28.08
14.58
29.50
41.75
13.42
36.67
15.25
31.75
17.25
23.92
39.75
22.58
20.25
16.42
45.17
23.08
51.08
41.92
27.33
40.00
16.58
14.50
41.67
32.83
40.50
31.92
12.67
16.50
15.08
16.25
18.08
40.42
24.17
75.75
35.17
33.75
35.75
37.08
20.25
40.17
23.00
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
176
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
48.58
22.08
46.67
21.17
46.92
74.42
18.25
34.67
14.92
35.67
62.42
42.50
67.17
51.83
37.67
35.33
26.67
74.25
21.33
40.17
15.75
20.25
36.83
18.83
33.00
17.42
28.33
19.25
34.83
29.33
65.83
37.25
46.08
26.00
16.42
28.50
31.08
41.25
61.58
22.33
23.08
86.33
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
177
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
46.00
24.33
37.92
23.17
35.67
27.17
65.42
53.75
76.00
26.17
21.92
28.67
43.67
20.67
31.92
57.42
43.67
13.75
31.00
18.25
60.33
36.50
31.17
30.33
18.25
14.92
12.00
30.75
21.58
62.08
57.42
31.08
16.33
49.00
29.42
13.58
35.92
59.17
26.00
52.50
37.25
35.92
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
178
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
53.17
33.58
37.67
18.58
58.08
13.58
15.08
70.25
22.75
56.17
41.83
45.08
25.08
30.92
60.42
60.33
32.92
24.42
37.67
38.00
21.17
75.17
45.67
31.92
44.17
11.58
35.83
33.50
16.58
12.08
35.08
24.50
26.92
43.08
41.75
28.08
75.25
30.00
51.00
24.83
42.75
12.42
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
179
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
22.17
35.42
58.50
31.00
13.50
43.67
12.58
40.17
47.33
31.33
41.58
15.50
40.50
28.17
36.17
15.58
21.92
34.92
38.58
63.17
16.42
40.00
32.92
46.92
35.00
37.33
79.08
79.75
35.92
25.00
65.92
15.83
31.83
13.08
20.50
49.83
53.08
30.50
24.50
17.08
73.25
37.42
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.20
180
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
50.33
43.25
17.42
52.50
13.58
25.92
20.33
87.17
54.33
62.50
36.25
46.25
59.33
15.00
31.42
59.00
15.75
42.17
31.58
34.00
47.67
66.50
36.83
27.83
36.25
23.08
49.58
29.42
39.58
77.83
23.33
79.83
21.17
62.67
22.50
22.42
15.75
35.17
76.08
21.92
28.42
37.42
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
181
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
60.08
40.33
28.83
44.17
26.58
30.92
20.17
17.92
27.67
25.08
64.92
71.58
72.33
38.92
14.50
15.50
59.08
24.83
80.58
30.08
47.92
27.75
44.92
36.92
84.42
19.92
44.58
46.08
59.00
63.08
32.58
66.42
14.17
19.33
24.75
65.75
22.92
21.92
35.92
18.75
14.50
16.75
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
64.90
182
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
34.75
55.92
48.00
28.75
69.67
29.67
66.83
54.17
56.58
34.00
20.25
31.00
30.17
43.25
39.00
34.33
26.58
69.75
20.42
14.75
37.92
68.00
45.17
44.17
19.75
68.08
27.25
35.33
40.33
44.92
24.08
61.67
29.25
30.67
33.25
28.25
39.92
37.25
42.67
11.92
61.58
14.83
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
183
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
29.67
35.42
14.08
38.83
16.08
38.92
31.58
12.58
31.00
23.33
55.33
69.92
37.50
13.50
11.33
27.25
64.17
64.25
12.42
88.42
42.50
21.25
36.75
66.67
15.50
13.33
22.50
31.75
28.33
27.83
41.08
52.83
50.58
16.00
48.42
22.33
23.83
30.92
64.58
58.25
64.00
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
184
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
24.50
29.00
21.25
45.33
62.08
16.33
44.75
26.58
25.17
39.42
30.50
14.75
16.33
64.50
25.25
17.67
81.33
68.42
14.17
27.58
76.33
36.83
73.17
12.75
34.33
81.58
41.17
18.33
38.75
71.92
24.92
39.92
44.00
21.67
56.00
25.83
40.58
32.75
21.08
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
185
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
29.08
34.92
11.83
15.50
73.08
17.58
52.00
19.67
17.58
22.75
75.50
20.42
30.58
62.25
43.83
19.25
32.83
42.83
48.00
42.42
21.00
17.00
60.33
21.25
47.92
29.67
33.17
18.33
26.75
35.75
80.42
31.75
27.42
18.92
41.08
33.33
Height in Inches
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
186
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
64.17
36.25
18.08
41.17
23.83
41.92
12.42
83.17
27.83
25.00
26.75
16.58
28.25
61.08
46.25
37.08
30.75
69.67
29.00
16.08
66.50
18.58
40.17
51.75
59.17
16.25
19.25
62.08
62.67
36.25
46.83
63.92
64.92
33.67
42.58
35.33
69.75
32.00
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
187
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
50.42
25.92
26.67
22.50
48.33
13.00
38.58
30.08
23.25
63.33
64.83
19.50
42.33
37.17
26.75
16.83
22.58
47.33
17.17
64.58
75.83
47.75
12.67
15.08
65.25
17.33
33.17
34.67
25.83
85.83
46.83
33.42
50.17
41.58
57.00
21.17
26.75
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.00
64.00
188
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
71.50
25.42
52.08
16.58
37.67
16.42
24.92
24.33
11.33
69.17
68.00
29.25
85.67
73.25
27.17
37.67
42.67
32.00
55.92
30.00
17.17
12.75
38.92
82.25
17.83
12.17
37.75
25.50
68.92
12.75
24.08
59.50
12.00
35.67
67.42
37.42
74.50
43.75
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
64.00
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
189
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
42.50
41.92
34.58
32.42
51.58
24.92
42.00
13.75
13.67
13.08
33.92
23.92
12.25
37.50
72.42
37.25
15.25
21.92
26.67
35.92
36.33
45.75
63.33
37.58
21.67
40.42
52.92
40.42
24.58
17.42
20.25
28.42
15.17
13.08
50.50
34.00
15.75
17.92
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
63.80
190
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
77.75
31.42
21.17
40.67
17.75
58.33
15.83
22.42
29.25
11.83
20.33
20.08
14.25
70.08
14.08
12.50
18.67
43.25
72.75
24.08
30.25
56.00
23.25
44.92
48.42
31.25
49.25
40.17
24.08
55.50
68.92
42.33
24.92
37.75
41.92
48.83
25.08
46.50
63.80
63.80
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
191
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
37.42
18.50
38.42
27.58
36.50
17.75
22.00
14.25
86.25
48.50
14.92
33.33
12.42
14.75
44.83
28.42
11.83
37.75
13.50
14.50
47.83
54.08
19.08
23.25
82.00
48.58
21.50
45.75
55.00
63.50
65.92
40.33
24.75
44.00
27.25
16.25
68.50
47.08
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
192
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
14.92
38.67
28.67
18.00
62.92
57.00
31.08
76.67
50.75
41.00
38.00
36.17
37.58
41.83
14.17
79.75
18.00
17.08
79.83
59.92
13.75
81.75
23.75
21.33
16.25
36.33
20.83
68.00
10.50
65.58
21.08
68.17
16.67
74.92
56.08
36.75
30.83
41.17
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
193
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
18.25
18.67
41.00
27.42
27.75
12.50
72.58
58.08
77.83
57.50
53.92
28.25
22.83
20.00
40.75
32.50
34.92
39.17
57.50
14.58
54.25
40.92
53.83
24.75
15.08
32.17
26.17
39.17
21.83
58.17
77.25
19.42
19.42
13.17
33.58
35.58
45.00
31.67
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.20
63.10
63.10
63.10
194
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
59.33
57.92
29.00
19.67
37.17
71.33
67.25
13.67
41.83
63.50
32.00
31.42
53.33
51.83
33.00
11.67
24.42
18.42
42.83
41.17
13.42
46.00
16.25
41.42
12.17
39.08
20.67
66.17
56.17
76.92
66.50
55.33
39.17
23.25
49.67
16.25
27.17
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
195
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
15.50
21.75
12.42
38.67
15.92
18.75
15.17
44.50
36.42
12.75
27.50
49.08
30.75
28.50
13.58
61.17
47.25
12.42
14.83
42.42
26.67
40.08
78.00
14.00
45.17
40.75
15.17
40.25
15.00
43.83
90.00
67.92
80.17
81.83
27.42
27.83
41.08
39.08
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.90
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
196
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
64.58
51.42
15.17
52.08
11.17
13.75
39.75
27.58
31.75
73.67
37.67
44.75
77.58
45.67
31.58
16.83
57.25
14.75
64.42
30.00
79.67
66.50
17.67
41.83
34.50
40.00
26.00
54.75
37.58
25.50
49.50
13.67
27.17
12.17
40.50
69.83
36.25
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
62.70
197
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
50.67
10.92
69.08
34.33
31.58
55.83
19.50
13.58
32.75
11.00
24.92
50.83
40.50
11.33
35.08
18.83
45.58
54.08
33.58
37.42
40.08
67.00
40.50
59.00
29.00
17.83
15.67
24.42
73.42
56.00
54.17
20.50
23.25
52.25
20.42
39.08
33.25
45.42
62.70
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
198
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
69.33
48.50
27.00
12.50
34.08
79.50
41.00
64.75
36.33
13.42
12.33
15.92
80.67
45.00
85.33
24.67
15.58
61.17
54.58
41.42
41.00
23.08
42.67
26.42
12.00
40.08
12.83
45.17
19.67
17.58
18.42
61.33
59.50
29.50
25.25
33.50
30.42
18.17
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.50
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
199
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
71.33
13.58
14.92
28.92
55.50
53.17
55.08
81.67
15.92
40.75
48.50
69.83
19.50
19.50
16.75
22.50
30.50
86.92
12.75
33.50
49.08
28.50
81.42
54.08
32.33
39.33
61.08
68.08
25.08
20.67
23.08
32.25
53.58
34.50
42.67
30.50
46.42
88.08
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
200
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
56.83
40.08
73.33
16.58
24.00
49.75
19.00
80.00
54.33
12.92
39.17
15.00
37.67
30.75
72.92
14.25
56.00
12.42
25.25
21.00
28.92
35.25
16.75
13.58
15.67
35.92
44.75
12.00
24.58
28.25
54.00
79.25
28.00
37.08
19.00
31.83
16.17
Height in Inches
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
201
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
43.50
13.67
13.17
56.92
42.92
28.33
40.25
74.83
65.08
68.75
12.50
33.00
12.42
10.50
80.75
44.25
16.17
13.50
77.00
26.67
29.83
64.58
47.50
24.25
26.33
46.25
31.42
66.75
27.92
66.83
80.00
34.83
12.92
16.58
45.25
65.25
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
62.00
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
202
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
31.67
22.33
13.33
34.75
29.83
27.08
17.83
23.33
40.17
56.92
27.17
22.83
42.08
72.42
39.83
13.08
40.25
33.67
34.67
18.42
12.25
12.08
15.58
32.33
12.58
75.00
24.08
70.75
75.75
17.83
68.00
21.33
89.00
64.33
71.17
71.58
80.42
76.83
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.80
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
203
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
74.00
65.83
33.50
29.58
55.67
38.75
45.50
35.50
58.75
36.08
33.67
10.58
18.00
43.08
68.67
13.25
21.67
21.92
29.58
67.58
14.00
21.33
13.83
70.08
86.08
36.92
36.83
14.42
75.83
43.08
29.17
76.42
22.75
19.33
76.83
42.75
16.42
11.33
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.70
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.60
61.50
61.50
204
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
29.75
41.08
21.00
42.92
41.33
32.08
13.25
35.08
23.00
38.58
13.58
45.67
17.83
14.00
28.25
18.58
29.83
40.67
58.58
61.50
41.50
44.75
12.83
71.08
60.92
48.67
61.83
78.00
32.00
40.00
12.17
37.25
81.92
59.50
16.33
57.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
205
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
80.42
33.58
35.92
10.83
56.17
12.17
12.83
70.75
39.58
30.50
36.92
76.33
29.17
75.50
10.42
12.58
43.83
37.25
52.58
57.50
18.17
11.17
26.17
12.67
85.17
23.50
38.42
30.00
25.42
29.92
16.25
76.08
13.92
52.83
82.25
27.58
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.20
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
206
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
11.08
14.58
52.58
23.83
53.58
38.83
18.58
80.00
13.42
24.42
21.83
38.00
70.25
16.08
35.58
24.83
41.75
69.83
18.92
10.67
18.25
20.08
58.67
81.50
66.33
64.58
66.75
83.92
66.33
49.50
36.08
20.17
11.17
25.42
10.33
14.92
37.08
31.50
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.10
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
61.00
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.90
60.80
60.80
207
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
20.92
12.25
23.58
54.92
11.17
25.92
45.25
20.17
26.67
11.67
65.50
47.75
52.92
48.33
24.50
76.58
14.92
11.67
70.67
30.17
22.92
65.33
17.75
40.08
13.75
14.00
75.25
11.08
22.75
32.08
59.83
13.75
9.17
27.42
17.75
22.08
17.83
60.80
60.80
60.80
60.80
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.60
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
208
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
68.92
74.42
13.92
75.33
60.83
10.92
42.00
23.08
76.92
12.00
35.50
19.58
28.17
34.08
33.00
82.08
14.50
67.67
72.92
11.42
27.00
12.92
21.58
10.92
12.50
16.50
23.83
15.75
11.92
59.83
70.50
40.50
76.67
24.67
11.42
14.00
47.25
10.00
60.50
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.30
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
209
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
17.75
22.67
11.25
33.92
11.42
11.67
32.25
34.75
10.17
63.75
81.42
46.08
58.42
14.17
12.83
31.92
59.00
86.58
48.42
47.17
34.08
11.92
51.58
25.33
83.58
10.67
58.00
14.17
12.00
26.92
65.50
13.00
11.33
14.92
40.00
78.25
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.10
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.90
59.90
59.90
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
210
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
59.00
21.67
48.08
11.25
10.08
34.67
23.00
67.92
12.25
34.67
31.75
70.25
68.92
85.00
18.08
29.83
12.83
54.83
10.08
73.92
10.33
9.00
90.00
11.00
10.58
14.58
33.50
10.42
69.92
35.92
10.92
34.17
11.08
34.00
13.75
77.33
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.80
59.70
59.70
59.70
59.70
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.50
59.40
59.40
59.40
59.40
59.40
211
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
11.50
32.75
79.75
23.08
33.75
18.83
90.00
76.42
12.00
67.08
54.50
11.25
9.25
35.00
27.50
10.00
10.42
21.17
39.00
10.17
10.42
9.00
12.08
39.83
66.83
12.50
62.50
16.67
12.67
86.75
70.92
38.25
14.75
25.33
18.08
17.58
59.40
59.40
59.40
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.30
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.10
59.00
59.00
58.90
58.90
58.90
58.90
212
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
75.25
86.17
76.00
10.83
10.17
78.58
33.58
37.00
9.33
10.83
16.17
11.67
10.92
30.42
10.33
8.08
29.08
28.75
13.25
10.92
10.00
11.75
9.25
83.50
30.75
12.25
88.08
10.50
78.42
12.92
7.08
52.00
9.75
10.83
29.00
65.42
10.33
58.90
58.80
58.80
58.80
58.80
58.70
58.70
58.70
58.60
58.60
58.60
58.60
58.50
58.50
58.40
58.40
58.20
58.20
58.20
58.20
58.20
58.10
58.10
58.10
58.10
58.00
58.00
57.90
57.80
57.80
57.80
57.80
57.70
57.70
57.70
57.50
57.50
57.40
213
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
10.50
8.75
8.75
16.50
10.83
8.75
9.75
9.25
10.50
11.92
8.75
82.58
10.17
83.50
42.17
9.42
9.25
8.50
9.25
10.25
9.08
8.42
10.92
11.58
10.33
67.17
30.33
10.75
10.33
11.08
11.08
7.83
50.42
10.58
9.75
9.92
9.42
20.67
57.40
57.40
57.30
57.30
57.20
57.20
57.20
57.10
57.10
57.10
57.00
56.90
56.90
56.90
56.90
56.90
56.80
56.70
56.70
56.70
56.70
56.60
56.50
56.40
56.40
56.30
56.30
56.30
56.20
56.20
56.10
56.10
56.10
56.10
56.00
55.90
55.90
55.80
214
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
9.92
9.08
7.83
11.50
11.42
11.75
11.33
9.83
16.67
8.83
10.25
9.17
9.42
8.58
10.92
8.25
12.00
10.92
9.33
6.83
7.58
39.33
11.33
10.00
11.17
7.33
10.33
8.83
9.67
9.92
9.83
10.33
9.33
10.58
8.25
9.50
7.58
9.67
55.80
55.70
55.60
55.40
55.40
55.20
55.20
55.20
55.20
55.10
55.10
55.10
55.00
55.00
54.90
54.90
54.90
54.80
54.80
54.80
54.80
54.80
54.80
54.70
54.70
54.60
54.60
54.60
54.60
54.60
54.60
54.50
54.50
54.50
54.50
54.40
54.40
54.40
215
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
9.25
35.75
8.83
10.67
7.75
11.00
8.92
9.42
8.58
11.75
8.58
7.83
10.00
9.75
8.50
26.92
9.25
8.25
9.83
10.17
10.33
8.75
7.00
7.58
9.17
8.42
11.83
6.75
10.50
9.42
9.67
9.92
7.00
9.08
8.83
9.33
7.92
Height in Inches
54.40
54.40
54.40
54.30
54.30
54.30
54.30
54.20
54.20
54.00
53.90
53.90
53.90
53.80
53.70
53.70
53.60
53.60
53.60
53.50
53.30
53.30
53.30
53.30
53.30
53.20
53.10
53.10
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
52.90
52.90
52.80
52.80
52.80
216
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
8.50
8.50
9.92
8.67
81.92
7.83
9.42
9.00
8.00
8.67
7.25
8.33
9.33
10.42
7.17
10.67
9.67
10.50
7.42
8.42
9.58
9.83
6.75
8.08
17.42
8.42
8.00
7.42
8.67
7.58
8.67
9.08
9.67
8.50
7.75
7.25
7.58
8.42
52.80
52.70
52.60
52.40
52.40
52.20
52.20
52.10
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.80
51.80
51.70
51.70
51.60
51.60
51.60
51.50
51.40
51.40
51.40
51.40
51.30
51.30
51.30
51.30
51.10
51.10
51.10
51.00
51.00
50.80
217
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
8.08
6.58
7.25
6.25
8.75
7.92
8.50
8.08
8.08
9.00
7.58
6.83
7.17
7.25
7.08
8.17
8.00
9.25
8.83
7.08
7.75
8.67
8.42
7.83
6.75
7.42
6.75
6.08
5.25
7.92
7.33
6.25
5.92
8.67
6.75
7.58
7.50
7.50
50.80
50.70
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.40
50.40
50.40
50.40
50.40
50.30
50.20
50.20
50.20
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
49.90
49.90
49.80
49.80
49.80
49.70
49.60
49.50
49.40
49.40
49.30
49.30
49.30
49.30
49.20
49.10
49.10
218
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
6.42
7.42
7.42
6.17
7.42
8.58
7.92
6.33
7.58
7.25
5.50
6.83
7.67
5.67
7.00
7.00
6.83
6.00
6.83
7.17
5.58
9.00
5.92
5.50
7.17
6.58
7.58
5.92
6.42
6.92
7.00
6.42
6.50
6.92
5.50
7.00
5.75
5.08
49.10
49.00
49.00
48.80
48.80
48.80
48.80
48.60
48.60
48.60
48.50
48.50
48.50
48.40
48.30
48.30
48.30
48.20
48.20
48.10
48.10
48.10
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.80
47.80
47.70
47.70
47.70
47.60
47.60
47.60
47.50
47.40
47.40
47.40
47.30
219
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
4.67
5.92
7.50
5.25
6.08
8.17
6.17
7.25
6.00
5.58
5.92
5.83
6.08
5.83
7.08
5.92
6.08
6.50
6.25
6.92
5.75
6.50
5.67
5.25
5.33
5.50
6.00
6.08
5.50
6.50
5.75
5.83
7.75
5.83
5.92
6.50
5.92
5.42
47.30
47.30
47.30
47.20
47.20
47.20
47.10
47.10
47.10
47.10
47.00
47.00
47.00
47.00
47.00
46.90
46.90
46.80
46.70
46.70
46.60
46.50
46.50
46.50
46.50
46.40
46.40
46.40
46.30
46.30
46.30
46.20
46.20
46.20
46.10
46.10
46.00
45.90
220
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
5.75
5.50
5.75
4.92
5.58
6.42
5.00
5.17
6.58
5.17
6.50
4.25
6.25
5.50
4.67
5.92
5.42
5.00
6.00
5.67
5.75
5.75
6.92
5.83
5.42
4.00
4.33
5.58
4.58
5.00
5.75
5.42
6.75
4.33
6.08
5.08
5.25
5.17
45.90
45.90
45.90
45.80
45.80
45.80
45.70
45.70
45.50
45.50
45.50
45.40
45.40
45.40
45.40
45.30
45.20
45.20
45.20
45.10
45.10
45.10
44.90
44.90
44.80
44.80
44.80
44.70
44.70
44.60
44.60
44.60
44.60
44.60
44.60
44.60
44.50
44.50
221
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
5.67
4.67
5.17
5.83
5.92
5.92
5.17
5.17
4.42
5.67
5.92
5.83
7.25
4.67
5.92
5.17
5.33
4.42
5.67
4.42
4.67
5.25
5.50
5.33
4.50
5.00
5.67
4.17
7.17
4.67
5.00
4.83
4.83
5.25
5.25
5.58
4.92
4.75
44.50
44.40
44.40
44.40
44.40
44.30
44.30
44.30
44.30
44.20
44.20
44.20
44.10
44.00
44.00
44.00
44.00
44.00
44.00
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.80
43.80
43.70
43.70
43.60
43.60
43.50
43.50
222
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
5.17
4.58
4.58
4.08
5.17
5.00
5.50
4.67
5.33
4.75
5.00
5.50
4.92
5.25
5.58
3.83
4.83
5.50
4.92
5.83
4.25
6.17
5.08
4.92
5.42
5.25
3.83
5.50
4.17
4.33
5.25
5.50
4.50
5.08
4.33
5.00
4.17
4.33
43.50
43.50
43.50
43.40
43.40
43.40
43.40
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.20
43.10
43.10
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
42.90
42.90
42.80
42.80
42.80
42.80
42.80
42.70
42.60
42.60
42.60
42.50
42.40
42.40
42.40
42.30
223
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
4.83
4.33
5.00
5.00
4.42
5.17
4.50
4.00
5.50
4.50
4.58
4.33
2.67
3.92
4.25
4.58
5.67
4.75
4.08
4.00
4.33
4.42
4.00
4.83
6.17
5.33
3.17
3.83
3.83
3.42
4.58
4.08
4.67
3.83
5.00
4.25
4.33
4.33
42.30
42.30
42.30
42.20
42.20
42.20
42.10
42.10
42.10
42.10
42.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.80
41.80
41.80
41.80
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.60
41.60
41.60
41.60
41.50
224
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
3.75
4.00
3.50
4.67
4.67
3.92
4.83
4.08
5.08
5.33
3.92
4.25
5.00
4.42
4.33
4.42
3.92
4.08
4.00
5.00
4.33
3.33
3.67
4.92
4.50
5.00
5.50
4.25
4.42
4.50
4.67
4.67
3.25
5.08
4.17
4.00
3.50
3.50
41.50
41.50
41.40
41.40
41.30
41.30
41.30
41.30
41.30
41.30
41.20
41.20
41.20
41.20
41.10
41.10
41.10
41.10
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.80
40.80
225
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
3.92
3.92
3.50
4.42
3.58
5.58
4.42
3.25
3.58
4.33
4.58
4.33
5.17
4.08
3.92
2.33
3.75
4.42
3.83
4.17
4.00
4.83
3.25
4.25
3.92
4.17
3.75
3.92
3.33
4.00
3.58
4.17
4.42
3.17
3.92
3.58
3.33
4.00
40.80
40.80
40.80
40.70
40.70
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.50
40.40
40.40
40.30
40.20
40.20
40.20
40.20
40.20
40.20
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
39.90
39.80
39.80
39.70
39.70
39.70
39.70
39.60
39.60
39.50
39.50
39.40
39.40
39.30
39.30
226
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
3.17
3.50
3.75
3.50
2.42
3.67
3.00
3.42
3.58
4.58
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.42
4.42
3.25
3.83
4.00
2.75
3.75
3.08
4.17
3.83
3.00
3.25
3.50
4.33
3.75
3.67
3.50
3.75
2.67
3.92
3.67
3.58
3.25
3.58
3.92
39.30
39.30
39.30
39.20
39.20
39.20
39.10
39.10
39.10
39.00
39.00
39.00
39.00
38.90
38.90
38.90
38.80
38.80
38.80
38.70
38.70
38.70
38.70
38.60
38.50
38.50
38.50
38.50
38.40
38.40
38.30
38.30
38.30
38.30
38.30
38.30
38.20
38.20
227
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
4.17
3.92
3.50
3.50
3.58
3.25
2.83
2.83
2.92
3.00
3.17
3.25
3.17
2.92
3.33
3.92
3.50
3.17
3.92
2.67
3.42
3.25
3.08
2.92
2.83
2.83
3.00
3.17
2.83
2.67
3.58
3.33
3.08
3.17
2.67
2.58
2.92
3.00
38.10
38.10
38.00
38.00
38.00
37.90
37.90
37.90
37.90
37.90
37.80
37.80
37.80
37.70
37.70
37.70
37.60
37.60
37.60
37.50
37.50
37.40
37.40
37.30
37.30
37.30
37.30
37.10
37.10
37.10
37.00
37.00
37.00
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.80
36.80
228
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
3.00
2.92
3.42
2.75
3.08
3.17
2.83
3.58
2.50
3.17
2.50
3.17
2.25
2.33
2.75
3.33
2.33
3.67
2.75
2.33
2.75
2.83
3.25
3.58
2.92
2.58
2.75
2.58
2.42
2.50
2.92
2.58
2.50
2.25
2.75
3.00
3.08
2.42
36.70
36.70
36.70
36.60
36.50
36.50
36.40
36.40
36.40
36.40
36.40
36.30
36.30
36.30
36.30
36.20
36.20
36.20
36.20
36.10
36.10
36.00
36.00
35.90
35.90
35.90
35.90
35.70
35.70
35.60
35.40
35.40
35.40
35.40
35.30
35.20
35.20
35.20
229
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
2.83
2.50
2.83
3.08
2.33
2.83
2.33
3.75
2.50
2.83
2.08
2.92
2.08
2.92
2.00
2.08
2.33
3.42
2.25
2.25
2.42
2.92
2.50
2.17
2.83
2.17
3.58
2.08
2.33
2.17
3.00
2.33
2.17
2.17
2.25
2.17
2.00
2.17
35.20
35.20
35.20
35.20
35.10
35.10
35.10
35.00
35.00
34.80
34.70
34.70
34.60
34.50
34.50
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.30
34.30
34.20
34.20
34.10
34.00
34.00
33.90
33.80
33.70
33.70
33.70
33.60
33.40
33.40
33.30
33.30
33.20
33.20
33.20
230
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
2.25
2.33
2.08
2.25
2.08
2.67
2.00
29.92
37.08
29.00
29.00
32.00
42.75
16.25
30.50
42.08
18.00
39.33
18.42
33.50
21.58
40.67
52.33
39.58
29.67
38.08
34.00
17.33
90.00
23.58
29.08
32.17
45.50
60.33
49.25
22.58
41.33
Height in Inches
33.00
33.00
33.00
32.90
32.80
32.40
30.60
79.40
78.70
77.60
77.00
76.90
76.70
76.40
76.40
76.30
76.30
76.30
76.30
76.30
76.10
76.10
75.80
75.80
75.70
75.50
75.40
75.40
75.40
75.20
75.20
75.20
75.20
75.20
75.10
74.90
74.90
231
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
48.75
44.17
21.25
31.08
26.83
37.17
31.17
35.33
31.83
43.83
24.75
26.50
21.25
48.42
40.92
39.50
29.83
65.67
38.83
42.17
34.42
39.67
17.08
44.33
43.58
25.33
23.25
14.83
24.08
42.33
46.08
36.50
25.17
22.67
67.25
44.42
16.17
35.92
74.90
74.90
74.80
74.80
74.80
74.80
74.80
74.70
74.70
74.60
74.60
74.60
74.60
74.50
74.50
74.40
74.40
74.40
74.40
74.30
74.30
74.20
74.20
74.20
74.20
74.20
74.10
74.10
74.10
74.10
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.90
232
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
22.50
26.17
37.08
25.25
16.33
23.92
18.92
19.50
60.92
25.25
37.75
60.33
25.17
14.75
20.33
36.50
45.00
41.17
21.67
39.33
32.00
36.50
15.08
40.00
36.92
27.25
17.50
18.42
46.83
30.00
60.42
47.08
32.33
22.17
38.17
37.42
32.50
28.75
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.90
73.80
73.80
73.80
73.80
73.70
73.70
73.60
73.60
73.60
73.60
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.40
73.40
73.40
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.30
73.20
233
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
43.75
44.67
32.33
17.92
35.08
41.50
24.00
61.00
34.00
75.42
33.75
69.50
18.25
35.92
56.17
24.75
57.17
20.42
55.42
41.42
18.08
23.08
33.92
43.42
38.58
67.00
29.25
40.58
57.42
54.67
28.58
19.42
29.83
43.75
41.75
18.50
40.42
24.50
73.20
73.20
73.20
73.20
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.10
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
73.00
72.90
72.90
72.90
72.90
72.80
72.80
72.80
72.80
72.80
72.80
72.80
72.80
234
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
17.08
21.67
44.33
32.17
33.42
63.50
54.33
43.17
15.75
44.33
15.92
65.42
42.42
44.50
35.25
31.08
56.25
32.42
43.50
18.08
32.50
33.83
44.58
45.08
54.25
36.92
43.08
14.08
34.67
25.58
23.42
37.17
36.58
27.75
34.75
54.83
48.83
72.80
72.80
72.70
72.70
72.70
72.70
72.70
72.70
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.60
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.40
72.30
72.30
72.30
72.30
72.30
72.30
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
235
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
27.25
60.08
28.75
50.08
24.92
31.08
17.67
53.75
19.00
22.00
23.67
72.25
18.25
72.33
16.42
25.67
30.75
55.67
31.67
71.08
40.33
19.75
33.67
25.25
46.17
31.33
39.08
50.08
28.75
49.67
60.33
70.83
34.08
51.58
19.83
65.33
46.75
18.25
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.10
72.10
72.10
72.10
72.10
72.10
72.10
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
236
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
50.33
33.08
38.00
40.67
54.17
27.00
38.08
34.08
30.42
46.58
42.08
40.83
23.00
30.92
22.75
75.08
60.42
38.17
34.25
25.75
34.17
41.33
43.17
51.42
17.75
27.67
26.08
62.08
32.00
43.08
43.33
18.58
26.00
23.50
64.42
53.00
61.67
36.83
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.70
71.60
71.60
71.60
71.60
71.60
71.60
71.60
71.60
71.60
237
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
34.92
45.75
33.25
27.58
15.50
41.42
72.17
40.33
39.42
24.08
38.75
17.00
61.75
33.33
38.58
75.83
60.75
72.00
40.00
16.67
22.08
25.75
24.67
35.42
48.08
32.25
19.50
15.42
19.08
34.67
48.92
19.92
36.00
24.33
20.92
29.75
36.08
29.75
71.60
71.60
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.40
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
238
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
36.67
58.33
36.92
33.50
24.33
36.25
70.42
65.50
59.17
44.17
42.83
24.83
13.58
13.50
45.58
27.83
60.67
33.58
25.08
23.00
76.50
33.42
45.00
31.17
34.08
32.92
24.25
44.08
40.33
38.92
46.67
71.08
72.83
17.42
23.83
60.67
36.67
17.42
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.30
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.20
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
70.90
70.90
70.90
239
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
54.25
15.75
67.75
22.00
41.00
24.50
48.00
61.42
22.08
38.42
48.92
29.83
42.17
60.83
32.92
20.83
56.08
50.42
26.33
35.08
44.92
62.58
37.50
26.92
34.17
26.75
61.50
24.17
74.67
33.50
41.58
64.83
17.25
43.42
41.08
80.50
50.33
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.80
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
240
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
48.50
32.33
52.83
68.58
19.67
34.75
35.00
24.00
17.08
31.42
21.08
53.00
28.83
54.00
41.00
50.17
40.17
18.50
63.25
40.08
26.33
36.83
27.92
35.83
52.17
23.75
67.08
26.08
66.25
37.17
29.83
48.58
63.00
70.08
37.83
57.75
19.92
17.83
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.60
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.40
70.40
70.40
241
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
47.42
66.50
18.92
62.08
36.17
34.00
64.42
36.58
32.67
38.92
49.58
15.75
23.83
23.00
51.08
18.50
28.75
27.00
66.00
16.75
48.17
65.33
63.33
43.75
17.17
30.92
67.42
19.83
79.17
27.08
28.67
32.08
67.33
62.83
59.92
16.33
50.75
71.67
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.40
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.30
70.20
242
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
60.50
39.33
39.08
31.92
70.08
25.67
32.50
35.08
29.92
72.83
22.17
66.75
33.00
25.58
27.92
66.50
55.67
38.00
30.08
38.00
31.42
18.58
22.08
57.67
34.42
31.17
18.00
22.83
29.00
28.67
32.75
50.42
77.75
35.42
23.75
65.42
33.25
22.83
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.20
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
70.10
243
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
36.25
60.83
30.00
63.92
41.42
40.08
65.33
44.58
55.08
30.00
44.42
66.67
42.17
57.83
62.92
76.08
63.92
38.33
56.42
31.58
18.75
36.25
64.33
41.00
21.17
45.58
14.00
17.58
71.17
19.33
43.00
55.25
16.58
24.33
57.17
56.00
24.75
70.10
70.10
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.80
69.80
244
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
54.42
24.92
64.75
14.67
27.42
34.42
25.67
47.08
59.83
17.33
37.83
37.33
55.33
36.08
35.67
31.58
25.83
33.58
54.00
33.42
39.75
18.50
39.92
24.58
30.00
38.67
28.67
28.83
42.00
36.92
39.75
32.58
52.17
33.50
67.25
24.50
47.83
33.08
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.80
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
245
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
22.75
33.17
36.92
31.50
53.33
19.42
16.00
56.17
42.58
47.83
22.33
26.42
40.25
53.25
63.00
41.83
15.42
65.17
27.33
34.92
17.00
69.58
17.92
37.83
56.08
67.42
24.83
42.33
56.50
69.92
44.33
24.58
21.25
25.58
41.92
70.75
Height in Inches
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.60
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
246
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
30.08
36.33
39.42
58.33
37.58
23.50
79.08
56.25
34.17
32.75
17.50
72.83
28.17
17.67
65.92
29.25
60.42
65.75
23.92
58.67
74.58
57.92
33.67
43.75
17.92
39.33
21.33
67.17
41.83
78.33
81.75
42.67
62.75
59.50
42.92
17.83
38.17
74.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.30
69.30
247
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
29.92
28.42
27.92
27.08
43.25
23.33
30.17
20.08
61.42
16.08
34.83
70.17
14.42
44.67
18.33
62.50
38.25
71.50
46.83
25.50
25.83
73.08
15.42
17.08
40.67
39.67
22.75
16.42
18.42
33.17
15.42
29.25
28.58
20.25
74.42
23.00
18.33
40.50
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.30
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.20
69.10
248
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
27.25
42.00
30.75
38.83
33.42
34.33
80.17
60.83
52.00
72.67
26.17
70.00
30.67
45.42
17.25
57.92
21.75
66.42
18.92
20.83
16.75
21.08
23.42
20.08
16.08
47.25
15.00
17.25
57.50
23.33
22.83
56.33
29.92
19.08
19.58
25.92
55.67
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
249
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
29.42
35.58
73.58
32.75
38.58
37.25
62.08
36.75
20.83
30.67
54.50
25.17
18.33
40.58
32.25
14.25
40.00
24.17
33.33
69.58
22.92
12.67
16.42
33.50
45.17
18.75
40.00
77.67
39.17
61.58
35.17
32.67
49.17
47.58
23.42
16.92
18.08
67.50
69.00
69.00
69.00
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.90
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.70
250
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
28.83
64.25
15.17
22.83
27.42
27.00
49.92
37.17
20.92
42.58
29.58
55.33
68.58
36.67
17.50
25.25
45.17
21.00
69.17
55.08
60.08
25.75
41.67
32.08
30.00
47.17
19.25
25.92
30.25
42.42
21.08
59.00
37.00
30.25
34.00
54.33
15.08
15.17
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.70
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.60
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
251
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
16.33
62.33
25.67
15.83
90.00
30.42
38.33
73.67
21.50
14.33
22.83
28.83
21.50
43.92
59.25
25.17
24.75
17.92
36.92
40.67
46.08
27.33
18.83
65.58
13.92
24.75
20.17
22.08
15.75
69.42
72.92
72.33
33.92
22.00
18.25
44.58
13.33
37.00
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.50
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
252
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
19.17
49.00
31.58
69.33
36.42
37.67
38.67
16.25
34.58
16.25
13.33
22.75
46.83
27.83
44.83
77.67
38.08
52.75
34.25
72.42
25.83
16.08
24.25
65.92
30.83
31.83
36.25
25.42
42.92
15.00
72.50
24.50
36.67
62.17
14.42
37.92
32.42
65.17
68.40
68.40
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.30
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.20
68.10
68.10
68.10
253
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
18.08
36.08
47.83
61.92
47.33
41.42
23.33
63.67
37.42
14.83
49.75
36.33
27.83
72.08
38.25
26.17
16.08
18.00
20.42
76.58
60.50
76.25
13.08
72.50
24.75
61.92
47.67
15.42
65.67
27.42
54.67
56.75
24.83
76.33
36.42
85.92
24.25
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
254
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
15.25
84.33
21.67
40.33
19.92
25.50
29.50
30.33
28.17
32.42
28.33
43.83
14.42
39.50
40.75
55.33
27.58
18.50
19.75
50.75
25.08
27.08
48.42
37.42
35.00
41.25
33.50
43.17
62.92
62.83
17.83
14.75
80.58
31.75
66.00
24.67
43.92
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.90
255
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
19.08
43.92
56.92
45.17
29.67
35.83
43.83
50.75
17.17
23.75
53.33
38.25
66.33
46.33
16.08
58.00
22.33
88.25
33.58
36.92
60.33
73.50
50.33
38.92
72.17
20.00
36.50
37.33
27.58
46.50
23.25
47.67
53.58
63.08
23.08
40.33
19.75
82.33
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
256
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
40.08
53.67
22.33
19.33
41.75
32.50
40.33
38.50
56.67
33.17
76.42
16.50
18.75
59.25
15.83
69.08
16.17
41.83
27.42
40.08
76.17
52.58
74.58
20.42
60.17
18.92
46.75
16.08
23.75
51.92
16.50
35.67
34.50
24.75
63.33
78.08
55.17
78.67
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.60
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
257
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
37.67
18.42
70.33
18.83
42.75
36.92
25.08
78.58
14.75
16.25
46.33
46.42
56.83
25.25
64.33
19.25
53.42
14.17
81.00
79.83
21.67
15.33
21.83
30.75
40.33
17.25
34.08
80.33
59.92
59.58
23.92
19.17
27.17
15.17
14.83
39.42
14.83
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.30
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.20
258
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
21.58
17.50
25.00
14.17
47.25
21.25
24.00
19.67
15.58
26.42
54.92
33.75
16.00
19.67
39.83
14.00
36.33
18.50
19.25
76.75
37.58
27.42
41.00
22.08
32.33
64.25
66.00
16.33
15.00
37.42
75.00
27.58
16.83
90.00
16.25
84.83
15.17
79.50
67.20
67.20
67.20
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
259
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
77.83
43.50
32.08
72.75
57.08
14.83
67.83
14.92
28.58
16.17
15.00
62.83
14.58
71.75
84.67
15.33
27.00
35.67
12.92
18.92
15.33
27.83
45.75
69.67
19.08
17.67
69.42
46.58
31.00
14.00
83.00
31.17
17.67
55.17
15.67
53.42
72.08
26.58
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.80
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
260
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
14.58
37.17
16.17
42.50
69.25
41.67
25.33
34.58
55.75
41.67
40.50
17.00
22.75
69.33
19.17
46.00
15.42
26.50
54.42
63.58
24.58
33.42
42.33
83.92
62.58
38.75
17.58
56.00
50.75
13.92
24.58
62.58
13.00
38.67
69.42
27.17
66.17
Height in Inches
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
261
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
45.00
18.75
31.33
19.25
13.42
19.17
18.92
34.00
77.92
20.42
48.00
70.33
45.67
17.08
87.33
32.00
80.67
45.33
73.50
65.58
70.08
23.67
55.92
60.17
60.25
20.25
35.67
77.33
41.67
41.33
64.42
66.58
72.50
42.75
40.25
23.83
23.92
13.25
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.50
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
262
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
36.17
35.33
24.00
58.58
66.58
64.83
57.25
40.92
30.67
14.58
48.00
16.33
21.33
58.00
32.17
14.00
45.92
40.58
74.33
20.33
40.42
38.17
80.58
20.75
29.17
65.25
59.00
28.58
65.58
54.33
33.08
16.33
88.50
22.75
40.67
22.08
17.25
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.10
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
263
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
20.92
36.08
68.25
54.08
63.33
13.33
15.92
62.58
58.00
43.25
40.75
55.83
64.83
33.17
14.67
41.42
63.50
14.33
33.67
38.50
17.17
79.42
27.08
27.58
38.33
15.92
29.75
68.58
26.33
41.58
71.17
76.58
85.08
39.58
11.58
77.75
31.33
34.83
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
264
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
69.83
65.50
41.00
55.00
68.08
73.33
24.58
29.42
20.42
75.33
12.67
43.00
69.00
72.25
48.17
15.83
15.17
22.25
12.50
64.75
15.42
68.83
18.58
30.83
22.75
79.17
20.42
34.92
60.50
30.42
42.08
17.33
17.17
64.50
36.33
71.00
55.83
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.30
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
65.20
265
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
26.58
39.83
47.67
67.42
35.33
31.75
61.58
21.67
20.58
18.42
25.67
23.08
65.00
21.92
58.33
30.08
35.00
65.08
15.25
35.33
31.58
35.17
47.08
54.50
68.92
26.33
90.00
12.83
51.42
35.00
73.58
14.33
21.08
19.83
73.83
15.00
54.25
13.50
65.20
65.20
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.10
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.90
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
266
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
86.58
36.17
18.33
15.08
66.50
80.25
52.58
69.00
42.17
35.42
11.08
34.08
14.17
29.50
15.58
72.50
73.08
49.33
28.58
31.42
11.42
16.83
14.33
66.08
78.08
87.58
17.25
72.08
62.08
69.75
50.33
56.67
52.75
56.83
12.92
11.50
24.75
36.00
64.80
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.50
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.30
64.20
64.20
64.20
267
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
76.33
42.00
21.83
11.92
57.50
16.92
32.75
20.75
22.58
75.67
45.42
34.00
73.58
74.25
62.58
11.58
51.50
58.50
61.50
11.58
64.00
32.67
11.75
24.75
33.25
47.00
13.33
61.00
80.17
11.50
11.42
14.00
13.00
83.67
65.50
22.58
19.17
78.50
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.00
64.00
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.90
63.80
63.80
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.60
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
268
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
12.75
15.50
13.25
15.00
66.83
25.00
31.67
12.67
11.75
49.25
11.58
11.92
13.17
13.00
12.17
55.17
13.00
69.58
13.00
68.92
26.50
74.42
10.42
25.33
10.83
11.50
14.08
11.75
12.25
69.75
11.08
84.50
12.92
11.92
42.33
14.75
63.30
63.30
63.20
63.20
63.10
63.10
63.00
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.70
62.70
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.50
62.50
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.30
62.30
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.00
62.00
62.00
269
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
72.00
11.08
78.67
11.67
11.58
12.17
13.33
11.33
67.08
55.42
17.08
11.58
14.17
12.75
16.25
12.50
10.67
13.25
10.67
12.75
14.08
12.25
14.17
12.67
12.92
10.00
10.42
12.50
12.92
11.17
13.42
12.58
23.00
9.58
17.00
15.00
73.92
62.00
62.00
62.00
61.90
61.80
61.80
61.70
61.70
61.60
61.50
61.40
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.30
61.10
61.00
60.90
60.90
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.60
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.50
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.40
60.20
60.20
60.20
60.10
60.10
60.10
270
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
11.42
11.00
10.08
9.75
14.00
12.83
11.58
9.83
19.58
11.42
11.42
11.75
12.17
13.50
11.08
11.92
10.50
11.08
78.08
10.83
11.75
11.50
10.83
11.83
9.75
12.50
10.25
10.75
10.33
11.67
11.25
9.92
11.42
11.58
12.33
10.50
9.92
9.75
60.00
60.00
59.90
59.90
59.80
59.80
59.70
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.60
59.50
59.50
59.40
59.20
59.10
59.10
58.90
58.70
58.70
58.70
58.70
58.60
58.50
58.50
58.50
58.50
58.50
58.40
58.40
58.30
58.30
58.30
58.30
58.10
58.10
58.00
58.00
271
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
11.83
17.42
11.33
10.08
12.17
12.33
11.08
10.92
10.75
11.08
9.58
10.50
9.50
10.67
9.33
11.75
12.33
10.17
12.58
11.00
9.67
10.92
9.75
10.92
12.42
10.33
12.08
10.58
11.58
10.83
8.75
10.00
11.42
10.50
12.92
90.00
10.83
9.92
58.00
57.90
57.80
57.80
57.70
57.60
57.60
57.60
57.50
57.50
57.40
57.40
57.40
57.40
57.40
57.40
57.20
57.20
57.20
57.00
57.00
56.90
56.90
56.80
56.70
56.70
56.70
56.60
56.60
56.50
56.50
56.50
56.40
56.30
56.30
56.20
56.20
56.20
272
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
11.42
10.58
10.92
10.42
10.83
13.58
9.92
13.75
11.92
8.17
11.33
8.00
10.58
10.42
7.33
8.83
9.92
9.50
9.25
10.42
9.92
11.42
10.42
11.17
12.50
11.08
6.92
9.58
8.75
9.25
9.25
10.58
9.08
10.08
8.75
9.25
9.00
11.50
56.10
56.10
56.10
56.00
56.00
56.00
55.90
55.90
55.90
55.90
55.90
55.70
55.70
55.70
55.70
55.70
55.70
55.60
55.60
55.50
55.40
55.40
55.40
55.40
55.40
55.30
55.30
55.20
55.10
55.10
55.10
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
54.90
54.80
54.80
273
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
10.50
11.17
9.92
9.17
7.08
10.50
9.67
8.50
11.50
8.92
11.25
8.58
9.50
10.50
10.33
10.17
9.42
9.17
9.08
9.83
10.75
10.08
10.00
9.17
11.50
9.58
10.33
8.50
9.08
9.33
10.83
9.17
8.75
7.67
8.08
8.50
9.00
8.58
54.80
54.80
54.80
54.70
54.70
54.70
54.60
54.60
54.60
54.60
54.40
54.40
54.30
54.30
54.20
54.10
54.10
54.10
54.00
53.90
53.90
53.90
53.90
53.90
53.90
53.80
53.80
53.70
53.70
53.70
53.50
53.50
53.50
53.40
53.30
53.30
53.20
53.20
274
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7.25
8.67
8.33
11.92
7.83
8.17
7.42
10.67
10.17
12.33
9.00
8.17
9.25
7.00
10.25
7.83
8.58
10.08
9.42
9.75
6.50
8.83
9.25
7.42
7.33
8.17
9.58
9.83
7.17
8.67
7.58
7.00
9.33
8.92
8.17
8.25
8.50
8.42
53.20
53.10
53.10
53.10
53.10
53.00
53.00
53.00
52.80
52.80
52.80
52.70
52.60
52.60
52.60
52.60
52.50
52.40
52.30
52.30
52.30
52.20
52.00
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.90
51.70
51.70
51.70
51.50
51.50
51.30
51.30
51.30
51.30
275
Region
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
8.42
10.25
7.83
9.58
10.00
6.42
8.17
8.08
8.25
7.58
9.33
8.08
7.58
7.92
9.08
7.67
7.25
8.25
8.33
8.58
8.42
6.83
8.83
10.33
8.00
7.83
6.08
7.83
10.25
8.58
7.25
8.00
7.75
7.58
9.50
8.83
10.08
Height in Inches
51.30
51.20
51.20
51.10
51.10
51.10
51.10
50.90
50.90
50.80
50.70
50.70
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.60
50.50
50.50
50.50
50.40
50.40
50.40
50.40
50.40
50.20
50.10
50.10
50.10
50.10
50.00
50.00
50.00
49.90
49.90
49.80
49.80
276
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7.08
5.75
8.50
8.08
6.25
7.67
8.33
8.33
9.67
7.17
8.00
7.33
5.08
7.42
6.92
7.25
5.00
6.42
8.17
6.50
7.50
6.50
7.67
7.25
6.00
5.92
6.67
5.42
7.75
5.33
6.08
7.50
7.08
4.50
7.42
5.50
7.75
5.75
49.70
49.60
49.60
49.50
49.50
49.40
49.30
49.30
49.30
49.20
49.10
49.10
49.00
49.00
49.00
49.00
49.00
49.00
48.90
48.90
48.70
48.60
48.50
48.50
48.40
48.40
48.30
48.30
48.20
48.10
48.10
48.10
48.10
48.10
48.00
48.00
47.80
47.80
277
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7.33
7.75
5.92
6.08
5.75
5.83
6.83
6.17
7.83
5.50
6.17
5.75
5.75
5.25
6.83
6.83
5.75
5.92
7.25
7.00
5.58
5.67
6.17
6.08
6.50
6.17
6.00
6.08
8.08
5.33
5.83
6.75
7.00
6.67
5.50
6.42
5.92
5.25
47.80
47.70
47.70
47.70
47.70
47.70
47.60
47.60
47.60
47.60
47.50
47.40
47.40
47.40
47.40
47.30
47.30
47.20
47.20
47.20
47.10
47.00
47.00
46.90
46.90
46.90
46.90
46.70
46.60
46.60
46.50
46.50
46.50
46.50
46.40
46.40
46.30
46.30
278
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
5.92
5.33
5.33
5.67
5.50
4.83
5.25
5.67
5.67
5.33
5.75
6.75
5.17
5.42
5.67
5.00
6.00
6.42
4.75
6.33
5.17
5.67
5.42
4.92
7.42
5.50
6.83
5.42
6.42
4.83
5.25
5.25
5.58
5.33
6.58
5.58
6.33
5.92
46.30
46.30
46.20
46.20
46.20
46.10
46.10
46.10
46.10
46.10
46.00
45.90
45.90
45.90
45.80
45.80
45.80
45.80
45.70
45.70
45.70
45.70
45.70
45.70
45.60
45.60
45.40
45.30
45.30
45.20
45.20
45.10
45.10
45.10
45.10
45.10
45.10
45.10
279
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
5.17
4.83
4.58
5.67
5.00
6.17
5.17
5.92
6.00
5.17
4.08
5.08
4.33
4.00
4.58
5.50
4.92
5.50
6.17
7.42
5.25
5.33
5.67
5.08
5.00
5.08
3.67
5.00
6.00
5.25
5.42
4.83
6.25
4.58
4.67
4.50
4.92
5.75
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
44.90
44.80
44.80
44.80
44.80
44.70
44.60
44.60
44.60
44.50
44.50
44.50
44.40
44.40
44.40
44.40
44.40
44.30
44.30
44.30
44.30
44.20
44.20
44.20
44.20
44.10
44.10
44.10
44.10
44.00
44.00
43.90
43.90
43.90
280
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
5.25
4.92
6.33
4.67
5.33
4.25
6.58
4.67
4.75
5.92
4.50
5.33
5.08
4.08
4.58
4.92
5.75
4.92
4.92
4.75
3.67
7.17
4.92
5.67
4.25
5.50
5.50
4.25
3.75
5.33
3.17
4.33
4.58
3.83
5.17
4.92
5.92
4.42
43.90
43.90
43.90
43.80
43.80
43.70
43.70
43.70
43.70
43.60
43.60
43.50
43.50
43.50
43.40
43.40
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.10
43.10
43.10
43.10
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
43.00
42.90
42.90
42.90
42.90
42.80
42.80
42.70
42.70
281
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
4.25
6.25
3.92
5.00
4.67
5.50
5.42
4.25
4.50
4.08
5.00
4.33
4.75
5.00
5.92
5.00
4.08
4.50
5.92
4.67
4.08
4.50
5.67
4.00
4.92
4.75
4.17
4.50
3.83
5.00
5.33
3.92
4.17
4.50
3.33
4.42
4.25
3.17
42.70
42.70
42.70
42.70
42.60
42.60
42.60
42.60
42.60
42.50
42.50
42.40
42.40
42.40
42.40
42.30
42.30
42.20
42.20
42.20
42.20
42.10
42.00
42.00
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.90
41.80
41.80
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.70
41.60
282
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
4.67
4.50
4.50
4.67
4.17
4.75
4.17
4.00
4.33
4.33
4.75
3.92
4.08
4.67
4.08
4.75
4.00
4.17
4.92
4.00
4.25
3.58
5.00
3.42
4.25
4.42
4.25
3.83
3.83
4.83
4.58
5.25
3.58
3.75
3.42
4.08
4.50
5.58
41.60
41.60
41.60
41.50
41.50
41.50
41.50
41.40
41.40
41.40
41.40
41.30
41.30
41.30
41.20
41.10
41.10
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
41.00
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.80
40.80
40.70
40.70
40.70
40.70
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
283
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
4.00
4.08
4.08
3.67
3.42
3.92
3.75
3.42
3.83
3.83
3.50
3.33
5.08
3.75
4.50
4.58
3.92
3.58
3.58
3.58
3.67
4.25
3.50
3.25
3.00
3.58
3.67
3.58
3.42
3.67
3.67
3.75
2.08
4.42
3.25
3.67
4.17
4.17
40.60
40.50
40.50
40.40
40.40
40.30
40.30
40.20
40.20
40.20
40.10
40.10
40.10
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
39.90
39.90
39.90
39.80
39.80
39.80
39.80
39.80
39.70
39.60
39.60
39.50
39.40
39.40
39.40
39.40
39.40
39.30
39.30
39.30
284
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
3.42
3.50
3.33
3.17
3.83
2.92
4.08
4.25
3.58
3.50
3.17
3.42
3.17
4.33
3.33
3.17
3.08
2.92
4.00
2.83
3.08
3.67
3.42
2.75
3.25
3.92
4.17
2.25
3.08
3.50
3.42
3.25
3.33
2.83
3.17
3.00
3.08
3.50
39.30
39.30
39.30
39.30
39.20
39.20
39.20
39.20
39.10
39.10
39.10
39.00
39.00
39.00
38.90
38.80
38.80
38.80
38.80
38.70
38.70
38.70
38.70
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.50
38.40
38.40
38.40
38.30
38.30
38.20
38.20
38.10
38.10
38.00
285
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
3.58
4.00
4.25
4.00
3.25
2.75
2.42
2.92
2.75
2.42
2.75
3.17
3.33
2.58
3.00
3.50
2.83
2.67
3.75
3.00
3.00
2.67
2.67
3.33
3.83
2.75
3.33
3.67
3.25
3.33
2.50
3.00
2.67
2.83
2.42
2.75
3.33
2.83
38.00
37.90
37.90
37.90
37.80
37.80
37.80
37.80
37.70
37.70
37.60
37.60
37.60
37.60
37.60
37.50
37.50
37.50
37.40
37.40
37.40
37.40
37.40
37.40
37.30
37.20
37.20
37.10
37.10
37.10
37.10
37.10
37.00
37.00
37.00
37.00
36.90
36.90
286
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
2.92
3.00
3.67
2.50
2.92
2.58
2.42
3.67
3.00
2.75
2.42
2.58
3.08
2.58
2.67
2.25
2.58
2.75
2.83
2.67
2.33
2.58
2.50
3.17
3.00
2.33
2.58
3.00
3.00
2.67
2.58
2.33
3.08
2.33
2.33
2.67
2.50
2.33
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.80
36.80
36.80
36.70
36.70
36.70
36.70
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.50
36.30
36.30
36.30
36.30
36.30
36.30
36.20
36.20
36.10
36.10
36.10
36.10
35.70
35.70
35.60
35.60
35.60
35.60
35.50
35.40
35.40
287
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
2.33
2.33
2.33
3.08
2.17
2.00
2.83
2.67
2.50
2.08
2.83
2.92
2.25
2.83
2.08
2.42
2.25
2.83
2.17
2.42
2.25
2.08
2.33
2.50
2.33
2.08
2.17
2.00
2.08
2.25
2.42
2.33
2.17
2.58
2.33
2.00
2.25
2.25
35.30
35.30
35.20
35.10
35.10
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
34.90
34.90
34.90
34.90
34.80
34.70
34.70
34.70
34.60
34.60
34.50
34.50
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.40
34.20
34.20
34.10
34.00
34.00
33.90
33.80
33.80
288
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
2.00
2.17
2.42
2.08
2.33
2.58
2.17
2.17
2.08
2.17
24.92
16.92
27.67
18.75
16.25
34.75
33.17
39.67
36.75
21.08
53.33
44.58
34.58
23.83
32.58
28.42
30.42
34.83
26.75
38.58
40.50
57.25
42.33
23.17
15.75
31.75
35.83
41.67
33.60
33.50
33.50
33.00
33.00
33.00
32.70
32.70
32.10
31.10
71.30
69.90
69.80
69.70
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.40
69.30
69.10
69.00
68.70
68.60
68.60
68.50
68.40
68.30
68.10
68.10
68.00
68.00
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
289
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
20.17
45.08
24.00
30.25
53.33
45.50
21.83
48.17
27.58
22.33
67.42
41.33
18.33
28.25
19.33
25.17
44.75
47.67
47.75
31.33
18.08
22.33
44.00
42.33
29.75
29.58
15.42
21.33
75.08
23.42
21.08
39.75
24.92
61.33
40.25
47.00
42.42
63.33
67.70
67.60
67.60
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.20
67.10
67.00
67.00
67.00
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.90
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.60
66.50
66.50
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.10
290
Region
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Age in Years
19.75
77.92
59.42
20.08
19.33
13.58
52.25
45.83
15.25
30.58
28.42
50.58
40.17
44.92
58.83
45.42
36.08
45.67
81.83
15.08
21.00
32.17
25.08
24.08
52.83
16.42
17.83
75.67
34.25
19.17
29.67
16.25
65.42
33.08
13.08
Height in Inches
66.10
66.00
66.00
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.80
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.70
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.50
65.50
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
65.40
291
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
20.25
46.50
31.17
49.00
25.00
30.67
62.83
27.00
65.25
66.75
77.92
68.00
24.42
36.17
50.17
29.42
46.17
47.25
9.92
52.25
36.00
68.33
63.42
16.08
39.25
42.67
59.67
48.50
37.00
31.75
30.08
29.67
40.25
84.00
54.92
38.25
65.30
65.30
65.20
65.10
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
64.90
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.70
64.60
64.60
64.60
64.40
64.40
64.40
64.30
64.20
64.20
64.20
64.10
64.10
64.10
64.00
64.00
64.00
63.90
63.90
292
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
67.17
76.25
40.83
37.83
42.67
50.50
82.17
21.08
11.08
66.67
16.50
69.33
13.42
17.75
45.42
15.75
20.50
34.33
61.83
60.33
87.08
74.58
20.83
62.58
39.58
62.67
68.58
51.00
23.08
26.83
36.08
90.00
54.42
72.50
52.75
26.25
37.08
61.17
63.90
63.90
63.80
63.80
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.70
63.60
63.60
63.60
63.50
63.50
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.40
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.30
63.20
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.10
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
63.00
293
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
54.67
44.50
35.25
26.08
17.00
38.42
20.58
27.42
35.92
39.42
12.58
15.25
64.25
13.50
13.75
37.67
36.25
32.42
38.92
36.92
45.92
75.00
13.92
26.92
34.58
39.50
45.42
66.58
19.75
10.92
19.50
33.33
29.08
40.08
11.83
23.83
23.50
53.42
62.90
62.90
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.80
62.70
62.70
62.60
62.60
62.60
62.50
62.50
62.40
62.40
62.40
62.30
62.30
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.20
62.10
62.10
62.10
62.00
62.00
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.80
61.80
61.70
61.70
294
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
66.42
35.83
69.08
76.42
16.83
33.92
49.08
40.33
11.75
40.17
24.58
18.50
26.00
90.00
14.75
17.08
13.33
44.33
11.33
67.67
49.83
15.33
9.42
58.92
9.50
63.92
10.75
10.75
8.83
11.42
10.17
9.25
8.58
9.67
9.92
9.17
9.17
10.25
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.50
61.40
61.40
61.40
61.30
61.30
61.20
61.10
60.90
60.70
60.70
60.60
60.40
60.30
60.30
60.20
60.10
60.00
59.80
59.80
59.80
58.80
58.60
58.50
57.50
57.40
56.10
55.90
55.70
54.90
54.60
54.20
53.90
53.70
53.50
295
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
10.83
8.50
7.92
9.00
9.50
7.67
7.42
7.67
5.33
5.67
7.25
8.42
5.75
5.75
7.83
7.00
5.92
6.42
6.42
6.67
6.83
6.58
5.25
6.33
5.83
5.58
6.50
5.17
6.08
6.25
6.33
5.00
6.75
5.33
5.67
4.67
4.58
4.83
52.40
52.20
52.00
51.90
51.70
51.60
50.40
50.40
50.20
50.00
49.50
49.50
49.50
49.00
48.80
48.60
48.10
48.00
47.90
47.90
47.20
46.30
46.10
46.00
45.70
45.50
45.30
45.20
45.20
45.20
45.20
45.20
45.20
44.70
44.10
43.90
43.70
43.50
296
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
4.58
3.75
5.25
5.17
3.83
4.58
4.50
3.83
3.92
4.00
3.83
4.33
5.25
3.83
3.83
3.58
4.00
4.00
3.92
4.42
3.75
3.92
4.17
3.33
4.17
3.33
3.58
3.92
3.83
3.25
3.42
3.67
3.33
3.17
2.92
3.08
2.67
3.17
43.40
43.30
43.00
42.60
42.50
42.30
41.90
41.90
41.80
41.50
41.30
41.20
41.10
41.10
40.90
40.90
40.90
40.60
40.60
40.40
40.20
40.00
40.00
39.60
39.40
39.40
39.30
39.30
39.30
39.10
38.90
38.90
38.30
37.90
37.80
37.70
37.40
37.40
297
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
3.08
3.17
2.33
2.92
3.08
2.58
2.50
2.75
2.67
2.42
2.42
2.17
2.83
2.42
2.08
2.00
2.08
52.83
58.17
25.50
52.67
35.75
19.00
74.17
24.83
20.25
27.17
31.92
49.92
23.83
28.75
24.17
28.33
28.58
32.08
60.25
23.92
35.67
37.10
37.10
36.90
36.50
36.50
36.20
36.10
36.00
35.90
35.20
34.30
34.10
33.80
33.80
33.30
33.20
32.40
76.30
76.30
75.50
75.40
74.90
74.60
74.40
74.10
73.80
73.80
73.60
73.50
73.50
73.50
73.20
73.10
73.10
72.80
72.70
72.70
72.60
298
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
41.25
69.50
31.67
33.25
15.58
34.25
14.92
70.75
50.17
73.42
35.67
30.75
31.42
28.92
52.33
78.17
38.75
14.92
55.33
48.17
24.33
61.00
18.75
26.75
28.00
36.42
27.00
38.25
42.25
38.58
38.33
14.58
43.58
51.83
57.25
16.83
34.42
43.08
72.60
72.60
72.50
72.50
72.50
72.40
72.40
72.30
72.30
72.30
72.20
72.10
72.10
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.80
71.80
71.80
71.70
71.70
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.50
71.40
71.40
71.30
71.30
71.20
71.20
299
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
73.58
32.92
23.17
39.00
42.25
43.67
64.50
44.08
66.17
47.92
46.33
31.92
38.83
21.08
37.17
28.42
39.33
71.58
44.83
44.08
39.00
36.83
18.83
42.17
27.17
70.58
28.08
52.67
69.00
43.25
55.25
32.00
61.25
35.67
71.08
40.67
52.92
28.50
71.20
71.20
71.10
71.10
71.10
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
71.00
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.90
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.70
70.60
70.60
70.50
70.50
70.50
70.40
70.20
70.20
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
69.90
69.90
69.90
69.80
300
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
47.75
39.25
64.50
67.67
31.00
22.92
40.33
63.33
30.42
34.33
80.33
51.33
31.67
16.58
34.50
71.08
43.50
29.67
21.25
27.92
23.25
58.42
29.33
24.08
53.50
33.17
29.67
17.42
33.08
59.08
18.42
54.75
36.58
16.17
22.67
77.17
67.08
40.67
69.80
69.70
69.60
69.60
69.50
69.50
69.50
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.40
69.30
69.30
69.20
69.10
69.10
69.10
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
68.90
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.80
68.50
68.40
68.40
68.40
68.40
301
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
41.42
27.17
68.17
63.67
53.67
32.58
18.25
40.08
27.25
27.17
16.83
74.08
36.25
58.92
17.25
68.33
40.50
15.00
42.67
16.50
26.50
16.25
19.58
75.92
13.42
31.67
42.58
34.33
59.42
21.33
67.33
80.33
30.50
15.92
31.42
74.92
42.58
66.50
68.40
68.30
68.30
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.10
68.00
68.00
67.90
67.90
67.90
67.80
67.80
67.80
67.70
67.70
67.60
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.50
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.40
67.30
67.10
67.10
67.00
66.90
66.90
66.80
66.70
66.50
66.50
302
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
70.83
55.25
81.92
57.75
69.58
55.83
52.67
71.58
16.92
13.58
61.08
15.92
27.92
19.25
21.00
12.75
68.00
15.00
44.33
14.58
64.17
49.58
77.33
62.25
15.58
11.33
49.83
71.50
71.33
45.33
14.00
17.00
11.50
13.25
14.00
13.58
10.83
11.33
66.40
66.30
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.10
66.00
65.90
65.90
65.80
65.60
65.60
65.60
65.50
65.40
65.20
65.10
65.10
65.00
65.00
64.90
64.90
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.80
64.70
64.50
64.30
64.20
64.10
62.70
62.30
62.20
62.00
60.80
60.20
60.10
303
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
13.50
10.75
12.00
11.25
10.75
12.83
9.58
9.58
9.92
11.92
9.58
9.00
11.17
10.17
10.92
9.50
12.00
12.00
11.83
12.83
10.00
12.42
11.50
11.08
8.58
11.67
9.92
7.25
12.00
7.50
8.58
9.50
9.58
7.75
9.42
9.25
7.75
8.83
60.10
59.80
59.20
59.00
58.80
58.70
58.40
58.30
58.30
58.10
58.00
57.80
57.80
57.70
57.40
57.20
57.20
57.10
57.00
56.90
56.60
56.40
55.70
55.40
55.20
55.00
54.60
54.40
54.20
54.00
53.70
53.60
53.50
53.00
52.80
52.60
52.60
52.60
304
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7.08
8.33
8.17
10.75
6.92
7.58
6.92
7.42
7.83
6.00
6.92
7.17
6.17
6.92
7.25
6.17
6.00
6.08
7.83
7.00
7.00
5.67
5.83
4.83
5.75
6.00
4.75
4.33
5.42
4.50
4.42
4.33
5.42
5.08
4.42
4.75
4.58
5.33
52.10
51.50
51.20
50.80
50.60
50.50
50.30
50.20
50.00
49.60
49.60
49.40
49.30
48.50
48.40
48.10
48.00
47.90
47.90
47.60
47.30
47.20
46.70
45.50
45.40
45.20
45.00
44.60
44.40
44.40
44.00
43.90
43.90
43.80
43.70
43.60
43.00
42.80
305
Region
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
West
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age in Years
3.83
4.08
4.17
4.17
3.50
4.17
4.50
3.92
3.75
4.25
2.83
3.50
3.33
3.67
3.17
2.75
2.75
2.83
2.67
2.67
2.58
3.25
2.58
2.42
2.50
2.08
2.33
2.42
2.50
2.08
Height in Inches
42.70
42.60
42.10
42.10
42.00
41.90
41.00
40.70
40.70
40.50
39.50
39.50
39.50
38.60
38.30
38.30
38.10
37.80
37.60
36.70
36.60
36.60
36.30
36.10
35.70
35.10
35.10
34.80
34.30
33.10
306