73 z5
LIBRARY JUL 2 r` 1912
Marine Science Laboratory
Oregon State University
Dep
P.2
SC.
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1 October 1969 through
31 March 1970
Edited by
Beverly Knapp
Progress Report 25 Reference 70-21

Department of Oceanography
School of Science
Oregon State University
John V. Byrne
Chair man
Progress Report No. 25
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1 October 1969 through 31 March 1970
Edited by
Beverly Knapp
Office of Naval Research
NOOO 14-67-A-0369-0007
NOOO 14-67-A-0369-0001
NOOO 14-68-A-0148
Atomic Energy Commission
AT(45- 1)- 1750
National Science Foundation
Grant GB
5136
Grant GB
5494
Grant GA
998
Grant GA
1028
Grant GA
1217
Grant GA
1210
Public Health Service
Grant GA
1246
Grant GA
1250
ES 00026-06 Grant GA
1281
Grant GA
1252
National Aeronautic and Space Administration Grant GA 1435
NGR 38-002-013 Grant GA
1452
United States Department of Interior
FWQA WPO 1380-01 (N)
FWQA WP 111-04
FWQA 16070-EOK
BCF 14-17-0002-333
Grant GA
15 71
Grant GA
1618
Grant GA
3990
Grant GA 15 89
Grant GA
934
Grant GA
12113
Grant GB
8761
United States Geological Survey
14-08-0001-12187
Grant GA
10051
Grant GA
14201
Grant GA
17282
Grant GA
18348
Grant GA
15926
United States Department of Commerce
ESSA E-225-69 (N)
Grant GA 15 316
Sea Grant GH 10
Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government
Reference 70-21
July 19 70

TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Multidisciplinary Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Geophysical Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Radio ec ological Oceanography
Biological Oceanography
.....................
1 .............................
........................... 23
.......................... 34
............................ 39
...................... 45
........................... 51
2
FACILITIES
Marine Science Center
Research Vessels
............................. 59
................................. 59
New Oceanography Addition
........................
60
RESEARCH RELATED ACTIVITIES
Staff Activities and Awards
.........................
64
Visiting Scientists ................................. 67
Degree Requirements Completed
.................... 69
Publications ......................................
Abstracts .........................................
80
Papers in Press
..................................
71
82

R E S E A R C H A C T I V I T I E S
MULTIDISCIPLINARY OCEANOGRAPHY
The department has in the past reported its research progress separated into the various scientific disciplines.
These often tend to be artificial boundaries as more and more research activities involve scientists and techniques from many areas of study.
In an attempt to prevent repetition and redundency, this section called Multidisciplinary Oceanography will precede the other sections.
Coastal Oceanography COOC
Coastal Oceanography COOC is an interdisciplinary research program for investigators to learn more about the interactions of ocean conditions, the pelagic food chain and albacore tuna off the Oregon Coast.
Upwelling and the Columbia River plume, phenomena that dominate the ocean off Oregon during the summer, receive special attention.
This study consists of several interdependent projects.
See also:
Local Winds - Pattullo, Detweiler, page 9.
Hydrography of Oregon Waters - Pattullo, Wyatt, Barstow,
Gilbert, Washburn, Jones, page 20.
Physical Oceanography of Shelf and Slope Waters - Pattullo,
Pillsbury, Smith, Cutchin, Enfield, Huyer, page 22.
Surface Seawater Characteristics During the Upwelling
Season
(Heat Budget) - Pattullo, Evans, page 22.
Coastal Oceanography - Gordon, Park, Alvarez-Borrego, Ball,
Barstow, Gates, Roelofs, Tomlinson, page 40.
Remote Sensing Oceanography page 53.
- Pearcy, Keene, Mueller, Smith,
Pelagic Fisheries Environment - Pearcy, Panshin, Gordon,
Small, Curl, Wyatt, Mueller, Evans, Barstow, Smith,
Keene, pages 57, 58.
The 1970 COOC work will include: coordination with Albacore
Central, joint cruise work with Remote Sensing analyses of spectral records (intensity wavelength 400 to 700 µ) to determine and establish signatures representative of chlorophyll and other identifying characteristics of local water.
overflights, intensive

2
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation Over Tropical Oceans -
Quinn, Burt
"Prediction of Abnormally Heavy Precipitation over the Equatorial
Pacific Dry Zone, " was published in February in the Journal of Applied
Meteorology.
Solar radiation data are now being recorded at the tropical North
Pacific sites: Johnston Island 16°45'N, 169°31'W, Majuro Atoll 7°05'N,
171° 23'E, and Kwajalein Atoll 8°501N, 167° 36'E.
The official starting date was 1 February 1970, however, Majuro has been recording since
1 December 1969. A program has been developed through the National
Weather Records Center, Asheville, to obtain the necessary weather data in support of this project. ATS-I satellite pictures of the tropical
Pacific, for the involved period, are being received through the courtesy of the National Environmental Satellite Center of ESSA.
Development of Forecast Techniques for Wave and Surf Conditions over the Bars in the Columbia River Mouth and at the Entrance to Yaquina Bay-
Quinn, Neshyba, Burdwell
Columbia River bar closure intervals (closure to ship transport) for the period January 1963 through the present were obtained from the
Columbia River Bar Pilots Association by Mr.
N.
Kujala.
The synoptic weather patterns and deep water waves and swell which lead up to and cause these bar closures will be studied in detail in order to develop a prediction scheme.
Mr. Dave Enfield, a student oceanographer with meteorological training, will be working on the solution to this problem in his thesis research,
The OSU buoy, TOTEM I, has now been instrumented so as to record deep water wave characteristics, and it is expected that such data should soon be available.
Modification of Precipitation on the Oregon Coast -
Rossknecht, Ramsey (Statistics)
Elliott, Burt, Egami,
During the winter, in addition to our regular rain gauge operation, we used a specially modified rain gauge.
We were able to record approxi-

3 mately 0. 0002 inches of precipitation for a three-day storm in late February. Analyzing these data by complex demodulation is revealing the fine-structure of the rainfall patterns as well as such problems as 'reverse' aliasing of the data and the non-stationanity of the time series.
A modified tipping-bucket rain gauge was installed on the TOTEM
Buoy to be compared with rain gauges on the shoreline. We found considerably less rain at sea, as revealed in the Table below.
We attempted to measure condensation nuclei at sea aboard R/V
YAQUINA in January.
Due to mechanical and weather difficulties only a few samples were taken but these indicated much less cloud-condensation nuclei than found on the Coast.
TABLE I
Period: 1969-1970
22 Nov. to
10 Jan.
10 Jan. to
4 Feb.
4 Feb. to
1 Mar.
1 Mar. to
6 Apr.
Location:
TOTEM
Newport
Nehalem
Astoria
4.20
18.08
18.35
12.71
4.36
17.06
28.08
14.16
2. 56
7. 87
7.54
4.91
2.54
4. 79
10.03
8.56
Otis 17.93
22.35
7.92
7.55
Corvallis 12.10
14.81
5.64
2.29
Wecoma Beach (gauge in Barrel) 7. 05
Rainfall (inches) at TOTEM and other selected sites during the period: 22 Nov. 1969 to 6 April 1970.
5.48

4
Nuclei Measurements on the GLOMAR CHALLENGER Elliott, Egami
We were able to obtain permission to put an Aitken nuclei counter and a millipore filter system on board the GLOMAR CHALLENGER on its drilling cruises.
ESSA personnel on board operate the equipment for us and send us the data and filters for analysis. We have not yet analyzed the filter data but we have found indications that the Aitken nuclei counts at sea do show the influence of land out to several hundred miles.
Model Study of Double Kelvin Waves - Caldwell
We have obtained sequences of streak photographs of oscillatory modes trapped on the edge of a circular sill in a rotating basin.
The dispersion curve agrees well with Longuet-Higgins' calculations except at long wavelengths where the curvature of the sill is probably important.
Two modes have been found, and possibly a third.
The higher modes also follow the calculated dispersion curve.
Edge Waves in a Rotating Model - Caldwell, Cutchin
In order to investigate the modes of wave motion present on a shelf with an exponential depth profile, we have constructed a circular shelf with such a profile on the rotating table. Preliminary results show that the calculations of Buchwald and Adams, extended by Longuet-Higgins to non-zero divergence, predict the dispersion relation for the first and second modes quite well.
Potential Temperature of Seawater - Caldwell, Culberson
Recently it was discovered that convection is started in seawater initially at rest by finite-amplitude disturbances rather than infinitesimal perturbations (seePapers in Press, page 82 ).
The temperature gradient in a layer of seawater can be dependent upon the history of the system, and can be a decreasing function of heat flow in certain regimes. Experiments are now under way to investigate this effect in pure water in order to understand its origin.
Structure of Oceanic Currents - Sakou, Neshyba, Still, Gilbert
An array of moored buoy stations has been established and is in operation for sensing oceanic currents over the continental slope off Ore-

FIXED
CURRENT
METER
40m
8Om
120 m
NOV
1968 11969
DEC JAN FEB MAR
II
40m
CURRENT
METER 80 m
"1
120 m
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV
40m
CURRENT
METER 80m
2
120 m
1560000<RRx xI
I-?] 1
Lost during retrieval
40m
CURRENT
METER 80m
#3
120m
-
MOVABLE 40 m
CURRENT
METER
#1
80M
120m r/777777771
LEGEND
I--
INSTRUMENT FA/LURE
DATA RECORDED
A
® DATA PROCESSED
I
STRING SERVICE
T-I
T-Ir
T -M
THERMISTORS
Figure 1.
Summary of Buoy Stations acquired during 1969.
U,

6 gon.
The resolution of the spatial, temporal and frequency structure of the oceanic motion over the continental slope is being sought in the analysis Df the data acquired by the array.
Figure 1 shows the duration during which the stations were maintained and the useful data were acquired.
The data were processed through the statistical subroutine packages called ARRAND System developed at OSU Computer Center. Some of the programs used most often during this period for quick look purposes include correlation, cross spectra and complex demodulation.
The typical spectra are shown in Figure 2.
The typical spectra may be broken down into three characteristic frequency ranges, namely the high frequency range, intermediate frequency range and low frequency range.
The new stage of investigation has been initiated in which the temporal and spatial structure of spectra in each of these frequency ranges as well as the transfer of energy among the frequency ranges will be studied,
Mesoscale air-sea interaction - Sakou
The continuation of the earlier effort to make analogue and numerical simulation of the localized Ekman model with the temporary varying wind stresses is combined with the study of inertial motion as observed at buoy-current meter stations.
The inertial period motion as extracted by complex demodulation procedure from the observed ocean current time series is well correlated with the local wind stress variation.
For the case studied the simple linear model could reproduce more than 90% of the inertial period energy from the input record of wind stress over the preceding 30 hour period.
The numerical simulation of Belyaev's theoretical-spectral model confirmed the result of the analogue calculation that demonstrates that the ocean responds to variable wind stress as if there were a window of momentum transfer at around the inertial period.
The study will continue to combine theoretical, numerical and experimental effort to uncover the mechanism of transfer of momentum and the partition of energy among the different frequency bands.
Air-Sea Interaction (Mesoscale) - Hasse
A study on the relationship between geostrophic and surface wind at sea has been completed. The following is an abstract:

10 li
10
10
104
10 102
FREQUENCY
RUN NUMBER 48-48Y
Figure 2.
Typical spectra.
The example calculated from the current meter record at station #1, at depth 120 meters from the surface during the period 9/29
-
10/21, 1969.
(east-west component).
7

8
The ratio between observed surface and geostrophic wind speed has been investigated from observations at the German Bight, taking geostrophic wind and the air-sea temperature difference as parameters.
The ratio decreases with increasing geostrophic wind and increasing stability.
While stability is an important parameter for light to moderate winds, variation of the ratio with geostrophic wind speed can not be neglected taking the full range of geostrophic wind speeds into consideration. From the Navier-Stokes equations such a variation is to be expected.
For light winds, the (local) surface wind may exceed the (mesoscale) geostrophic wind. Both effects together can be described approximately by a linear relation between the surface wind and geostrophic wind, with a slope of .56 and a constant term b>0 varying with stability.
The residual error was 2 m/sec.
Variation with latitude is inferred from the Navier-Stokes equations.
ness
The deviation of the temperature of the sea surface layer (thickof order 0. 1 mm) from the water temperature at a depth of one meter has been studied. Extreme deviations of from -I to - 1. 5 C have been recorded, which could affect transports of sensible and latent heat through the interface.
These temperature differences make it difficult to construct meaningful synoptic sea surface temperature maps from different kinds of observations such as radiation temperatures and intake or bucket temperatures. The study is being carried out by analysis of published observations and numerical calculation with variation of external parameters.
Air-Sea Interaction - Pond, Phelps, Paquin, Frye, Dorman
Much of the time during this period was spent in developing a more versatile and economical data processing system. Some preliminary analysis of the data from the pre-Bomex cruise on FLIP in February
1969 was done.
Like the November 1968 data (paper in the Journal of
Atmospheric Science, March 1970) these data show a strong correlation between temperature and humidity fluctuations.
The flux spectra have similar shapes so that one flux can be predicted from the other.
The data obtained during Bomex are different.
The temperature and humidity fluctuations are not so well correlated particularly at low frequencies.
The humidity spectrum has more power at low frequencies relative to high frequencies than the temperature spectrum.
Some preliminary analysis of the pre-Bomex data in terms of structure functions was done.
By measuring third order structure functions and normalizing them with second order structure functions it is

possible to obtain values for the Kolmogeroff constants for velocity, temperature, and humidity.
This method is the only practical one for measuring the humidity constant.
Knowing the value of these constants it is possible to make estimates of the fluxes from the second order structure functions (or the spectra). We plan to make these measurements and compare them with flux values obtained by the eddy correlation technique.
If this way of estimating the fluxes is reliable, it will make underway shipboard measurements feasible since structure function can be measured more easily than the eddy correlations.
Only a small amount of data (one five minute record) has been examined so far, so no strong conclusions should be drawn.
The value obtained for Kl, the velocity constant, was 0. 75. The accepted value is 0. 5 so the result is somewhat anomalous although Carl Gibson has reported similar values by direct measurements during Bomex.
In our case it may just be the particular record chosen.
The jalues for the temperature and humidity constants depend on Kl.
With K = 0. 75, the measured value, K9
= 0. 7,
KT = 0. 8; with Kl = 0. 5, the accepted value, K9 = 0. 9, KT = 1. 0.
The values for KT are in the range obtained at the University of British Columbia which is encouraging.
K9 have about the same value.
One may at least hypothesize that KT and
9
The development of our sonic anemometer was continued during this period in preparation for a cruise in May.
During March, Pond took part in the Chilean Inlets leg of the Hudson 70 cruise. A fairly complete survey of the whole of the Chilean inlets system was done including physical, chemical and some biological measurements.
Optical Oceanography- Beardsley, Pak, Zaneveld, Plank
The data collected during the long cruise YALOC 69 to the eastern equatorial Pacific continue to supply interesting results, and three new papers have been prepared and submitted to the IUGG for presentation in
Tokyo in September.
The abstracts of these papers follow:
Near Bottom Nepheloid Layers in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Near bottom waters at 23 hydrographic stations surrounding and east of the Galapagos Islands in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Ocean were sampled in an effort to locate and measure near bottom nepheloid layers. Light scattering of the suspended particles was

10 determined using a Brice-Phoenix Light Scattering Photometer and the concentration of suspended particles was also measured directly using a Coulter Counter.
Bottom nepheloid layers were observed in the light scattering data at stations located over topographic ridges and continental slopes but were not observed at stations located in a flat abyssal plain.
The values of light scattering observed in the nepheloid layers ranged from R (45) = 1. 5 x 10-3 to 6. 0 x 10-3 (meter- steradian) -1 which is an increase of about a factor of 2 from the water above.
The nepheloid layers were approximately 200 to 500 meters thick, and in about half of the cases the bottom of the nepheloid layers were adjacent to the bottom of the ocean, while a thin layer, less than 100 meters thick, of clean water free from nepheloid material was sandwiched between the nepheloid layers and the bottom of the ocean in the other half of the cases.
It was also found that the specific light scattering increases with depth in the nepheloid layer and the values of this specific light scattering are all in range between the characteristic region of clay and kaoline.
The concentration of particles larger than 1. 75 microns did not show a significant change corresponding to the nepheloid layer.
This fact could be explained by assuming that the increase in light scattering is caused by an increase of smaller particles or by assuming that the particle's relative index of refraction in the nepheloid layer is larger than in the layer above.
In either case it appears that the source of the nepheloid material is not located in the superadjacent water.
The Cromwell Current Near the Galapagos Islands
During February 1969 the Cromwell Current was traversed by two North-South series of hydrographic stations along 920001W and 91°
40'W longitude.
The western edge of the Galapagos platform, formed by the islands Isla Isabella and Isla Fernandina, lies at approximately
30 and 10 nautical miles west of the platform.
The section taken along
92°00'W shows typical Cromwell Current features in oxygen, temperature, and salinity, while the section closest to the Galapagos Islands seems to indicate a splitting of the current into a northern and southern branch. As indicated by the 2. 75 ml/l oxygen concentration profile, the core of the current extends to 280 meters at 920001W and reaches from 00501S latitude to 0° 15'N latitude. At 910401W the core extends to 260 meters and reaches from 1°20'S to 0°50'N, The current is typically indicated by a weakening of the thermocline.
The temperature data show the widening of the current near the islands. A salinity maximum greater than 35. 2% is found in the core of the current. A parachute drogue released at 100 m depth 15 miles west of Isla Isabella on the equator, moved in a northeasterly direction with a speed of about
1 knot.
Comparison of oxygen profiles shows presence of Cromwell

11
Current water, as indicated by an oxygen concentration maximum between 150 m and 250 m depth, as far north as 3°30'N and as far east as 88°W indicating a possible northeast deflection of the current by the Galapagos platform.
At all stations light scattering, beam extinction, and particle size and concentration were measured, and compared with typical profiles of these properties in other regions of the eastern equatorial
Pacific.
The Cromwell Current appears to have an optical and particle signature consisting of a slight but definite maximum within the core.
The usual near-surface nepheloid layer weakens above the borders of the current. The apparent splitting of the current was also observed in the optical data.
Light Scattering Vectors, Particle Size
Distributions, and Oxygen Profiles in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Particle size analyses were made on YALOC 69 for the waters between Oregon and Peru.
The particle size distributions (for particles larger than 1. 13 microns) were essentially exponential in shape, but it was estimated that between 60% and 90% of the particles were smaller than 1. 13 microns.
The typically exponential shape suggested that a decay or decomposition mechanism is dominant in determining the particle size distribution,in the open ocean. This relative homogeneity of distributional shapes allowed the total measured particulate surface area and the total measured particulate volume to be expressed as linear functions of the total measured number of particles of each sample.
Significant increases in particle number were found in the nearshore and equatorial upwelling regions, while the relatively stable subtropical waters contained fewest particles.
Here also were found the predominant number of near-surface turbidity maxima at the depths of the respective discontinuity layers.
The particle number generally decreased monotonically with depth except for those stations with a turbidity maximum at the pycnocline.
Particle size generally increased to a maximum at the pycnocline and then decreased with depth.
No correlation was found between particle concentration and water type, nor between particle size distribution and water type.
The volume scattering function at 45° and the particle size distribution as measured at several stations can be combined to create an optical vector consisting of the specific light scattering of the average particle and the cross section of the mean particle.
Plots of the optical vector show a characteristic form, with a decrease in mean area

12 accompanying an increase in specific scattering in the water above the oxygen minimum, and little change below the minimum except in those areas with deep nepheloid layers.
Above the oxygen minimum the concentration of nepheloid material was proportional to the amount of dissolved oxygen.
The change in the optical vector with depth appears to be directly related to the oxidation of the decomposable parts of the nepheloid material, suggesting a mechanism for sustaining the oxygen minimum in spite of the oxygen-rich waters above and below it.
William S. Plank participated in a cruise to the Panama Basin aboard the ESSA research vessel, OCEANOGRAPHER, during April and
May, 1970.
Volume scattering functions and particle size distributions were determined for water samples collected at 33 stations in the basin.
Analyses were performed with a Brice- Phoenix Light Scattering Photometer and a Coulter Counter.
In addition to preparing the papers listed above, we have completed development of a shallow water in situ beam transmissometer with regulated power supplies for both the lamp and the high voltage for the photomultiplier.
Power for the unit is obtained from self-contained batteries and the device has a depth capability of 300 meters. A deep nephelometer is also under construction. It has been designed to measure light scattering at 450 at depths of up to 7, 000 meters. This device utilized a DC to
FM converter so that a variable frequency is sent up the conducting cable.
In this way we are able to avoid problems with slip ring noise and cable losses.
This unit will eventually be used with a small pump and a remote
Niskin sampler to measure the concentration of particles in the deep nepheloid layer.
Hydrological Optics - Beardsley, Hodgson, Zaneveld
A review of all presently available theories on the prediction of the modulation transfer function of seawater has been made.
This review will be presented at the AGARD-NATO "Electromagnetics of the Sea" conference in Paris, June 22-26, 1970.
The abstract follows:
Image Degradation over Seawater Paths -- A Review
When an underwater object is viewed by a submerged image forming an optical system, the quality of the image is always degraded in comparison with the same geometry in air.
This degradation is a complicated function of the scattering of the water, the particles in the water, the absorption of light along the path, and the geometry of the

13
1
A
Figure 3. Line spread functions for distilled water (A) and water-gelatin solution (B).

14 viewing situation.
In recent years considerable attention has been given to expressing and predicting this degradation in the concepts of communication theory instead of the physiology of the observer.
This paper reviews the introduction of the ideas of communication theory into hydrological optics, and compares the various experimental and theoretical results that have appeared in the literature. Particular attention is given to three recent papers dealing with the theoretical prediction of the Modulation Transfer Function of seawater: J. R. V.
Zaneveld and G. F. Beardsley, Jr.
,
JOSA. 59(4); W. H. Wells, JOSA
59(6); and F. Chilton, D. D. Jones; and W. K. Talley, JOSA 59(8).
These three papers utilize analytic numerical, and Monte Carlo techniques.
The methods, limitations, and results of each paper are compared and the applicability of each approach to typical submarine viewing situations is discussed.
A new solution to the axially symmetric submarine lightfield has been found.
This solution enables the prediction of the near-asymptotic submarine lightfield as a function of the inherent optical properties and the asymptotic decay coefficient.
Under consideration also is a theoretical solution to the modulation transfer function of seawater, which eliminates the restrictions imposed by previous models.
For the past six months, we have been preparing apparatus which will be used to measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) of seawater.
Preliminary MTF measurements were taken of solutions containing a variety of suspended particles.
The data was analyzed in light of existing theory and the exponential behavior of the MTF appears verified.
A complete systems analysis of our apparatus was conducted and the results used to increase the resolution of the measurement procedure.
Our current measurement technique records optical irradiance distributions in real time rather than going through the intermediate process of recording the information on film and subsequently reading the film with a microdensitometer. A typical set of line spread functions is shown in the figure. A in Figure 3 is the line spread function for a distilled water path and B is for a solution of gelatin with a 10 times increase in sensitivity.
Ship Roll Beardsley, Plank
William S. Plank is completing his M.
S. thesis on a study of the effectiveness of passive anti-roll tank's aboard the R/V YAQUINA.

2
I
I
I
I
I
I I
UNSTABIL /ZED
15
I
.
I
I
0.2
Figure 4.
Transfer functions of R/V YAQUINA showing rolling response in stabilized and unstabilized configurations.

i6
Spectral anal-ysis of data collected during September and October of 1969 showed that the anti-roll tanks have a beneficial effect on the rolling performance of the YAQUINA.
This is illustrated by the two ship roll responses in Figure 4.
Arctic Oceanography - Neal, Neshyba, Amstutz, Hansen
Brief Report of T-3 Cruise, November 11-23, 1969
Purpose of Cruise:
1)
To measure density changes in the fine-layered structure in the depth zone 200 to 500 meters.
2)
To make initial continuous profiles of oxygen in the same depth zone.
3) To measure velocity shear associated with fine structure.
4) To make initial measurements of internal wave activity associated with the fine structure.
(1) and (3) were accomplished; (2) and (4) were not.
Data: Figure 5 is a typical profile of temperature, conductivity, computed salinity and sigma-t from this cruise.
The step structure is remarkably well-ordered and persistent. We extracted over 160 separate step measurements from the data, and plotted histograms of AS, A T, and
AU-t
, the differences of salinity, temperature and density across these steps, as shown in Figure 6.
The histograms on the right side result from smoothing the raw data on the left through a filter of width 4 units.
It is clear that for this depth zone, the salinity and sigma-t distributions are markedly peaked.
Shown superposed are normal distributions of like mean and variance as the raw data.
The fit of the normal to smoothed OG"t is quite good.
But it is difficult to accept the fit of the normal to smoothed
S.
Figure 7 is an attempt to fit a smoothed normal of mean 11 ppm and variance 2 ppm, to the smooth
S.
The fit is now good over the central portion of the histogram, but leaves residuals on either side of the main lobe.
The residual at smaller valves of AS can be satisfactorily explained as due to disruption of interface zones by
Kelvin- Helmholtz instability.
Several "half-steps, " which would be produced by Kelvin- Helmholtz breaking waves, can be seen in Figure 5.
The residual at higher values of AS is not as easily explained. We are still working on this aspect.

18
COST4 PQRT2 N5U 19 1969 r
PEN MARK
TEMPERATURE
C6NDUCTIVITY
SALINITY
SIGMA-T
Figure 6.
Raw (left) and smoothed (right) distributions of AS, AT, and
AO"t across over 160 steps measured with the high resolution CTD.
Fitted curves are normals with same means and variances as those of the data.

19
FPFO
-----------------------------------
1.000
913
.A(,7
A00,
.733
.667
.600
.513
.467
.400
.311
.767
.200
.113
--------------------
T111T
CLASS
0 iY a
/tea *
/a * a
A a a a a a a a
1
7 1
4 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
----
6 li a n a a to a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
/ a a 4a a' 4$ a a a a a
1 a
4 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
\
7
] a -
A9n 11
17 13 14 15 16 17 lA
19
2n 21 72 23 24 75 26
Figure 7. A normal (dotted) curve of mean 11 ppm and variance 2 ppm salinity is smoothed (solid) and fitted to the smoothed AS distribution.
The residual distributions have means mean value AS itself.
very nearly to 1/2 and 3 /2 of the
Local Winds - Pattullo, Detweiler
Since March 1969 we have been observing the local wind above the beach west of the Marine Science Laboratory at Newport.
The instrument was provided and installed by the Weather Bureau and the records are tended and serviced by Mr. Burdwell.
The purpose of the work is to evaluate the suitability of using geostrophic winds computed from weather maps for comparison with (and eventually for prediction of) ocean currents, particularly mesoscale phenonema such as upwelling.
The records also provide to other projects in the department a ready source of information on winds.
As a portion of the work for the M. S. degree Detweiler has devised a method for estimating hourly mean winds from the records, has developed a formula to represent the variability during each hourly interval and has summarized the recorders for the first eight months of data (upwelling season 1969) (see COOC, page 1).
It is proposed in the near future to: (a) continue reduction and summarization of the remaining records
(at present the months through April 1970 have been recorded), (b) to automate the recorder to save personnel time and to expedite processing of data, and (c) complete a comparison now under way between the geostrophic and observed winds.

20
Hydrography of Oregon Waters
Washburn, Jones
- Pattullo, Wyatt, Barstow, Gilbert,
Monthly hydrographic cruises were continued off Oregon with particular emphasis on the Newport Line. Cruises were jointly made with
Biological and Chemical Oceanography sections to obtain greater station coverage.
Cruises were also made to Puget Sound in January and the
Gulf of California from February to April in conjunction with optical studies.
See Table below for some results.
October
November
January
February
March
32
54
88
91
8
Hydro BT casts casts
107
87
89
130
21
TOTALS
273 434
252
288
96
120
36
Drift
Drogue
Hydrography of Oregon Waters
NO current T,S, meas 0
Si03 p0
3 pH a1k
15
1
--
--
384
639
767
1,282
62
384
16
307
437
32
384
---
412
598
38 chloro
240
_--
---
240
45
C-N IK
160
---
45
32
--
-
9
---
---
---
110
--
106
240
---
10
---
------
786 16 3, 134 1,432
1
1,432 525 445 142 19
Optical
Light
---
430
714
---
---
106
1,144
Coastal Oceanography (COOC) (see page 1): A multidisciplinary coordinating group has been functioning informally throughout the year to plan joint local cruises and prepare for mutual study and interchange of data and results.
This group has consisted primarily of Smith, Gordon
(also representing Park), Curl, Small, Pearcy, and Wyatt with their students, but virtually all the staff have participated at one time or another in the planning, operations at sea, or seminars on Coastal Oceanography.
At present Mr. Wyatt is coordinating development of a set of maps and sections to be generally used in this work to make inter-comparison of different observations and summaries more feasible and to encourage full and efficient use of the data.
Wind-wave Properties - Beardsley, Earle
Three three-component spherical drag probes which use variable inductance devices as displacement transducers have been built, calibrated, and used in the field.
The associated electronics provides voltage outputs which are proportional to the three components of force acting on the

21 spherical sensor of each probe. A numerical predictor-corrector computer program has been written to obtain the three velocity components from the three voltage outputs of a single probe. The probe design, operating theory, and calibration procedure is described in "A three component drag probe for the measurement of turbulent water velocity fluctuations" Rev. Sci. Instr. June, 1970. A description of the probes was presented in a paper at the fall AGU meeting, December 1969, in San
Francisco.
Several hours of wave height, two mutually perpendicular wave slopes, subsurface wave pressure, and subsurface velocity data have been obtained in Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
Subsurface wave pressure and subsurface velocity have been measured for several hours from the stable TOTEM buoy which is moored in deep water 30 miles off the Oregon coast.
Analysis of this data is now in progress.
The analysis computer programs include a predictor-corrector numerical iteration to obtain the three components of water velocity from the drag probe voltage outputs, a fast Fourier transform program to obtain energy spectrums and cross spectrums of digitized time series, a filter program to compute the wave orbital velocity components (as predicted by first and second order wave theory) from records of surface wave height and wave slopes, a directional energy spectrum program to determine the first five Fourier coefficients of the directional energy spectrum from measurements of wave height and wave slopes and also from measurements of the three subsurface velocity components, a turbulent velocity program to remove the theoretical wave orbital velocities from the measured velocities, and a moment generating program to yield the moments and the amplitude probability density function for a digitized time series.
Temperature Variability over the Borderland - Mesecar, Neshyba, Sakou,
Pawley, Plutchak
Three sets of thermistor array were fabricated and the field test was made. The positioning of the array was coordinated with that of current meter array in order that a broad range of correlation among the variables defining the environment might be studied.
The recovery of the data in a satisfactory manner has not been made. A new set of experiments for 1970 is being planned and an extensive work is in progress to uncover the weakness in the data acquisition system and to improve it.
The initial phase of the study is confined to measuring the entire spectral range of temperature variation in the upper 300 meters where the variation may be correlated with the propagation of internal waves, transient

22 features of upwelling, turbulence, etc.
This study is expected to contribute to the delineation of the temporal structure of kinetic and potential energy distribution which is also being studied by an array of current meters.
Physical Oceanography of Shelf and Slope Waters
Smith, Cutchin, Enfield, Huyer
- Pattullo, Pillsbury,
A data report covering observations taken during 1967 and 1968 has been completed but not yet distributed.
These data will form the major source for the Ph.D. thesis now being written by Dale Pillsbury.
All data collected during 1969 (observations of temperature and wind) have been processed and elementary statistics have been computed.
These data were coordinated with the joint COOC group in the department (see page 1) and multidiscipline analysis and interpretation will be undertaken.
Miss Jane Huyer, ' a student from Canada, has joined the group and will study the implications of the 1969 data as a part of her research work for the M. S. degree.
Surface Seawater Characteristics During the Uj2welling Season (Heat Budget)
- Pattullo, Evans
During 1969 many near-surface temperature and salinity observations were made above the shelf offshore, partly as a part of COOC (see page 1), and continuing hydro measurements and partly special-purpose such as for Albacore Central use (see Pearcy, page 58 ) and for current studies (see Pattullo et al., page 20 ).
An analysis of implications from these data, including the heat storage, is under study by Mr. Evans on a part of his thesis work for the M. S. degree.
Sea Level Studies - Pattullo, Pittock
Mr. Pittock, a prospective Ph.D. student, has begun to examine the digitized records from the Newport Tide gauge.
error-check all the data and second is to examine the principal features of the deviations from predicted tides.
The first step is to

GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Structure of the Oregon Continental Margin - Kulm, Fowler, Bales,
Buehrig, Ness
Approximately 7, 000 kilometers of continuous seismic reflection profiles are being studied to determine the basic structural framework of the Oregon continental margin.
The structural framework is being integrated with the stratigraphic studies to develop an integrated picture of the origin and development of the margin during Late Tertiary time.
23
Marine Geology of the Southern Oregon Margin - Kulm, Spigai
A three-dimensional geological-geophysical study of the southern
Oregon margin is nearing completion. A model for Holocene and Late
Pleistocene sedimentation has been developed for the region.
Sediment sources have been determined for the Late Cenozoic Quaternary sediments through studies of the light and heavy mineral assemblages of the coarse grained constituents and the clay mineral assemblages of fine grained constituents of the unconsolidated and consolidated deposits.
Cascadia Basin Studies - Kulm, Phipps, Ness
Continuous seismic reflection records of the deposits of Cascadia
Basin are being analyzed for the acoustic nature of the sedimentary deposits, their thickness and distribution over the entire basin.
Sediment distribution and structure of the basin are being related to plate tectonics of the region.
The structure of all deep-sea channels in the basin is being studied to determine the nature of their origin and development.
Sediments of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca Ridges - Kulm, Phipps,
Scheidegger
Cores collected on these two spreading ridges are being studied for their clay and silt mineralogical composition to determine the source of the hemipelagic and pelagic depostis.
Preliminary analyses show that the sediments of the two ridges are derived from at least two different

24 continental sources. Ash layers in these deposits are being analyzed by means of neutron activation analysis and a variety of optical, methods.
Geophysical and Geological Studies in the South Atlantic - van Andel, Heath,
Moore
The geophysical portion of the work on CIRCE cruise between
Luanda, Angola, and Fortzleza, Brazil, has been completed.
The material obtained on this cruise consists of bathymetric, magnetic, and seismic reflection data along a traverse across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 60-
8* S latitude, and detailed geophysical surveys in five small areas on the crest and east flank of the ridge, and across the Ascension Fracture Zone.
Except for the last area, all material has been interpreted; the results are contained in two papers (van Andel and Moore, 1970; van Andel and
Heath, in press).
Based on the geomagnetic profile as a time base, the rate of seafloor spreading in this part of the South Atlantic appears to have accelerated twice, approximately 40 and 4, 5 million years ago, and decelerated at least twice, 38 and 10 million years ago. Accelerations were accompanied by uplift and normal faulting of the central part of the ridge, while decelerations produced subsidence with modest contraction.
The effects of the uplifts are clearly present in the reflection data.
Spreading without creation of significant relief occurred on the ridge until approximately 5 million years ago.
This process produced a low relief with small rifts, strongly reminiscent of the present crestal topography of the
East Pacific Rise. A very linear secondary relief parallel to the ridge axis developed later by faulting on the flanks.
Portions of the crust that were near the crest during periods of uplift are more intensely faulted than those that were remote at all times.
The importance of the last phase of uplift and associated faulting is reflected by a decrease in the fault density away from the ridge crest.
The present crestal zone is different from the flanks and the older crests; the relief is nearly ten times greater, transverse disturbances are common, and there is conflicting evidence regarding its age.
This striking change indicates either a recent change in the spreading process or a recent period of strong deformation.
The data for the Ascension Fracture Zone will be supplemented by additional information to be collected on a cruise of R/V CHAIN of
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in May/June.
Preparation of a paper awaits arrival of this material.

25
Changes in spreading rate affect the thickness of sediments on the ridge, since most of the sedimentation takes place on the central, highest part of the ridge above the carbonate compensation depth.
Thick sediments will accumulate during slow spreading, while rapidly formed crustal sections will have thinner deposits.
The sedimentation thickness is also a function of the water depth relative to the position of the lysocline and compensation depth, and hence a function of uplift and subsidence of the ridge as well as temporal depth fluctuations of compensation depth and lysocline.
Consequently, the ridge flanks do not show a uniform increase in thickness away from the crest. We are attempting to study the depositional history of the ridge from this point of view by means of a computer modeling program that takes the principal variables into account.
Geophysical data are also available for the previous leg of CIRCE cruise from Mozambique to Luanda. In addition to much underway material, this includes a detailed survey of the crest of the Walvis Ridge, a detailed survey over the Walvis Shelf off Walvis Bay, and reflection data for a large field of diapirs on the continental slope off Angola. We have compiled most of the material on the latter and are preparing the paper, while the first two subjects are being compiled now.
Sedimentation in the Panama Basin - van Andel, Heath, Moore, Drake,
Malfait
This program is designed to study in detail the processes of deepsea sedimentation, erosion, and. postdepositional modification of pelagic sediments in the eastern Equatorial Pacific. In cooperation with Dr. Heinrichs we have compiled much of the available regional geophysical data, including material from Scripps and Lamont, and have prepared a new bathymetric chart. Studies of the distribution of sediment thickness over the basin, of the magnetic anomaly pattern, and of fault patterns determined from seismic reflection data are in progress.
There are three categories of structures; block faulted ridges with mainly normal faulting, containing very close spaced faults affecting the entire sediment column and clear evidence of post-upper Miocene uplift (Cocos, Carnegie, and Malpelo-Coiba ridges), a low central zone with considerable relief and little or no sediment, containing a young spreading zone, and a complex region of trenches and deep basins which occupies the eastern part of the Panama Basin between the Peru-Chile trench and the join of the
Coiba Ridge and the Mid-American trench.
The regional tectonics of the basin is still largely unresolved; at least five and possibly six crustal plates, the Cocos, Nasca, South America, North America, Caribbean and possibly Panama-Colombia plates may be involved.

26
The tectonic-geophysical study serves as a background for a regional study of sediment patterns. We have collected samples near the surface from all cores taken in the area by Lamont and Scripps and in addition possess approximately twenty long piston cores from YALOC 69 cruise. We are at present in the process of determining carbonate con tent, biogenous silica content, grain size distribution, microfaunal composition and mineralogical composition on all surface samples.
This program began when our new laboratory facilities became available early in
1970. The sediments in the eastern part of the region are dominantly hemipelagic with a large component of continental debris. Westward, the carbonate content increases, and volcanic ashes are a conspicuous component in the sediments.
carbonate contents.
Variations in the Peru and Equatorial Current systems result in vertical variations of the biogenous opal and calcium
Separation of Pure Mineral Phases from Deep-Sea Sediments - Heath,
Nelsen
The installation of a digital X-ray diffraction system allows us to obtain high-precision mineralogical data on large numbers of deep-sea sediment samples. Such analyses will permit us to map subtle, as well as known major distributional features.
However, to obtain an accurate picture of deep-sea sedimentation, and particularly to develop a quantitative model of sedimentation which will allow us to predict paths and rates of deposition, as well as properties of sediments, within major oceanic provinces, the data must be accurate as well as precise.
To date, the
X-ray diffraction characteristics of sedimentary minerals cannot be predicted on theoretical grounds, but must be derived from pure samples of the mineral in question (external standards). Because of the variability of each mineral, the only satisfactory standards are those derived from the deep-sea sediments themselves.
This program, which will be the subject of a master's dissertation, involves the use of heavy liquid gradients to separate deep-sea sediments into their component minerals.
The equipment needed to prepare the gradients has been built, and experiments to determine the optimum treatments required to break down mineral aggregates and produce stable disperions are in progress.
Stratigraphy and Sedimentation in the Panama Basin Moore, Dinkelman
During the past several decades the Panama Basin and the adjacent waters of the eastern tropical Pacific have been of particular oceanographic

27 interest, for it is in this region that the fertile waters of Peru current merge into the equatorial current system.
It might be expected that the northward flowing waters of this cool current exert a strong influence on the faunal assemblages of the Panama Basin. However, this influence might well have varied corresponding to the changing atmospheric and oceanographic conditions of late Pliocene and Quaternary.
The initial descriptions of cores from the Panama Basin indicate several alternating layers of siliceous and carbonate rich sediments. It is the purpose of this part of the Panama Basin study to determine the nature and time sequence of changes in oceanographic conditions suggested by these changes in lithology.
This will be accomplished by relating the present day distribution of radiolarian and foraminiferal faunas to a detailed stratigraphic study of the cores.
The assemblages of planktonic Foraminifera may provide additional information on variations in the corrosiveness of bottom or interstitial waters.
All such information gives us insight into the paleooceanographic history of this region expressed in terms of productivity changes in the surface waters, changes in the directions and magnitudes of currents, and finally, climatic changes of the late Cenozoic.
It will be of particular interest to relate the indicated climatic changes in this region, which is strongly influenced by a major current of the southern hemisphere, to the more thoroughly documented oceanographic changes of the northern oceans.
Nature and Concentration of Suspended Matter in Near-Bottom Water
Masses - Heath, Dauphin, Beer
This program is being carried out jointly with the optical Oceanography group.
So far, a study of the scattering characteristics of suspended mineral grains as a function of particle size has been completed and submitted for publication.
A prototype pump system designed to sample suspended matter in deep water will be tested later this year.
This system will use a constant pressure pump and low-ash filters to collect the suspended matter from large volumes of water. In situ filtering has been chosen over large volume samplers and shipboard filtering to overcome severe contamination problems which have plagued earlier investigations of this type.
The filter system will accompany a package of optical sensors on deep casts, so that the characteristics of the recovered suspended matter can later be related to in situ optical properties of the water.

28
Economic Potential of Placer Sands on Oregon Continental Margin van Andel, Kulm, Bowman
The Oceanography Department, in cooperation with the USGS and the U. S. Bureau of Mines, has conducted studies which evaluate the potential of heavy mineral placers lying off southern Oregon.
Sufficient data now exists on the topographic and structural configuration of the continental shelf, the distribution of heavy minerals, and magnetic anomalies that we may make reasonable inferences regarding the spatial distribution of these plac e rs.
The identification of the opaque minerals and determination of the ore tenor are the remaining unknowns in any estimate of the in situ mineral values.
By magnetic separation and X-ray diffraction analysis, we have identified the opaque minerals in a heavy mineral concentrate from an onshore, raised Pleistocene terrace. A quantitative estimate of the abundance of these minerals is presently being carried out.
Further work on this sample will include analysis for nickel, zinc, and platinum metals by atomic absorption and neutron activation techniques. Chromium and titanium are major components of minerals present in the sample and will be included in an economic analysis.
Analysis of the spatial distribution of the heavy mineral accumulation on several known raised Pleistocene terraces and of the offshore placers will allow us to make estimates of ore reserves. A complete economic analysis will include costs of mining systems in the offshore environment, comparison of these costs with on-land exploitation of similar deposits and an examination of the demand for the metals involved.
Trace Elements in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts - van Andel, Corliss
The elemental composition of 120 mid-ocean ridge basalts has been studied using high-precision instrumental activation analysis.
This analysis included 16 elements and, combined with petrographic observations, has revealed two significant features of these rocks: 1) The slowly cooled interiors of submarine lava flows, which have undergone deuteric alteration during slow cooling, are depleted in several elements which are enriched in pelagic sediments and manganese nodules (Mn, Fe, Co,
Many of these elements are excluded from the solid phases which crystallize from the melt during solidification and are thus concentrated in residual liquids. Some additional elements are mobilized during the deuteric alteration of early formed olivine. These components of the melt presumably occupy accessible sites (e. g. inter-granular boundaries) in the hot, solid rock mass, and are mobilized by dis-

29 solution in seawater introduced along contraction cracks forming in the late stages of cooling.
These solutions may be the metal-bearing "hydrothermal exhalations" or "volcanic emanations" accompanying submarine volcanism that are often cited as a source of metals into the pelagic environment.
2)
Factor analysis and covariance plots of quenched pillow basalt data from several geographic areas along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (from 45°
N to 7° S) reveal striking inhomogeneities in the composition of the erupted liquids.
The rocks from each area form a cluster of compositions which are unique, and distinct from the clusters of other geographic areas with almost no overlap.
Consideration of experimental petrology data for the basalt-peridotite system, and relevant partition coefficient data, indicates that. there are no reasonable fractional crystallization pathways between these compositional clusters. Thus, at least part of the regional inhomogeneity is due to inhomogeneity in the initial liquids. Differences in composition of these liquids might result from differences in the composition of the upper mantle source or in the conditions of partial melting.
Deep-Sea Drilling Project, Leg 7 - Heath
Leg 7 of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project covered the western Pacific between Guam and Hawaii.
Dr. Heath served as one of the geologists responsible for the lithological descriptions of the cores.
The seven sites drilled covered four geological provinces:
1)
The Marianas Basin, east of the Marianas Trench. A site in this Basin encountered basalt basement of late Cretaceous age - surprisingly young in the light of modern theories of plate tectonics; 2) The equatorial belt of biogenous sediments.
Holes at three sites all penetrated calcareous oozes.
This rapidly accumulating material should consititute ideal standard sections for biostratigraphers.
The striking acoustic layering seen in seismic reflection profiles from this area is due to subtle variations in lithification of the carbonate; 3) The deep Central Basin between the Gilbert and Line Islands.
Both sites in this area encountered remarkably uniform radiolarian ooze
(acoustically "transparent" layer) over thinly bedded cherts.
The lack of carbonate ooze suggests that this area has been near its present depth for at least 80 million years; 4) The Hawaiian Arch, north of Oahu.
This site, the least successful of the seven, encountered very hard volcanic sandstone and mudstone.

30
The results of the preliminary studies of the core material have been written up, and will be published in the Initial Reports of the Deep-
Sea Drilling Project.
Deep-Sea Drilling Project, Leg 8 - Moore of 1969.
Leg 8 of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project was completed in November
Dr. Moore served as a specialist in the biostratigraphy of Radiolaria during this cruise.
This year the nine scientists participating in this leg will publish an initial report on the accomplishments of their individual and joint studies.
On board the GLOMAR CHALLENGER, Leg 8 sailed from Hawaii
4, 616 miles south along 140° W to Tahiti.
The primary objective assigned to this leg was to drill a series of holes across the equatorial belt of high productivity in the eastern Pacific Ocean in order to decipher the history of the equatorial current system.
During Leg 8, eight holes (Sites 68 through 75) were drilled and 4, 019 feet of sediment recovered.
Most of the sediment cored was calcareous nannoplankton ooze together with smaller amounts of calcareous siliceous ooze, radiolarian ooze, zeolitic red clay and basalt. Holes 70 through 75 completed the equatorial and southern parts (latitude 60N to 12. 50S) of a longitudinal profile of the eastern
Pacific.
Three major lithologic units can be recognized throughout this traverse.
The lowest unit consists of radiolarian ooze, siliceous chalk and limestone, and chert of Eocene age.
This is overlain by a middle unit of Oligocene-lower Miocene age consisting of calcareous nannofossil ooze with abundant radiolarians.
This unit extends at least from site 42 of Leg 5 at 14°N to site 75 at 120301S.
The upper unit, Miocene to Quaternary in age was found at sites 70 through 74.
It consists of several facies including radiolarian ooze on the north and south, and thicker siliceous and calcareous oozes occupying the equatorial region. Basalt was recovered beneath thin Eocene sediments at site 74 and beneath basal
Oligocene sediments at site 75. A nearly complete Eocene to Quaternary biostratigraphic sequence was recovered with generally abundant radiolarians and calcareous nanno-fossils and rarer foraminifera, silico-flagellates and diatoms.
Results indicate that the accumulation of sediments below the deeper parts of the equatorial Pacific is significantly influenced by the rate of solution.
Because of the effects of this solution, rates of productivity and former positions of the currents are difficult to determine.
The position of the thickest early-mid Tertiary sediments is several degrees

31 north of the thick Quaternary and Late Tertiary sediments.
This may indicate either a shift in the high productivity belt or movement of the sea floor.
In addition, preliminary studies suggest that the calcium carbonate compensation depth was at least 1000 m deeper during the early to mid-
Tertiary than it has been since.
This resulted in a belt of mid-Tertiary sediments thicker and wider than that of the later Tertiary and Quaternary.
Deep-Sea Biostratigraphy, Planktonic Foraminifera - Fowler, Sumich
Our studies of the stratigraphic distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the area off Oregon and Washington are being concentrated on several deep-sea piston cores taken from the western flank of Juan de Fuca
Ridge in the vicinity of Cobb Seamount. Additional data are being obtained from Cascadia Basin and surroundings and from late Tertiary rock samples that crop out on the Oregon continental margin. One particular core,
6709-20 (46° 04. 01N, 13100. 0' W), is providing most of the detailed stratigraphic information. Among other pursuits is a thorough assessment of the morphologic variation of Globigerina pachyderms (Ehrenberg) s. 1.
Early observations of trends in color, weight percent CaCO3, radiolarian-planktonic forminiferan ratios and coiling direction of G. pachy- ., derma s. 1.
led us to conclude that several alternating warm and cool periods were recorded in 6709-20. Using various combinations of sedimentation rates, based upon radio-carbon dates obtained from the top two meters of the core, a data of approximately 300, 000 years before present
(B. P. ) was calculated for the bottom of the core. Recent determinations by Bruce Malfait and Dr. D. Heinrichs of magnetic polarity recorded within the core indicate that this estimate is small by a factor of probably more than two.
If the bottom of the core is as old as it appears to be, then either average sedimentation rates were considerably lower than those estimated earlier or part of the section has been removed by erosion.
There is reason to suspect the latter based upon various kinds of physical evidence in the core. A sample of light colored ash of probably continental derivation from the very bottom of 6709-20 has been sent out for a possible fission track age determination.
Another important point is that, if the age based upon magnetic polarity is correct, then a substantial portion, if not all, of the glacial
Pleistocene record is present in the core.
derma s. 1. demonstrate little or no coiling direction change in response to Pleistocene climatic changes.

32
Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology, Continental Terrace -
Fowler, Muehlberg
Foraminiferal assemblages from more than 150 rock samples from the Oregon continental shelf and slope are being intensively studied to determine age and paleoenvironment. These data are being combined with the seismic reflection studies of the same area being conducted by Drs.
L. D. Kulm and G. A. Fowler in order to establish the geologic history of the Oregon Continental Margin.
Of particular interest is how the oceanic plate off Oregon interacts with the North American continental plate to form the continental margin.
A stratigraphic column ranging in age from Middle Miocene to
Pleistoce;.ze is being complied for the Oregon Margin.
This column is incomplete in places due to the nature of the sampling and to limited exposures.
In addition, at least two extensive unconformities interrupt the column.
Excellent correlations in terms of faunal similarities can be made with the Wildcat Section of northern California, the Elk River and Port
Orford Formations of southern Oregon, and the Astoria, Montesano and
Quinault Formations of the Grays Harbor Basin, western Washington.
The traditional benthic foraminiferal zones of the Late Miocene to Pleistocene sections of southern California can generally be recognized but correlations are being based primarily upon planktonic foraminiferal trends, particularly the coiling direction changes of Globerina pachyderms s. 1.
Paleoenvironments ranged from inner sublittoral to abyssal with mostly bathyal faunas represented.
Estimates of minimum relative uplift of the Oregon Continental Margin since the Middle Miocene range up to approximately 900 meters.
There are several indications that the rate of uplift has not been constant.
In a few cases relative downwarping is required to explain the difference between paleo-depth and present depth at sample sites.
Foraminiferal Ecology, Oregon Sublittoral - Fowler, Gunther, Chang
Since the last Progress Report, Sea Grant Stations have been sampled on three cruises (C6911A, C7002, C7005) and samples of opportunity have been taken on two cruises for other purposes (C6910A, Y6910C).
To date, a total of 323 foraminiferal samples have been collected, plus a total of 122 sediment samples.
C7005,
All sediment samples, except for 7 from cruise have been processed for textural parameters.
Faunal counts have been completed for about 100 of the foraminiferal samples; the rest have been preserved, washed, stained and are in storage awaiting faunal counts.

33
Preliminary statistical studies have been made on the partial foraminiferal faunal data.
Multiple regression analysis of the relationship of the month of collection and water depth to individual specimen size in microns indicates that water depth is more important for Eggerella advena and Bolivina pacifica, but for Uvigerina juncea the month of collection is more important.
However, other variables which could not be tested because of incomplete data may be more important to test size than either of the two tested.
Analysis of variance on total benthic foraminiferal standing crop after transformation by X = \ X + 1 indicates that standing crop depends more on sediment type than on season of collection.
One station (SG-2, 200 m depth, 60% < % sand < 75% ) has a significant increase in standing crop from winter to the next fall; this may be due to the incorporation of small- sized specimens into the zooplankton, either as part of the life cycle, or as a result of storm-caused turbulence.

34
GEOPHYSICS
Marine Gravity - Banks, Couch, Gemperle, Heinrichs, Lu
Free-air and Bouquer gravity maps of the Strait of Juan de Fuca have been completed.
Interpretation of the gravity and other geophysical measurements of the region about the Strait of Juan de Fuca in terms the crustal and subcrustal structures is continuing.
Free-air and Bouquer gravity maps based on measurements along
1750 km of trackline off southeast Alaska have been completed.
Off Cross
Sound a free-air gravity high greater than +60 mgl occurs over the outer edge of the continental shelf.
This high separates, the gravity low, with valves between -40 and -80 mgl which occurs near the bare of the continental slope and the low with values greater than
-
60 mgl which occurs near the coastline.
Along Baranof and Chichagof Islands the axis of a moderate gravity high trends NNW-SSE just off the coastline.
The shelf in this area shows no gravity low. A narrow gravity low extends along
Lynn Canal and Chatham Strait.
In Glacier Bay gravity anomaly contours are unclosed, negative and become less negative toward the southwest.
Both the free-air and Bouquer anomalies show a marked change in character along the continental shelf in the vicinity of Cross Sound. A crustal and subcrustal cross-section, based on the gravity data and extrapolated refraction data, suggests the Moho depth between the coastline and Coast
Mountains is approximately 25 km and under the Coast Mountains approximately 35 km.
Free-air gravity anomaly values from Panama Basin indicate that the region as a whole, including the Carnegie and Cocos ridges, is in isostatic equilibrium.
However, several local, large, positive anomalies exist between the Coiba-Malpelo Ridge complex and the continent.
The extent and trend of these anomalies are poorly defined by the existing trackline coverage.
Gravity sections of the Carnegie Ridge, Cocos Ridge and
Panama Basin, and northern extension of the Peru-Chile Trench are being constructed.
Refraction Seismology - Couch, Johnson
Calculations, based on seismic refraction measurements, show that crustal thickness in the North Cascade Mountains increases toward the south and decreases toward the west. Computed crustal thicknesses

35 combined with available gravity measurements indicate that either the crust or upper mantle is composed of rocks of relatively low density.
The results of this investigation have been submitted for publication.
A donation of a 12 channel amplifier and filter, cables and geophones greatly improves the department's seismic refraction capability.
This equipment will be used in the future for crustal studies in the Pacific Northwest.
Earthquake Seismology - Couch, Johnson, MacFarlane, Whitsett
The World Wide Standard Seismograph Station at Corvallis was operated continuously during this report period.
The seismograph records of the Klamath Falls and Portland (OMSI) stations have been read and catalogued.
The design of a portable microearthquake array has been completed and the subassemblies have been ordered.
The maximum sensitivity of the microearthquake array depends on the background noise level or the microseismic noise level of the earth.
In the Coast Range, an area under investigation, the noise level is high.
Studies have been conducted to determine optimum filter settings which will provide a spectral window and effectively decrease the recorded noise level.
Gains of a million were obtained with a band-pass filter set at 3. 5 and 20 Hz.
The major microseismic energy appears to be contained in the frequencies near 0. 5 Hz.
Several microearthquake events were recorded in the Willamette Valley during a week of trial recording at high gain.
Heat Flow - Couch, Gemperle
A regional heat flow map for the Northeast Pacific Ocean was compiled from data collected at Oregon State University and other existing data.
Higher than normal heat flow is found over the Gorda Ridge, the
Blanco Fracture Zone, Juan de Fuca Ridge, and Explorer Ridge with the highest values on the east sides of the topographic features.
Higher than normal heat flow measurements are also found along the continental margin off Icy Straits and Dixon Entrance and in the Straits of Juan de Fuca.
Average to below average values occur in the Scott Island Fracture Zone, west of the ridges and south of the Mendocino Escarpment.

36
Geophysical Data R eduction Computer Programs-- Gemperle
,
Keeling, Lu
The documentation and user's manual was completed for the program package used to reduce and plot maps and profiles of bathymetry, gravity, magnetics, and earthquake epicenters.
Modification and documentation of the program used to compute profiles of the vertical component of the gravitational attratction caused by a two-dimensional body was completed.
A program to generate and plot magnetic anomalies for models based on the Vine-Matthews hypothesis was converted and modified. An additional program to compute and plot magnetic anomalies for arbitrary two-dimensional models was converted for use on the CDC-3300 computer.
Marine Magnetics - Banks, Couch, Gemperle, Heinrichs, Lu
The pattern of recent spreading from the Galapagos Rift zone, and associated offsets within the Panama Basin, has been established.
Basically the present cycle of spreading started approximately 4 million years ago from two short active sections joined by an unnamed rift zone.
Both centers are spreading at about 3 cm/yr with some assymetrical motion and local offset.
The areas of active spreading are within the basin and are not directly related to the formation of either the Carnegie or Cocos ridges.
In addition, the area can be divided into three regions of markedly different magnetic character; an area of large amplitude magnetic anomalies roughly defined by the spreading pagos Islands centers, Cocos Ridge and the Galaplatform; an area including Carnegie Ridge, eastern half of the Panama Basin, and northwest of Cocos Ridge which has usual magntic amplitudes;
Chile Trench.
and a quiet zone over the northern extension of the Peru-
Magnetic data from eight crossings of the Middle Americas Trench between 10°N and 19°N and three traverses of the East Pacific Rise between 13°N and 19°N are being used, together with gravity and bathymetric data, to determine the regional crustal and subcrustal structures.
Preliminary results indicate an assymetry of spreading rates across the East
Pacific Rise and detailed magnetization parameters are currently being calculated.

37
Seismic Profiling
MacFarlane
- Banks, Couch, Gemperle, Heinrichs, Johnson,
Continuous seismic profiling along approximately 1500 km of trackline off southeast Alaska shows a synclinal structure between the coastline and shelf edge north of Cross Sound.
The upper synclinal deposits, of Plio-Pleistocene age, appear to be ponded behing a tectonic dam-like basement strucutre.
South of Cross Sound the sedimentary structures near shore dip steeply towards the ocean.
Near the outer edge of the shelf the rock layers are deformed by both faulting and folding.
These deposits extend from the late Mesozoic into the early Tertiary.
The change in character of the continental shelf off Cross Sound is probably related to the passage of the Fairweather Fault from the continent to the sea in this region.
Reflection profiles in Chatham Strait show scarp-like walls, a relatively small amount of sediment which shows extensive faulting to the surface and extensively faulted basement rock.
It is suggested that either this strait has not experienced severe glaciation or that extensive tectonism has occurred since withdrawal of the ice.
Reflection profiling over Paul Revere Ridge off northern Vancouver
Island shows the ridge to be a large fault block approximately 2 km high and 115 km long.
The ridge is thought to have been formerly a part of the continental shelf or slope off Vancouver Island which is now separated from the island by the Scott Islands Fracture Zone.
Two prominent unconformities are apparent in the structure.
The uppermost unconformity is postulated to be of Pliocene age and contemporary with the formation of
Explorer Ridge.
The next deeper unconformity may be of Miocene age and contemporary with changes in motion of Juan de Fuca Ridge.
Direct Interpretation of Potential Field Data - Bodvarrson, Adotevi-Akue
Methods that have been developed during previous years are now being applied to gravity problems in Oregon. New methods based on the
Snow-Bateman technique for integral equations is being developed and will be applied to the inversion of gravity data from Oregon.
Theoretical Geophysics - Bodvarsson, Lowell
Work on convection phenomena in self-heating fluids undergoing phase changes is in progress. New criteria for stability against convection are being developed.

38
Physics of Geothermal Areas - Bodvarsson
Several geothermal areas in Central America were visited during the fall of 1969 and winter 1970. New data are being collected. A paper on the evaluation of geothermal areas has been published.

39
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Seasonal Distribution of Nutrients off the Coast of Oregon, 1968 Ball,
Park
Mr. Ball completed his Masters Thesis March 16, 1970.
The abstract follows:
Phosphate, silicate and nitrate concentrations in the sea off the coast of Oregon were determined to study their seasonal distribution patterns. The water samples were collected monthly along the east west hydrographic line off Newport, Oregon, from the shore to 165 miles (310 km) offshore.
The samples were analyzed by both a Technicon Autoanalyzeiand by manual methods.
Phosphate in January was greater than 0. 5µM at the surface, increasing to a 3. 3 µM maximum at 1000 m'throughout the year.
With the onset of photosynthetic activity, there was a general decrease in surface concentrations. Concentrations decrease to less than 0. 1 µM in October with surface concentrations increasing in November and
December, reaching a maximum in January.
Silicate concentration was approximately 170 µM at 2600 m during the entire year.
In January, surface silicate increased from less than 5 µM offshore to 13 µM nearshore; a weak silicate minimum was observed at a depth of 60 m offshore and at 5 m near the coast.
In
March nearshore surface concentrations were greater than 15 µM due to increased coastal river runoff; the silicate concentrations of Oregon coastal rivers were 150-250 µM. In July, a pronounced minimum occurred at 40-50 m depth, where the concentration was less than 2µM.
Summer surface concentrations were less than 2 µM offshore, increasing to 40 µM nearshore as a result of coastal upwelling.
Surface concentrations in October were generally less than 5 µM along the Newport hydrographic line with increased nearshore concentrations due to river runoff.
The nitrate maximum of 40-50 µM existed at 1000- 1200 m.
In
January surface concentrations ranged from 3 µM offshore to 6 µM nearshore. March values were lower, ranging from 1 µM offshore to
5 µM nearshore at NH-3 (6 km).
In July patches of nitrate-free water were observed at 40-50 m depth offshore, disappearing at 25 miles
(46 km) off the coast, at station NH-25, as a result of the influence

40 of upwelled and nitrate containing water.
Late in October, nitrate concentrations were higher, 5-6 µM, near the coast, and dropped to less than 0. 1 µM offshore.
Patches of nitrate-free water were found from
May to November.
The existence of nitrate-free water near the surface indicated that the feature was formed by the photosynthetic activities of phytoplankton.
The formation of the silicate minimum and oxygen maximum below or near the bottom of the Columbia River Plume during summer months indicated intense photosynthetic activity.
Neither preformed phosphate nor preformed nitrate changed with depth below the layers of active photosynthetic processes.
Preformed phosphate was generally 1. 0
-
1. 2 µM below 200 m with variation occurring in surface waters.
For surface values, 1. 2 µM, the highest of the year, was observed in July in upwelled water; 0. 4 µM, the lowest, also occurred in July within the influence of the Columbia
River Plume.
The vertical distribution of preformed nitrate seemed to be random and may have reflected analytical techniques. The range was between 5 and 10 µM with a maximum at 12 µM.
The 5 µM values were found at approximately 200 m with a maximum observed at 1000 m deep.
The highest surface values of preformed nitrate, 2. 0 - 5. 0 µM, were observed in January and t'Ae lowest, 1.0 - 1. 5 µM, in July.
March and October values were between the above extremes (1. 1 - 2.0 µM).
Chemical Features of the Subarctic Boundary - Alvarez, Park, Gordon,
Hager
1970.
Mr. Alvarez expects to complete his Masters Thesis on May 4,
The title of his thesis is "Chemico-Oceanographical Parameters of the Central North Pacific Ocean" and the abstract follows:
Data from the SURVEYOR 1968 Spring cruise were used to study the vertical distribution of ent oxygen salinity, temperature, utilization, pH, alkalinity, specific alkalinity and percent saturation of calcite in two
450N and the other along 1800W dissolved oxygen, apparcruise and additional data from the SURVEYOR 1968
YALOC 66 cruise
(winter, 1966) (SIO sections, one along 162° W from 350N to from 350N to 500N.
Data from this
Fall cruise,
(summer) (Barstow et al., 1968) and BOREAS cruise reports, 1966) were used to study the distribution

41 of salinity, temperature, apparent oxygen utilization, preformed phosphate and depth on the sigma-t surfaces of 26. 8 and 27. 3 in an area between 35°N and 52°N and 162°W and 155°E.
In both sections the vertical distribution of the physico-chemical parameters is such that in general there is a tendency for the isograms to slope upward from south to north following the same trend of the sigma-t surfaces.
This indicates that mixing and advection along the sigma-t surfaces play an important role on the distribution of these parameters.
AOU data from YALOC 66 cruise (summer) compared to that from SURVEYOR 1968 Spring cruise suggest that aeration by mixing, eddy diffusivity and conductivity takes place to more than 500 meters depth at about 50°N.
It also suggests that the changes of organic primary production at the euphotic zone during different seasons of the year may affect to a great extent the AOU distribution on the 26. 8 sigma-t surface and to a very small extent on the 27.
3 sigma-t surface.
The direction of the flow suggested by the AOU distribution on the
26. 8 and 27.3 sigma-t surfaces was compared to that indicated by the acceleration potential contours on the S t = 125 cl/ton and 5 t = 80 cl/ ton surfaces drawn by Reid (1965).
The disagreements were explained in terms of mixing and possible gradients of primary production at the sea surface.
On the 26. 8 sigma-t surface a southward flow connecting the westward flow south of the Aleutian chain and the eastward flow farther south, between 175° E and 180° W is suggested by AOU distribution but not by the acceleration potential contours.
If the circulation pattern at this density surface is similar to that at the sea surface, this linkage is very likely to be real.
The following paper, co-authored by Timothy R. Parsons of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Nanaimo, B. C.
,
Canada, has been accepted for presentation at the 15th General Assembly of the International
Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean in Tokyo in September
1970.
The title of the paper is "Seawater Carbon-Dioxide Partial Pressure and Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: follows:
.
Surface Distribution".
The abstract
Continuous, surface measurement of pH in the Pacific Ocean, from Esquimalt, Canada to Tokyo, Japan shows a complex distribution in the pH range of 8. 1 to 8. 3.
There is an inverse correlation between pH and the partial pressure of CO?
, and a positive correlation between

42 pH and temperature of seawater. In general, high pH associates with the photosynthetic activities of phytoplankton, and the low pH is observed where deep water that has low pH mixes with the surface water.
Some preliminary results of Mr. Gordon's thesis based upon data taken from US C & GSS SURVEYOR in the fall of 1968 have been accepted for presentation at the 1970 Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical
Union.
The paper is co-authored by John J. Kelley and Donald W. Hood of the University of Alaska, and P. Kilho Park.
The title and abstract of the paper follow:
Carbon Dioxide in the Surface Waters of the
Bering Sea and Northwest Pacific Oceans, Late Summer
Surface contours are shown for carbon dioxide pressures,
CO2, observed in waters of the Bering Sea and northwest Pacific Ocean.
The data (given in ppm-atm.) were obtained from late August to mid-October, 1968, aboard the ESSA-USC & GS Ships OCEANOGRAPHER and
SURVEYOR. In the Bering Sea low values of
CO2, less than 200, were observed along a line from St. Lawrence Island to Adak and Nome and St. Lawrence Island. Along a line from Nome to Dutch Harbor the
PCO2 ranged from around 300 in the north to more than 350 in the south.
Very high PCO2 values up to 480 were observed in the vicinity of the
Aleutians.
The atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 was 311-312 ppm-atm. at this time.
In the northwest Pacific a low PCO2 band of
260 lay in a generally east-west direction in the 155° E to 180° region studied.
It was centered at latitude 40-42°N.
The 275 contour lay along or somewhat to the north of the Polar Front.
The low surface
PCO2 values were the result of rapid carbon dioxide fixation by phytoplankton during the summer compared to the lower rates of resupply from deep waters and from the atmosphere. The higher levels of PCO2 in the southeast Bering Sea may reflect vertical mixing or upwelling effects along and between the Aleutian Islands.
Coastal Oceanography - Gordon, Park, Alvarez-Borrego, Ball, Barstow,
Gates, Roelofs, Tomlinson
All of the 1969 Coastal Oceanography cruises were completed and have provided a great deal of chemical data. These data are now being analyzed and processed for publication in continued collaboration with the biologically and physically oriented members of COOC (Coastal Oceanography group).
See page 1.

43
Air-Sea Exchange of Gases in Coastal Waters - Gordon, Park
PCOZ and dissolved oxygen data have now been obtained on cruises in June, August, October and January at depths from the surface to 55 meters.
One interesting finding is a preliminary indication as to the time scale of oxidation of organic matter in and near the bottom sediments.
It appears that a very large fraction of the organic matter fixed during spring and summer which settles to the bottom has been oxidized by late October.
This is somewhat more rapid than we expected.
This preliminary result is being investigated more fully in the data which remains to be analyzed and the whole body of data is being prepared for publication.
Additional cruises are being planned for early May and late June to round out an annual cycle of observations.
K-Ar Dating of Deep-Sea Rocks - Dymond
Completion of a rare-gas mass spectrometer has been accomplished and the system has been fully operative for the past six months. A systematic appraisal of the quantity of excess argon in deep-sea rocks was one of the first studies undertaken. Results indicate that the glassy margins of all pillow basalts studied contain excess radiogenic argon.
Profiles of Ar: K ratio as a function of depth in the basalt show that excess argon decreases rapidly with depth in the pillow and at distances 6 - 10 cm from the margin no excess argon is present.
These results suggest that K-Ar dating of deep- sea basalts can be accurate if samples are chosen from the holocrystalline interiors of basalt pillows.
A submarine basalt boulder from the mid-Atlantic Ridge was recovered during a cruise by van Andel, Heath, and Moore. This specimen was unique because it contained a baked calcareous ooze embedded in the glassy margin.
Foraminifera from this ooze suggest an age very near the Pliocene- Pleistocene boundary.
The importance of this faunal boundary prompted a K-Ar age measurement. The preliminary results of this analysis place the age of the basalt at 1. 8 million years.
Submarine Weathering of Volcanic Materials - Dymond
K-Ar ages and Oxygen isotopic measurements (by G. D. Gerlick,
Humboldt State) were made on glass shards recovered from deep-sea cores.
The 6 018 content of the shards was found to increase with age

44 of the glass and indicated that the oxygen in shards of 50 million years age was approximately 50% exchanged.
Oxygen isotopic exchanged was also observed with the weathering of submarine basalts.
The amount of d
O18 shift is correlated with the water content of the rock.
A study of the chemical charges which take place with weathering of submarine basalts has been initiated.
Using water content as an index of the degree of weathering, marked changes in both water and some elements can be observed on the insides and margins of submarine rocks.
Potassium is one of the elements most dramatically changed by weathering.
It has been observed that a change in water content from 0. 5% to
1. 0% results in a factor of 3 increase in potassium.
Rare Gases in Submarine Basalts - Dymond
The existance of excess radiogenic argon in submarine basalts is probably the result of trapping of mantle argon due to the rapid cooling under pressure.
This implies that the composition of other rare gases in these rocks will also reflect to some extent the gas composition of the upper mantle.
Analysis of the rare gases He, Ne, Kr, and Xe have been made on some of the same rocks which contain excess argon.
Excess helium as well as Xe anomalies are present in these samples.

45
RADIOECOLOGY
Radioanalysis Procedures - Larsen
Radioactivity of samples collected from the marine environment is measured by gamma-ray spectrometry.
Three 12. 7 x 12. 7 cm NaI(Tl) well-type crystals each coupled to 512-channel analyzers are used in determining the presence of gamma ray emitting radionuclides and their respective amounts.
Data are reduced either by comparison of sample photopeaks to known standards or by a non-linear least squares computer program for more complicated spectra.
Environmental samples are generally counted for either 100 or 400 minutes. Background count rates are subtracted and the net counting information is stored on a Tally Paper Punch
Tape system, an IBM typewriter digital output, and an X-Y plot.
Determination of 65Zn
Mytilus californianus specific activity in various tissues of the mussel,
- Larsen
Zinc-65 specific activity of various tissures in the mussel Mytilus californianus has been determined. Zinc-65 was measured by gamma-ray spectrometry and stable zinc was measured by neutron activation analysis.
Specific activities of different tissues did not vary beyond the analytical error terms at each location.
Marked decreases with distance from the
Columbia River mouth were noted.
Columbia River Estuary Fishes - Renfro, Farrow
Collection of environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, nutrient concentration, dissolved oxygen and radioactivity at several stations has continued. As the result of reductions in the numbers of plutonium production reactors at Hanford, Washington, the levels of radionuclides in the Columbia River Estuary have diminished.
Nevertheless, the radioactivity of 65Zn and other radioactive isotopes can be measured in water, sediment, plants, and animals of the ecosystem.
This unique tracer-labelled system provides the opportunity to better understand the cycling of trace metals.
Radionuclide Transfer through Food Webs - Renfro, Farrow
Radioecological studies of several neutron-induced radionuclides in

46 a small estuarine ecosystem have been in progress since 1966. Measurements of the concentrations of stable, as well as radioactive isotopes, permits the computation of specific activity, i. e.
, activity of the radionuclide per gram of total element. This measurement provides an insight into the turnover rates of elements for organisms in different trophic levels.
In a previous inventory of radionuclides associated with various components of the study area, there appeared to be higher levels of 51Cr by reducing hexavalent 51Cr to the trivalent state.
The following experiment was performed: (a) Fresh intertidal plants were chopped into small pieces and placed in bags of nylon mesh.
(b)
The plant-filled bags were anchored to the bottom and allowed to decay.
(c) Material from the bags was radioanalyzed montly for 65Zn and 51Cr.
During seven months from September 1969 to March 1970 the activity of 65Zn in the detritus remained nearly constant. Because the levels of 51Cr in the detritus did not increase during this time, the hypothesis is rejected.
Non-biological Uptake of Zinc-65 From a Marine Algal Nutrient Medium-
Renfro, Forster, Tomlinson
In both natural and artificial aqueous environments, trace elements such as zinc may be taken up by marine algae in excess of their metabolic needs. Some authors have attributed such high zinc concentration factors to algal cell surface adsorption. Zinc adsorption in laboratory cultures is not restricted to tissue surfaces alone.
Precipitates may develop in nutrient media from which chelating agents have been eliminated.
These precipitates and the laboratory glassware may effectively adsorb zinc.
Such non-biological uptake may cause serious errors in uptake studies, depending on the methods used.
For this reason, non-biological adsorption of zinc in a laboratory system for algal zinc uptake studies was determined
1.
2.
3.
The results of these studies were as follows:
A nutrient medium precipitate formed at a pH of 7. 5 + 0. 1, containing P04 - P as the prevalent chemical species.
Calcium and magnesium were also found to be major constituents.
Zinc adsorption by the precipitate in the pH range, 6. 3 + 0. 1 to 6. 7 +
0. 1, amounted to less than 10 percent of the total 65Zn added.
This value increased to 25 percent at a pH value of 7. 1 + 0. 1, and to 70 percent at pH = 7. 5 + 0. 1.
Zinc uptake by Pyrex was measured at a pH of 8. 0 + 0. 1.
Uptake equilibrium was found to be complete after one hour of exposure to the radioactive medium.

47
4.
5.
6.
7.
Zinc adsorption by Pyrex was found to negligible below a pH value of
6.5
.
Above this pH, the adsorption increased ten to one hundred times within two pH units.
Pretreatment of glass surfaces with a commercially produced chemical which causes hyrophobic effects reduced zinc adsorption by about 80 percent.
For the conditions used (12.4 ppb total zinc, pH _ 8.0 + 0. 1), zinc adsorption by pipettes of the size range, 2 ml to 20 ml, amounted to 7-
11 percent of the zinc in the contained sample.
The relationship, percent sample adsorption vs. glass surface area/ sample volume was found to be linear through the origin.
One implication of this finding was that adsorption of zinc at seawater concentrations could be higher than 11 percent of the contained sample for pipettes smaller than 1 ml. For pieces of laboratory glassware having relatively low surface area to volume ratios, zinc adsorption at these concentrations may be considered negligible.
Radioanalysis of Hake, Merluccius productus -
Pearcy, Cutshall, Naidu
Samples of hake, caught off the western coast of the U. S. during the summer of 1969, were radioanalyzed.
A total of 81 fish, ranging from
300-550 mm in length and collected at latitudes from 37°N to 46°N,' have been analyzed.
Radioactive zinc content was essentially zero in samples between latitude 37°N and 39°N but increased steadily northward from 40°N (6 pCi/ g ash) to 46°N (30 pCi/g ash).
This is in keeping with the concept that the
Columbia River is the source of 65Zn.
Cesium-137, in contrast, did not vary much with latitude (0. 5 to 1. 0 pCi/ g ash), a result to be expected from its fallout origin.
Additional samples, collected off Oregon and from
Puget Sound are now being processed.
In addition, stable zinc measurements on each of the above samples is underway.
Specifically Sorbed Radionuclides - Cutshall, Evans, Johnson
Efforts to further characterize sorption processes on Columbia
River sediment are being continued.
Availability of 65Zn, 6oCo and 54Mn to various leaching solutions, particularly solutions of divalent transition metals, is being measured.
Relative effectiveness as displacing ions dew creases in the order: Cu++, Zn++, Co++, Ni++ Mn++. Ease of displacement of radionuclides increases in the order: 45Zn, 60Co, 54Mn.

48
Specific activity of radionuclides displaced in these experiments is also being measured. Hypothetically, the same reservoir of adsorbed radionuclide is capable of reaction with various transition metal solutions.
Thus the specific activity available to each solution should be constant for a given sample.
Preliminary results appear to confirm this suggestion.
In addition repetitive equilibrations of sediments with the leaching solutions are under way in order to estimate the total reactive reservoirs of adsorbed radionuclides.
Zinc-65 in Continental Shelf Sediments -- Cutshall, Renfro, Johnson
The reservoir of Pacific Ocean 65Zn is about 3-6 kilocuries.
Since 75-80% of this 65Zn enters the Pacific in a form bound to particles and apparently little desorption by seawater occurs, sediments on the continental shelf off Oregon and Washington should contain several kilocuries.
We have examined shelf sediment from the upper 1 cm between Newport and the Strait of Juan de Fuca for 65Zn.
Only about 100 curies can be accounted for at present. We are also examining cores to see if significant quantities of 65Zn are buried deeper than 1 cm.
It appears likely that much of the 65Zn has been dispersed beyond the shelf.
Seawater-Riverwater Mixing Experiments - Cutshall, Evans, Johnson
There is evidence that trace elements adsorbed on riverborne suspended matter is made partly soluble upon contact with seawater.
On the other hand there is also evidence that soluble trace elements in river water are rapidly precipitated upon entering the sea.
In order to directly evaluate the net effect of these opposing reactions we are mixing river and seawater and observing changes in filterable and "soluble" radionu clides.
Similar observations are made concurrently in Columbia River estuary samples over a wide salinity range.
The data will be part of Mr.
Evans' thesis.
Ultraviolet Irradiation of Sediments - Renfro, Cutshall, Lenears
Columbia River sediment suspensions are being subjected to irradiation with ultraviolet light in an effort to destroy organic matter.
Pre-

49 liminary experiments are designed to determine: (1) effectiveness of UV light in oxidizing sediment sorbed organics and (2) release of sorbed radionuclides by irradiation. Hopefully these experiments will be helpful in estimating the role of organic matter in retention of radionuclides by Columbia River sediment.
This work will be a part of Mr. Lenear's thesis research.
Mercury - 203 Study - Cutshall, Renfro
Based on nuclear properties we suspect that 47-day
203Hg is among the suite of neutron-induced radionuclides in the Columbia River.
If present in sufficient quantity this nuclide may be useful in studies of the environmental cycling of mercury.
Interference from other nuclides prevents detection of 203Hg directly.
Positive identification of 203Hg in one sample has been confirmed by chemical behavior, gamma-ray energy and half-life. Levels are too low for use in extensive tracing studies.
Particulate-ionic Ratios of Manganese
Mill Effluents and Copper in the Vicinity of Kraft in the Columbia River at Camas, Washington -
Forster, Cutshall, Hennebry, Schmidt (Radiation Center)
Of particular interest to the ecologist is the acquisition of knowledge of existing reservoirs of a variety of biologically active trace metals in aquatic environments. How these metals interact with waste chemicals from industrial and domestic sources, how their physical-chemical forms are altered and in what forms they are subsequently incorporated into organisms is becoming increasingly important in evaluating the ecological hazards of inputs of such metals into man-associated environments.
The objective of this study was to examine the dynamics of adjustments in particulate-ionic ratios of several biologically active metals placed into the
Columbia River with spent sulfite liquors and associated kraft mill wastes.
Assuming a dynamic equilibrium initially exists between particulate and ionic states of naturally dissolved metallic elements in river water, such as manganese and copper, adjustments in particulate-ionic ratios of these same elements entering the Columbia River with kraft mill wastes from the Crown Zellerbach facility at Camas, Washington were observed at selected cites downstream from two outfalls during high and low water conditions.
Neutron Activation Analysis was the principal tool used in determining abundances of the elemental fractions.
The results are pending completion of data analysis.

50
Uptake, Retention and Concentration of Phosphorus-32 in Juvenile Starry
Flounder
The objectives of this study are to determine: (1) the seasonal concentrations and fluctuations of phosphorus-32 in starry flounder and their immediate environment (water, prey organisms, etc) in Alder Slough, a small water body connected to the Columbia River Estuary; (2) the animal's turnover rate of phosphorus-32; and (3) the importance of food, water and sediment in contributing to the young flounder's body burden of this radionuclide.
Juvenile starry flounder, amphipods and water from Alder Slough have been monitored since the summer of 1969.
Maximum specific activities of 26, 38, and 60 nCi32P/ m P were observed in August, 1969.
Minimum values of 0.4 and 20
P occurred in starry flounder and amphipods in January, 1970.
The water specific activity was 175 nCi32P/ gm P during this period.
Retention experiments during the summer of 1969 in which starry flounder from the Columbia River Estuary were transferred to a cage in the Yaquina River were unsuccessful because of large variations in phosphorus-32 concentration among individual animals. An uptake experiment in late fall, 1969 in which non-radioactive animals were transferred to a cage in Alder Slough showed less individual variation.
However, radiophosphorus uptake during this period was slow, indicating little turnover.
Additional experiments of this nature are presently in progress.
A small aquarium system has been constructed at Hammond, Oregon to determine the routes of phosphorus-32 uptake by the starry flounder.
Fish will be exposed to different combinations of radioactive and non-radioactive water, food and sediment in order to determine the relative importance of each media in contributing to the flounder's body burden.
Trace Element Analysis of Estuarine Water - Forster, Cutshall, Wagner
Monthly analysis samples is being of trace elements in Columbia River Estuary continued.
Trace elements are concentrated prior to measurement are ammonium by two chelation-extraction methods.
Chelating agents used pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate and sodium diethyldithiocarbonate and the solvent is methyl isobutyl ketone.
the principal elements of interest.
Zinc and manganese are
In addition, monthly analysis of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium at our Harrington Point station was begun in January, 1970.
Each of these elements is measured directly using atomic absorption spec trophotometry.

51
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Assimilation of Organic Matter by Marine Second Trophic Level Grazers -
Small, O'Connors, Pequegnat, Menzies
Work was begun on determination of "feeding niches" for neritic microcrustaceans to test the hypothesis that competitive advantage can accrue to the species optimizing its "feeding niche".
Phytoplankton to be used as food in this study were isolated in culture, and culturing techniques peculiar to these organisms were determined.
Crustacean collections were begun, and preliminary work was started on measuring the food assimilation fraction. Assimilation efficiency of total organic matter, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, 14C, protein, and lipid will be investigated for organisms grazing on different types, sizes, and concentrations of food, and the hypothesis of competitive advantage will be tested by appropriate statistical means.
Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Relationships in Different Hydrographic
Regimes - Small, Pequegnat, Ramberg, Vogel
A cruise of the R/ V YAQUINA off Oregon during June and July of
1968 provided data for a first study of the relationships of hydrographic and chemical parameters to estimates of biological was on carbon and nitrogen activity.
The emphasis reservoirs.
Phytoplankton pigments, nitrogen and carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio were used along with apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and the nitrate content of the water to estimate the distribution of phytoplankton to define production.
Sigma-t. AOU, and nitrate were used the hydrographic and chemical conditions.
The work culminated in an MS Thesis by Mr.
Ramberg and subsequent reporting of results at an international meeting in December, 1969.
Upwelling was the major source of nitrate for the surface waters, and consequently, phytoplankton production was most intense where upwelling was active.
The Columbia River plume appeared to support a sizeable amount of phytoplankton production just south of the river mouth.
Particulate nitrogen increased and particulate nitrogen increased and particulate C/N ratio decreased as the water became more biologically productive.
Chlorophyll, particulate nitrogen, and C/N ratio showed the effects of upwelling and the Columbia River plume on biological production. A subsurface negative AOU core was clearly defined in areal extent and intensity.
Its occurrence was explained by inshore phytoplankton production,

52 oxygen exchange with the atmosphere, and possible in situ phytoplankton production.
Further samples taken in the been fully analyzed.
same regions in 1969 have not
In addition to the phytoplankton and particle properties, the organic content of grazing zooplankton is being examined for possible relationships to hydrographic regimes.
Trace elements in phytoplankton and particles are being investigated in relation to different hydrographic regimes. With respect to field collections, data were collected on two one-week cruises, one in January and one in March, and on several one-day trips to the Columbia River
In the laboratory, necesEstuary and the nearshore waters off Newport.
sary testing of methods and materials is nearly completed (only one test remains to be done). Also, one complete run on the atomic absorption spectrometer of samples collected last summer and fall was made, and the results are being analyzed. The preliminary findings tend to lend strength to the hypothesis that hydrographic regimes affect phytoplankton trace metal composition; however, these are preliminary findings only.
Photoperiodism in Phytoplankton Carbon Assimilation - Small, Donaghay
The chemostat developed for determination of photoperiodic effects on phytoplankton carbon assimilation has been stabilized to maintain
Skeletonema costatum in log growth at constant total carbon levels for seven days.
The results of a five day experiment under a light-dark regime of 8: 16 hours with measurements at two hour intervals for carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll "a", and 14C uptake, are under analysis.
Other light-dark photoperiods will be investigated.
Marine Microbiology Morita, Steenbergen, Wright, Ishida, Aston, Buck,
Burnison, Gillespie, Griffith, Jones, Hanus, Paul, Staley, Yusha.
Continued research is in progress on salinity effects on changes in metabolic pathway, salinity-temperature effects on the induction of glutamic dehydrogenase formation, characterization of malic dehyrogenase, and aldolase.
Research has begun on the effects of temperature, salinity, and pressure on the formation of various RNAs as well as on the activity of the amino acyl tRNA synthetases. Kinetic studies on the uptake of various substrates by Vibrio marinus and other psychrophiles under varying salinities, pressure and temperature has also been initiated.
Research on the question as to "why" microorganisms originally isolated from near surface waters expire when pressure is elevated is also being initiated.

53
Eutrophication studies on Upper Klarnath Lake indicate that the vitamin B12 is not limiting for the growth of algae, or other microorganisms. Many of the bacteria isolated from the lake produce B12 as well as most of the bacteria that are associated with the Aphanizomenon flosaquae.
Degradation of B12 also occurs.
Soluble phosphate was shown to occur during cryptic growth of bacteria and approximately 20% of the bacterial isolates from Klamath Lake had the ability to solubilize CaHPO4.
The amino acid flux of the lake as well as uptake and respiration studies of various organic substrates are also being investigated.
Remote Sensing Oceanography - Pearcy, Keene, Mueller, Smith
High-altitude color photography (60, 000 ft) of the Oregon coastal region taken on July 1969 during a period of intense upwelling, revealed several very unusual features.
Extensive wave-like patterns along the coast were especially prominent near the southern border of the Columbia
River plume. Their cause is unknown.
Numerous color fronts were evident, primarily along the coast and river outflows but one front extended westward for 30 miles.
Densitometry measurements indicated that upwelling, the Columbia River plume, and the offshore oceanic waters all influenced water color.
High-altitude color photography of this type has potential for studying large-scale phenomena and providing a nearly synoptic picture of the sea surface.
We are also continuing analysis of the data obtained by the multispectral scanner on the University of Michigan's aircraft.
Film strip imagery has been obtained for areas where thermal or color fronts were noted.
Sharp thermal and/or color changes are sometimes obvious in regions of upwelling and the Columbia River plume. See also page 1.
Early Life History of Boreal Fishes and Shellfishes
Satterlee, Zimmerman, Spring
- Pearcy, McNeil,
A total of 159 tows using Bongo and Clarke-Bumpus nets have been made between 1 October 1969 and 1 April 1970 in Yaqiuna Bay and coastal waters off Newport.
To date over 600 samples have been sorted.
Fish eggs or larvae were present in over one-half of these samples.
Sixteen families and 14 species of fishes have been identified to date.

54
Feeding Habits of Lanternfishes - Pearcy, Tyler
Euphausiids, mainly E. pacifica, comprised the bulk of identifiable food in three common lanternfishes collected off Oregon, Stenobrachius leucopsarus, Diaphus theta, and Tarletonbeania crenularis.
Copepods
(Calanus spp. and Metridia lucens) were numerically most abundant.
No large differences were associated with size of individuals within the three species of fishes.
Changes in stomach fullness and state of digestion suggested that these lanternfishes fed mainly at night.
Zinc Radioecology of Benthic Fish - Pearcy, Vanderploeg
This study examines the zinc-65 radioecology of benthic fishes caught off Oregon.
Our purpose is to elucidate differences in specific activity among the species caught at a single depth as they relate to season, distance south of the Columbia River and the ecology of species.
For each sample, the amount of 65Zn and total Zn are determined by gamma-ray and atomic absorbtion spectrometry. From these values specific activity is calculated. A model that expresses the relationship between specific activity of a fish and its prey was derived.
This model suggests that size may significantly effect specific activity. A preliminary analysis of the data supports this hypothesis. In addition, this model will allow calculation of zinc uptake rates for different species.
Therefore, special effort is being extended to obtain the prey of fishes for radioanalysis.
Scattering Layers and Vertical Distribution of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy,
Mesecar, Kalk
Our conducting cable with a six-foot Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl and an eight bar Multiple Plankton Sampler was used successfully on a cruise in November to sample discrete depths. Depth, temperature, flowmeter revolutions, and net actuation were monitored with this system.
A variable complex of organisms, including mesopelagic fishes, euphausiids and sergestids were common in 12 and 38.5 KHz scattering

layers.
Variability was large among nets fished horizontally within one depth or vertically among depths.
55
Swimbladder Morphology and the Buoyancy of Myctophids - Pearcy, Butler
Because of their gas-filled swimbladders, fishes are suspected as a cause of sound scattering layers in the ocean. Two species of myctophids off Oregon have been reported as having fat-invested swimbladders.
The presence of gas-filled swimbladders in common species off Oregon is being studied.
Lipid extractions show that high lipid content is an alternate buoyancy mechanism for those fish without a gas-filled swimbladder.
Dissections of fresh specimens at sea have shown the presence of gas-filled swimbladders in some juvenile myctophids.
Histological sections are being made to enable comparisons of swimbladders,
Yaquina Bay Plankton Studies - Frolander, Flynn, Zimmerman, Theurer
Zooplankton samples have been collected weekly at five stations in the bay with Clarke-Bumpus and Bongo Samplers (see Pearcy et al.
,
"Early
Life of Boreal Fishes, " for concurrent studies utilizing the data).
At each station surface and bottom water samples were collected for determining temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen content.
Netarts Bay Plankton Studies - Frolander, Zimmerman
Weekly zooplankton samples have been collected in Netarts Bay since October, 1969.
Data on water temperature and salinity are taken simultaneously with the tows and daily records of atmospheric temperature and precipitation are maintained in order to investigate two probelms.
First, analysis of plankton samples should allow determination of numbers and seasonal succession within the plankton community. These data will he used to determine availability of food for young salmon being released from the Whiskey Creek hatchery.
Second, comparison with zooplankton samples collected during the same interval from Yaquina Bay should lead to conclusions concerning diversity and timing of succession in the two dissimilar marine environments.
Marine Ecological Studies at Palmer Station and Vicinity - Stout, Shabica
During the 1970 summer season a study transect was laid out near

56
Palmer Station, comprising 28 stations from high tide level to 16 meters.
At 13 stations experimental plots of 1 m2 were cleared of plant and animal life, and the replacement and growth of organisms is being studied on these plots throughout the year. Three distinct subtidal regions can be recognized: (1) a gently sloping rocky substrate with increasing amounts of sediment with depth, characterized by the limpet Patinigera polaris,
Hildenbrandia and other algae, and the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri;
(2) a relatively flat mud bottom characterized by the bivalve Laternula elliptica, algae and occasional clumps of the nemertean Lineus corrugatus; and (3) a near vertical rock face, characterized by brachiopods and a sponge-tubicolous polychaete complex in the lower reaches and limpets in the upper reaches.
Patinigera polaris occurs in concentrations of up to 123 per square meter from 1 to 3 meters below the low tide level, and less abundantly to
16 meters; the limit of diving observations. Approximately q00 specimens from various depths and habitats were collected, marked by attaching fish tags with polyester resin to the shells, and returned to obtain monthly information regarding seasonal migration and the development of the algal belt, temperature tolerance, growth and metabolism, nature of food, fecundity and the effects of ice on their position in the intertidal.
The large infaunal bivalve Laternula elliptica occurs in concentrations of up to 75 per square meter from 9 to 14 meters below the low tide level in semi-consolidated mud. The greatest densities were found in those areas having the least amount of surface cover.
The sediment at the site contained foraminiferans, cumaceans, polychaetes, small bivalves, gastropods, ostracods, isopods, and amphipods. No commensals were found associated with the clam.
The food. preferences of intertidal and subtidal pycnogonids were studied in laboratory aquaria.
The animals were collected by bottom trawls from R/V HERO and by scuba diving. Austrodecus sp. and Pentanymphon antarcticum were found associated with sponge, Bryozoa and hydroids.
Both species preferred hydroids to Bryozoa and sponge.
Colossendeis robusta, C. australis and Ammonthea carolinensis, the three largest subtidal pycnogonids collected, were found associated with brachiopods, tubicolous polychaetes and encrusting red algae. Colossendeis robusta was observed to feed in soft sediments and C. australis preferred tubicolous polychaetes.
Hedgpeth (personal communication) had suggested that some large Colossendeids might be feeders upon meiobenthos in soft sediments.
The food preference of Ammothea carolinensis was not determined.
The one specimen, an ovigerous male, was very sluggish and remained stationary with the proboscis resting in the mud.
Colossendeis megalonyx. megalonyx, Decolopoda australis, Pallenopsis cf. patagonica

57 and Nymphon sp. were collected by trawling in the Port Lockroy area.
Decolopoda and Pallenopsis were observed to feed in the soft sediments.
C. megalonyx preferred tubicolous polychaetes and Nymphon sp. preferred hydroids. Several specimens of Achelia sp. were collected in the intertidal at Port Lockroy.
All specimens were associated with hydroids and appeared to feed upon them.
Approximately 4000 specimens of the small viviparous clam Lasaea consanguinea were collected in February and March from the intertidal region at Port Lockroy and transferred to the laboratory at Palmer Station where they are being maintained in aquaria for montly observations on various aspects of their reproductive biology. A study of the intertidal association was made.
In the intertidal zone, L. consanguinea is confined sharply to the mid-tide level within a very narrow vertical range.
The clams were collected on rocks covered by hydroids and algae.
Close examination revealed that the byssal threads of the clams were not attached directly to the rocks but rather to the hydroids and algae.
The entangled mass of byssal threads, hydroids and algae provides a habitat for numerous organisms, e. g. turbellarians, gastropods, polychaetes, amphipods, copepods, ostracods, nematodes and pycnogonids. Turbellarians and amphipods were the most conspicuous members of this association.
Many of the clams had epizoic foiliculinids on them. From a total population of
895 clams collected in February, a sample of 76 was examined. Out of
76 clams examined, 39 bore young.
The largest young measured while still in the parent ranged from 0. 15 to 0. 40 mm. Generally, it was found that the larger individuals tended to produce more young than smaller ones.
No young were found in clams 2.5 mm in length or smaller.
In addition, in the larger specimens, there were clams having no young; however, these clams may have been dead, since the valves were reflexed.
The mean number of young brooded per specimen ranged from zero in the 0. 5 mm size class to 75. 2 in the 4. 9 mm size class. The greatest number of young brooded by a single adult was 132, in an individual in the 4. 9 mm size class.
The size of the smallest individuals brooding young is not known, but no specimens examined in the 0. 5 or 1. 6 mm size class contained any young.
The stomach contents of many specimens were examined and consisted of detritus.
Pelagic Fisheries Environment -
Pearcy, Panshin, Gordon, Small, Curl, Wyatt, Mueller, Evans, Barstow,
Smith, Keene
Coastal Oceanography.
Analysis continues on the collections and data gathered last summer

58 on the coastal oceanography cruises and remote sensing overflights.
Results included in this report are included in appropriate sections.
See page 1.
Albacore Oceanography - Pearcy, Panshin
Initial analysis of the 1969 commercial albacore tuna catch records has emphasized the relationship between fish catches and sea-surface temperature because of the commonly accepted importance of temperature as the key determinant to abundance and distribution of albacore.
Much analysis remains to be done. Further processing and analysis will examine correlations of fish catches with water color, mixed layer depth, and hour of the day. Distributions of catch per unit effort will be examined in detail as a function of temperature and of the temperature field.
For the days on which remote-sensing flights took place over the fleet, microscale changes in catch per unit effort can be established.
Finally, stepwise mutliple regression will be used to seek out significant relationships between albacore catches and the various oceanographic variables measured by research vessels.
The clear conclusion to date is that temperature is a crucial factor in determining abundance and distribution of albacore tuna off Oregon, but that other significant factors are also operative concurrently.
The goal of subsequent research, with special emphasis on mixed layer depth, is to establish what these other factors are in a quantitative sense.
Quite possibly the most useful result of the 1969 project will be the more specific direction of investigative efforts for 1970 and subsequent years. See also page 1.

59
F A C I L I T I E S
MARINE SCIENCE CENTER
Even during the quiet winter months the Marine Science Center is the subject of the visit of thousands each month. Between 1 October 1969 and 31 March 1970, 67, 571 visitiors were recorded at the Aquarium-
Museum.
to 720, 888.
This brought the total visitors to the Center since June 1965
The monthly figures are listed below:
1969
October
November
December
9,
9,
6,
943
513
363
1970
January
February
March
8, 151
10, 297
23, 304
67, 571
The Center maintains a small bookstore of over 50 titles of pertinent marine topics of the region.
Each year thousands of free brochures on local topics are distributed.
The Center is used very frequently for meetings by both public and private groups and is visited regularly by children's groups.
During 1970 it is planned that there will be constructed a $4, 000
Bird Diorama as an added feature to the Public Wing of the Marine Science
C ente r,
RESEARCH VESSELS
R/ V YAQUINA
Between 1 October 1969 and 31 March 1970 our 180-foot Research
Vessel YAQUINA covered 7, 953. 7 miles of Pacific Waters.
Cruise tracks and a time-at-sea chart are on the following pages. No long cruises were taken during the period but one is planned for late summer and early fall to the Gulf of Alaska region. A total of 1, 359 days of research have been

60 logged aboard the YAQUINA since her commissioning in September of
1964.
During the 6-month reporting period 12 senior scientists, 5 visiting investigators, 51 technicians, 128 students and 35 observers conducted research aboard the vessel.
R/V CAYUSE
During the reporting period the Research Vessel CAYUSE covered
7, 686. 9 miles of Pacific waters. This included 35 days during the period on an extended cruise (Sea of Cortez) into the, waters of and adjacent to the Gulf of California.
For these six months 20 senior scientists, 36 technicians, 55 students and six observers participated in scientific cruises aboard CAYUSE.
Cruise tracks and a time at sea chart are on the following pages.
R/V SACAJAWEA search
The R/V SACAJAWEA has joined OSU's fleet of oceanographic revessels.
This boat is of aluminum construction, 37 feet in length and capable of sufficient speed to permit a day's sampling at a maximum number of stations located in the Columbia River.
She replaces the aging
SHOSHONE, a 32-foot boat that had been used for several years.
The vessel will be used for radioecological studies in the Columbia estuary, the upper river, and the ocean; for measuring sea and swell conditions at the Columbia River Mouth; collecting biological samples near shore, and studying thermal and chemical pollution along the Oregon Coast.
The
SACAJAWEA is powered by a M440 Chrysler engine, capable of 20 knots and is based in Astoria, a
Oregon.
Equipment aboard SACAJAWEA includes radiotelephone, depth finder, and two pilot stations.
NEW BUILDING
During January 1970 a new oceanography building was occupied by the Department.
This three-story structure has a total of 25,453 square feet and houses offices and laboratories for personnel in geophysics, geological oceanography, chemical oceanography, and a portion of physical oceanography.
The unit also contains a library and data repository, a darkroom, drafting room, storage and stock rooms, and two magnetically shielded rooms.
The basement is used for storage and service units.

OCT
1969
NOV
YAQU/NA
DEC JAN
1970
FEB MAR
Berithos
5
Physical
6
Physical
Radiochem
8
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
7 Physical
8
9 Physical
3
10
I
Physical
2
Geophysics
5
Hydra
Chem
Phyto
Nekton
10
26
Nekton
10
Physical
5
21
OVERHAUL
Benthos
8
Hydra
3
19
Physical
6
6
Physical
3
Nekton
6
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
115
16 tk
117
Benthos
7
F19
Benthos
4
Geology
4
Physical
3
20
121
122
Radioecology
3
K 4
25
26
27
28
29
30
® 31
20
OCT
Bad
Weather 2
10
II
12
3
Physical
3
5
6
7
8 Biol -S G
9
13
Nekton
6
0 14
15
Boo-SG
Physical
3
0316
17 l8
19
20
21
22
Physical
4
23 Biol -S G
24-
25
26
27
28
29 Biol -S G
30
31
I
Biology
16 8
CAYUSE
1969
NOV
Biology
Sea Grant
3
DEC
Biol- SG
Bad Weot
I
JAN
1
1
Biology
Physical
Biology
Physical
13
Biol-SG
I
Biology
4
I
I
16
I
I
1970
FEB
Biology
Geology
Sea Grant
4
Geology
3
I
Biology
Physical
Biology
Geology
Chemistry
4
12
1
MAR
27
16
II
12
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
7
28
29
30
31
Figure 8.
Time at sea charts of the Research Vessels YAQUINA and CAYUSE. The period covered is 1 October 1969 through 31 March 1970.
YAQUINA's chart is on the left.
C71

BIOLOGY
PHYSICAL
B
CHEMICAL
........... GEOLOGY
-- -
GEOPHYSICS
Figure
9.
Cruise tracks of R/V YAQUINA. Cross-hatched areas indicate various nearshore, one day test and trial cruises.
The YAQUINA was under overhaul during all of December.

...
DECEMBER 1969
44-
.POwllws
°RL
48'
JANUARY 1970
6
BIOLOGY
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
. GEOLOGY
-
GEOPHYSICS
.6' FEBRUARY 1970
44-
1
Figure 10.
Cruise tracks of R/V CAYUSE.
The last track for 25 February through 16 April 1970 represents the initial extended cruise of this vessel.
It was designated the Sea of Cortez cruise.

64
R E S E A R C H R E L A T E D A C T I V I T I E S
STAFF ACTIVITIES AND AWARDS
Dr. John V. Byrne was named by U. S. Interior Secretary Walter
J. Hickel, along with seven other leaders in Marine Science and industry, to form a "Marine Affairs Action Group. " The group is to review the Department of Interior's marine programs and recent ocean policy studies and recommend goals and priorities for using and developing the ocean.
Dr. Wayne V. Burt has been named a director of the National
Oceanography Association.
Dr. Tj. H. van Andel was appointed to the Publications Committee of the Geological Society of America.
Dr. Victor T. Neal served as Visting Scientist-Lecturer in physical oceanography for the American Geophysical Union in February 1970.
He lectured at schools in North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska and Colorado.
Dr. Herbert Frolander also served as a Visiting Scientist- Lecturer in the AGU program this spring. He visited colleges and universities in the southern United States and delivered lectures in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
Dr. Herbert Frolander is currently serving as a Consultant in
Sea Grant Projects for the National Science Foundation.
Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth was elected President of the Western Society of Naturalists in 1970.
Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth served as a delegate for AIBS to the U. S.
Commission for UNESCO Conference: Man and His Environment - a view toward survival. San Francisco, 23-25 November 1969.
Dr. June Pattullo gave a University Lecture entitled "South Africa is Many Countries" in February 1970.
The talk was one of a series of seven University Lectures this year sponsored by the University Convocation and Lectures Committee.
Each year an Oregon State University

65 professor is asked to present one of the lectures.
Dr. Pattullo is this year's OSU faculty lecturer.
Dr. P. Kilho Park is on leave for 1969-70 with the National Science
Foundation in Washington, D. C.
Dr. Herbert C. Curl is the newly elected president for the Pacific region of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.
Dr. Ricardo M. Pytkowicz has been named one of 58 National
Science Foundation Senior Postdoctoral Fellows for 1970.
The award will allow Phytkowicz to pursue further research in chemical oceanography during his sabbatical year. He will conduct studies at the Bermuda Biological Station and for Research, and the University of Liverpool.
Visiting Staff
Dr. Richard T. W right (Chairman, Department of Biology, Gordon
College in Massachusetts) joined the Marine Microbiology Group as visiting Associate Professor for one year.
He is on sabbatical leave from
Gordon College and holds an NSF College Teachers Fellowship.
Dr. Y. Ishida joined the Marine Microbiology Group last December as a postdoctorate. He is associated with Kyoto University and works in the field of Marine Microbiology.
Non-resident Cruises
Dr. G. Ross Heath participated in Leg 7 of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
Dr. Ted C. Moore, Jr. participated in Leg 8 of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
Meetings
The 19th Pacific Northwest Oceanographers Conference was held in Portland, Oregon, 19-20-21 February 1970, hosted by Oregon State
University's Department of Oceanography.

66
The following national and regional meetings were attended by one or more staff :Members.
National Academy of Science's Committee on Oceanography -
NSF Molecular Biology Panel -- Morita
Geological Society of America November 1969 -- Fowler, Kulm
American Geophysical Union December 1969 --Beards,ley, Sakou
Western Society Naturalists December 1969 --Gonor, Hedgpeth
Federal Water Pollution Control Association February 1970 -
-- McCauley
Pacific N. W. Oceanographers Conference, Portland February
1970 -- Pearcy, Strong, van Andel, Byrne, Pattullo
Sea Grant Conference, Portland March 1970 -- Byrne, McCauley,
Couch, Frolander, Pearcy, Cutshall, Small
Pacific Fisheries Biologists Meeting -- Hedgpeth

October
November
December
January
67
VISITING SCIENTISTS
Dr. Charles Drake, Lamont Geological Observatory,
Palisades, New York
Miss Tanya Atwater, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
La Jolla, California
"Interaction of northeastern Pacific plate tectonics and
West Coast geology"
Mr. Ortwin von Zweck, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
"Phase speed measurements of surface gravity waves in the open ocean"
Dr. Lutz Hasse, Meteorological Institute of Hamburg University
"Marine science and air-sea interaction studies at Hamburg
University"
Rory Thompson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
Woods Hole, Cambridge, Massuchusetts.
"The search for topographic Rossby waves in the Gappy current records at Site D"
Mr. Robert Bauer, President, Global Marine, Inc.
"Activities of the Global Marine Company and particularly the drilling vessel GLOMAR CHALLENGER"
Dr. Pavel N. Kuprin, Chief, Laboratory of Marine Geology,
Dept. of Geology, University of Moscow. (In U. S. as Senior
Postdoctoral Exchange Scholar. )
Dr. A. Lisitsin, Institute of Oceanology, Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, U. S. S. R.
Dr. R. L. Smith, ONR, Washington, D. C.
"Mesoscale studies of the physical oceanography in two coastal upwelling regions: Oregon and Peru"

68
February
Dr. Dick Chase, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
Canada
"Geology of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Canadian
Shelf"
E. A. Silver, Scripps Institution, La Jolla, California
"Continental margin structure, Northern California"
W. H. Berger, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla,
California
"Faunal patterns, diversity, and CaCO3 solution on the
South Pacific Ocean floor"
F. Aumento, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada
"Hudson geotravers: Geology of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45° N. "
Dr. H. E. Clifton, U. S.. Geolgoical Survey, Menlo Park,
California
"Beach and nearshore sedimentary structures and depositional processes"
"Tektite 1-60 days under the sea"
March
Dr. Mulia Sidjabat (Indonesia), University of Miami, Coral
Gables, Florida.
W. Ruddiman, Navy Oceanographic Office, Washington, D. C.
"Southward penetration of the North Atlantic Polar front"
Fred T. Mackenzie, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois
"Silicate-seawater equilibrium in the ocean system"
"Sedimentary cycling and the history of the oceans"
Dr. Peter Dehlinger, Marine Science Inst. , University of
Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut
"Evidence regarding a differentially slipping outer shelf of the earth"
John Ewing, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory,
Palisades, New York.

69
ALVAREZ-BORREGO, Saul
Thesis Title:
Major
DEGREE REQUIREMENTS COMPLETED
Professor:
BALL, David
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
BROWNELL, Charles
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
ENFIELD, David
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
ESAIAS, Wayne
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
FRENCH, William
Thesis Title:
Major Professors:
HANSON, Peter
Thesis Title:
Major Professors:
M.S. Chemical Oceanography
Chemico-oceanographical parameters of the central North Pacific
Ocean,
P. Kilho Park
M.
S.
Chemical Oceanography
Seasonal distribution of nutrients off the coast of Oregon, 1968.
P. Kilho Park
M.S.
Biological Oceanography
The relationship between morphology and ecology in the Spatangoid urchin Brisaster latifrons.
James E. McCauley
M. S.
Physical Oceanography
A mesoscale study of coastal currents off Peru.
William H. Quinn
M. S.
Biological Oceanography
Ecological significance-of Dinoflagellate bioluminescence.
Herbert C. Curl, Jr.
Ph.D.
Geophysical Oceanography
Earthquake waves following the
Pn phase and their indications of focal depth and crustal structures in the Pacific Northwest states.
Peter Dehlinger
Richard Couch
Ph.D. Radioecological Oceanography
Water tracing with soluble metal chelates and neutron activation analyses; a laboratory and field study.
Charles Osterberg
William O. Forster

70
RAMBERG, Donald
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
RIDLON, James B.
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
STILL, Robert
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
TYLER, Harry
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
WARD, James
Thesis Title:
Major Professor:
M. S. Biological Oceanography
Carbon and nitrogen reservoirs off the Oregon Coast.
Lawrence F. Small
Ph.D.
Geological Oceanography
Bathymetry and structure of San
Clemente Island, California and tectonic implications for the Southern California continental borderland.
John V. Byrne
M. S.
Physical Oceanography non-thesis degree
June Pattullo
M. S. Biological Oceanography
The feeding habits of three species of lanternfishes (Myctophidae) off
Oregon.
William G. Pearcy
M. S. Biological Oceanography
The ultraviolet photobiology of marine phytoplankton.

71
PUBLICATIONS
Andrade, Marcello.
See Zaneveld, Andrade, and Beardsley, 1969.
Beardsley, G. F. , Jr.
See Pak, Beardsley, and Smith.
1970.
Beardsley, G. F.
, Jr. See Zaneveld, Andrade, and Beardsley.
1969.
Becker, R. R.
See Morita and Becker.
1970.
Berg, Joseph W. See Thiruvathukal, Berg, and Heinrichs.
1970.
Blanton, Jackson.
1969.
Energy dissipation in a tidal estuary.
J.
Geophys. Res. 74(23):5460-5466.
Blow, W. H.
See Moore, van Andel, Blow, and Heath. 1970.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar.
1970.
An estimate of the natural heat resources in a thermal area in Iceland.
U. N. Conference on Geothermal
Problems.
September 1970, Pisa, Italy.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar.
1970.
Evaluation of geothermal prospects and the objectives of geothermal exploration.
Geoexploration 8(l):7-17.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar.
See Emilia and Bodvarsson.
1969.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar.
See Korgen, Bodvarsson, and Kulm.
1970.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar.
See Mesecar, Bodvarsson, and Burt.
1969.
Bradshaw, A.
See Park, Bradshaw, Menzel, Schleicher, and Curl.
1969.
Burt, Wayne V.
, and S. A. Kulm.
1969.
Oceanography: Exploration and
Exploitation, p. 459-464 in Frank F. Firth (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Marine Resources. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Burt, Wayne.
See Mesecar, Bodvarsson, and Burt.
1969.
Burt, W. V.
See Quinn and Burt.
1970.
Catalfomo, Magdalena.
See Park, Catalfomo, Webster, and Reid.
1970.
Cissell, Milton C.
See Park, Gordon, Hager, and Cissell.
1969.

72
Collins, Curtis A.
, and June G. Pattullo.
1970.
Ocean currents above the continental shelf off Oregon as measured with a single array of current meters.
J. Mar. Res. 28(1):51-68.
Couch, R. W.
,
D. F. Heinrichs.
1969.
Geophys. Union 50(10):546-548.
Oceanic and continental gravity investigation by Oregon State University.
EGS Trans.
Amer.
Couch, Richard, and Robert Whitsett.
1969.
The North Powder earthquake of August 14, 1969.
Ore Bin 31(12):239-244.
Culberson, C. and R. M. Pytkowicz.
1970.
A
Near-bottom water sampler.
Limnol.
Oceanogr. 15(l):160-162.
Culberson, Charles, R. M. Pytkowicz, and J. Hawley.
1970.
Seawater alkalinity determination by the pH method.
J. Mar. Res. 28(1):15-21.
Curl, Herbert C. , Jr.
See Frolander and Curl.
1970.
Curl, H. C.
,
Jr. See Park, Bradshaw, Menzel, Schleicher, and Curl.
1969.
Denner, Warren.
See Neal, Neshyba, and Denner.
1969.
Denner, Warren.
See Neshyba, Neal, and Denner.
1969.
Duncan, John R.
,
Gerald A. Fowler, and L. D. K.ulm.
1970.
Planktonic
Foraminifer = Radiolarian ratios and Holocene-Late Pleistocene deep-sea stratigraphy off Oregon.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 81:
561-566.
Duncan, John R.
,
L. D. Kulm, and Gary B. Griggs.
1970.
Clay-mineral composition of late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of Cascadia
Basin, Northeastern Pacific Ocean.
J. Geol. 78(2):213-221.
Duncan, J. R.
See Griggs, Kulm, Duncan, and Fowler.
1970.
Dymond, Jack.
1969.
Age determinations of deep-sea sediments: A comparison of three methods.
Earth Plant. Sci. Lett. 6:9-14.
Dymond, Jack.
1970.
Excess argon in submarine basalt pillows.
Geol.
Soc. Amer. Bull. 81:1229-1232.
Emilia, David A. and Gunnar Bodvarsson.
1969.
Numerical methods in the direct interpretation of marine magnetic anomalies. Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett. 7:194-200.

73
Ernilia, David A. and Donald F. Heinrich.s.
1969.
Ocean floor spreading: Olduvai vs. Gilsa evf,:nts in the Matuyama epoch.
Science
166(3910):1267-1269.
Forss, Carl A.
See Pearcy and Forss.
1969.
Forster, William O.
See Hanson and Forster.
1969.
Fowler, Gerald A.
See Duncan, Fowler, and Kulm.
1970.
Fowler, G. A.
See Griggs, Kulm, Duncan, and Fowler.
1970.
Freytag,
I.
B.
See Wopfner, Freytag, and Heath.
1970.
1970.
Plankton, p. 714-716.
In: Peter Gray (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Biological Sciences
Second Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Fry, William G. and Joel W. Hedgpeth.
1969.
The fauna of the Ross
Sea Part 7 Pycnogonida, 1 Colossendeidae, Pycnogonidae, Endeidae,
Ammotheidae. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research Bulletin 198, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute.
Gonor, Jefferson J.
See Hedgpeth and Gonor.
1969.
Gordon, Louis I.
See Park, Gordon, Hager, and Cissell.
1969.
Gorner, U. See Phelps, Pond, and Gorner.
1970.
Griggs, G. B. and L. D. Kulm.
1969.
Glacial marine sediments from the northwest Pacific.
J. Sediment. Petrol. 39(3):1142-1148.
Griggs, G. B. and L. D. Kulm.
1970.
Sedimentation in Cascadia deepsea channel.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 81(5):1361-1384.
1970..
Holocene faunal stratigraphy and paleoclimatic implications of deep-sea sediments in Cascadia Basin.
Paleoecology/Paleoclimatology/Paleogeography 7(1):5-12.
Griggs, Gary B.
See Duncan, Kulm, and Griggs.
1970.
Hager, Stephen W.
See Park, Gordon, Hager, and Cis sell.
1969.

74
Hanson, Peter J. and William O. Forster.
1969.
Measurement of
Columbia River flow time from Hanford reactors to Astoria,
Oregon--Summer 1966.
Water Resources Research 5(5):1129-1131.
Hawley, John and R. M. Pytkowicz.
1969.
Solubility of calcium carbonate in seawater at high pressures and 2° C.
Cosmochim. Acta 33:1557-1561.
Geochim. et
Hawley, J.
See Culberson, Pytkowicz, and Hawley.
1970.
Heath, G. R.
See Moore, van Andel, Blow, and Heath.
1970.
Heath, G. Ross.
See Wopfner, Freytag, and Heath.
1970.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1969.
(Review) The Book of Galapagos-A Modern
Scripture.
A review of Galapagos: The Flow of Wildness.
Vol.
I:
Discovery.
Vol. II: Prospect.
Quart.
Rev.
Biol. 44(3):291-293.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1969.
Ecology: Marine, p. 184-191.
In: Frank E.
Firth (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Marine Resources.
Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1969.
(Book review) A Fit home for earth' s noblest inhabitant.
Science 164:666-669.
Hedgpeth, Joel.
1970.
Marine biogeography of the Antarctic regions.
In: Antarctic Ecology, edited by M. W. Holdgate.
Vol. I SCAR
Academic Press 97-104.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1970.
Militant ecology in San Francisco.
The 13th
National Conference of the U. S. National Commission for UNESCO:
Man and his environment--A view toward survival.
BioScience
20(6):365-367.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1969.
(Review) New Franciscans.
Design with
Nature by Ian L. McHarg, The Natural History Press 1969, p. 197.
Environment 11(10):26-27.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1970.
The Oceans: World Symp. Environment 12
(3):40-47.
Hedgpeth, Joel W.
1970.
ecological system.
The San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary--an
Prepared statement in the Nation's Estuaries.
San Francisco Bay and Delta, Calif. (Part 2).
Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of
Representatives Ninety-first Congress, First Session, August 20 and 21, 1969.
pp. 367-385, 6 figs.

75
Hedgpeth, Joel W. and J. J. Gonor.
1969.
Aspects of the potential effect of thermal alterations on marine and estuarine benthos,
Chap. 4, p. 80-118.
In: Biological Aspects of Thermal Pollution,
Vanderbilt Univ. Press, edited by Peter A. Krenkel and Frank
Hedgpeth, Joel W. See Fry and Hedgpeth.
1969.
Heinrichs, D. F.
See Couch and Heinrichs.
1969.
Heinrichs, Donald F. See Emilia and Heinrichs.
-969.
Heinrichs, Donald F. See Thiruvathukal, Berg, and Heinrichs.
1970.
Kester, Dana R. and Ricardo M. Pytkowicz.
1969.
Sodium, magnesium, and calcium sulfate ion-pairs in seawater at 25° C.
Limnol.
Oceanogr. 14(5):686-692.
Korgen, Ben, Gunnar Bodvarsson, and L.
D.
Kulm.
1970.
Current velocities near the ocean floor west of Oregon.
Deep Sea Res.
17(2):353-357.
Kulm, L. D.
See Duncan, Fowler, and Kulm..
1970.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Duncan, Kulm, and Griggs.
1970.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Griggs and Kulm.
1969.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Griggs and Kulm.
1970.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Griggs, Kulm, Duncan, and Fowler.
1970.
Kulm, L.
D.
See
Korgen, Bodvarsson, and Kulm.
1970.
Kulm, S. A.
See Burt and Kulm.
1969.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.
1969. A nonlinear mechanism for the generation of sea waves, or Is the ocean a maser? Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 311:
371-389.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.
1969.
On the transport of mass by time-varying ocean currents.
Deep-Sea Res. 16:431-447.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.
1969.
On' the trapping of long-period waves round islands.
J. Fluid Mech. 37(4):773-784.

76
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. and G. S. Pond.
1970.
The free oscillations of fluid on a hemisphere bounded by meridians of longitude. Proc.
Roy. Soc. 266A(1174):193-223.
McCain, John C.
from Oregon.
1969. A new species of caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 82:507-510.
Menzel, D. W.
See Park, Bradshaw, Menzel, Schleicher, and Curl.
1969.
Mesecar, R.
,
G. Bodvarsson, and W. Burt.
1969.
Time-dependent vertical temperature measurements across the water-sediment interface on the continental shelf west of Oregon.
Nature 224(5222):
901-902.
Moore, T. C. , Jr. ,
Brazil.
T. H. van Andel, W. H. Blow, and G. R. Heath.
1970.
A large submarine slide off the Northeastern continental margin of
Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 54(1):125-128.
Morita, R. Y.
1970.
Application of hydrostatic pressure to microbial cultures.
Chap. 11.
In: D. W. Ribbons and J. R. Norris (eds. )
Methods in Microbiology, Vol. 2 Academic Press, New York, pp. 243-257.
Morita, Richard Y. and Robert R. Becker.
1970.
Hydrostatic pressure effects on selected biological systems.
Chap. 3.
In: A. M.
Zimmerman (ed.) High Pressure Effects on Cellular Processes.
Academic Press, Inc.
New York, pp. 71-83.
Mueller, James L.
See Pearcy and Mueller.
1970.
Nath, John.
See Neshyba, Young, and Nath.
1970.
Neal, Victor, Steve Neshyba, and Warren Denner.
1969.
Thermal stratification in the Arctic Ocean.
Science 166(3903):373-374.
Neal, Victor T.
See Neshyba, Neal, and Denner.
1969.
Neshyba, S.
,
V. Neal, and Warren Denner.
1969.
The Significance of thermal stratification in the Arctic Ocean. Proceedings of Symposium on Military Oceanography.
Neshyba, Steve, David Young, and John Nath.
1970.
Moored spar buoys for ocean research.
Oceanology International 5(4):22-26.
Neshyba, Steve.
See Neal, Neshyba, and Denner.
1969.

, and R. Smith.
1970. An optical and hydrographic study of a temperature inversion off Oregon during upwelling.
J. Geophys. Res. 75(3):629-636.
Park, P. Kilho.
1969.
(Book Review) A Practical handbook of sea water analysis by J. D. H. Strickland and T.
R.
Parsons.
Fish
Res. Bd.
Canada.
1968.
Quart. Rev.
Biol.
44(3):327.
Park, P. Kilho, A. Bradshaw, D. W. Menzel, K. E. Schleicher, H. C.
Curl, Jr.
1969.
Changes in electrolytic conductance of seawater during photosynthesis and respiration.
J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan
25(3):119-122.
Park, P. Kilho,
Magdalena Catalfomo, George R.
Webster, and Barry
H. Reid.
1970.
Nutrients and carbon dioxide in the Columbia
River.
Limnol.
Oceanogr.
15(1):70-79.
Park, P. Kilho, Louis I.
Gordon, Stephen W.
Hager, Milton C. Cissell.
1969.
Carbon dioxide partial pressure in the Columbia River.
Science 166(3907):867-868.
77
Pattullo, June G.
See Collins and Pattullo.
1970.
Pattullo, June G.
See
Stevenson, Pattullo, and Wyatt.
1969.
Pearcy, William G.
1970.
Vertical migration of the ocean shrimp,
Pandalus jordani: a feeding and dispersal mechanism.
and Game 56(2):125-129.
Calif. Fish
1969.
The oceanic shrimp Sergestes similis off the Oregon coast.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 14(5):755-765.
Pearcy, William G. and James L. Mueller.
1970.
Upwelling, Columbia
River plume and albacore tuna.
Proc. Sixth Internat. Symp. on
Remote Sensing of Environment, October 1969, Univ. of Michigan.
p. 1101-1113.
1970.
Simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature fluctuations.
J. Atmos. Sci. 27(2):
343- 345.
Pond, G. S.
See Longuet-Higgins and Pond.
1970.
Pond, S.
See Phelps, Pond, and Gorner.
1970.

78
Pytkowicz, R. M.
1969.
Chemical solution of calcium carbonate in sea water. Amer. Zool. 9:673-679.
Pytkowicz, R. M.
See Culberson and Pytkowicz.
1970.
Pytkowicz, R. M.
See Culberson, Pytkowicz, and Hawley.
1970.
Pytkowicz, R. M.
See Hawley and Pytkowicz.
1969.
Pytkowicz, Ricardo M. See Kester and Pytkowicz.
1969.
Quinn, W. H. and W. V. Burt.
1970.
Prediction of abnormally heavy precipitation over the equatorial Pacific dry zone. J. Appl.
Meteorol. 9(1):20-28.
Reid, Barry H.
See Park, Catalfomo, Webster, and Reid.
1970.
Schleicher, K. E. See Park, Bradshaw, Menzel, Schleicher, and Curl.
1969.
Smith, Robert L. See Pak, Beardsley, and Smith.
1970.
Stevenson, Merritt R.
,
June G. Pattullo, and B. Wyatt.
1969.
Surface currents
Deep-Sea off the Oregon coast as measured by parachute drogues.
Res. 16:449-461.
Thiruvathukal, John V.
,
Joseph W. Berg, and Donald F. Heinrichs.
1970.
Regional gravity of Oregon.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 81(3): 725-738.
van Andel, Tjeerd
H.
1969.
Recent south uplift of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of the Vema fracture zone.
Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 7(3):
228-230.
van Andel, Tjeerd H.
See Moore, van Andel, Blow, and Heath.
1970.
Webster, George R.
See Park, Catalfomo, Webster, and Reid.
1970.
Whitsett, Robert.
See Couch and Whitsett.
1969.
Wopfner, H.
,
I.
B. Freytag, and G. Ross Heath.
1970.
Basal sediments
(Jurassic-Cretaceous) of Western Great Artesian Basin, South
Australia: Stratigraphy and environment. Amer. Assoc. Petrol.
Geol. Bull. 54(3) :383-416.
Wyatt, B.
See Stevenson, Pattullo, and Wyatt.
1969.

Young, David.
See Neshyba, Young, and Nath.
1970.
Zaneveld, J. Ronald V.
,
Marcello Andrade, and George F. Beardsley,
Jr.
1969.
Measurements of optical properties at an oceanic front observed near the Galapagos Islands. J. Geophys. Res. 74(23):
5540-5541.
79

80
ABSTRACTS
Andrade, Marcello, See Zaneveld and Andrade.
1969.
Banks, Robey.
1969.
Bouguer and isostatic gravity anomalies along the inside passage of British Columbia and Alaska, (Abstr, ), EOS
Trans, Amer, Geophys. Union 50(11): 633.
Beardsley, George F.
,
Jr. and Kendall Carder.
1969.
Light scattering and suspended particles in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, (Abstr.
EOS Trans, Amer, Geophys. Union 50(11):629.
)
Beardsley, George F.
,
Jr. and Hasong Pak.
1969.
Light scattering signatures of some marine particulates, (Abstr, ), EOS Trans.
Amer, Geophys. Union 50(11): 629.
Beardsley, George F.
,
See Earle and Beardsley.
1969.
Beardsley, George F.
,
See Zaneveld, Andrade and Beardsley.
1969.
Carder, Kendall. See Beardsley and Carder.
1969.
Couch, Richard W.
1969.
Gravity and structure of the Scott Islands
Fracture zone, (Abstr, ), EOS Trans. Amer, Geophys. Union
50(11): 633.
Duncan, J. R.
See Fowler, Kulm, Duncan and Griggs.
1969.
Earle, Marshall D. and George F. Beardsley, Jr.
1969. A three-component drag probe for use in wave fields and tidal channels, (Abstr,
EOS Trans, Amer, Geophys. Union 50 (11):631,
Fowler, G. A.
,
L. D. Kulm, J. R. Duncan and G.
D.
Griggs.
1969.
Late
Quaternary deep-sea stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of a middle to high latitude region, northeastern Pacific. Discussion Paper in Abstracts with Programs for 1969, Part
7, p 275-277.
Geol.
Soc.
Amer.
,
Boulder, Colorado.
Gillespie, P. A. and R. Y. Morita.
1970.
Vitamin B12 production and depletion in Klamath Lake -- a naturally eutrophic lake, (Abstr.).
Bacteriological Proceedings, p 19.

81
Griggs, G. D.
See Fowler, Kulm, Duncan and Griggs.
1969.
Harrison, M. J.
,
R. Y.
Morita and R. E.
Pacha.
1970.
Liberation of inorganic phosphate due to microorganisms in a eutrophic lake,,
(Abstr, ), Bacteriological Proceedings.
p 19.
Kulrn, L. D, See Fowler, Kulm, Duncan and Griggs.
1969.
Morita, R. Y.
See Gillespie and Morita.
1970.
Morita, R. Y.
See Harrison, Morita and Pacha.
1970.
Morita, R. Y.
See Staley and Morita.
1970.
Neal, Victor T. and Steve Neshyba.
1969. A study of high resolution ocean temperature structure from an Arctic Ice Island, (Abstr.
EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 50(11):631,
Neshyba, Steve.
See Neal and Neshyba, 1969.
Neshyba, S.
See Sakou and Neshyba.
1969.
Pacha, R. E.
See Harrison, Morita and Pacha.
1970.
Pak, Hasong.
1969.
The Columbia River as a source of marine light scattering particles, (Abstr, ), EOS Trans. Amer, Geophys.
Union 50(11): 629.
Pak, Hasong.
See Beardsley and Pak.
1969.
Sakou, T. and S. Neshyba.
1969.
Structure of Oceanic Currents and the
Continental Slope off Oregon, (Abstr, ), EOS Trans. Amer,
Geophys. Union 50(11): 627.
Staley, T. E. and R. Y. Morita.
1970.
Effect of sodium chloride on the induction of glutamic dehydrogenase in a -marine psychrophile,
(Abstr, ).
Bacteriological Proceedings.
p 28.
van Andel, Tj. H.
1969.
Tectonic evolution and trace element composition of basement rocks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; 80S.
Roy. Soc.
London, Discussion meeting "Petrology of igneous and metamorphic rocks from the ocean floor. " 18-19.
Zanveld, J. Ronald
V.
,
Marcello Andrade and George Beardsley, Jr.
1969.
Optical observations at an oceanic front, (Abstr, ).
EOS
Trans.
Amer, Geophys. Union.
50 (11):629.

82
PAPERS IN PRESS
, Hasong Pak, Kendall Carder, and Bo
Lundgren.
Light Scattering and Suspended Particles.
J.
Geophy. Res.
See Earle, Groelle, and Beardsley.
See Pak, Beardsley, Heath and Curl.
See Pak, Beardsley and Park.
Beckmann, J. P,
,
J. H. Lipps, U. Z. Bilal ul Haq, and T. C. Moore, Jr.
Biostratigraphic Summary In Tracey, et al. Initial Reports of the
Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. VIII.
Washington GPO.
Beckman, J. P, See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff, Moore
Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Bilal ul Haq, V. Z.
See Beckmann, Lipps, Bilal ul Haq and Moore.
Bilal ul Haq, V. Z.
See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff,
Moore, Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar. [ Confined] fluids as strain meters. J. Geophys.
Res.
Bodvarsson, Gunnar. A surface integral in potential theory.
Geophysics.
Bronnemann, P. See Winterer et al.
Brownell, C. L.
See McCauley, Pequegnant and Brownell.
Caldwell, Douglas.
Determining the thermal expansion coefficient of liquids by observing the onset of convection.
Rev. Sci. Instr.
Caldwell, Douglas.
Non-linear effects in a Rayleigh-Benard Experiment.
J. Fluid Mech.
Caldwell, Douglas and Brian Tucker. Direct measurement of the thermal expansion of seawater. Deep Sea Res.
Caldwell, Douglas and Charles Van Atta.
Characteristics of Ekman
Boundary Layer instabilities.
J. Fluid Mech.

83
Carder, Kendall.
See Beardsley, Pak, Carder and Lundgren.
Carey, Andrew G.
Ecological observations on benthic invertebrates from the Central Oregon continental shelf.
Bioenvironmental
Studies of the Columbia River Estuary and Adjacent Ocean Region
[AEC Book].
Carey, Andrew G. Jr.
Techniques for sampling benthic organisms.
Bioenvironmental studies of the Columbia River estuary and adjacent Ocean region [AEC Book].
Carey, Andrew G. Jr.
65Zn in benthic invertebrates in the Northeast
Pacific Ocean off Oregon.
Bioenvironmental Studies of the
Columbia River Estuary and and adjacent Ocean Region [AEC Book].
Cronan, D. S.
See Heath, Moore, Somayajulu and Cronan.
Cronan, D. S. See Somayajulu, Heath, Moore, and Cronan.
Curl, Herbert.
See Pak, Beardsley, Heath and Curl.
Dean, J. M. See Fowler, Small and Dean.
Duncan, John R. and L. D. Kulm. Mineralogy, provenance, and dispersal history of late quaternary deep-sea sands in Cascadia
Basin and Blanco Fracture Zone. J. Sedimentary Petrology.
Dymond, Jack R. See Garlick and Dymond.
A three component drag probe for the measurement of turbulent water velocity fluctuations.
Rev. Sci. Inst.
Forster, William O. See Renfro, Forster and Osterberg.
Fowler, Gerald A. and L. D. Kulm. Foraminiferal and sedimentological evidence for uplift of the deep-sea floor, Gorda Rise, northeastern
Pacific.
Distribution of ingested zinc-65 in the tissues of some marine crustaceans.
J. Fish. Res.
B d. Canada.
Fowler, G. A.
See Griggs, Kulm, Waters and Fowler.

84
Galehouse, J. S. See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse
,
Nestroff, Moore,
Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Garlick, G. D. and J. R. Dymond. Oxygen isotope exchange between volcanic materials and ocean water.
Geol. Soc. Amer, Bull.
Gealy, E. L. See Winterer et al.
Gray, W. Scott.
See McCain and Gray.
Griggs, G. B. and L. D. Kulm.
Physiography of Cascadia Deep-Sea
Channel.
Northwest Science.
Griggs, G. B., L. D. Kulm, A. C. Waters, G. A. Fowler.
Deep-Sea gravel from Cascadia Channel, J. Geol.
Groelle, Jack H. See Earle, Groelle and Beardsley.
Heath, G. Ross and Ralph Moberly, Jr.
Cherts from the western Pacific;
Leg VII, Deep Sea Drilling Project.
In Winterer, E. L. ,
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Heath, G. Ross and Ralph Moberly, Jr.
Deep-sea turbidites from the western Pacific: Leg VII Deep Sea Drilling Project In Winterer,
E. L;, , et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,
Vol, VII, Washington (GPO).
Heath, G. Ross and Ralph Moberly, Jr.
Non-calcareous pelagic sediments from the western Pacific: Leg VII, Deep Sea Drilling Project.
In Winterer, E. L. et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project, Vol. VII, Washington (GPO).
Heath, G.
Ross, T. C.
Moore, Jr.
,
B, L.
K. Somayajulu and D. S. Cronan.
Sediment budget in a deep-sea core from the central equatorial
Pacific, J. Mar. Res.
Heath, G. Ross. See Moberly and Heath.
Heath, G. Ross, See Moberly and Heath.
Heath, G. Ross.
See Moberly and Heath.
Heath, G. Ross.
See Pak, Beardsley, Heath and Curl.

85
Heath, G. Ross.
See
Somayajulu, Heath, Moore, and Cronan.
Heath, G. Ross.
See vanAndel and Heath.
Heath, G. Ross.
See Winterer et al.
Kroenke, L.
See Winterer et al.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Duncan and Kulm.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Fowler and Kuim.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Griggs and Kulm.
Kulm, L.
D.
See Griggs, Kulm, Waters, and Fowler.
Lipps, J.
H.
See Beckman, Lipps, Bilal ul Haq and Moore.
Lipps, J. H.
See
Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff, Moore
Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.
Steady currents induced by oscillations around islands. J. Fluid Mech.
Lundgren, Bo. See Beardsley, Pak, Carder and Lundgren.
Martini, E.
See Winterer et al.
McCain, J. C. and W. Scott Gray. Antarctic and Subantarctic Caprellidae
(Crustacea: Amphipoda). Antarctic Res. Ser.
of Gonocerca Manter, 1925 (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) from the
Eastern Pacific.
J. Helminthological Soc. Washington.
Moberly, Ralph, Jr. and G. Ross Heath.
"Basement" rocks from
Leg VII, Deep Sea Drilling Project.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Moberly, Ralph Jr. and G. Ross Heath. Carbonate sediments from the western Pacific: Leg VII Deep Sea Drilling Project. In Winterer,
E. L. et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,
Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.

86
Moberly, Ralph, Jr. and G. Ross Heath.
Volcanoclastic sediments from the western Pacific: Leg VII, Deep Sea Drilling Project.
In
Winterer, E. L. et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project, Vol. VII, Washington GPO.
Moberly, Ralph Jr.
See Heath and Moberly.
Moberly, Ralph Jr.
See Heath and Moberly.
Moberly, Ralph Jr.
See Heath and Moberly.
See Winterer et al.
Moore, Theodore C. Jr. Abyssal hills in the Central Equatorial Pacific:
Sedimentation and Stratigraphy.
Deep-Sea-Res.
Moore, T. C. Jr. Radiolaria In Tracy, et al. Initial Reports of the Deep
Sea Drilling Project, Vol. VII.
Washington. GPO.
Moore, T. C. Jr.
See Beckmann, Lipps, Bilal ul Haq and Moore.
Moore, T. C. Jr. See Heath, Moore, Somayajulu and Cronan,
Moore, T. C. Jr.
See Somayajulu, Heath, Moore and Cronan.
Moore, T. C. Jr. See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff,
Moore, Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Nesteroff, W. D.
See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff,
Moore, Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Osterberg, Charles. See Renfro, Forster and Osterberg.
Pak, Hasong, George F.
Beardsley, Jr.
,
G. Ross Heath and Herbert
Curl.
Light scattering vectors of some marine particles.
Limnol,
Oceanogr.
Pak, Hasong, George F. Beardsley, Jr., and P. Kilho Park.
The Columbia River as a source of marine light scattering particles.
J. Geophy. Res.
Pak, Hasong. See Beardsley, Pak, Carder and Lundgren.
Park, P. Kilho.
See Pak, Beardsley and Park.

87
Pearcy, William G. See Smoker and Pearcy.
Pequegnant, J. E.
See McCauley, Pequegnant and Brownell.
Phillips, J. D. See van Andel, Von Herzen and Phillips.
Pytkowicz, R. M. On the carbonate compensation depth in the Pacific
Ocean.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
Ramberg, Donald A. See Small and Ramberg.
Renfro, William C., William O. Forster and Charles Osterberg.
Seasonal and areal distribution of radionuclides in the biota of the
Columbia River Estuary.
Bioenvironmental Studies of the Columbia River Estuary and adjacent ocean regions. [AEC Book]
.
Resog, J.
See Winterer et al.
Riedel, W. R.
See Winterer et al.
Small, Lawrence and Donald A. Ramberg.
Chlorophyll a , carbon, and nitrogen in particles from a unique coastal environment, In. Proc.
Internat. Symp, on the Fertility of the Sea, [ ed. ] J. D. Costlow.
Small, L. F.
See Fowler, Small and Dean.
Somayajulu, B. L. K,, G. Ross Heath, T. C. Moore, Jr., and D. S. Cronan.
Rates of accumulation of sediments and associated manganese nodules from the central Pacific Ocean.
Geochem. Cosmochim.
Acta.
Somayajulu, B. L. K.
See Heath, Moore, Somayajulu and Cronan.
Smoker, William and William G. Pearcy.
Growth and reproduction of the Lanternfish Stenobrachius leucopsarus. J. Fish.
Res. Bd.
Canada.
Sulton, G. H.
See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff, Moore,
Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Tracy, J. Jr... G. H. Sutton, S. H. Lipps, J. S. Galehouse, W. D. Nesteroff,
T. C. Moore, Jr.
,
V. Z. Bilal ul Haq, J. B. Beckmann and C. C.
von der Borch.
Site 68.
In.
Tracy et al. Initial Reports of the
Deep Sea Drilling Project.
Vol.
VIII. Washington GPO.

88
Tracy, et al. Site 69.
In Tracy et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project, Vol. VIII Washington GPO.
Tracy, et al. Site 70. In Tracy et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project.
Vol. VIII Washington GPO.
Tracy et al. Site 71.
In Tracy et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project, Vol. VIII.
Washington GPO.
Tracy et al.
Site 72.
In Tracy et al.
Intial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project, Vol.
VIII.
Washington GPO.
Tracy et al. Site 73. In Tracy =t al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project, Vol. VIII.
Washington GPO.
Tracy et al.
Site 74.
In Tracy et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project, Vol. VIII.
Washington GPO.
Tracy et al.
Site 75.
In Tracy et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project, Vol.
VIII.
Washington GPO.
Tracy et al. Sedimentation and stratigraphy in the equatorial Pacific.
In Tracy et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project.
Vol. VIII.
Washington GPO.
Tucker, Brian.
See Caldwell and Tucker.
van Andel, Tjeerd H. and G. Ross Heath. Tectonics of the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, 6-8® South latitude.
Marine Geophysical Researches.
van Andel, Tj. H., R. P. Von Hersen and J. D. Phillips.
Tectonics of the intersection between the Vema Fracture Zone and the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.
J. Marine Geophys. Res.
Van Atta, Charles. See Caldwell and Van Atta.
von der Borch, C. C.
See Tracy, Sutton, Lipps, Galehouse, Nesteroff,
Moore, Bilal ul Haq, Beckmann and von der Borch.
Von Herzen, R. P.
See van Andel, Von Herzen and Phillips.
Waters, A. C.
See Griggs, Kulm, Water and Fowler.

89
Winterer, E. L., W.
R.
Riedel, P.
Bronnemann, E. L.
Gealy, G. Ross
Heath, L.
Kroenke, E. Martini, R. Moberly, Jr., J. Resog, and
T.
Worsely.
Site 61.
the Deep Sea Drilling
In Winterer E. L. et al.
Initial Reports of
Project.
Vol VIII.
Washington GPO.
Winterer,et al.
Site 62.
In
Sea Drilling
Winterer, et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep
Project, Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Winterer, E. L. et al.
Site 63.
In
Winterer et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Dea Drilling Project.
Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Winterer, et al.
Site 64.
In Winterer et al. Initial Reports of the Deep
Sea Drilling Project, Vol. VII.
Washington. GPO.
Winterer, et al
.
Site 65.
In Winterer et al. Initial Reports of the Deep
Sea Drilling Project.
Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Winterer, et al. Site 66.
Initial Reports
Sea Drilling Project.
Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
of the Deep
Winterer, et al.
Site 67.
In Winterer et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep
Sea Drilling Project.
Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Winterer, et al.
History of tectonism and sedimentation in the western
Pacific.
In Winterer et al.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project.
Vol. VII.
Washington GPO.
Worsely, T. See Winterer et al.

UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL REPORTS DISTRIBUTION LIST
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
1
Director of Defense Research and
Engineering
Office of the Secretary of Defense
Washington, D. C.
20301
Attn: Office, Assistant Director
(Research)
NAVY
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Office of Naval Research
Department of the Navy
Washington, D. C.
20360
Attn: Srfc. & Amphib. Programs (Code 463
Attn: Oceanic Biology (Code 484)
Attn: Undersea Programs (Code 466)
Attn: Field Projects (Code 418)
Attn: Geography Branch (Code 414)
Attn: Physical Oceanography Program (Code 481)
1
Director
Office of Naval Research Branch Office
495 Summer Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02210
Director
Office of Naval Research Branch Office
219 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
I
Director
Office of Naval Research Branch Office
1030 East Green Street
Pasadena, California 91101
6
Director
Navy Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C.
20390
Attn: Library, Code 2029 (ONRL)
1
Resident
Office of
Representative
Naval Research
3710 Brooklyn Ave.
,
N. E.
Seattle, Washington 98105
Unit #2
1
Scientific Department
ONR Nee, York Area Office
207 West 24th Street
New York, Nex% York 10011
1
Commander-in-Chief
Pacific Fleet
Fleet Post Office
San Francisco, California 96610
1
Chief
Naval Air Systems
Command
Washington, D. C.
20360
Attn: AIR 370E
1
6
Director
Naval Research
Laboratory
Washington, D. C.
20390
Attn: Code 8100
Attn: Code 2000
1
1
1
1
2 Commander
Naval Oceanographic
Office
Washington, D. C.
20390
Attn: Code 1640
(Library)
Attn: Code 031
A ttn: Code 70
Attn: Code 90
1
Pacific Support Group
Naval Oceanographic
Office
San Diego, California
92152
1
Naval Oceanographic
Office
Liaison Officer
(Code 332)
Anti-Submarine Warfare
Force
Atlantic Fleet
Norfolk, Virginia 23511
1
Chief
Naval Ordnance Systems
Command
Department of the Navy
Washington, D.C. 20360
1
Commander-in-Chief
Pacific Fleet
Fleet Post Office
San Francisco, California
96610
1
Commander-in-Chief
Submarine Force Pacific
Fleet
Fleet Post Office
San Francisco, California
96610

I Office of the U.S. Naval Weather
Service
Washington Navy Yard
Washington, D. C.
20390
1
Chief
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
Department of the Navy
Washington, D. C.
20390
Chief
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
Department of the Navy
Washington, 'D. C.
Attn.
Code 03
20390
Commander
Naval Electronics
Laboratory
Center
San Diego, California
92152
Attn: Library
Geophysics Officer
Pacific Missile Range
Box 122, Code 3250
Pt. Mugu, California
92152
Attn: Library
1
Commander Na val Ordnance Laboratory
White Oak, Silver. Spring, Maryland
20910
1
1
Naval Undersea Research & Development
Center
San Diego, California 92132
Attn: Code 50
Attn: Code 133
1
Commander, Naval Underwater Weapons
Research & Engineering Station
Newport, Rhode Island 02840
1
1
Commander,
Attn:
Naval Ship Systems Command
Department of the Navy
Washington, D.C.
20360
Code SHIPS OOVIK
I
1
I
Ordnance Research Laboratory
P.O. Box 30
State College, Pennsylvania 1680]
Commanding Officer
Navy Weather Research Facility
Naval Air Station, Bldg. R-48
Norfolk, Virginia 24511
Technical Library
U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory
Dahlgren, Virginia 22448
U.S. Naval Civil Engineering
Laboratory
Port Hueneme, California
9304 1
1
Attn: Code L40
1
Naval Air Development Center
Johnsville, Warminister, Pa.
18974
1
Commander, U. S. Naval Forces
Attn: U. S. Fleet Weather
Central Joint Typhoon
Warning Center
Fleet Post Office
San Francisco, California
96630
I
Superintendent, Naval Academy
Annapolis, Maryland 21402
2
Department of Meteorology &
Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940
1
Commander
U.S. Navy Mine Defense Lab.
-Panama City, Florida 32402
1
Commander
Naval Underwater Sound Lab.
New London
,
Connecticut 06321
1
1
Commanding Officer
Fleet Numerical Weather
Central
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940
AIR FORCE
Headquarters,
(AWSS/TIPD), Air Force
Scott Air
Air Weather Service
Force Base, Illinois
62225
1
AFCRL (CRH)
L. G. Hanscom Field
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
ARMY
1 Coastal Engineering Research Center
Corps of Engineers
Department of the Army
Washington, D. C.
20310

1
Army Research Office
Office of the Chief of R & D
Department of the Army
Washington, D.C.
20310
Army Beach Erosion Board
5201 Little Falls Road, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
20016
1
Director
U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
Experiment Station
Vicksburg, Mississippi 49097
Attn: Research Center Library
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
20 Defense Documentation Center
Cameron Station
Alexandria, Virginia 20305
1
1
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
20418
Attn: Committee on Undersea Warefare
Attn: Committee on Oceanography
1
Director
Coast & :geodetic Survey, ESSA
Attn: -Office of Hydrography &
Oceanography
Washington Science Center
Rockville, Maryland 20852
1
Director, Atlantic Marine Center
Coast & Geodetic Survey, ESSA
439 West York Street
Norfolk, Virginia 23510
I
Acting Director
Pacific Oceanographic Labs
1801
Fairview Avenue East
Seattle, Washington 98102
1
ESSA, Geophysical Sciences
Library (AD 712)
Washington Science Center
Rockville, Maryland 20852
1
Commanding Officer
Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit
Bldg. 159, Navy Yard Annex
Washington, D.C.
20390
1
Chief, Office of Marine Geology
& Hydrology
Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
Director, Pacific Marine Center
Coast & Geodetic Survey, ESSA
1801 Fairview Avenue East
Seattle, Washington 98102
Geological Division
Marine Geology Unit
Geological Survey
Washington, D. C.
20240
Director, Atlantic Oceanographic
& Meteorological Laboratories
901 South Miami Avenue
Miami, Florida 33130
Director, Office of Programs Rx3
ESSA Research Laboratories
A ttn: R
Boulder, Colorado 80302
National Science Foundation
Office of Sea Grant Programs
1800 G Street N. W.
Washington, D. C.
20550
Laboratory Director
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Ocean Research Laboratory
South Rotunda, Museum Bldg.
Stanford, California 94305
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Fish & Wildlife Service
P. O. Box 3830
Honolulu, Hawaii 96812
Laboratory Director
Biological Laboratory
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
P. O. Box 3098, Fort Crockett
Galveston, Texas 77552
Laboratory Director
Biological Laboratory
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
P.O. Box 155
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Laboratory Director
Biological Laboratory
Bureau
Woods of Commercial Fisheries
P. O. Box 6
Hole, Massachusetts 02543
Station Chief
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Exploratory Fish & Gear Res. Station
P. O. Box 280
Brunswick, Georgia 31520

I
Director
Fishery-Oceanography Center
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
P. O. Box 271
La Jolla, California 92038
Bureau of Sport Fisheries &
Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife Service
Librarian, Sandy Hook Marine
Laboratory
Highlands, New Jersey 07732
Director
National Oceanographic Data Center
Washington, D. C.
20390
1
Laboratory Director
Tropical Atlantic Biological
Laboratory
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
#75 Virginia Beach Drive
Miami, Florida 33149
I Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Biological Laboratory, Oceanography
2725 Montlake Boulevard East
Seattle, Washington 98102
1
Head, Office of Oceanography &
Limnology
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C.
20560
1
Dr. Gene A. Rusnak
U. S. Geological Survey
Marine Geology & Hydrology
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 94025
1
Advanced Research Projects Agency
The Pentagon, Washington, D. C.
Attn:
20310
Nuclear Test Detection Office
RESEARCH LABORATORIES
2
Director, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
I
Pell Marine Science Library
University of Rhode Island
Narragansett Bay Campus
Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882
I
Chairman, Department of
Meteorology & Oceanography
New York University
New York, New York 10453
1
I
Director, Lamont-Doherty
Geological Observatory
Columbia University
Palisades, New York 10964
Great Lakes Research Division
1077 N. University Building
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
1
Director, Chesapeake Bay
Institute
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
1
School of Marine & Atmospheric
Sciences
University of Miami
#1 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Florida 33149
2
Chairman
Department of Oceanography
Texas A &M University
College Station, Texas 77843
1
Director
Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
University of California,
San Diego
La Jolla, California 92038
I
Allan Hancock Foundation
University Park
Los Angeles, California
90007
1
Director, Arctic Research
Laboratory
Pt. Barrow, Alaska 99723
1
Chairman, Department of
Oceanography
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105
1
Director, Institute of Marine
Sciences
University of Alaska
College, Alaska 99735

I
Director, Bermuda Biological Station for Research
St. Georges, Bermuda
1
1
Department of Oceanography
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii 96825
President, Osservatorio Geofisico
Sperimentale
Trieste, Italy
1
Department of Engineering
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
I
Applied Physics Laboratory
University of Washington
1013 N. E. Fortieth Street
Seattle, Washington 98105
1
1
1
Physical Oceanographic Laboratory
Nova University
1901 S. E. Fifteenth Street
Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33316
Director, Ocean Research
Institute
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Citadel Hill
Plymouth, England
1
Geology Department
University of Illinois Library
Urbana, Illinois 61501
1
New Zealand Oceanographic
Institute
Department of Scientific and
Industrial Research
P.O. Box 8009
Wellington, New Zealand
Attn: Librarian
1
Director,- Ins tituto National de
Oceanographia
Rivadavia 1917-R25
Buenos Aires, Argentina
1
Lieutenant Nestor C. L.
Granelli
Head, Geophysics Branch
Montevideo 459, 4° "A"
Buenos Aires, Argentina
I
Oceanographische Forschungsantalt der Bundeswhr
Lornsenstrasse 7
Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
1
Underwater Warfare Division of the Norwegian Defense Research
Establishment
Karljohnsvern, Horten, Norway
1
Department of Geodesy &
Geophysics
Cambridge University
Canbridge, England
1
Institute of Oceanography
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, B. C., Canada
I
Department of the Geophysical
Sciences
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois 60637
I Coastal Engineering
University of Florida
Laboratory
Gainesville, Florida 32601
I
1
Institute of Geophysics
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii 96825
1
Mr. J. A. Gast
Wildlife Building
Humboldt State College
Arcata, California 95521
Department of Geology &
Geophysics
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139
1
Division of Engineering &
Applied Physics
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138
1
Department of Geology
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut
06520
1
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation
1625 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. G.
20006

I
Center for Great Lake Studies
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 43201
1
National Institute of Oceanography
Wormley, Godalming
Surrey, England
Attn: Librarian
1
Kenneth Keen
Research Department
Plant #35
Grumman Aircraft Engineering
Corporation
Bethpage, L.I., New York 11714
1
College of Engineering
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
1
Washington State Library
Olympia, Washington 98501
1
Dr. Erik Mollo-Christensen
Department of Meteorology
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
The Library
Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory
Bedford Institute
Dartmouth, N.S., Canada
1
The University of Connecticut
Southeastern Branch
Institute of Marine Sciences
Avery Point, Groton, Connecticut 06340
Attn: Mrs. William C. Petty
(Librarian).
UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL REPORTS DISTRIBUTION LIST
FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC CONTRACTORS
OF THE OCEAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH
(Revised November 1969)