SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS ARE HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES OF TWO OR MORE
SUBSTANCES IN A SINGLE PHASE
SOLVENT
THE DISSOLVING SUBSTANCE
WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
– POLAR SOLVENT WILL DISSOLVE A POLAR
SOLUTE
– NONPOLAR SOLVENT WILL DISSOLVE A
NONPOLAR SOLUTE
SOLUTE
THE SUBSTANCE DISSOLVED
USUALLY THE SUBSTANCE PRESENT IN THE
LOWEST AMOUNT
ELECTROLYTES
– CAUSE A SOLUTION TO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
– IONS
NONELECTROLYTES
– SOLUTION WILL NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
RATE OF DISSOLVING
INCREASED SURFACE AREA OF
SOLUTE
STIRRING
PRESSURE (AFFECTS GASES ONLY)
TEMPERATURE
– SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS DISSOLVE MORE
QUICKLY IN WARMER SOLUTES
– GASES DISSOLVE FASTER IN COOLER
SOLUTES
SOLUBILITY
SOLUTION
EQUILIBRIUM
– OPPOSITE
PROCESSES OF
DISSOLUTION AND
CRYSTALLIZATION
OF A SOLUTE OCCUR
AT EQUAL RATES
SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED
SATURATED
– CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED
SOLUTE
– WILL CONTAIN UNDISSOLVED SOLUTE
– AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND AMOUNT OF
SOLVENT AVAILABLE
UNSATURATED
– CONTAINS AN AMOUNT OF SOLUTE THAT WILL
TOTALLY DISSOLVE UNDER EXISTING
CONDITIONS
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS
A SOLUTION THAT CONTAINS MORE
DISSOLVED SOLUTE THAN A
SATURATED SOLUTION CONTAINS
UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS
NOT IN EQUILIBRIUM
EXCESS SOLUTE DOES NOT COME OUT
OF SOLUTION UNLESS DISTURBED
ONCE CRYSTAL FORMATION BEGINS,
EQUILIBRIUM WILL BE REESTABLISHED.
SOLUBILITY VALUES
THE AMOUNT OF A SUBSTANCE
REQUIRED TO FORM A SATURATED
SOLUTION WITH A SPECIFIC AMOUNT
OF SOLVENT AT A SPECIFIED
TEMPERATURE, AND, FOR GASES,
PRESSURE.
SOLUTE-SOLVENT
SOLUTEINTERACTIONS
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
IONIC COMPOUNDS IN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION
– THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS HYDRATION
NONPOLAR SOLVENTS
– DO NOT DISSOLVE IONIC COMPOUNDS
LIQUID SOLUTES AND SOLVENTS
IMMISCIBLEIMMISCIBLE- LIQUID SOLUTES AND
SOLVENTS THAT ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN
ONE ANOTHER
MISCIBLE
MISCIBLE-- LIQUIDS THAT DISSOLVE
FREELY IN ONE ANOTHER IN ANY
PROPORTION
HENRY’S LAW
THE SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A LIQUID
IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THAT GAS ON
THE SURFACE OF THE LIQUID
HAPPENS AT CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE
HEATS OF SOLUTION
THE NET AMOUNT OF HEAT ABSORBED
OR RELEASED WHEN A SPECIFIC
MOLARITY
THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF SOLUTE IN ONE
LITER OF SOLUTION
NEED THE MOLAR MASS OF THE SOLUTE
amountofso lute ( mol )
molarity ( M ) =
volumeofso lution ( L )
MOLALITY
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
EXPRESSED IN MOLES OF SOLUTE PER
KILOGRAM OF SOLVENT.
molessolute
molality =
massofsolvent(kg )