Sound Propagation around Underwater Seamounts
by
Joseph J. Sikora III
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
and theI
OF TECHNOLOGY
WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION
K~emebQg Z4o9
August 2005
MAR 282006
©
LIBRARIES
Joseph J. Sikora III, MMV. All rights reserved.
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly
paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part, and to grant
others the right to do so.
Signature of Author ....................
Department of Evctrical
ngineering and Computer Science
August 8, 2005
Certified by............................................................
. . .
Arthur B. Baggeroer, Thesis 4uervisor
Ford Professor of Engineering
Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Chair for Ocean Sciences
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
A ccepted by ...............
. ..
......
.. ...
..
Mark Grosenbaugh
Chair, Joint Committee a Applied Ocean Science and Engineering,
MIT/WHOI
BARKER
Sound Propagation around Underwater Seamounts
by
Joseph J. Sikora III
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
on August 8, 2005, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Abstract
This thesis develops and utilizes a method for analyzing data from the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory's (NPAL) Basin Acoustic Seamount Scattering Experiment
(BASSEX). BASSEX was designed to provide data to support the development of
analytical techniques and methods which improve the understanding of sound propagation around underwater seamounts.
The depth-dependent sound velocity profile of typical ocean waveguides force
sound to travel in convergence zones about a minimum sound speed depth. This
ducted nature of the ocean makes modeling the acoustic field around seamounts
particularly challenging, compared to an isovelocity medium. The conical shape of
seamounts also adds to the complexity of the scatter field. It is important to the
U.S. Navy to understand how sound is diffracted around this type of topographic
feature. Underwater seamounts can be used to conceal submarines by absorbing and
scattering the sound they emit.
BASSEX measurements have characterized the size and shape of the forward
scatter field around the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount in the Pacific Ocean. KermitRoosevelt is a large, conical seamount which shoals close to the minimum sound
speed depth, making it ideal for study. Acoustic sources, including M-sequence and
linear frequency-modulated sources, were stationed around the seamount at megameter ranges. A hydrophone array was towed around the seamount to locations which
allowed measurement of the perturbation zone.
Results from the method developed in this thesis show that the size and shape of
the perturbation zone measured coincides with theoretical and experimental results
derived in previous work.
Thesis Supervisor: Arthur B. Baggeroer
Title: Ford Professor of Engineering
Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Chair for Ocean Sciences
2
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Dr. Arthur Baggeroer for supporting my research and education
at both the Massachusetts Institute and Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Both institutions have been wonderful places to conduct research,
to interact with world-class engineers and scientists, and to meet many new friends.
The opportunities to participate in research cruises and conferences have contributed
significantly to my understanding of ocean acoustics and signal processing.
BASSEX, the source of data for my research, was ably planned and executed by
Dr. Baggeroer, Keith von der Heydt of WHOI, and Dr. Kevin Heaney of OASIS
Incorporated.
Kevin Heaney enhanced my general understanding of underwater acoustics and
the purpose of the NPAL experiments, during free moments on the NPAL cruise and
at Acoustical Society of America conference in Vancouver.
Kyle Becker, and the team from Pennsylvania State University, did an excellent
job operating the towed hydrophone array used during the BASSEX experiment.
Thanks also to Edward Sheer for patiently guiding me through some knotty problems I had with my beamformer and matched filtering, and to Dr. William Siegmann,
who provided me with an undergraduate research project developing poro-elastic wave
speed equations, which has led to my current work at MIT and WHOI.
Lastly, I would like to thank my father, Joseph J. Sikora II, who has helped me
throughout my undergraduate and graduate education. The knowledge and experience gained from his education and career as an electrical engineer have been an
invaluable asset.
3
Contents
1
Introduction
11
1.1
M otivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.2
Previous Work
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.2.1
Experimental approach to the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.2.2
Theoretical approach to the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.3
Experimental Approach
1.4
Roadm ap
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
2 Background
2.1
2.2
2.3
15
The BASSEX/SPICEX/LOAPEX Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
2.1.1
SPIC EX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
2.1.2
LOAPEX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
2.1.3
BA SSEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
The BASSEX Experiment
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1
Multibeam Bathymetry
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
2.2.2
Expendable Bathythermometers (XBT's) . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
2.2.3
Five Octave Research Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Sum m ary
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Data Analysis
3.1
20
Beamforming
3.1.1
27
29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Array Steering
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
29
29
3.2
4
3.1.2
The Ambient Noise Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.1.3
Adaptive Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Matched Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
3.2.1
Measuring Doppler shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
3.2.2
LOAPEX recording glitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Results
4.1
4.2
42
Adaptive Beamforming Results
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.1.1
SPICEX Source 1 (Si) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
4.1.2
SPICEX Source 2 (S2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Sum m ary
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Conclusion
46
47
5.1
Sum m ary
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
5.2
Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
A Nomenclature
49
B Computing technical detail
51
C Figures - Day 264
52
D Figures - Day 265
69
E Figures - Day 267
85
F Figures - Day 268
103
5
List of Figures
2-1
SPICEX Temperature Data (C)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-2
Source Positions: (S) SPICEX moored source, (T) I OAPEX stations
18
2-3
Ship course during NPAL experiment . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
21
2-4
Multibeam bathymetry: top-down view . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
23
2-5
Multibeam bathymetry: isometric view . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
24
2-6
XBT example: temperature profile
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
25
2-7
XBT example: sound velocity profile . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
26
2-8
Five Octave Research Array Sensor Spacing
. . . .
. . . . . . . . .
27
3-1
Linear array along z-axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
30
3-2
Array steered to (solid) broadside; (dashed) endfire
. . . . . . . . .
31
3-3
Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
38
3-4
Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
39
3-5
Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
39
3-6
Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
40
3-7
Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
40
3-8
Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
41
4-1
Received SPICEX Source 1 acoustic energy (dB)
44
4-2
Received SPICEX Source 2 acoustic energy (dB)
45
C-1 Data file jd264073326Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . .
53
C-2 Data file jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . .
54
6
17
C-3 Data file jd264093326Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
C-4 Data file jd264102234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
C-6 Data file jd264123326Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
C-7 Data file jd264133326Spiceb.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
C-8 Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
C-9 Data file jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
C-10 Data file jd264173326Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
C-11 Data file jd264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
C-12 Data file jd264203233Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
C-13 Data file jd264213233Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
C-14 Data file jd264213233Spiceb.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
C-15 Data file jd264222202KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
C-16 Data file jd264233233Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
D-1 Data file jd265003233Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
D-2 Data file jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
D-3 Data file jd265022123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
D-4 Data file jd265022123KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
D-5 Data file jd265033144Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
D-6 Data file jd265043144Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
D-7 Data file jd265053144Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
D-8 Data file jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
D-9 Data file jd265073144Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
D-10 Data file jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
D-11 Data file jd265093144SpiceL1OOO.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
D-12 Data file jd265113207SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
D-13 Data file jd265123207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
D-14 Data file jd265133207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
C-5 Data file jd264113326Spiceb.DAT.D8
7
D-15 Data file jd265153207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
E-1 Data file jd267062333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
... ..
84
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
E-2 Data file jd267083408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
E-3 Data file jd267093408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
E-4 Data file jd267102333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
E-5 Data file jd267113408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
E-6 Data file jd267123408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
E-7 Data file jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
E-8 Data file jd267142333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
E-9 Data file jd267153408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
E-10 Data file jd267163408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
E-11 Data file jd267173408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
E-12 Data file jd267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
E-13 Data file jd267193408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
E-14 Data file jd267203408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
E-15 Data file jd267213408Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
E-16 Data file jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
E-17 Data file jd267233230Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
F-1 Data file jd268003230Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104
F-2 Data file jd268013230Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
F-3 Data file jd268022159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
F-4 Data file jd268033230Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
F-5 Data file jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
F-6 Data file jd268053230Spice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
F-7 Data file jd268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
110
F-8 Data file jd26807314ISpicea.DAT.D8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
F-9 Data file jd26808314ISpice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
F-10 Data file jd26809314ISpice.DAT.D8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
8
F-11 Data file jd268102119KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
. . . . . . .
F-12 Data file jd268113141Spice.DAT.D8 . . . .
. . . . . . . 115
F-13 Data file jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8 . . . .
. . . . . . .
116
F-14 Data file jd268133222Spice.DAT.D8 . . . .
. . . . . . .
117
F-15 Data file jd268142200KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8
. . . . . . .
118
F-16 Data file jd268153217SpiceLl600.DAT.D8
. . . . . . .
119
9
114
List of Tables
2.1
Kauai Source ........
2.2
LOAPEX Sources . . . . . . ..
2.3
SPICEX Sources
...............................
18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
10
Chapter 1
Introduction
This thesis describes my research on long-range underwater sound propagation around
seamounts using data from the NPAL 2004 BASSEX experiment.
Understanding how sound propagates through range-dependent ocean waveguides
is a particularly challenging field due to the complexity and scale of the environment.
1.1
Motivation
My research was supported by the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research,
contract number N00014-04-1-0124. The general goal my research is to improve the
understanding of underwater acoustics.
The primary application of my work is to improve our ability to detect and conceal
submarines, particularly behind seamounts. Seamounts are a common topographic
feature in many of the world's oceans. Underwater seamounts can be used to hide
submarines by absorbing and reflecting the sound they emit.
Another possible application is to aid in the detection of illegal underwater nuclear
weapons testing as part of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization.
The depth-dependent sound velocity profile of typical ocean waveguides force
sound to travel in convergence zones about a minimum sound speed depth. This
ducted nature of the ocean, the so called SOFAR channel [1], makes modeling the
11
acoustic field around seamounts particularly challenging, compared to an isovelocity
medium. The conical shape of seamounts also adds to the complexity of the scatter
field.
This research will be used to better understand how seamounts affect low-frequency
sound wave propagation to help detect and conceal submarines.
1.2
Previous Work
Acoustic field scattering by seamounts has been examined through experimentation
and acoustic theory. However, due to the complexity of the problem, results found
in the literature fail to provide a complete understanding of how seamounts scatter
acoustic energy.
1.2.1
Experimental approach to the problem
Wage [2] analyzed data taken from the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate
(ATOC) experiment, where a source, moored on the Pioneer Seamount, transmitted a signal to vertical line arrays in Hawaii and Kiritimati. She showed that the
Pioneer Seamount was responsible for weak, late arrival signals in the receptions,
and that modes 1 through 10 have low coherence at megameter ranges. The effects
that seamounts have on sound propagation is therefore of interest, and a complete
understanding of these effects is important to the field of underwater acoustics.
Ebbeson and Turner
[3]
used experimental results and ray tracing to measure the
scattering field around the Dickins Seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. They
showed that the acoustic energy inside the shadow zone can drop as much at 15dB,
compared with that of the field outside the shadow zone, and that the shape of the
shadow zone corresponds roughly to the projected width of the seamount.
12
1.2.2
Theoretical approach to the problem
Taroukadis [4] modeled a seamount as a set of superimposed rings, where each of the
rings is a range-independent environment. This method, however, can yield numerically unstable results. Inspired by Taroukadis, Eskenazi
[5]
modeled a seamount with
cylinders, of decreasing diameter, stacked on top of one another. He used a Direct
Global Matrix approach for numerically modeling the size of the perturbation zone
around a seamount, for a point source, which offered better numerical stability. The
results from his work show that a perturbation zone appears behind seamounts and
fans out with boundaries on each side tangent to the seamount and passing through
the source. The perturbation zone can contain regions of higher or lower acoustic
energy than the region outside of the zone the same distance away from the source.
He also showed that the perturbation zone "heals" itself a far enough distance away
from the seamount.
1.3
Experimental Approach
Eskenazi's work provides, in part, the background for my research. He suggested the
necessity of experimental verification of his numerical simulations, in particular the
shape of the perturbation zone behind a seamount.
One of the goals of the BASSEX experiment was to measure this perturbation
zone around the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount in the Pacific Ocean using a towed
hydrophone array and broadband point sources in the 0-250Hz range.
My work
involved gathering and analyzing data from the hydrophone array recorded near the
Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount when the point sources were active. To accurately verify
theoretical results, multibeam echo depth sounding was performed to measure the
complex bathymetry around the seamount and expendable bathythermometers were
launched to measure sound velocity profiles. The Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount was
expected to scatter energy in a manner consistent with the cylindrical seamount model
explored by Eskenazi; however, the size and shape of the two types of seamounts are
13
not the same.
From previous experiments, theoretical results, and Huygen's principle, I assert
that seamounts should block sound propagation in such a way that a fan shaped
shadow zone appears behind them containing regions of high and low signal energy
relative to the surrounding area.
1.4
Roadmap
This thesis is organized in the following fashion:
Chapter 2 - Background, describes environment and equipment used in the experiments
Chapter 3 - Data Analysis, describes beamforming techniques and matched filtering
Chapter 4 - Results, describes and discusses results
Chapter 5 - Conclusion, summarizes the results and offers suggestions for future
work
Appendix A - contains nomenclature used in beamformer and matched filter development
Appendix B - contains computer hardware and software information
Appendix C - figures showing processed data and charts from Day 264
Appendix D - figures showing processed data and charts from Day 265
Appendix E - figures showing processed data and charts from Day 267
Appendix F - figures showing processed data and charts from Day 268
14
Chapter 2
Background
A simplified view of seamounts is to treat them as cylindrical objects in the ocean.
A plane wave propagating through the ocean would be blocked by the seamount, but
propagate undisturbed everywhere else. Christian Huygens (1629-1695), the Dutch
physicist-astronomer, hypothesized that every point on an advancing wavefront can
be treated as an spherically spreading point source in an isotropic medium [6]. This
implies that the wavefronts not blocked by the seamount would act as two continuous
line arrays starting at the seamount and extending to plus and minus infinity.
In the far-field, or beyond the Fresnel distance [7], the perturbation in the acoustic
field from the seamount will be small compared with that of the original plane wave.
This could be referred to as the healing distance of the perturbation zone, where the
field has approximately the same amplitude and phase as would exist if no seamount
were present in the waveguide.
It is with this principle, previous work, and U.S. Navy concerns that an experiment
was designed to measure the scattering field around a seamount.
2.1
The BASSEX/SPICEX/LOAPEX Experiments
NPAL is an experiment, funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), to test the
limits of underwater acoustics and improve our understanding of the ocean. One of
15
the goals of NPAL is to better understand how ocean variability and the ambient
sound field affect long-range acoustic propagation
[8].
After the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) demonstration, ONR
began sponsorship of NPAL; ATOC showed that a small number of acoustic transmitters and receivers could adequately characterize temperature changes across an
entire ocean basin. In 2004, NPAL was funded to conduct the SPICEX, LOAPEX,
and BASSEX experiments. All three experiments were coincident upon each other
and ran between September and October of 2004.
Three acoustic transceivers were moored prior to the experiments, two south of
the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount Complex in the central Pacific Ocean and one offshore of Kauai Island, Hawaii. Two automated vertical line arrays (VLA's) were also
moored before the experiments. The VLA's were designed to listen to the moored
sources and to ship-deployed sources. Tables 2.1 through 2.3 describe each of the
sources used during the experiments [8].
Two ships were used during the experiments, the R/V Roger Revelle and the
R/V Melville. The R/V Melville carried an acoustic transceiver, deployed using the
ship's A-frame. The transceiver was lowered into the water at various stations across
the Pacific Ocean and transmitted M-sequences and prescription frequency modulated
(PFM) signals. The R/V Roger Revelle towed the Five Octave Research Array, a
horizontal hydrophone array designed to listen to all of the sources deployed during
these experiments.
2.1.1
SPICEX
The SPICEX experiment was designed to measure ocean "spiciness," a term referring
to salinity, temperature, and pressure variations that mimic ocean internal waves.
(Wage's [2] work, discussed earlier, showed how Garret-Munk internal waves reduced
modal coherence at megameter ranges.) These variations add randomness to the
sound velocity profile of the ocean, altering sound paths. SPICEX measured ocean
spiciness between the moored sources and VLA's. Figure 2-1 is an example temper16
.. .. .......
...
.....
XBT Temperature Profile
3
50
100
30
25
150
20
. 200
15
O 250
300
10
350
5
400
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
File number
Figure 2-1: SPICEX Temperature Data (0 C)
ature profile taken during the NPAL experiment to help understand ocean spiciness.
Figure 2-2 is a chart containing the locations of the VLA's and the moored sources
during the experiments.
2.1.2
LOAPEX
The Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation Experiment, or LOAPEX, was designed
to study the evolution of the acoustic arrival pattern with range, understand acoustic
energy transmission below critical depth, and observe the effects of bottom interaction
on sound propagation. The experiment used the source deployed by theR/V Melville,
which moved to each station, shown in figure 2-2, and transmitted M-sequence and
PFM signals. VLA's deployed for the SPICEX experiment were also used during the
LOAPEX experiment to listen to the signals arriving from the R/V Melville and to
the source off-shore of Kauai Island.
17
Source Locations
40
-1000
-2000
35
.C
-j
[.
-3000
-4000
30
-5000
25
-6000
20
-7000
-170
-160
-140
-150
-130
Longitude
Figure 2-2: Source Positions: (S) SPICEX moored source, (T) LOAPEX stations
Table 2.1: Kauai Source
ATOC/NPAL Kauai Source
center frequency
cycles/digit
digit length
sequence length
sequence period
sequence law
artifact location
sequence initialization
phase modulation angle
sequence repetitions transmitted
transmission duration
source level
latitude
longitude
depth
distance to Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount
18
75
2
26.6667
1023
27.2800
34718
474
10008
89.2092150
44
1200.3200
195
22020.949360'
159034.195440'
811
2,253
Hz
msec
digits (degree 10)
sec
sec
dB re 1 pPa at 1 m
N
w
meters
km
able 2.2: LOAPEX Sources
center frequency
law [octal]
cycles/digit
sequence period
digits
phase modulation angle
source level
depth
Transponder
T50
T250
T500
T1000
T1600
T2300
T3200
68
2033
75
2033
2
2
30.0882
1023
89.2092150
194-195
350-500
27.2800
1023
89.2092150
195
800
Latitude N
33 030.1739'N
33 051.7400'N
34 0 14.4812'N
34 051.4010'N
35 0 17.0151'N
35 0 18.8621'N
34"38.3490'N
Hz
sec
dB re 1 pPa at 1 m
meters
Longitude W
138 009.1720'W
140 0 16.7100'W
142 049.7375'W
148 0 13.5529'W
154 0 53.7680'W
162 0 34.9580'W
172 0 24.4210'W
Depth (m)
5176
5366
5286
5868
Table 2.3: SPICEX Sources
HLF-5 Acoustic Sources
center frequency
cycles/digit
digit length
sequence length
sequence period
sequence initialization
phase modulation angle
sequence repetitions transmitted
transmission duration
source level
distance to Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount (Si)
distance to Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount (S2)
250
2
12.0000
1023
12.2760
10008
89.2092150
11
135.0360
192
616.8
503.9
Hz
msec
digits (degree 10)
sec
see
dB re 1 pPa at 1 m
km
km
Source
Sequence Law
Artifact Location
Latitude
Longitude
Depth
S1
20338
34718
531
474
34 0 19.46'N
34 0 58.49'N
142 0 58.82'W
148 0 22.68'W
750 m
750 m
S2
19
2.1.3
BASSEX
The Basin Acoustic Seamount Scattering Experiment (BASSEX) was designed to
measure the scattering effects of the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount and characterize
bottom interaction around the Kauai source.
Sound/sea floor interaction
The Kauai source is a 75Hz M-sequence source located 811 meters below the surface
of the ocean. The gradually down-sloping ocean bottom makes off-shore Kauai Island
an ideal location for measuring sound/sea floor interaction.
Seamount scattering
The Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount is one of the largest seamounts in the world. It
shoals at roughly 900 meters in a region of the ocean with an average sea floor depth
of approximately 5000 meters. Just to the south-east of the Kermit Seamount is a
smaller seamount (nicknamed "Elvis") that shoals at 1300 meters. The size of these
seamounts make them ideal to measure the scattering field of a seamount.
The BASSEX Experiment
2.2
On September 13th, 2004, along with my advisor, I joined the scientific crew aboard
the R/V Roger Revelle in Honolulu, Hawaii. Our primary mission was to tow the
ONR Five Octave Research Array around the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount Complex,
around the SPICEX sources, and off-shore Kauai Island. Onboard the research vessel
I recorded array data, processed multibeam echo sounder data, and launched expendable bathythermometers (XBT's).
To measure the length of the perturbation zone behind the seamount, the array
was towed along paths that intersected the seamounts and the desired sources. The
array was also towed perpendicular to these paths in order to obtain a measurement
20
,
__
____
-- == --- -
RV Revelle Course Track
'40
35
CU
-1
30
25
20
-170
-165
-160
-155
-150
-145
-140
-135
-130
Longitude
Figure 2-3: Ship course during NPAL experiment
of the width of the perturbation zone behind the seamount. Back scattering was measured by towing the array in front of the seamounts, relative to the source. Forward
scattering was measured by towing the array behind and directly over the seamounts,
relative to the source.
Figure 2-3 shows the ship track of the R/V Roger Revelle
throughout the experiment.
2.2.1
Multibeam Bathymetry
During the seamount scattering part of the BASSEX experiment, multibeam bathymetry data was recorded to obtain an accurate measure of the size and shape of the
seamounts. This was important because of inconsistencies we discovered, prior to the
experiment, between available bathymetry databases, including the Smith-Sandwell
bathymetry database [9], version 8.2, and the General Bathymetry Chart of the Ocean
(GEBCO) [10]. These databases do provide a consistent location for the seamounts,
21
-----
-4d
which allowed us to plan the course of the R/V Roger Revelle before the experiments
got underway.
The EM120 Multibeam Swathbathymetry Echo Sounder operated at 12kHz and
used 191 beams covering up to 150 degrees to get high resolution bathymetry while
underway. Figures 2-4 and 2-5 show the multibeam bathymetry gathered around
the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount Complex with a cubic interpolation applied to fill in
regions where data was not available.
2.2.2
Expendable Bathythermometers (XBT's)
XBT's are designed to measure temperature versus depth in the ocean. An XBT
was launched every four hours during the cruise. This data, as well as salinity, were
used to determine ocean spiciness and the sound velocity profile of the ocean. The
relationship between temperature, depth, salinity and sound speed is given by [11]
c = 1449.2 + 4.6T - 0.055T 2 + 0.00029T
3
(2.1)
+(1.34 - 0.01T)(S - 35) + 0.016z.
Sippican T-5 XBT's, capable of ±O.1 0 C and 65 cm accuracy, were used throughout
most of the cruise to gather temperature data. Figure 2-6 shows an example temperature file from a typical XBT cast and figure 2-7 shows the sound velocity profile
derived from the temperature profile using available salinity data.
2.2.3
Five Octave Research Array
The Five Octave Research Array, or FORA, is a towed 162 element nested hydrophone
array developed by Pennsylvania State University and the Chesapeake Science Corporation. The acoustic sensors on the array are non-linearly spaced, designed to
maintain a relatively constant main lobe width for broadband beamforming. The
array is designed to listen to sound at frequencies around 250Hz (3 meter spacing in
1500m/s water) without aliasing; see Van Trees [12]. The sampling rate of the array
22
.........
.
-1000
40
-2000
39.5
0)
~0
0
-J
-4000
39 *..
-5000
.....
3 8 .5 L... . ..
.
-6000
................
3 8 :.
-147
-146.5
-146
-145.5
Latitude
Figure 2-4: Multibeam bathymetry: top-down view
23
-----
-----------
..
.....
.................................
............
0-1000
E
-2000
-2000
-4000
3000
-6000
-4000
-c
SD
0
40
39.5
395
-5000
*
-...
39
-6000
38.5
Latitude 38
-147
-146.5
-146
-145.5
Longitude
Figure 2-5: Multibeam bathymetry: isometric view
24
KRUS05RR XBT T5_00124.EDF
Temperature (degrees C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
0
100
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
600
600
700
700
800
800
900
900
CA)
E
5
10
'
15
E
2
1000
1000
1100
1100
1200
1200
1300
1300
1400
1400
1500
1500
1600
1600
1700
1700
1800
100
1900
1900
0
5
10
15
20
25
Temperature (degrees C)
Figure 2-6: XBT example: temperature profile
25
30
35
KRUSO5RR.svp. 1 00/T5_00124.EDF
Sound Velocity (m/sec)
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
0
100
100
200
A
200
_
300
300
400
400
500
500
600
600
700
700
800
800
000
900
1000
1000
1100
-1100
1200
1200
1300
1300
1400
1400
1500
1500
1600
1600
1700
-1700
1800
1800
1900
1450
1460
1900
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
Sound Velocity (m/sec)
Figure 2-7: XBT example: sound velocity profile
26
1550
1560
FORA Sensor Spacing
100
80
60
40
20
-.
E
CD
-Cz
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
C
20
40
60
80
I
I
I
I
100
120
140
160
180
Sensor
Figure 2-8: Five Octave Research Array Sensor Spacing
is 6250Hz. The array was towed at approximately 3-4 knots at a depth of about 300
meters throughout the experiment. The array was operated by a team from Pennsyl-
vania State University, led by Kyle Becker. Figure 2-8 shows the array sensor spacing.
2.3
Summary
All of the NPAL experiments were generally very successful.
Throughout the ex-
periments the R/V Roger Revelle crew made 316 recordings, containing 738 trans-
missions, with the FORA array. The data files were large due to the high, 6250Hz
sampling frequency of the array, and were thus decimated to a 781.25Hz sampling
rate.
In the following chapters, I will lay out the process through which I calculated
27
the acoustic energy from the BASSEX array recordings to determine the size and
shape of the perturbation zone around the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount. Only data
files containing transmissions from the two SPICEX sources were processed. Results
will be compared with previous work.
28
Chapter 3
Data Analysis
The goal of my research was to measure the size and shape of the acoustic perturbation
zone created behind seamounts in the ocean. Adaptive beamforming and matched
filtering were used to calculate the amount of acoustic energy measured for each Msequence reception recorded during the cruise. The location of each reception was
determined using Global Positioning coordinates; error in WAAS enabled GPS is
often less than 5m and has little effect on my results because of the relative scale of
the perturbation zone [13].
3.1
Beamforming
Beamforming is a process by which the outputs of an array are weighted by gains and
time shifts in order to filter signals in a space-time field [12]. There are many applications for beamforming, including array steering and reducing signal interference.
3.1.1
Array Steering
During the experiment it was common for two signals to arrive at the same time. The
course of the ship was charted in such a way that the direction of arrival for each of
the overlapping signals was always different. This allowed us to electronically "steer"
the array in the direction of one signal and filter out the other.
29
n
N-2
1
0
7--d
0
h0
N-i
:0
:: z
'0
Figure 3-1: Linear array along z-axis
Figure 3-1 shows a linear array which is a crude model for the FORA towed array
used in our experiment. The symbol 0 represents the arrival angle of a plane wave
signal incident on the array. An angle of 0' is referred to as endfire and angle of 900
is referred to as broadside. The black dots in the figure represent the N hydrophones
in the array, where d is the spacing between them.
Time delays are applied to each sensor output to steer an array. The steering
direction will be referred to as 0.
The time delay of each sensor must be the same
as the travel time of a plane wave, arriving at 04, from a reference sensor. The time
delay to be applied to sensor n is
rn =
C
0,
(3.1)
where p, is the distance from the reference sensor and c is the speed of the plane wave.
For a horizontal towed array, plane waves arriving at any angle about the axis of the
array will have the same sensor arrival times. This results in port/starbord ambiguity;
an important property to account for when planning the NPAL experiments.
Figure 3-2 shows the beampatterns for a linear, uniformly spaced line array with
arbitrary values for frequency, sound speed, sensor number and spacing chosen. The
beampatterns give arrival direction versus attenuation, a measure of a beamformer's
ability to remove unwanted signals. The broadside beamformer clearly has a better resolution than the endfire beamformer. This characteristic makes it important
to keep the array physically positioned so desired signals arrive close to broadside,
whenever possible.
30
0
I
I
It
-51
I
/
'
(\I
I
-0-150
-20
,I_
-25
-150
-100
-50
g
50
100
150
Figure 3-2: Array steered to (solid) broadside; (dashed) endfire
This type of beamformer is commonly referred to as a conventional beamformer.
Different gains can be applied to each sensor output to change the beamwidth of the
main lobe and sidelobe heights in the array beampattern.
3.1.2
The Ambient Noise Field
The ambient noise field of the ocean makes it difficult to accurately measure signal
energy. Wenz [14] showed that ship traffic creates noise in the 50-500Hz range and
can propagate more than 1000 miles. During World War II, measurements [15] of the
deep-water noise field were taken in the 500Hz to 25kHz range. The results showed
that breaking whitecaps, cavitation, wind-sea surface interaction, and surface waves
all contributed to the ambient noise field. Other sources of noise include thermal,
biological, engine noise, ocean turbulence, and seismic disturbances [1].
31
3.1.3
Adaptive Beamforming
With a weighting technique known as the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response
beamformer (MVDR), or Capon beamformer, it is possible to minimize the variance
of the beamformer output in the presence of noise. The ambient noise field must be
accurately measured and the field must be stationary over the duration of the signal
reception in order to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio.
The two criteria for the MVDR beamformer are that it must minimize the variance of the output and it must be distortionless. MVDR beamformer weights are
designed in the frequency domain. The beamformer is written as a sensor weight
vector, W (w), where w is radial frequency and the vector represents the weights
applied to each sensor. Similar to the weighted least squares approach, the optimum
weight vector can be determined by first deriving a distortionless constraint and then
applying Lagrange multipliers. For more information on Capon beamformers, see
Van Trees [12].
To start, the output of an array for a deterministic signal in the presence of noise
is
X(w)
=
X,(w) + N(w),
(3.2)
where X,(w) is the signal of interest and N(w) is the noise interference. The output
of the beamformer is
Y(w) = W'(w) [Xs(w) + N(w)] ,
(3.3)
and, for a zero-mean random process, the expected value of the beamformer output
is
E[Y(w)] = Wf'(w)Xs(w).
(3.4)
For a plane wave signal arriving at angle 0, this implies
Wf'(w)v(W : 0)
32
=
1,
(3.5)
where v(w : 0,) is the output of the array. This is the distortionless constraint.
The variance of the output of the beamformer is
var[F(w)] = W '(w)S,(w)Wo(w),
(3.6)
where Sn(w) is the spectral covariance matrix of the noise field. This value must be
estimated and will be discussed later.
To impose the constraints we use a Lagrange multiplier and minimize
JAWH (w)S,(w)Wo(w) + A(w) WH
+A*(w)
[W'(WV(W 0')(3.7)
vH (W : 08)WO(w) - 11
Using complex gradients, and the distortionless constraint, the optimum weight vector
is given by
WHH
vH(w :
:
()S3.(w)v(
()8)
Discrete-time broadband signal processing
The M-sequences generated by the two SPICEX sources were broadband signals with
a 100Hz bandwidth, modulated to 250Hz. All of the array data were decimated to
781.25Hz to reduce processing time, which is above the Nyquist rate.
A Fast Fourier transform (FFT) must be applied to each sensor output. The FFT
length must be chosen such that it is longer that the amount of time the signal takes
to travel the length of the array at endfire. If L is the length of the array, and c is
sound speed, i, is the lower FFT length limit given by
K
=
L
C
.*(3.9)
For data sampled at 781.25Hz, the lower limit on the FFT length is approximately
100. Baggeroer and Cox [16] suggested increasing the FFT lower limit to 8K to avoid
phase errors; this yields an FFT length limit of 794. The trade off of increasing
33
the FFT length is that it reduces the number of "snap-shots," frequency samples,
available to estimate Sn(w). I chose to use a 512-point FFT for all of the data files,
which gives 1.53Hz frequency bins.
In MATLAB, the function specgram was used to efficiently transform the array
data into the frequency domain, generating snap-shots of the frequency domain every
2 5 6 th
sample. See Oppenheim [17] for more information on Fast-Fourier Transforms.
Spectral Noise Covariance Matrix Estimation
The SPICEX sources transmitted at predetermined times every hour. This made it
possible to predict when a signal would arrive at the array given the location of the
source and ship, and the speed of sound in the water. In effect, we had an active
sonar system which allowed us to measure the spectral covariance matrix during time
samples when the signal was not present. This matrix is used in the Capon algorithm,
equation 3.8, to derive sensor weights.
An estimate of the spectral covariance matrix can be calculated using
1 K
$Z
( Xi(w)X (w),
(3.10)
where Xi is a vector of sensor outputs at snap-shot i. The most common criterion
for choosing the number of snap-shots to estimate Sn(w) is to have K > 2N, as
shown by Reed et al [18]. Carlson [19] suggested that diagonal loading can be used in
the case where the number of snap-shots is between N and 2N. Three reasons why
fewer snap-shots might be used are: if there are not enough time samples to generate
enough snap-shots, if the noise is not stationary, or if the array is physically turning.
In our experiment there was plenty of data immediately before and after each
reception, allowing us to meet the criterion set by Reed. A low amount of diagonal
loading was used because of very minor instability in the array during the experiment.
34
The diagonal loading for most of the data files was set to
doad =
100
trace X(w)X(w)H(3.11)
MVDR beamforming data
To process the data, I first estimated the spectral covariance matrix for each frequency
bin using 361 snap-shots, only using frequency bins within the bandwidth of the Msequence signals. I then calculated the optimum weight vector at each frequency
bin for 6, between 0' and 180'. These weight vectors were multiplied with the sensor
data, in the frequency domain, for every snap-shot calculated from the recording, and
the magnitude was plotted to determine arrival angle. Figure 3-4 is an example of the
adaptive beamformer response showing time versus signal arrival angle. Using the
beamformer response plot, the correct steering angle was determined for each signal.
The time domain outputs for each sensor were then filtered using the beamformer
frequency responses determined from the weights at each frequency bin at the desired
angle. The fftfilt command in MATLAB was used to improve computation time. The
filtered sensor outputs were then finally summed. The fftfilt function takes advantage
of the overlap-add method of discrete time filtering; see Oppenheim [17] for more
information on this method.
3.2
Matched Filtering
Matched filtering is a technique used to measure travel time, Doppler shift, and
energy by correlating received signals with the transmitted signal. In the BASSEX
experiment, M-sequence signals were used because their matched filter response is
robust to noise. I used the power in the matched filter responses of each reception to
measure the size of the perturbation zone behind the seamount.
For an arbitrary signal, q(t), which passes through a waveguide with transfer
35
function h(t), a single sensor output is given as
r (t) = q(t) * h(t).
(3.12)
The transfer function can be complicated in the ocean because attenuation and sound
paths vary with frequency. In the 200-300Hz range, however, the attenuation and
sound paths do not vary greatly; h(t) can be simplified to a time delay and gain
factor.
The matched filter implemented by convolving r(t) with the original signal and
the output is given by
y(t) = h(t) * q(t) * q(-t) = h(t) * Rq(t),
(3.13)
where Rq(t) is the autocorrelation of the original signal. In the presence of noise
signal n(t), the output of the matched filter is
y(t) = h(t) * q(t) * q(-t) + n(t) * q(-t) - h(t) * Rqq(t) + Rnq(t).
(3.14)
The autocorrelation of any signal peaks at zero seconds. This property implies that
the peak output of the matched filter will correspond to the time delay of the system
and the size of the peak will indicate the attenuation.
For the purposes of my work, only relative signal strength is important. No effort
was made to determine the amount of transmission loss, or attenuation, between the
source and receiver and travel time is not determined; this is left for further study.
3.2.1
Measuring Doppler shift
The speed of the array relative to the sources creates a Doppler shift that must be
applied to the reference signal before convolving it with data. The FORA array was
towed between 3-4 knots throughout the experiment. The relationship between the
36
amount of Doppler shift and the receiver speed is [I]
f'v
fD-
where
f, is
(3.15)
the frequency of the signal and v is the velocity of the receiver.
In order to get good matched filter performance it was necessary to estimate the
Doppler shift before correlating the signals. A trial and error approach was used to
estimate the Doppler shift. The original signal was stretched and compressed, then
correlated with the beamformed array data. The correlation that gave the highest
response was taken as the final matched filter output. Energy calculations for each
reception were made by summing the square of the absolute value of the matched
filter output.
Each M-sequence signal transmitted by the SPICEX sources contained 12 periods.
Small variability in the speed of the ship, due to environmental factors, compelled us
to sample the Doppler shift during each period of every reception. This resulted in a
stronger matched filter output.
Matched Filter Results
Figures 3-3 through 3-8 show example matched filter results from data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT. Figure 3-3 is a chart showing the location where the signal reception
was made. The black line connects the array and source S1 and the red line connects
the array and source S2.
Figure 3-4 is the beamformer response during the recording of the two SPICEX
sources. The sound from S2 is known to arrive first given its distance to the array
compared with S1. This and the figure imply that the signal from S1 is arriving at approximately 20 degrees off endfire and the signal from S2 is arriving at approximately
50 degrees off endfire.
Figures 3-5 and 3-7 show the Doppler shift versus period which needs to be applied to the reference signal used in the matched filter. This figure was generated
37
...
.
..
.......
.........
........
..........
...
..............................
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
-1000
40-2000
-3000
-5000
38.5-/
-6000
38-
-147
-146
-146.5
-145.5
Longitude
Figure 3-3: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
by dividing the received signal into 50% overlapping sections, each two M-sequence
periods long, and matched filtering them with a reference signal. The reference signal
was stretched and compressed to mimic Doppler shifts. A range of Doppler shifts
were tried and the results were compared to find a maximum; this is an estimate of
the correct Doppler shift for each period. In both of these cases the array's speed and
direction were constant and the Doppler shift did not change versus time.
Figures 3-6 and 3-8 show the matched filer results for each signal. Again, the
received signal is divided into two-period-long segments with 50% overlap. The reference signal, with the correct Doppler shift, was convolved with each segment. The
received signal was divided into segments to view changing Doppler shift and estimate arrival time. The figures show multiple arrivals for both M-sequence signals as
near-vertical lines with slopes related to the speed and angle of the array relative to
the source.
38
............
.......
......
....
...
. .. ...............
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180160
!
140
10
F.
120
15
100
-20
80
-25
60
-30
40
-35
20
0"
0
-40
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
time (sec)
Figure 3-4: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
Doppler Shift - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
138
136
134
I
'0
132
130
0
128
126
124
122
120
Doppler Velocity (knots)
Figure 3-5: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
39
....
.......................
Matched Filter Results - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
8
138
136
10
134
132
K
12
130
-a
0
128
14
126
124
16
122
120
18
15.5
16
17
16.5
Time (sec)
17.5
18
Figure 3-6: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
Doppler Shift - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
2
134
4
132
6
-0
L
8
- 130
0
b..
128
12
126
14
16
124
18
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
5
Figure 3-7: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
40
-1
--
-
-
. ....
.- - - .- -
Matched Filter Results - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
134
2
132
130
128
126
5
-a
0
124
6
122
7
120
118
9
116
10
17.5
18
18.5
19
Time (sec)
19.5
20
Figure 3-8: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
3.2.2
LOAPEX recording glitches
Period-by-period matched filtering revealed "glitches" in the LOAPEX recordings.
Occasionally, pieces of data would simply be lost. They usually occurred approximately 300 seconds into each recording. These glitches effectively shrunk the received
signal, making it appear to have gone through a dramatic Doppler shift of over 20
knots, rather than the expected 0-4 knots.
For most recordings, there were few to no glitches in the SPICEX reception recordings.
41
--__ --_
_
-Ad
Chapter 4
Results
The perturbation zone behind the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount was measured by
beamforming and matched-filtering signal receptions recorded in that region. I predicted that a shadow zone would form behind the seamount, containing regions of
high and low acoustic energy, between 10 and 15dB, and that it would heal itself far
behind the seamount.
4.1
Adaptive Beamforming Results
I used an MVDR beamformer to process the data from the cruise for an improved
signal-to-noise ratio. This is especially needed at array endfire: the array's resolution
was poorest at endfire, noise from the ship engine arrived at endfire, and it was common to have M-sequence signals arrive at endfire. There were more than enough data
before and after each signal reception to accurately measure the spectral covariance
matrix. For every reception, the diagonal loading was set to 0.01, and 361 snap-shots
were used to estimate the spectral covariance matrix. Refer to Appendices C-F to
see the output from the beamformer and matched filter for each signal reception.
42
4.1.1
SPICEX Source 1 (Si)
Figure 4-1 shows the acoustic energy measured from Si around the Kermit-Roosevelt
Seamount Complex.
Each dot represents a location where we processed an M-
sequence. The solid, maroon contour lines are on the two tallest seamounts in the
complex, providing a reference. The arrow indicates the arrival direction of the signal from source Si. A cubic interpolation algorithm was used in MATLAB to fill in
regions of the chart where processed data was not available. Some kriging can be
observed in regions were data is unavailable.
A region of lower acoustic energy directly behind the northern-most seamount is
shown in the figure. This region has areas of relatively lower and higher acoustic
energy, going away from the seamount. From the data available, it is not possible
to state conclusively that the perturbation zone heals itself far behind the seamount;
however, it appears to heal to some degree. This is due to a lack of data in areas
outside of the perturbation zone.
4.1.2
SPICEX Source 2 (S2)
Figure 4-2 shows the acoustic energy measured from S2 around the Kermit-Roosevelt
Seamount Complex. Sound from S2 is arriving from the left corner. This chart clearly
shows a perturbation zone behind both the northern and southern seamounts. The
shadow zone behind the upper seamount appears to be stronger, perhaps since it
is the larger of the two seamounts. Again, there are not enough data behind the
northern-most seamount to conclusively say that the perturbation zone heals itself,
however, the southern-most seamount has more data behind it and there is a good
indication that the zone decreases in size and intensity far from the seamount.
This figure strongly supports my predictions about the shape of the perturbation
zone. There are data points in this example that run perpendicular to the sound
path between S2 and the northern-most seamount. These data points show that the
perturbation zone does indeed fan out behind the seamount.
43
......
..............
Si Energy Received
40
175
39.8
170
39.6
a,
a,
-'
39.4-
165
39.2-
160
39 F
155
38.8150
38.6-
145
38.4-146.8 -146.6 -146.4 -146.2
-146
-145.8 -145.6
Iongitude(deg)
Figure 4-1: Received SPICEX Source 1 acoustic energy (dB)
44
.
................
S2 Energy Received
175
39.8-.-
170
39.6-
165
CD39.4
160
-C,
39.2
155
39
38.8
150
38.6
38.4
S2:
145
..
-146.8 -146.6 -146.4 -146.2 -146 -145.8 -145.6
longitude(deg)
Figure 4-2: Received SPICEX Source 2 acoustic energy (dB)
45
4.2
Summary
The perturbation zone
The figures indicate that a perturbation zone formed behind each of the seamounts.
The scattering field was more visible in the S2 results. The shape of this perturbation
zone was consistent with theory; it fanned out behind the seamount and appeared to
heal itself.
Values in the perturbation zone
The acoustic energy inside of the shadow zone varied, with higher and lower regions,
compared with the surrounding field. The levels stayed within about 10dB inside of
the perturbation zone.
Adaptive beamforming method
The adaptive beamforming method reduced endfire noise and separated M-sequence
receptions well. Some data files could not be processed, however, because of high noise
levels, unexpected array movement, or missing signal receptions. Figures showing
beamformer response, matched filter output, doppler shift, and ship location for each
of the recordings processed are included in the appendices.
46
Chapter 5
Conclusion
5.1
Summary
In this thesis I explored how seamounts scatter acoustic energy through experimentation and signal processing methods. I used a towed hydrophone array to listen to
distant underwater sources in the Pacific Ocean in order to accurately measure the
size of the perturbation zone behind the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount.
By analyzing receptions from the two SPICEX sources, it was possible to visualize
the perturbation zone behind the seamount. The size and shape of the perturbation
zone was consistent with the theoretical model. Numerous signal receptions were
obtained in straight lines directly behind the seamounts.
Three improvements which could have been made to our experiment are:
" the addition of more side-to-side ship tracks to get an accurate measure of the
width of the perturbation zone.
" the extension of the ship track further behind the seamount to determine the
distance needed to heal the perturbation zone.
* the addition of parallel ship tracks outside of the perturbation zone to give a
clear reference energy level.
47
5.2
Future Work
There are many ways to extend this research. While this thesis focused entirely on
experimental results, numerical simulation could be used to further our understanding
of the effect of seamounts on sound propagation. Two specific ways in which this
research could be continued, beyond the improvements stated earlier, are:
" Experimentation. Use data from the NPAL experiment to identify different
sound paths to better understand the scatter field, in particular the diffraction extent of the seamount. Different types of adaptive beamformers should
be explored to improve array resolution, especially at endfire, in the 0-250Hz
frequency range.
* Use of computational acoustic modelers to validate results. Normal mode or parabolic acoustic modelers could be used to predict the scattering field around
the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount; discussed in Jensen et al
[20].
Two codes I
recommend are C-SNAP, produced by SACLANTCEN, and Range-dependent
Acoustic Modeler (RAM), a program written by Dr. Michael Collins for ONR.
C-SNAP is an accurate coupled-mode acoustic modeler and RAM is an fast
parabolic approximation acoustic modeler, primarily used by the U.S. Navy. To
model the scatter field around a seamount, a three dimensional acoustic modeler
will most likely be needed.
48
Appendix A
Nomenclature
boldface variables represent column vectors or matrices
c
=
sound speed
T
=
temperature
S
-
salinity
z
depth
m
meters
s
-
seconds
Hz
=
hertz
kHz
kilohertz
dB
decebel
T=
time delay for sensor n
p
=
distance of sensor n from reference sensor
H
=
Hermetian transpose (complex-conjugate transpose)
w
=
radians per second
complex conjugate of x
x*=
N
=
number of array sensors
49
steering direction
0=
spectral covariance matrix
Sr(w)
=
S"(w)
=
estimate of the spectral covariance matrix
Rq(t)
=
autocorrelation of q(t)
Rnq(t)
-
cross-correlation of n(t) and q(t)
W 0 (w)
-
MVDR weigth vector
array output for plane wave arriving at 0,
v(W : 0,)
-
A(w)
=
Lagrange multiplier at frequency w
*
=
convolution
50
Appendix B
Computing technical detail
The computations described in this thesis were performed using IBM-PC compatible
computers running the Redhat Linux operating system. Linux is a free OS for computers using the Intel and Alpha microprocessors. More information on Linux can be
obtained from http://www.linux.org.
My code was written entirely in Matlab. This is a high-level computer environment for numerical computation and visualization marketed by The MathWorks
(http://www.mathworks.com).
The signal processing toolbox was used to perform
fast Fourier transforms, filtering, and data visualization.
Purchased for the BASSEX experiment, a computer containing a 3.2GHz CPU,
2GB of RAM, and 1TB of hard disk space was used to run my Matlab code. A
second identical machine was purchased as part of the experiment for data storage.
Raw data was stored on 250GB SATA hard drives.
51
Appendix C
Figures - Day 264
(a)
a chart showing the location where the data file was recorded
(b)
beamformer output showing angle of signal arrival with time
(c)
doppler shift versus period for Si
(d)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for Si
(e)
doppler shift versus period for S2
(f)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for S2
52
.....
.......................
....
...................
.....
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264073326Spice.DAT.D8
-2000
3m40
3
I
3000
CO
.000
39
38.5
Longitude
(a)
60
40
20
404
0
0
0
50
1
100
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd264073326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd264073326Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
128
2
128
126
4
127
124
122
6126
120
125
0
00
110
0~
Ils
114
112
112
182
110
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
15.5
5
16
16.5
17
Time (sec)
17.5
18
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264073326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
Doooler Shift - id264073326Soice.DAT.D8, Source2
138
136
134
132
I
'0
.2
Z5
130
128
126
124
0
14.5
5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
15
15.5
16
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-1: Data file jd264073326Spice.DAT.D8
53
16.5
17
.........
.......
..........
...
.............
. ......
1
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
5
140
120
2000
9100
39.
20
***
80
3
60
000
3g
38.5-
38-
203
0
-147
-146.5
Longitude
-146
-145.5
-40
0
50
200
150
time (sac)
100
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
130
138
136
136
134
132
130
130
132
0
a
i
128
128
0~
126
126
124
124
122
120
18
14
15
14.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
15.5
Time (sec)
16
16.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
136
136
2
3
4
134
1
132
130
10
132
130
0
a
0
61
124
79
122
126
8
120
124
9
118
U
12
18
1
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
19
19.5
20.5
20
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-2: Data file jd264083326Spice.DAT.D8
54
21
21.5
.........
. ........
.. ......
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264093326Spice.DAT.D8
0
160
5
140
10
-2000
120
15
40
Ce
39
38.5-
38
I
20
8(
IM
-4H
147
-146
-146.5
-145.5
Longitude
-30
-35
40
0
50
100
jd264093326Spice.DATD8,
200
250
time (sec)
300
350
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift -
150
Matched Filter Results - jd264093326Spice.DAT.D8, Source
8
Sourcel
130
130
120
126
128
12
126
02
a 1'
124
120
a-
116
122
114
112
120
18
11.5
185
12
12.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
-
13.5
14
(d)
(c)
Doooler Shift
13
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd264093326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
id264093326Soice.DAT.D8. Source2
2
134
132
3
130
132
128
130
-05
126
1
-
6
10
124
128
712
126
124
8
120
9
lie
1)
116
18.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
19
19.5
20
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-3: Data file jd264093326Spice.DAT.D8
55
20.5
21
Beampattern B(ttheta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264102234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
160
0
40
2000
120
39.5 3300
31
5000
-30
38.5-
-35
-6000
38-
I
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sac)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Doooler Shift - id264102234KauaiSoice.DAT.D8. Sourcel
132
Matched Filter Results - jd264102234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
8
132
130
131
10
12p
12
124
130
129
122
127
ID
14
120
16
11
126
125
124
123
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
21
5
21.5
22
22.5
Time (sec)
23
23.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results -jd264102234KauaiSpice.D AT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264102234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
140
140
2
136
3
136
4
136
136
134
132
0-
c- 6
128
130
7
126
8
126
128
124
185
124
9
10
16.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
17
17.5
18
Time (sac)
18.5
(M
Figure C-4: Data file jd264102234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
56
19
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd264113326Spiceb.DAT.D8
160
40
140
120
-15
39.5 -
20
80
1
0
39-
-25
I
-30
38.5-
.0
40
-147
-146.5
-146
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
350
300
250
200
time (sec)
150
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264113326Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source
Doonler Shift - id264113326Soiceb.DAT.D8. Sourcel
12
127
10
11
126
122
11
0
0
123
15
12
16
17
112
121
18
120
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
5
175
18
17.5
18
1.5
1100
1
18.5
19
Time (sec)
19.5
20
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results -jd264113326Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - id264113326Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source2
134
2
134
132
3
132
130
4
130
42
-2 5
Bs
128
612
712
126
812
124
9
l
122
101
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
17.5
18
18.5
19
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-5: Data file jd264113326Spiceb.DAT.D8
57
19.5
20
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
(m)
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
-jd264123326Spice.DAT.D8
160
140
120
U40I
I
400
39
-20
C0
-30
s5000
38.5-
38Longitude
(a)
Doppler Shift -
jd264123326Spice.DAT.D8,
35
50
0
100
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd264123326Spice.DAT.D8, Source
Sourcel
130
128
126
'0
0
0~
ii
CL
124
122
120
-5
17
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
Time (sec)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results
Doppler Shift - jd264123326Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
id264123326Spice.DAT.D8,
Source 2
136
1
136
134
134
132
132
130
10
128
S130
128
'0
.2
08
12
126
122
14
120
124
110
122
16
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
16.5
17.5
17
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-6: Data file jd264123326Spice.DAT.D8
58
18
18.5
Beampattern B(ttheta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd264133326Spiceb.DAT.D8
40
160
-5
140
-10
120
-15
39.5-0
3000
38.51
-147
-146.5
-146
100
50
0
-145.5
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
350
300
250
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264133326Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source 1
9I
Doooler Shift - id264133326Soiceb.DAT.D8. Sourcel
N
132
130
128
*0
126
.
o.124
122
120
118
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
18
17.5
5
18.5
19
Time (sec)
19.5
20
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264133326Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264133326Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source2
138
136
134
134
132
-o 5
130
130
a-
128
-6
128
7
126
8
124
9
122
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
120
124
10
(e)
17.5
18
19
18.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-7: Data file jd264133326Spiceb.DAT.D8
59
19.5
20
...
....
........
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
1800
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
160
40
5
140
-2000
120
9100
30 39-
20
4000
80
60
40
38.5-
20
1
15
100
150
-60
-4
-147
-146
146.5
0
-145.5
50
Longitude
200
time (sac)
(a)
250
300
350
(b)
Doppler Shift - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
138
Matched Filter Results - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
8
130
136
136
1013
134
132
132
12
13
13
-
128
128
14
126
126
124
124
16
122
122
120
120
1_-5
15.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
16
17.5
16.5
17
Time (sec)
18
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
134
2
134
132
132
3
130
4
129
o5
130
126
0*
128
122
7
120
8
126
9
116
124
17.
17.5
18
18.5
is
19.5
Time (sec)
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
(f)
Figure C-8: Data file jd264142234KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
60
.........
.............
............
. .....
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)-jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8
2000
40
3000
I
.9
.3 39-
8
4000
38.5-
I
38-
60
40
20
000
9
50
0
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
10
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
7
Doppler Shift - jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
8
9
138
10
142
136
140
11
-0
0
"81a
a10
132
126
124
12
12.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8,
14
14.5
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift -
13.5
13
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
M
Source2
142
142
140
140
130
138
1S4
136
.2
130
1-li
132
128
126
124
128
10
Doppler Velocity (knots)
15.5
16
17
16.5
Time (sec)
(f)
(e)
Figure C-9: Data file jd264153326Spice.DAT.D8
61
17.5
18
-Aw
.....
.........
.......
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264173326Spice.DAT.D8
160
5
140
120
39.5-
Au
_25
39
-4000
38.5--
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
200
150
time (sec)
100
Longitude
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264173326Spice.DAT.D8, Source
9
Doppler Shift - jd264173326Spice. DAT. D8, Sourcel
125.5
124
125
122
124.5
120
124
123.5
01
116
123
114
122.5
112
122
110
121.5
1
100
21
12D.5
-5
106
21.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
22
23
22.5
Time (sec)
23.5
24
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264173326Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264173326Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
132
132
130
3
13012
4
126
128
5
124
~1l
126
122
1
124
120
lie
8
122
120
11
10
18
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
18.5
19
19.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-10: Data file jd264173326Spice.DAT.D8
62
20
20.5
. .....
. ......-
- -
_
-
-Aw
.
0
-5
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) jd264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
160
40
140
10
120
39.5
05
39-
.3
38.50
38147
-146
-146.
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
-
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift
150
Matched Filter Results - jd264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
7
id264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
126.5
8
126
125.5
10
125
124.5
124
I ...
.
01
123.5
123
122.5
122
-5
23
22.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
23.5
Time (sec)
24
24.5
25
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
136
136
2
134
3
132
4
132
8
0.10
112
110
16
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
16.5
17
17.5
Time (sec)
18
(f)
Figure C-11: Data file jd264182202KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
63
18.5
......
....
......
.....
.....
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
(m) - jd264203233Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
140
-2000
120
39.5-
80
0
39
60
Q
40
38.5-
20
-147
-146.5
-146
0
-145.5
200
150
time (sec)
100
50
Longitude
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264203233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd264203233Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
6138
136
8
134
132
130
(L
128
10
'0
0
CL
12
126
124
14
'
2
2
120
16
15.5
16
Doppler Velocity (knots)
16.5
17
Time (sec)
17.5
18
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264203233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doooler Shift - id264203233Soice.DAT.D8. Source2
138
2
136
13
134
1
132
132
0
8
130
12
28
7
126
124
8
124
122
9
120
122
16
16
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
1.5
16.5
1
1.
17.5
17
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-12: Data file jd264203233Spice.DAT.D8
64
18
18.5
..........
......
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
3
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264213233Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
140
-2000
10
120
15
30.50
*83
38
39-
38.538-0
-147
-146
-146.5
50
0
-145.5
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
-
id264213233Spice.DAT.D8,
350
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift
300
250
Matched Filter Results - jd264213233Spice.DAT.D8, Source
6
Sourcel
138
136
134
10
132
CL
a.
12
130
128
14
123
124
16
16
0
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
Time (sec)
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264213233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264213233Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
2
4
132
130
-0
5
I
4)
a.
126
8
124
9
122
10
U
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
17.5
18
18.5
19
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure C-13: Data file jd264213233Spice.DAT.D8
65
19.5
20
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 908 broadside, snap-shots 361
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264213233Spiceb.DAT.D8
40
-200
160
c39500
80
3500-
40
38.5-
20
40
20
38-
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
4
5
0
h
0
b
U
50
100
150
200
250
3UU
350
time (sec)
Longitude
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264213233Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd264213233Spiceb.DAT.D8, Sourcel
140
I
7
138
140
138
136
136
10
134
11
132
132
12
130
130
13
128
128
14
126
126
15
124
16
W
134
J,
1'
17
17.5
19
18.5
Time (sec)
18
Doppler Velocity (knots)
20
19.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264213233Spiceb.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doooler Shift - id264213233Soiceb.DAT.D8, Source2
136
136
3
134
132
4
126
.0
130
-L 6
126
128
7
124
126
8122
120
9
124
10
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
20
20.5
21
21.5
Time (sec)
22
(f)
Figure C-14: Data file jd264213233Spiceb.DAT.D8
66
22.5
- - I
_
___
-
-
- - __ -
-
- .............
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
160
40,
140
2000
05
-10
120
39.5.
I
I -15
I
V
**M
39
-20
a)
a)
25
-30
38.5
35
38
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
(a)
150
200
time (sec)
250
350
300
(b)
Doppler Shift - jd264222202KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Sourcel
150
Matched Filter Results - jd264222202KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source 1
7
150
148
11
146
142
4146
2
1V
138
13
138
136
14
136
134
15
134
132
16
132
130
17
16
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
18.5
18
17
17.5
Time (sec)
(d)
(C)
Matched Filter Results - jd264222202KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd264222202KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source2
130
138
2
136
134
13-i
132
134
132
5
0-6
126
124
8
130
122
9
128
10
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
120
16.5
17
18
17.5
Time (sec)
18.5
(f)
Figure C-15: Data file jd264222202KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8
67
19
..........
.......
. ..................
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd264233233Spice.DAT.D8
40
160
5
140
10
120
.15
39.5-
'a
4
39
-30
38.535
I
-147
146.5
-146
50
0
-145.5
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sac)
250
-40
350
300
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd264233233Spice.DAT.D8, Source
7
Doppler Shift - ld264233233Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
155
154
150
152
150
145
I
14
146
10
144
135
142
138
19
18.5
18
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
19.5
Time (sec)
20.5
20
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd264233233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doooler Shift - id264233233Soice.DAT.D8, Source2
130
138
136
136
134
134
D
a.
120
132
126
130
124
122
120
128
-5
15.5
5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
16
17
16.5
Time (sac)
(f)
Figure C-16: Data file jd264233233Spice.DAT.D8
68
17.5
18
Appendix D
Figures - Day 265
(a)
a chart showing the location where the data file was recorded
(b)
beamformer output showing angle of signal arrival with time
(c)
doppler shift versus period for Si
(d)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for Si
(e)
doppler shift versus period for S2
(f)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for S2
69
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (i) - jd265003233Spice.DAT.D8
40
-2000
160
5
140
-10
120
IS
39.54
20
3000
25
30
38.535
-147
146.5
-146
0=
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
-
id265003233Spice.DAT.D8,
300
350
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift
250
200
time (sec)
150
Matched Filter Results - jd265003233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
7
Sourcel
8
160
9
10
155
11
88
150
0.10
13
12
145
14
15
14
140
161
-5
0.
16
17
22
22.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
23
23.5
Time (sec)
24
24.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265003233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265003233Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
150
21
148
3
4
146
8
144
5
I
06
142
7
140
8
138
136
10
10.5
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
11
12
11.5
Time (sec)
12.5
(f)
Figure D-1: Data file jd265003233Spice.DAT.D8
70
13
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
140
120
oo
39.5
-10
-15
--o
20
06
25
-30
38.5-35
I
-6000
-40
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8, Source
7
Doppler Shift - jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
175
174
170
172
170
165
168
'a
I
(L 10
160
.2
166
155
162
160
158
145
14
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
14.5
15.5
15
Time (sec)
16
16.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results -jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
1SO
158
156
152
154
152
152
01I
140
150
146
148
144
142
146
10
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
'40
19.5
20
21
20.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-2: Data file jd265013233Spice.DAT.D8
71
21.5
22
.. .........................
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd265022123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
0
40
10
16
39.5-
I
140
3
**O
39-
10
38.5
II
-5000
80
38-
-146
-146.5
-147
-145.5
Longitude
(a)
Doooler Shift
-
0-
id265022123KauaiSoice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
166
164
162
160
12
158
"8
156
a.
14
154
152
16
150
148
18
146
-5
0
18.5
19
Doppler Velocity (knots)
20
19.5
Time (sec)
21
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift - jd2650221 23KauaiSpice.DAT.D8,
20.5
Matched Filter Results - jd265022123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Source2
157
156
2
154
156
152
155
4
I
5
148
6
146
152
7
144
14
151
8
16
150
154
13
12,
9
101
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17
5
(e)
17.5
18.5
Time (sec)
18
1109.
19
(f)
Figure D-3: Data file jd265022123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
72
19.5
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
0
160
40
140
120
39.5.
10
CD
8
-4000
39
30
38.5
35
6000
I
0
50
100
Longitude
-
id265022123KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8,
250
200
300
-40
350
time (sec)
(b)
(a)
Doooler Shift
150
Matched Filter Results - jd265022123KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source 1
7
Sourcel
168
8
166
166
9
116
10
154
164
162
S
0
160
126
125
158
4)
156
13
154
14
152
15
156
154
115
150
165
'48
1715
16.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
-5
17
18.5
18
17.5
Time (sec)
19
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265022123KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265022123KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source2
158
156
2
157
156
155
150
5
10
121
2 8
155151.5
14
151
16 4,WO
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
140
in
150
-5
1
D
15.5
5
(e)
16
16.5
Time (sec)
17
(f)
Figure D-4: Data file jd265022123KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8
73
17.5
18
.........
........
.
............
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd265033144Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
s
140
120
39.5-
30
100
80
39-
60
38.5-
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
-
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Doooler Shift
200
150
time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - id265033144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
id265033144Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
158
156
156
154
154
152
150
8L
-o
.2
I"
0~
148
146
146
144
142
144
185
-5
23
0
23.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
24.5
24
Time (sec)
25
25.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265033144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265033144Spice.DAT. D8, Source2
148
2
1"
144
4
147
6
145
142
14.
-0
0
138
136
14
1412
134
132
143
130
10
Doppler Velocity
(knots)
(e)
18
18.5
19.5
19
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-5: Data file jd265033144Spice.DAT.D8
74
20
20.5
......
- I
_'_
- -
-
-
.
B(t,theta), 159
Beampattern
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd265043144Spice.DAT.D8
__
.
__ -
-
-
--
sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
160
40
. ....
..................
............
5
140
120
39.520
C)
08
-30
38.5 -35
380
-147
0
-146
-146.5
50
0
-145.5
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sac)
350
300
250
40
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - id265043144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd265043144Spice.OAT.D8, Sourcel
142
142
140
140
138
136
138
0a
.2
132
134
130
132
120
130
126
124
128
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
Time (sec)
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265043144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265043144Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
140
2
138
138
136
4
136
5
134
Z5
I132
6
130
7
128
130
8
128
9
126
124
10
1!
Doppler Velo city (knots)
15.5
5
e)
16
17
16.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-6: Data file jd265043144Spice.DAT.D8
75
17.5
18
-
4w
......
.................
-22
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265053144Spice.DAT.D8
I
340
39
38.5-
38
-147
-146
-146.5
Beampattern B(ttheta), 159 sensors, 906 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
60
0-35
-20
100
50
0
-145.5
Longitude
jd265053144Spice.DAT.D8,
200
250
350
300
time (sec)
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift -
150
Matched Filter Results - jd265053144Spice.DAT.D8, Source
8
Sourcel
130
130
128
129.5
126
129
124
128.5
122
128
02
127.5
0|
127
126.5
114
126
112
125.5
125
16
15.5
16
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17
16.5
Time (sec)
17.5
18
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265053144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Dopoler Shift - id265053144Soice.DAT.D8. Source2
138
136
2
136
3-
134
132
8
134
130
5
132
126
7
124
130
8
128
10
-5
122
9
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
120
14
14.5
15.5
15
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-7: Data file jd265053144Spice.DAT.D8
76
16
16.5
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
1800
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
40
160
39.5-
30
.101 39
-000
I
-30
38.5-50
-35
/
Ion
-6000
40
-147
-146
-146.5
100
50
0
-145.5
Longitude
150
jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8,
300
350
time (sec)
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift -
250
200
Matched Filter Results - jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Sourcel
140
8
14
11
134
138
136
0
3
113
132
'1
130
13
13
128
14
128
1512
126
1612
12
1 -7
Doppler Velocity (knots)
15.5
15
14.5
14
Time (sec)
13.5
13
u
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results
1
,
Doppler Shift - jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
134
136
134
132
132
M
.2
128
08
(D1
124
122
128
-
16.5
17
18
17.5
Time (sec)
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
(f)
Figure D-8: Data file jd265062123KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
77
18.5
19
. ...
....
......................
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265073144Spice.DAT.D8
l"w
160
40
0
140
120
39.5
03100
-o
80
C
-4O0
-25
-30
38.5
50
0
100
150
id265073144Soice.DAT.D8
300
250
350
(b)
(a)
Dowoler Shift -
200
time (sec)
Longitude
Matched Filter Results - jd265073144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
7
Sourcel
138
138
136
135
134
132
134
132
0.
130
.2
a-
120
130
126
124
128
122
126
120
-5
20.5
5
0
21
Doppler Velocity (knots)
22
21.5
Time (sec)
22.5
23
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265073144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265073144Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
2
140
138
138
47
136
114
132
5
8
134
6
10
132
129
130
8
128
9
126
15
1.5
15
15.5
1
1.
124
126
-5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
16.5
16
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-9: Data file jd265073144Spice.DAT.D8
78
17
17.5
__A q
. . .
......
.....
. ............
-...........
....
. .......
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8
40
39.5-1
_j
39
I
326
60
'10
14-
-147
146
-146.5
-1.
-145.5
Longitude
5
0
jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8,
5
20
404
0
50
150
100
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
300
350
(b)
(a)
Dopgler Shift -
0
40
5000
38.5-
5
Matched Filter Results - jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Sourcel
6
142
140
140
130
1141
138
136
136
'a
02
Z33
CL
132
0~
132
130
120
128
126
126
16
124
16
U
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17.5
17
16.5
Time (sec)
18
18.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
144
142
140
138
136
0
124
.a
0
134
132
11
62
130
126
10
U
Doppler Velocity (knots)
13.5
14
15
14.5
Time (sec)
(f)
(e)
Figure D-10: Data file jd265083144Spice.DAT.D8
79
15.5
16
A il
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265093144SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
1000
40
2000
60
39.5-
140
120
39-
80
38.5-
.
2
12
0U
-146
-146.5
38-147
-145.5
Longitude
(a)
10A
Doppler Shift jd265093144SpiceL1000.DAT.D8, Sourcel
-
32
16
130
15
7
7
128
143
128
0~
124
122
120
16
u
165
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
18
18.5
(d)
(C)
Doppler Shift -
17.5
17
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd265093144SpiceL1000.DAT.D8, Source 2
jd265093144SpiceL1000.DAT.D8, Source2
2
14s
3
140
4
-g5
135
0>
a-6
132
8
12s5
130
9
15.5128
15.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
16
17
16.5
Time (sec)
17.5
(f)
(e)
Figure D-11: Data file jd265093144SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8
80
18
.......
...
...
.......
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 9Q* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
0
160
-5
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) -jd265113207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
40
140
120
39.50)
C9
-25
-30
38.535
38
-147
-146
-146.5
50
0
-145.5
100
Longitude
300
250
200
150
time (sec)
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd265113207SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd265113207SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8, Sourcel
6
130
130
i
,
131
122
8
126
129
128
127
122
126
0~
120
12
125
lie
124
116
14
141
123
122
16
u
112
14.5
14
Doppler Velocity (knots)
16.5
16
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift - jd265113207SpiceLl
15.5
15
Time (sec)
000.DAT.D8, Source2
142
Matched Filter Results - jd265113207SpiceLOOO.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
2
140
140
138
3
130
134
1136
5
136
.5
.:
80
142
132
132
6
130
130
7
120
128
8
126
126
9
124
16;
15
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
124
15.5
16.5
16
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-12: Data file jd265113207SpiceLOOO.DAT.D8
81
17
17.5
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd265123207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
7
40
80
-3000
160
403
120
39-
0
.
5
0
5
0
50
100
150
200
38.5
I00
3- _-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
300
250
350
time (sec)
Longitude
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd265123207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8, Source 1
6
Doppler Shift - jd265123207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8, Sourcel
132
132
130
8
130
121
126
128
10
124
126
124
0~
12
122
110
122
14
120
116
114
118
16
24.5
24
Time (sec)
23.5
23
Doppler Velocity (knots)
25.5
25
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd265123207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - id265123207SpiceLl 000.DAT.D8, Source2
138
138
136
136
3
134
4132
"30
5
12-a
a.
134
612
130
7126
12814
8
122
128
9
120
124
10
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
--
--
-
12.5
13
14
13.5
Time (sec)
14.5
(f)
(e)
Figure D-13: Data file jd265123207SpiceLOOO.DAT.D8
82
15
. .................
. ....
. .....
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd265133207SpiceL1000.DAT.D8
160
40
140
2000
39.5-
3000
'5
-30
38.5
35
6000
-147
-146
-146.5
0
0
-145.5
100
50
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd265133207SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8, Source 1
713
Doooler Shift - id265133207SpiceLl 000.DAT.D8, Source1
130
8
132
1
130
10
116
11
116
1
CL
4)
1312
14
120
15li
16
110
19
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
20
19.5
20.5
21
21.5
Time (sec)
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift - jd265133207SpiceLlOQ.DAT.D8, Source2
134
Matched Filter Results
1
jd265133207SpiceL1000.DAT.D38, Source 2
132
132
130
130
1Us
126
128
*0
0
126
0.
0.
122
124
120
118
122
116
120
-5
11.5
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
12
13
12.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure D-14: Data file jd265133207SpiceLOOO.DAT.D8
83
13.5
14
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd265153207SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8
160
40
140
-0
120
39.5-3O
80
I
-30
38.5
35
6000
38
-147
-146.5
-146
0
0
-145.5
-40
50
100
Longitude
200
300
250
350
time (sec)
(b)
(a)
Doooler Shift - id265153207SpiceLl
150
000.DAT.D8,
Matched Filter Results - jd265153207SpiceLl 000.DAT.D8, Source 1
6
Sourcel
130
8
125
10
0
02
0~
0120
115
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
-5
16
5
11.5
12
13.5
14
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift -
13
12.5
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results jd265153207SpiceL1000O.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
jd265153207SpiceLl 000.DAT.D8, Source2
122
124
120
123
122
121
-
0)
0~
112
120
110
119
108
118
106
117
17
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17.5
18.5
18
Time (sec)
(f)
(e)
Figure D-15: Data file jd265153207SpiceLlOOO.DAT.D8
84
19
19.5
Appendix E
Figures
-
Day 267
(a)
a chart showing the location where the data file was recorded
(b)
beamformer output showing angle of signal arrival with time
(c)
doppler shift versus period for S1
(d)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for Si
(e)
doppler shift versus period for S2
(f)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for S2
85
................
Beampattern B(ttheta), 160 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd267062333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
40
0
160
5
140
-10
120
-15
39.5-""
10C
20
39-
.2
8C
000
-25
-30
38.5
-35
~38
-147
I
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
-40
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267062333KauaSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - id267062333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
160
160
15515
815
152
150
a-
150
10
145
12
14014
14"
142
1A
18
17.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
19.5
19
18.5
Time (sec)
20
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267062333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267062333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
150
2
150
148
1481
4
140
o-a 6
a
713
142
136
8
12
9
142
22.5
23.532 23
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
IV
5
(e)
22.5
23
24
23.5
Time (sec)
24.5
(f)
Figure E-1: Data file jd267062333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
86
25
. ... ..................
... ...........
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
180
(m) - jd267083408Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
-
140
-2000
120
39.5-
0100
20
39-3000
_13
80
t25
60
203
38.5-
40-4
38
-147
-146.5
-146
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
(a)
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd267083408Spice.DAT.D8, Source
4
Doooler Shift - id267083408Sice.DAT.D8. Sourcel
130
130
120
125
125
124
-0
120
e
122
0
120
lie
115
116
114
110
112
14m
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
12
5
13.5
13
Time (sec)
12.5
14
14.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267083408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267083408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
8138
138
2
2136
4
134
-a
132
5
130
132
7
126
130
8
124
128
122
126
145
22.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
23
23.5
24
24.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-2: Data file jd267083408Spice.DAT.D8
87
25
............
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd267093408Spice.DAT.D8
-2000
40
_j
1200
I
3000
39
38.5-
-147
-146
-146.5
-1455
Longitude
(a)
80
I
-30
-40
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
time (sec)
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd267093408Spice.DAT.D8, Source'
Doppler Shift - jd267093408Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
4
12
129
126
124
127
126
122
125
120
124
0
00
0.
lie
123
116
122
121
112
120
119
110
14;
17
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
18
17.5
Time (sec)
19
18.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267093408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doooler Shift - id267093408Soice.DAT.D8. Source2
I
2145
140
,46
144
142
140
I
B
0.
140
'0
20
138
0
135
136
134
130
132
130
10
14-
-5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
5
(e)
13.5
14
15
14.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-3: Data file jd267093408Spice.DAT.D8
88
15.5
16
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd267102333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
1605
.0
140-I
40
1 2C
39.5-
I
30
10C
4000
2
39
8C
5000
38.5
147
-146
-146.5
-145.5
Longitude
0
100
50
150
200
time (sec)
250
350
300
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267102333KauaSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd267102333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
4
132
132
130
130
122
6)
128
126
126
124
122
CL
120
-122
10
120
12
116
118
10
116
12
112
A
145
16
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
1
17.5
17
Time (sec)
18
18.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267102333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267102333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
136
3
134
4
-5
'8
130
0-6
128
126
124
10
14
Doppler Velocity (knots)
12.5
13
14
13.5
Time (sec)
14.5
(f)
(e)
Figure E-4: Data file jd267102333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
89
15
I
..............
...........
_.- ..
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd267113408Spice.DAT.D8
I:
40I
140
*000
05
39
60
38.5
20
SON
0
I
150
100
50
200
250
300
350
time (sea)
Longitude
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results
Doppler Shift - jd267113408Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
-
jd2671 134O8Spice.D AT.D8, Source 1
126
128
126
126
124
124
122
122
120
120
0
02)
W
Q_
18
lie
0~
116
116
114
114
112
112
110
15
110
13
14
13.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
14.5
Time (sac)
15
15.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267113408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267113408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
1
132
2
13D
3
120
4
126
512
.2
05
122
120
7
lie
8
116
9
-0
10 20.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
114
21
22
21.5
Time (sac)
(f)
Figure E-5: Data file jd267113408Spice.DAT.D8
90
22.5
23
..
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
- jd267123408Spice.DAT.D6
(m)
-5
I
340
.a
39
38.5-
-147
-146.5
-146
-10
-15
-20
60
-25
-30
20
-35
40
0
-145.5
100
50
150
200
2S0
300
350
time (sac)
Longitude
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267123408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
4
Doooler Shift - id267123408Soice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
130
128
126
124
122
0
00
120
(0
0~
I1a
116
114
112
14
-5
20.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
22
21.5
Time (sec)
21
23
22.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267123408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267123408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
131
130
129
128
-0
127
EL
0
126
125
124
123
122
145
14.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
15
16
15.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-6: Data file jd267123408Spice.DAT.D8
91
16.5
17
.................
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8
0
160
low
39.5 -
120-
I
I
-15
20
AM
a
39
Ca
n
Soo
38.5
.30
35
ao
38
-147
-146.5
-146
-145.5
Longitude
0
0
50
250
200
150
time (sec)
100
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
130
128
125
124
122
Q0
120
00
0~
0L
118
116
114
112
110
20.5
U
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
Time (sec)
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
Doppler Shift - jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
128
128
126
8
127
124
3
4
126
-120
125
-
5
11e
124
a
6
116
114
123
811
122
121
12
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
12.5
13.5
13
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-7: Data file jd267133408Spice.DAT.D8
92
14
14.5
.
.
. ...............
Beampattern B(ttheta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd267142333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
40
2M0
160
5
140
10
120
15
100
40
39-
20
80
60
38.5-
20
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267142333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
5
Doppler Shift - jd267142333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
130
.i.
128
126
0~
124
122
120
15
22
22.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
id267142333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8,
24
24.5
(d)
(c)
DooDler Shift -
23.5
23
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd267142333KauaiSpice.D AT.D8, Source 2
Source2
142
142
2
140
140
3
130
138
413
136
I
0~
5
S
1
34
134
132
Q- 6
132
""0
7
130
8
128
128
126
126
124
-5
10
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
-U
13
13.5
14
14.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-8: Data file jd267142333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
93
15
15.5
.......
- -
------------
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
(m) - jd267153408Spice.DAT.D8
5
160
40
140
2000
120
39.5-
39-
4000
60
38.5-
6000
38
-147
-146
-146.5
I
40
0"
0
-145.5
200
150
time (sec)
100
50
Longitude
350
300
250
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267153408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doopler Shift - (d2671534O8Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
5
130
130
128
128
U26
124
126
21
122
124
0
'a
120
0~
122
110
116
120
114
118
112
15
-5
12
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
13
12.5
14
13.5
14.5
Time (sec)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267153408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd2671534O8Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
145
144
142
140
-14.
.2
135
05
136
C0
134
130
132
130
125
128
13
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
13.5
14
14.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-9: Data file jd267153408Spice.DAT.D8
94
15
15.5
...........
...
. ...............
..............
_
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
(m)
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
- jd267163408Spice.DAT.D8
10
39.5-
39
38.5-
38Longitude
I
j
80
-25
-35
40
50
0o
100
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd267163408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
5
Doppler Shift - jd267163408Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
140
138
136
134
10
132
130
128
126
124
15
0
24.5
24
Time (sec)
23.5
23
5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
25.5
25
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results
1
Dowoler Shift - id267163408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
142
140
138
136
134
e
0.
I
-30
(a)
Q.
132
*
5
10
0
a-
130
120
126
124
122
13
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
13.5
14.5
14
Time (sec)
(f)
(e)
Figure E-10: Data file jd267163408Spice.DAT.D8
95
15
15.5
.--
-
__A
..
. ..............
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) -jd267173408Spice.DAT.D8
0
160
_"00
2000
39U
3
39
38.5-
38
1201-
-3000
-147
-146
-146.5
Longitude
I
*50
00
100
50
0
150
200
350
300
250
time (sec)
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267173408Spice.DAT.D8, Source
5
Doppler Shift - jd2671734O8Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
140
140
138
138
136
136
134
134
132
132
*130.
130
130
128
126
126
126
124
124
15
-b
0
22.5
24
23.5
Time (sec)
23
Doppler Velocity (knots)
24.5
25
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267173408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267173408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
142
142
140
140
138
134
136
136
132
-t3
0
03
132
0.
0~
130
130
124
120
126
126
124
124
14.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
15
16
15.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-11: Data file jd267173408Spice.DAT.D8
96
16.5
17
....
..
....
........
.........
.........
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 908 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
(m) - jd267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
40
39.5--00
gy
$ 39.
38.5
38--
-147
-146
-146.5
-145.5
Longitude
I
100
20
80
-25
60
-30
40
1
20
0
50
-40
0
100
50
300
250
200
150
time (sec)
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
145
144
142
6
140
140
135
8
138
10
13"
0
130
0~
132
125
"2
2
12
120
120
126
1A
14a
-5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
19.5
19
5
21.5
21
(d)
(c)
Dopoler Shift - id267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
20.5
20
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
140
140
134
283
132
124
03
130
42
0128
7
14
1.
1.55
126
124
122
122
14
-5
14
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
14.5
15.5
15
Time (sec)
(f)
(e)
Figure E-12: Data file jd267182333KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
97
16
16.5
...... ...
..........
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd267193408Spice.DAT.D8
5
160
40
4000
140
39.5-
20
0
04
38.5-
5
2020
50
100
0
-6000
-147
-146.5
-146
a
-145.5
40
0
(a)
Doppler Shift -
id267193408Soice.DAT.D8,
150
200
250
300
350
time (sec)
Longitude
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd267193408Spice.DAT.D8, Source
4
Sourcel
138
136
134
134
132
132
130
.2
4)
0i
128
129
126
126
124
124
122
122
120
15
120
14
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17.5
18
18.5
19
Time (sec)
19.5
20
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267193408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267193408Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
140
139
138
136
136
134
134
132
132
a.8
0
'a
.2
130
130
128
128
126
126
124
124
122
14
122
14
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
14.5
15
15.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-13: Data file jd267193408Spice.DAT.D8
98
16
16.5
......
.......
.....
...
........
. .....
. ...
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd267203408Spice.DAT.D8
0
10
140
-15
39.5
39
38.5
Longitude
(a)
I
20
Ta80
-25
60
-30
40
-25
20
00
-40
50
100
200
150
time (sec)
350
300
250
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd267203408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd2672034O8Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
134
134
132
6
132
130
130
120
8
128
M
126
B
126
0~
124
10
122
124
120
12
122
lie
120
116
-5
14
11a
145
16
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17.5
17
Time (sec)
18
18.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267203408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doooler Shift - id267203408Soice.DAT.08. Source2
136
136
3
134
-2
132
4
130
5
132
B8
It
128
6
130
126
124
128
122
120
126
10
124
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
15.5
16
17
16.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-14: Data file jd267203408Spice.DAT.D8
99
17.5
18
.........
. ..
. ..........
..
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - d2672134O8Spice.DAT.D8
0
-5
160
120-
340
-20
-C 8(
39-
-30
38.5-35
38
-147
-146.5
-146
-145.5
i
-40
0
50
100
150
200
time (sec)
Longitude
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267213408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
4
Doppler Shift - jd267213408Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
138
136
136
134
134
132
132
130
130
"03
.2
128
02
128
0.
CL
126
126
124
124
122
122
120
120
14
22.5
1_4-
23
23.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
-
24.5
25
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift
24
Time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd267213408Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
jd2672134O8Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
142
140
3
138
136
4
134
-M 5
02
132
a.
Q3
02
0~
130
6
7
128
128
124
10
14
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
13
13.5
14
14.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-15: Data file jd267213408Spice.DAT.D8
100
15
15.5
....................
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
0
160
40
140
2000
120
39.5
10C
-20
.3
8C
-4000
39-
-2s
-30
38.51
6000
-147
-
-146
-146.5
Longitude
I
0
50
0
-145.5
100
150
200
time (se)
250
350
300
-40
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
4
Doppler Shift - jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
138
136
136
6
134
134
132
132
8
130
128
138
3
.2
(L
126
10
1212
124
122
124
12
122
120
120
118
140
-5
21.5
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
22
23.5
23
22.5
Time (sec)
24
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
144
2
142
138
140
142
3
140
138
.136
138
5
136
CL6
134
134
a*
132
128
132
7
130
813
126
124
14m
-5
1012
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
14
14.5
15
15.5
Time (sec)
16
(f)
Figure E-16: Data file jd267222159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
101
16.5
.
.
. .......
..-
--
-
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - d267233230Spice.DAT.D8
160
5
21400
39.
I
300
~0
38.5-
38
-147
-146
-146.5
-145.5
Longitude
(a)
Doppler Shift -
id267233230Spice.DAT.D8,
0
0
50
100
200
150
time (sac)
300
250
350
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd267233230Spice.DAT.D8, Source
3
Sourcel
4
140
135
I
CD
130
125
120
-5
20.5
20
19.5
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
21
Time (sec)
22
21.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd267233230Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
Doppler Shift - jd267233230Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
142
140
138
136
'a
0
132
130
128
126
124
-5
15
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
15.5
16.5
16
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure E-17: Data file jd267233230Spice.DAT.D8
102
17
17.5
N
Appendix F
Figures - Day 268
(a)
a chart showing the location where the data file was recorded
(b)
beamformer output showing angle of signal arrival with time
(c)
doppler shift versus period for Si
(d)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for Si
(e)
doppler shift versus period for S2
(f)
matched filter output, in time versus period format, for S2
103
.............
. .............
........
...
. .................
.. .........
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry
- jd268003230Spice.DAT.D8
(m)
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
-1000
-2000
340
3000
39
38.5-
38
-147
-146.5
-146
-145.5
Longitude
I
40
60
40
U-2
20
0-
0
50
100
200
150
time (sec)
250
300
350
-40
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - id268003230Spice.DAT.D8, Source
Doppler Shift - jd268003230Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
132
132
130
130
126
128
126
126
.2
124
'8
122
124
122
120
120
116
118
114
-5
16
u
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17
17.5
Time (sec)
18
18.5
(d)
(c)
Doppler Shift - jd26800323OSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
142
Matched Filter Results - jd268003230Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
140
2
138
3
136
4
142
140
1
57
136
134
132
132
6
130
7
126
130
128
126
126
9
124
124
10
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
14.5
15
15.5
16
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-1: Data file jd26800323OSpice.DAT.D8
104
16.5
17
. ..............
...
.................................
....
....
B(t,theta),
Beampattern
159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)-jd26801323OSpice.DAT.D8
10
is
20
40
39.5-
39
I
3000
38.5
38
S-147
-146.5
-146
-145.5
Longitude
25
90 60
140
30
20
35
0
0
40
50
100
200
150
time (sac)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd26801323OSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
3
Doppler Shift - jd268013230Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
142
140
55
6
135
10
7
8
130
0~
9
10
125
11
1
128
'"6
12
13
124
14
14.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
15.5
15
Time (sec)
16
16.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd26801323OSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268013230Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
140
2
4
133
0.6
0~
130
7
8
10
9
125
10
15
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
15.5
16.5
16
Time (sac)
(f)
Figure F-2: Data file jd26801323OSpice.DAT.D8
105
17
17.5
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) -jd268022159KauaiSpice. DAT. D8
160
0
5
-10
120-
39.5
-15
I
100
-20
13
8C
-400
39
.Z5
-30
38.5
-35
38
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268022159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
3
Doppler Shift - jd268022159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
135
136
413
5
132
130
6130
7
124
125
0~
912
120
10
122
11
120
12
118
12.5
12
Time (sec)
11.5
11
Doppler Velocity (knots)
13
13.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268022159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268022159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
1
144
2
142
142
140
130
138
I
136
134
-
0
00
0~
132
130
128
130
126
120
124
10
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
126
13
13.5
14.5
14
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-3: Data file jd268022159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
106
15
15.5
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd268033230Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
140
2000
120
39.5100
3
3000
39
80
60
40
38.5-
-- 147
-146
-146.5
4
20
"*N
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268033230Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
5
Doppler Shift - jd268033230Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
136
135
134
132
130
130
125
W
I
128
.~0
110
126
a-
120
124
122
115
120
110
is
23
23.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
24.5
24
Time (sec)
25
25.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268033230Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doooler Shift - id268033230Soice.DAT.D8. Source2
i2e
129
2
126
3
128
124
122
127
-
,20
126
-c
.2 5
a- 6
125
7
116
lie
114
124
112
123
110
10
(e)
18
18.5
19
19.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-4: Data file jd268033230Spice.DAT.D8
107
20
20.5
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) -
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90 broadside, snap-shots 361
1800
jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8
160
40
140
120
39.5-
100
39
*
40
0-0
2-2
38.5-
-SON
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
0
50
100
Longitude
150
200
time (sec)
(a)
300
250
350
140
(b)
Matched Filter Results - jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8, Source
Doppler Shift - jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
138
136
135
134
132
130
0D
0
120
4)
0~
125
126
124
122
120
15.5
16
Doppler Velocity (knots)
16.5
17
17.5
18
Time (sec)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
152
2
150
150
3
145
I
'8
140
4
.
f-
it
146
-o5
142
6
7
135
8
136
130
134
10
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
14
14.5
15
15.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-5: Data file jd268043348Spice.DAT.D8
108
16
16.5
.
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) -jd268053230Spice.DAT.D8
160
U
140
10
120
**0
3U40j
I
-20
3000
*J3
C03
39
-25
-30
38.5
38
40
-147
-146.5
-146
100
50
0
-145.5
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
350
300
250
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - id268053230Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd268053230Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
134
132
132
130
130
128
128
0
126
-2
126
03
0~
124
124
122
122
120
120
lie
118
116
-0
19.5
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
20
21
20.5
Time (sec)
21.5
22
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268053230Spice.DAT. D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268053230Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
146
146
144
142
142
140
140
138
-a
138
.2
Z5
a-
136
CL
136
134
132
132
130
130
128
126
16
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
16.5
17.5
17
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-6: Data file jd268053230Spice.DAT.D8
109
18
18.5
........
....
......
. .....
_ ...
...
. ...
. ...
.........
. ......
..........
. ............
...
...........
.................................
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
160
40
-
140
120
-2000
I
20
*0
*000
39
-2s
-30
50
38.5-3s
smo
-147
-146
-146.5
100
50
0
-145.5
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
350
300
250
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 1
4
Doppler Shift - jd268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
138
3
136
134
812
130
.2
I
a.00
130
128
10
125
126
124
12
2525
20.5
14
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
112
21
23
22.5
22
21.5
Time (sec)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results -jd268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
Doooler Shift - id268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
132
132
0130
131
130
129
I
-t5
122
128
0.
120
127
7
118
126
8
116
125
9
124
10
45
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
14.5
5
(e)
15
16
15.5
Time (sec)
16.5
(f)
Figure F-7: Data file jd268062159KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
110
17
..........
....
..............
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)-jd268073141Spicea.DAT.D8
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
1000
160
0
5
40
140
120
39.5-
i~
30300
0
20
40W
39
38.5
35
I
38
0
50
200
150
time (sec)
100
Longitude
250
300
350
-4
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268073141Spicea.DAT.D8, Source
4
Doooler Shift - id268073141Soicea.DAT.D8. Sourcel
140
140
130
6
135
136
134
130
8
I
a
132
Z5
130
CL
0~
10
120
126
126
11s
12
124
110
122
14
0
14.5
16.5
16
15.5
Time (sec)
15
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268073141Spicea.DAT.D8, Source
Dopler Shift - id268073141 Spicea.DAT.D8, Source2
134
134
1132
130
132
130
126
128
ay
124
C
122
120
126
lie
124
116
45
19
0
19.5
20
21
20.5
Time (sec)
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
(f)
Figure F-8: Data file jd268073141Spicea.DAT.D8
111
21.5
Beampattern B(ttheta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd268083141Spice. DAT.D8
5
160
1201-
39.5300
_j
400
39
38.5-
I
6000
40
38-
50
0
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sec)
300
250
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268083141 Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doooler Shift - id268083141Soice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
4
132
132
130
131
120
130
126
129
128
.5
0.
-0
.2
124
08
122
127
10
120
126
lie
12
116
124
114
123
-45
14
0
12.5
13
Doppler Velocity (knots)
14
13.5
Time (sec)
14.5
15
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268083141Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268083141 Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
1"
2
144
3
142
140
5
138
.2
L6
0~
136
7
134
8
132
9
130
14
128
10
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
I
15
15.5
16
16.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-9: Data file jd268083141Spice.DAT.D8
112
17
17.5
..
.....
..................
-
90*
Beampattemn B(t,theta), 159 sensors,
broadside, snap-shots 361
0
Kermit &Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)-jd268093141Spice.DAT.D8
340
1
I
39
38.5-
Longitude
0 50 00
10
20
100
150
200
60
S40
20
0
50
id268093141Spice.DAT.D8,
350
(b)
(a)
DooDler Shift -
300
250
time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd268093141Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
41
Sourcel
136
136
134
134
6
132
132
130
8
130
-t3
120
.2
128
8
126
10
0~
126
10
124
124
12
120
122
121
lie
120
14
14
19
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
19.5
21
20.5
20
Time (sec)
21.b
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268093141Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268093141Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
140
2
14
138
136
138
136
I
4
812
5
134
132
134
0.
130
132
8
126
130
124
9
a
128
14
19
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
19.5
a
122
20.5
20
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-10: Data file jd268093141Spice.DAT.D8
113
21
21.5
__
= -
__ -
_
___ --___ - __ __
. __ _.. - -
. ..............
....................
. ........
__ -
Beampattern B(ttheta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 406
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd2681021 19KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
D5
160
40
140
-2000
39.5-
***400
1039-
a
38.5
38
-147
-146.5
-146
0"
0
-145.5
50
200
150
time (sec)
100
Longitude
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd2681021 1 9KauaiSpice.DAT.08, Source 1
Dowgler Shift - id268102119KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
4
136
136
134
134
6
132
132
130
130
8
83
126
126
128
0~
10
126
122
124
12
120
122
-5
0
120
lie
14
14
14.5
15
Doppler Velocity (knots)
15.5
Time (sec)
16
16.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd2681021 19KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268102119KauaiSpice.DAT.D8, Source2
133
2
132
3
132
130
128
131
130
126
5
124
126
128
7
116
9
116
127
126
114
12
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
12.5
13
13.5
Time (sec)
14
(f)
Figure F-11: Data file jd268102119KauaiSpice.DAT.D8
114
14.5
.. . .
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
I
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd268113141 Spice.DAT.D8
160
II
-2000
120-
I40
-3000
20
8C
4000
39
38.5
38
0"
-147
-146.5
0
-146
-25
-30
50
100
Longitude
-
id268113141 Spice.DAT.D8,
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Doppler Shift
200
150
time (sec)
Matched Filter Results - jd268113141Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
Sourcel
4
136
136
134
132
132
130
130
03
120
128
0.
126
126
124
124
122
122
120
120
14
118
14
110
22.5
0
23
23.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
24.5
24
Time (sec)
25
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268113141Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268113141 Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
130
130.5
128
130
126
129.5
124
129
25
128.5
"a
128
.2
4)
122
127.5
127
116
126.5
114
126
112
19.5
U
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
20
21
20.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-12: Data file jd268113141Spice.DAT.D8
115
21.5
22
. ..
......
...........
. ............................
.
.
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
180
0
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8
160
-10
2000
1201-
39.5
I
8C
400
39-
38.5-
5
-3s
saw0
38
-147
-146
-146.5
-145.5
Longitude
0
50
100
150
200
time (sec)
250
300
350
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results -jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8, Source 1
4
Doppler Shift - jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
140
140
136
135
132
130
I
130
(L
128
126
124
120
145
122
15.5
15
Time (sec)
14.5
14
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
16.5
16
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
128.5
128
127.5
127
126.5
-u
0
126
8O
CL
0.
125.5
125
124.5
124
123.5
10
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
18.5
19
20
19.5
Time (sec)
(f)
Figure F-13: Data file jd268123222Spice.DAT.D8
116
20.5
21
....
........
...........
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 900 broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
Kermit & Elvis Seamount Bathymetry (m)- jd268133222Spice.DAT.D8
-
160
40
140
2000
120
39.5-
-3000
5
0100
80
40
38.5-
3
20
n-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
200
150
time (sac)
300
250
350
4
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268133222Spice.DAT.D8, Source'
5
Doppler Shift - id268133222Spice.DAT.D8, Sourcel
146
145
144
142
140
1C
130
134
132
125
130
126
120
-5
23
0
Doppler Velocity (knots)
23.5
24.5
24
Time (sac)
25
25.5
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268133222Spice.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268133222Spice.DAT.D8, Source2
130
138
136
134
132
134
1 30
-o
132
.2
6-
120
126
130
124
128
122
120
13
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
13.5
14.5
14
Time (sec)
(f)
(e)
Figure F-14: Data file jd268133222Spice.DAT.D8
117
15
15.5
-
-
Aw
. .......
.....
.....
........................
- ..
...........
...
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
0
180
160
40
140
-2000
120
39.5-
0100
80
-4000
.3 39-
60
38.5
38
-147
-146.5
-146
0
-145.5
250
200
150
100
time (sec)
50
Longitude
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268142200KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source 1
5
Doppler Shift - jd268142200KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Sourcel
144
146
144
144
142
142
140
138
136
0~
a-
10
136
134
132
132
130
128
130
126
120
16
15.5
u
Doppler Velocity (knots)
17
16.5
18
17.5
Time (sec)
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268142200KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source 2
Doppler Shift - jd268142200KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8, Source2
142
16
142
10
2
141
1
3
140
4
138
139
-C
e.
137
o-6
136
7
135
8
134
9
132
B
130
128
126
124
10
133
-0
16
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
16.5
17
17.5
Time (sec)
18
(f)
Figure F-15: Data file jd268142200KauaiSpiceb.DAT.D8
118
18.5
.......
........
......
.....
......................
- - ......
-At
Kermit &Elvis
Beampattern B(t,theta), 159 sensors, 90* broadside, snap-shots 361
180
Seamount Bathymetry (m) - jd268153217SpiceL1 600.DAT.D8
160
401
5
140
2000
120
39.5-
100
*8o
a
39--4000
3
385
-147
-146
-146.5
0
-145.5
50
100
Longitude
150
250
200
300
350
time (sac)
I
(b)
(a)
Matched Filter Results - jd268153217SpiceL1600.DAT.D8, Source 1
Doppler Shift - jd268153217SpiceLl 600.DAT.D8, Sourcel
5
140
140
130
138
136
136
134
134
132
132
10
15
a
0.
-130
130
120
128
126
126
124
124
122
14
122
15
17
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
18
17.5
Time (sec)
18.5
19
(d)
(c)
Matched Filter Results - jd268153217SpiceL1600.DAT.D8, Source 2
1
Doppler Shift - jd268153217SpiceL1600.DAT.D8, Source2
150
2
132
15"
149
3
144
5
142
140
14
a-
7
138
135
1136
16.5
Doppler Velocity (knots)
(e)
17
17.5
Time (sec)
18
(f)
Figure F-16: Data file jd268153217SpiceL1600.DAT.D8
119
18.5
19
Bibliography
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Sound propagation over Dickins
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