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èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR> e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ (Academic Services Division) nXì`wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$_ : àW‘ Am{U {ÛVr¶ df© (E_.E. / E_.H$m°_. / E_.Eñgr. : g§àofU) (gZ 2015 - 2016) ~m{dgmdr Am{U Vo{dgmdr VwH$S>r ñdmÜ`m`, Q>‘n© no a, n¶m©daU H$m¶©Zm|Xdhr, g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr Am{U gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm boIZ ¶mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m (ñdmÜ`m` àíZm§gh) g§nH©$ àm. S>m°. à_moX {~`mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ - 422 222 XyaÜdZr … (0253) 2230010, 2230047 \°$Šg … 091-253-2230047 © 2015, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ r àW_ àH$meZ … gßQ>~| a 2015 r AjaOwiUr … ‘o. A°H$mo{gg, Zm{eH$-10 r _wÐH$ : r àH$meH$ … S>m°.àH$me AVH$ao, Hw$bg{Md, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ - 422 222 AKOSIS / B_15_16_42 nXì`wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$_ (E‘.E./E‘.H$m°‘./E‘.Eñgr. : g§àofU) : àW‘ Am{U {ÛVr¶ df© ñdmÜ`m`, Q>‘©nona, n¶m©daU H$m¶©Zm|Xdhr, g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr Am{U gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm boIZ ¶mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m AZwH«$_{UH$m I. àW‘ df© A. H«$. 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(2) ñdmÜ`m` \w$bñHo$n AmIrd H$mJXmda gmoS>dmdoV. ñdmÜ`m` hñV{b{IVM AgmdoV. (3) ñdmÜ¶m¶mÀ¶m n{hë¶m n¥ð>mda Amdí`H$ Vmo gd© _OHy$a `mo½` aH$mÝ`m§_Üò ({dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd, H$m`_ Zm|XUr H«$_m§H$, Aä`mgH|$ÐmMo Zmd, Aä`mgH«$_mMo Zmd, ñdmÜ`m` H«$_m§H$, ghr, VmarI, ñdmÜ`m` narjH$mMo Zmd d nÎmm) gwdmÀ` AjamV {bhmdm. (4) H$mJXmÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyg gmYmaUnUo 6 g|_r. g_mg gmoS>mdm. ñdmÜ`m` CÎmamÀ`m gdmªV eodQ>r gwdmÀ` AjamV Vw_Mm g§nyU© nÎmm ({nZH$moS>gh) {b{hUo d ghr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (5) \w$bñHo$n H$mJXm{edm` BVa H$moUË`mhr H$mJXmMo doîQ>Z (H$ìha) ñdmÜ`m`mbm bmdy Zò. (6) narjH$m§H$Sy>Z VnmgyZ Ambobo gd© ñdmÜ¶m¶ EH$m ’$mB©b‘Ü¶o ì¶dpñWVnUo O‘m H$amdoV. g§nyU© {ejUH«$‘mMm A§{V‘ {ZH$mb Omhra hmoB©n¶ªV gXa ñdmÜ¶m¶ gm§^miyZ R>odmdoV. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 28 1.2 ñdmÜ`m` gmXa H$aÊ`m{df`H$ àemgH$s` ~m~r ñdmÜ`m`mMm A§{V_ _gwXm {bhÿZ Pmë`mZ§Va nwT>o H$m` H$amd`mMo `m~m~V AZoH$ àíZ Vw_À`mnwT>o Cô amhVrb. Ë¶mn¡H$s H$mhr àíZ nwT>o {Xbobo AmhoV. (1) ñdmÜ`m`m§Mr CÎmao Ho$ìhm nmR>dm`Mr? (2) ñdmÜ`m` H$moUË`m narjH$mH$S>o nmR>dm`Mo, Ë`m§Mm nÎmm H$m`? (3) ñdmÜ`m` H$moUË`m nÕVrZo nmR>dm`Mo? (4) ñdmÜ`m`mMr CÎmao VnmgyZ Ho$ìhm {_iVrb? (5) narjH$m§H$Sy>Z ñdmÜ`m` VnmgyZ naV Amë`mda H$m` H$amd`mMo? ñdmÜ¶m¶ {bhÿZ Pmë¶mZ§Va g§~{§ YV {df¶mÀ¶m Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb AÜ¶mnH$m§H$S>o Vmo VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r Úmdm. ¶mg§X^m©V, ñdmÜ¶m¶ {bhÿZ AÜ¶mnH$m§H$S>o O‘m H$aÊ¶mMr A§{V‘ ‘wXV ‘m{hVrnwpñVHo$‘Ü¶o (Prospectus) 15 ‘mM© 2016 Aer {Xbobr Amho. ‘mÌ, Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$m§Zr AmnUmg {Xboë¶m gwMZm§Zg w ma H$Xm{MV hr ‘wXV H$mhr à‘mUmV H$‘r hmoD$ eHo$b. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m gwMZm§Zg w maM AmnU g§~{§ YV AÜ¶mnH$m§H$S>o ñdmÜ¶m¶ O‘m H$amdoV. {bhÿZ nyU© Pmbobo ñdmÜ¶m¶ e³¶Vmo H¥${VgÌmMo {Xder g§~{§ YV AÜ¶mnH$mH$S>o gynXy © H$amdoV. Ë¶m‘wio ñdmÜ¶m¶ Q>nmbm‘YyZ Jhmi hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Zmhr. ñdmÜ¶m¶ O‘m H$aÊ¶m~m~V g§~{§ YV AÜ¶mnH$m§À¶m gyMZm§Mo nmbZ H$amdo. ñdmÜ¶m¶ VnmgUmè¶m AÜ¶mnH$m§er ^«‘UÜdZrda g§nH©$ H$aUo e³¶Vmo Q>mimdo. Amdí¶H$ Agë¶mg Ë¶m§Meo r e³¶Vmo H$m¶m©b¶rZ doiVo M g§nH©$ H$amdm. ñdmÜ¶m¶ VnmgUmè¶m AÜ¶mnH$m§À¶m nyd© nadmZJrIoarO Kar OmD$Z ôQ>y Z¶o. Vwåhm§bm ñdmÜ`m` EH$XmM narjH$mH$S>o XoVm òB©b. H$moUVohr JwU àmá Pmbo Var Vmo nwÝhm gmXa H$aVm òUma Zmhr, ho bjmV R>odUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_wio Amnbm àW_ à`ËZ Aä`mgnyU© hdm. gwédmVrÀ¶m H¥${VgÌm§‘Ü¶o g§_§ÌH$m§Zr ñdmÜ`m`m~m~V g§_§ÌU Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mg A§{V_ ñdê$n Úmdo. g§~{§ YV AÜ¶mnH$m§Zr ñdmÜ¶m¶ VnmgyZ Ë¶mg§X^m©Vrb gyMZm d JwUZm|Xrgh Vwåhmbm e¡j{UH$ gÌm‘Ü¶o naV H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio Vwåhr doioda ñdmÜ¶m¶ O‘m Ho$bo Va Ë¶m§Zm ‘yë¶‘mnZmgmR>r nwaogm doi {‘iy eHo$b. ñdmÜ¶m¶ VnmgyZ {‘imë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mda JwUZm|X, ñdmjar d gyMZm AmhoV H$m Vo Adí¶ Vnmgm. Ë¶m gyMZm§Mm Cn¶moJ Vwåhmbm A§{V‘ narjoVrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {b{hÊ¶mgmR>r hmoBb © . Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb g§~§{YV {df¶mMo AÜ¶mnH$ Vw‘À¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶ ‘yë¶‘mnZmgmR>r narjH$ AgVrb. Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$ Vwåhm§bm {df¶{Zhm¶ ñdmÜ¶m¶ narjH$mMr Zmdo gm§JVrb. Ë¶mZwgma, {df¶{Zhm¶ ñdmÜ¶m¶ narjH$mMo Zmd ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmÏ¶mªMr Agob. narjH$m§H$S>o ñdmÜ¶m¶ VnmgÊ¶mg XoÊ¶mnydu Ë¶mMr EH$ Poam°³g àV ñdV… Odi R>odmdr. 1.3 ñdmÜ`m`mgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_{Zhm` àíZ (H$) AZwXoeZ àUmbr A{^H$ën (Instructional System Design) (EDU 011) (H$moUVmhr EH$ àíZ gmoS>dm) (EHy$U JwU 40) (01) àUmbr CnmJ_ åhUOo H$m`? àUmbr CnmJ_ Am{U nÕVera _mJ© `m§Vrb \$aH$ ñnï> H$ê$Z àUmbr CnmJ_mÀ`m nm`è`m§Mm Vwåhr {ZdS>boë`m g§emoYZ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$gm dmna H$amb Vo gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am. (01) What is system approach? What is the difference between system approach and systematic approach? How will you use the system approach to solve your research problem ? Explain with the help of illustration. (02) AÜ``Z CnnÎmr åhUOo H$m` ? dV©ZdmXr Am{U ~moYmË_H$ AÜ``Z CnnÎmrVrb \$aH$ gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$ê$Z ãby_Zo gm§{JVboë`m kmZmË_H$ C{Ôï>mMo dJuH$aU CXmhaUmgh ñnï> H$am. (02) What is meant by learning theories? With help of suitable examples, explain the Bloom's Taxonomy of objectives of the congnitive domain. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 39 (03) (A) {ejU, AZwXoeZ d à{ejU `m g§H$ënZm `mo½` CXmhaUmgh ñnï> H$am. (03) (A) Explain the concepts Education, Instruction and Training with the help of appropriate examples. (~) Üò`, gmÜ` d C{Ôï>o `m g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z g§emoYZ à{H«$òVrb C{Ôï>m§Mo _hÎd CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (B) Explain the concepts Goals, Aims and Objectives and describe importance of Objectives in the process of research with suitable examples. (04) (A) "AZwXoeZ åhUOo gw`mo{OV Am{U ghoVwH$nUo Ho$bobo AÜ`mnZ' Ago H$m åhUVmV? (A) Why an instruction is called a preplanned and goal directed teaching? (~) C{Ôï>o {b{hVmZm H¥${V{H«$`mnXm§Mm dmna H$m Ho$bm OmVmo? Vo `mo½` CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (B) Describe with suitable examples why objectives are written by using action verbs. (05) à{ejU åhUOo H$m`? à{ejUmgmR>rMm nÕVera _mJ© åhUOo H$m`? Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`m©Mo ES>²gg§~§YmV à~moYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU H$m`©H«$_ Vwåhr H$gm AmImb Ë`mMm AmamIS>m gmXa H$am. (05) What is training? Describe the systematic approach to training. Prepare a plan of training programme for students to orient them about AIDS. (06) Aä`mgH«$_ Am{U nmR>çH«$_ `m g§H$ënZm g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. Aä`mgH«$_mMo KQ>H$ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (06) Describe the concepts, curriculum and syllabus. Explain units of curriculum with the help of suitable examples. (07) (A) H$m`© n¥WŠH$aU åhUOo H$m`? dJm©V H${dVm {eH${dUo qH$dm {dkmZ n«`moJ XmI{dUo `m H$m`mªMo n¥W¸$aU AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnï> H$am. (07) (A) Explain the concept task analysis with help of diagram pertaining to either teaching a poem in class or demonstrating a science experiment. (~) _Zmoam àH$maMm nmR>çH«$_ åhUOo H$m`? Vwåhr {eH$drV Agboë`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m {df`mMm nmR>çH«$_ _ZmoamH¥$Vr aoImQ>ZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV gmXa H$am. (B) What is pyramidal syllabus? Present a pyramidal syllabus diagram of any one subject that you are teaching. (08) (A) à^wËd AÜ``Z à{V_mZ g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (A) Describe the mastery learning model. (~) KQ>H$ n¥W¸$aU åhUOo H$m`? Vwåhr {eH$drV Agboë`m H$moUË`mhr {df`mÀ`m EH$m KQ>H$mMo n¥W¸$aU H$am. (B) What is unit analysis? Write the analysis of any one unit in the subject you teach. (09) (A) AZwXoeZ A{^H$ën hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am. (A) Explain the concept ‘Instructional Design’. (~) amOH$s` AmXe© Am{U amï´>r`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ JaOm§Mm à^md nmR>çH«$_mda H$gm nS>Vmo Vo ñnï> H$am. (B) Explain the influence of political ideals and national, social and economical needs on the syllabus. (I) ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§àfo U (Communication of Human Rights) (OPN 236) (H$moUVohr XmoZ àíZ gmoS>dm) (EHy$U JwU 100) (01) (A) CÎm‘ A{YemgZ ¶m g§H$ënZoMm AW©, CJ‘, JaO Am{U KQ>H$ g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. "CÎm‘ A{YemgZmVyZ {dH$mg' ho VÎd ^maVr¶ gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ CXmhaUmgh ñnï> H$am. (01) (A) Describe meaning, origin, need and actors in the Concept ‘Good Governance’. Explain the principle ‘Development through Good Governance‘ in Indian SocioEconomic context with the help of suitable example. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 4 10 (01) (~) "‘m[hVrÀ¶m A{YH$mam‘wio ‘mZdr h³H$ A{YH$ gj‘ Pmbo AmhoV' ho {dYmZ Ë¶mVrb g§H$ënZm§gh ¶mo½¶ CXmhaUm§Ûmao ñnï> H$am. (01) (B) ‘Human Rights have become more competent due to Right to Information’. Explain the statement in the context of concepts included therein with the help of suitable examples. (02) (A) ‘mZdr h¸$^§Jm§Mm J[a~r d g§Kfm©er Agbobm g§~§Y ¶mo½¶ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (02) (A) Explain the relationship between violation of human rights with poverty and struggle, with the help of suitable examples. (02) (~) "‘mZdr h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì¶m§Mo dmhH$' ¶m g§H$ënZm CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (02) (B) Describe the concepts ‘Human Rights’ and ‘Bearers of Right’ with suitable examples. (03) (A) ^maVmVrb ‘mZdr h¸$ {Z¶m‘H$ ¶§ÌUm§Mr H$m¶}, C{Ôï>o Am{U ‘hÎd g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (03) (A) Describe the functions, objectives and importance of various human rights monitoring agencies in India. (03) (~) "emofUm{déÕ h¸$ Am{U [aQ> (AmXoe)' ¶m g§H$ënZm CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (03) (B) Explain the concepts ‘Right Against Exploitation and Writ’ with suitable examples. (04) (A) ‘mZdr h¸$m§À¶m OmJ{VH$ OmhraZmå¶mVrb H$maUo ^maVr¶ g§X^m©Vrb ¶mo½¶ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (04) (A) Explain the articles in Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indian Context with suitable examples. (04) (~) ‘mZdr h¸$m§g§~§YrÀ¶m A{ÔmV Am{U AmYw{ZH$ {dMmagaUtMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am. (04) (B) Describe the Classical and Modern Thinking of Human Rights. (05) (A) ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m h¸$m§‘Yrb g‘m{dï> KQ>H$ ‘mZdr h¸$m§À¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ¶mo½¶ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (05) (A) Describe with suitable examples the various provisions under Rights to Freedom in the context of Human Rights. (05) (~) ^maVr¶ amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrb ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo Am{U ‘mZdr h¸$ ¶mVrb A§VJ©V g§~§Y CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (05) (B) Describe the internal relationship between the Guiding Principles mentioned in Constitution of India and Human Rights with suitable examples. (06) (A) ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb "g‘mZVoMm h¸$' hr g§H$ënZm ¶mo½¶ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (06) (A) Describe ‘Right to Equality’ as mentioned under constitution of India with suitable examples. (06) (~) Ý¶m¶nm{bHo$Mr ‘mZdr h¸$ g§ajUmMr ^y{‘H$m g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (06) (B) Describe the role of judiciary as custodian of Human Rights. (07) (A) ‘mZdr h¸$^§Jmg H$maUr^yV Agbobo KQ>H$ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (07) (A) Describe with suitable examples the factors responsible for the violation of Human Rights. (07) (~) amï´>r¶ ‘mZdr h¸$ Am¶moJmMo ‘hÎd, H$m¶}, A{YH$ma Am{U H$m¶©nÕVr g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (07) (B) Describe the importance, functions, powers and procedures of National Human Rights Commission. (08) (A) ‘mZdr h¸$ Ý¶m¶mb¶o hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z {Oëhm VH«$ma ¶§ÌUoMr H$m¶©àUmbr g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (08) (A) Explain the concept Human Rights Courts and describe the mechanism of District Complaint Authority. (08) (~) amï´>r¶ AZwgy{MV OmVr d O‘mVr Am¶moJm§Mr aMZm, H$m¶} d H$m¶©nÕVr g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (08) (B) Describe the structure, functions and procedure of National Commissions for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 511 (~) emoY{Z~§Y (Q>‘©nona) boIZ ‘mJ©X{e©H$m n gyMZm (1) emoY{Z~§Y e³¶Vmo Q>§H${b{IV Agmdm. n¥ð>mÀ¶m EH$mM ~mOyg Q>§H$boIZ Ho$bobo Agmdo. emoY{Z~§YmMo ñnm¶ab ~mBªqS>J qH$dm nwR²>R>m ~mBªqS>J H$amdo. (2) emoY{Z~§Ymda {dÚmÏ¶m©Mo nyU© Zmd, nÎmm, Aä¶mgH|$ÐmMo Zmd d nÎmm, PRN (H$m¶‘ Zm|XUr H«$‘m§H$) VgoM àdoe KoVboë¶m {ejUH«$‘mMo Zmd hm gd© Vnerb H$miOrnyd©H$ {bhmdm. (3) ñnrS> nmoñQ> qH$dm a{OñQ>S>© nmoñQ>mZo Q>‘©nonaMr EH$M àV nwT>rb nÎ¶mda nmR>dmdr. àm. S>m°. à‘moX {~¶mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR> Zm{eH$ - 422 222 Q>‘©nona Hw$[a¶aZo nmR>dy Z¶o. (4) Q>‘©nonaMr ñWiàV {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo ñdV…H$S>o R>odmdr. nmoñQ>mMr nmdVrhr OnyZ R>odmdr. (5) 2015-16 ¶m e¡j{UH$ dfm©gmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m Vo{dgmì¶m VwH$S>rÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©À¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr Q>‘©nona {XZm§H$ 15 ‘mM© 2016 nydu Zm{eH$bm nmohmoMVrb Aem ~oVmZo nmR>dmdoV. (6) Q>‘©nona Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$ê$ Z¶oV. Vmo da {Xboë¶m nÎ¶mda nmR>dmdm. 2.1 emoY{Z~§Y (Q>‘©nona) åhUOo H$m¶? "emoY{Z~§Y' hm eãXM nwaogm ñd¶§ñnï> d ~mobH$m Amho. {Z~§Y {bhmd¶mMm Amho nU Vmo emoY ñdê$nmMm - g§emoYZmË‘H$ AmYmamda hdm Amho ! "emoY' ¶m eãXmMm ‘amR>r-B§J«Or eãXH$moemV nwT>rb AW© {Xbm Amho. emoY - search, detection, investigation, quest, invention, discovery, breakthrough. emoYH$m¶© åhUOo search operation. emoYZ åhUOo purifying, cleaning, cleansing; Va "emoYZy H$mT>U'o åhUOo unearth - EImXo gË¶ COoS>mV AmUUo qH$dm to find out, seek out hmo¶. åhUyZM emoYnÌH$mambm an investigative journalist åhUVmV. emoYnWH$mbm search party åhUVmV, Va emoYàdmgmbm dm emoY‘mo{h‘obm exploration eãX dmnaVmV. "emoY' åhUOo AÝdofU. emoYH$ åhUOo {Okmgy, Mm¡H$g qH$dm H$ënH$ hmo¶. Ë¶m‘wioM emoYH$mH$S>o emoYH$~wÕr åhUOo H$ënH$Vm qH$dm {Okmgm Agmdr bmJVo. emoYZmMr {H«$¶m åhUOo AÝdofUmMr qH$dm ewÕrMr {H«$¶m Amho. AÝdofU ¶m eãXmgmR>r ‘amR>rV emoY, Vnmg, Vbmg, Vbmer, N>S>m, doY, Ym§S>moim, YmJmXmoam, Wm§JnÎmm, bmJ, gwJmdm, MmMnUr, VnmgUr, ’o$aVnmgUr, CbQ>VnmgUr, JdofU, {dMjUm, emoYmemoY, emoYZ, Mm¡H$er, AZwg§YmZ, nygVnmg, {dMmanyg, nwgmnwgr, dmñVnwñV, {dMmaUm, n¥ÀN>m, nmhUr, N>mZZr, ehm{Zem, narjm, PS>Vr, PmS>mPS>Vr, A§JPS>Vr, N>oS>N>mS>, g§emoYZ, AÜ¶¶Z, n[aerbZ, AdojU, gd}jU, ‘‘m©ÝdofU, gË¶mÝdofU, AmË‘emoY EdT>o n¶m©¶r eãX {Xbo Jobo AmhoV. (g§X^© : A{^Zd ‘amR>r-‘amR>r-B§J«Or n¶m©¶r eãXH$moe, {ZVrZ àH$meZ, nwUo, Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr, OmZodmar 2008, n¥. 47) ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 6 "{Z~§Y' åhUOo boI, à~§Y, J«§W, aMZm, emoY{Z~§Y Ago n¶m©¶r eãX {Xbo AmhoV. (g§X^© : A{^Zd ‘amR>r-‘amR>r-B§J«Or n¶m©¶r eãXH$moe, {ZVrZ àH$meZ, nwUo, Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr, OmZodmar 2008, n¥. 451) darb gd© eãXmW© qH$dm n¶m©¶r eãX Oa H$miOrnyd©H$ nm{hbo Va "emoYZ åhUOo Vnmg H$aUo, Ym§S>moim KoUo, N>mZZr H$ê$Z narjU H$aUo, n[aerbZ d ewÕrZo gË¶mÝdofU H$aUo' Agm AW© {ZKy eH$Vmo. emoYZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb ho Q>ßno AmhoV. ho Q>ßno nma H$arV {b{hbobm - {gÕ Ho$bobm boI åhUOo emoY{Z~§Y hmo¶. {Z~§Y hr EH$ ~m§Yrd gm{hË¶H¥$Vr Amho. {d{eï> {df¶ qH$dm ‘wÚmMo gyÌYmamZo Ho$bobo à{VnmXZ dm I§S>Z-‘§S>Z åhUOo {Z~§Y hmo¶. åhUyZM, {Z~§Y Hw$R>bmhr Agmo, (H$mën{ZH$, dU©Zna dm emoY{Z~§Y) gyÌYmambm EH$ gyÌ {ZpíMV H$ê$Z à{VnmÚ {df¶mMo gyÌ~Ó, ~m§Yrd, AmIrd-aoIrd à{VnmXZ H$amdo bmJVo. gyÌYmamMo gyÌ AÝ¶ OUm§gmR>r g§ào{fV H$aÊ¶mMo {Z~§Y ho EH$ {eñV~Õ ‘mÜ¶‘ Amho. darb gd© {ddoMZ H$miOrnyd©H$ nm{hbo Va emoY{Z~§YmMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rbà‘mUo H$aVm ¶oB©b. {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m g§H$ënZogX§ ^m©V {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo gdmªJrU ‘m{hVr O‘m H$ê$Z VgoM VnmgyZ AÝd¶mW© Am{U {ZîH$fmªMr g§emoYZmÀ¶m {eñVrVyZ ~m§Yrd boImÀ¶m ñdê$nmV ‘m§S>Ur åhUOo emoY{Z~§Y hmo¶. emio‘Ü¶o {b{hbo OmUmao "‘mPr AmB©' dJ¡ao ì¶p³VdU©Zna {Z~§Y qH$dm "‘r n§VàYmZ Pmbmo Va' gmaIo H$mën{ZH$ qH$dm ñdßZa§OZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y, "hþVmËå¶mMo ‘ZmoJV' gmaIo naH$m¶m àdoemÛmao {b{hbobo ‘ZmoJVna {Z~§Y qH$dm "H$embm hì¶mV narjm?' gmaIo WmoS>o d¡Mm[aH$ A§JmZo OmUmao {Z~§Y {bhmdo bmJVmV. ¶m gd© {Z~§Ym§Mr ñdV…Mr EH$ aMZm AgVo d àË¶oH$ {Z~§YmV {Z~§YboIH$mZo AÝ¶ {Z~§YboIH$mnojm H$mhrVar doJio, Zdo ‘m§S>Uo Ano{jV AgVo. Oer àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr Xþgè¶m ì¶³Vrnojm gd© ~m~VrV doJir AgVo VgoM àË¶oH$mMm {Z~§Y Xþgè¶m§À¶m {Z~§Ymnojm doJim AgUo Ano{jV AgVo. ‘mÂ¶m AmB©Mo dU©Z Xþgè¶mÀ¶m AmB©bm H$go bmJy nS>ob? {Z~§Ym‘Ü¶o {Z~§YboIH$mÀ¶m ì¶p³V‘ÎdmMo gma S>mHo $mdVo ho bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. åhUyZM {Z~§YboIZ hr gd©ñdr ewÕ Aer Zd{Z{‘©VrMr {H«$¶m Amho. {Z~§YboIZ åhUOo gO©Z, Zì¶mMo àgdZ-àgaU ho bjmV ¿¶m¶bm hdo. emoY{Z~§Y hm g§emoYZmda AmYmabobm AgVmo. {Z~§YboIH$mZo EImÚm ‘wÚmMm (^bo Vmo ‘wÔm OwZmM Agmo) Zì¶mZo emoY KoD$Z, Ym§S>mi o m KoD$Z, nwÝhm narjm ewÕrZo Zdm Am¶m‘ emoYbobm AgVmo. hm Zdm n¡by emoY{Z~§YmVyZ à{VnmXZ H$amd¶mMm Agë¶mZo emoY{Z~§Y hm à{VnmXZna {Z~§Y R>aVmo. Ë¶mbm EH$ {dMmagyÌ Agë¶mZo Vmo d¡Mm[aH$ d J§^ra {Z~§Y R>aVmo. Vmo g§emoYZmda AmYmabobm Agë¶mZo g§emoYZ ‘m§S>Ê¶mgmR>r nmimd¶mMr VÎdo / {Z¶‘ emoY{Z~§Y {b{hVmZm nmimdr bmJVmV. WmoS>³¶mV, emoY{Z~§Y hm {dMmaàdV©H$ d à{VnmXZna AgVmo. Vmo emoYmMr ‘m§S>Ur I§S>Z-‘§S>Z ñdê$nmV H$aUmam AgVmo. 2.1.1 emoY åhUOo H$m¶? Zd{dMmam§Mr ‘m§S>Ur ho emoYZM AgVo. OwÝ¶m {dMmam§Mo Zì¶mZo Ho$bobo {díbofU dm Ë¶mda na§naonojm doJù¶m nÕVrZo Q>mH$bobm PmoV åhUOogwÕm emoYM hmo¶! Z¡g{J©H$ emóm§‘Ü¶o (Ord, agm¶Z, ^m¡{VH$, BË¶mXr) emoYm§Mo n[aUm‘ Ñ½Jmoƒa hmoD$ eH$VmV. à¶moJemimYm[aV emóm§‘Yrb emoYmMr à{H«$¶m doJir AgVo. EImÚm Zì¶m amoJO§VMy m emoY bmJUo qH$dm Ë¶mÀ¶m ZmemMm Cnm¶ emoYUo hm emoY à¶moJemimYm[aV Amho. gm‘m{OH$emóo hr à¶moJemimYm[aV ZgVmV. g‘mO, ^mdg‘yh hrM Ë¶m§Mr à¶moJemim AgVo. gyú‘Xeu, agm¶Zo, ~bm~b dm narjmZù¶m dJ¡ao gmYZgm‘J«r gm‘m{OH$emóm§Zm bmJV Zmhr. ‘mZdr dV©Zmer, g‘yh dV©Zmer dm gm‘m{OH$ A{^{H«$¶m§er hr emóo OmñV {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. gm‘m{OH$emóm§Mo {ÌH$mbm~m{YV, gd©ì¶mnr d gd©Ì{gÕ Ago H$mQ>oH$moa {Z¶‘ ~ZdVm ¶oV Zgbo Var ¶m emóm§À¶m g§emoYZmbmhr ‘mZd g‘yhmÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r ‘hÎd AmhoM. nXì¶wÎma nXdrÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emoY{Z~§YmgmR>r ¿¶md¶mÀ¶m emoYmbm doi, ñWi d n¡gm ¶m§Mr ‘¶m©Xm Amho. amoJO§Vy§Mm emoY hr XrK©H$mbrZ d H$Xm{MV nyU©doioMr à{H«$¶m Amho. AmnU Agm emoY KoUo Ano{jV Zmhr. emoY{Z~§YmgmR>r doioMr ‘¶m©Xm Amho. Amnbm emoY hm EH$m ‘¶m©{XV doi d {df¶mgmR>r Amho. qH$~hþZm EImÚm {df¶mVrb EImÚm ‘wÚmnwaVmhr Vmo gr{‘V Agy eH$Vmo. {deofV… g§àofU joÌmVrb nXì¶wÎma nXdr g§nmXZ H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r emoY{Z~§YmMo [a¨JU ñnï>nUo AmIyZ {Xbo Amho. CXmhaUmW© E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àofU) H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©g "‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo {dÚmemIoVrb Zdo àdmh' (Recent Trends in Humanities & Social Sciences) ¶m ‘w»¶ erf©H$mMm emoY{Z~§Y {bhm¶Mm Amho. CKS> Amho H$s, E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àofU : ‘amR>r) qH$dm E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àfo U : B{Vhmg / ^yJmob / amÁ¶emó / g‘mOemó / B§JO « r dJ¡ao dJ¡a)o joÌmÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©bm Ë¶mÀ¶m ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 7 Aä¶mgmMm EH$ n[aK AmIyZ {Xbm Amho. ‘wimV hm {dÚmWu "‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emómVrb' g§àfo U nXdr KoUma Amho åhUyZ Ë¶mZo Ë¶mÀ¶m Ë¶m {dÚmemIoVrb (Faculty) Zdo àdmh (Recent Trends) Aä¶mgmd¶mMo AmhoV. nwÝhm hm {dÚmWu "{df¶ g§àfo U : ‘amR>r' Aem {ejUH«$‘mMm Aä¶mg H$arV Agob Va Ë¶mbm "‘amR>r ¶m {df¶mVrb Zdo àdmh' Aä¶mgmd¶mMo AmhoV. åhUOoM "E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àofU : ‘amR>r)' ¶m nXdrgmR>r Aä¶mg H$aUmam {dÚmWu "‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo {dÚmemIoVrb Zdo àdmh ({deof g§X^© : ‘amR>r ^mfm)' Ago emoY{Z~§YmMo ‘w»¶ erf©H$ XoB©b. AmVm ¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©bm Cnerf©H$ {ZdS>m¶Mo Amho. Vo H$Xm{MV "‘amR>r ^mfoÀ¶m ewÕboIZmVrb Zì¶m-OwÝ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mr VwbZm d Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘' Ago Agy eHo$b qH$dm "EH${dgmì¶m eVH$mVrb n{hë¶m XeH$mVrb A‘amdVr {OëømVrb ZdH$dr' Agohr Agy eHo$b qH$dm "dYm© {OëømVyZ B.g. 2011-12 ‘Ü¶o àH$m{eV hmoUmè¶m ‘amR>r àH$meZm§Mm AmT>mdm' Agohr Agy eHo$b qH$dm "~rS> {OëømVrb A§~mOmoJmB© ehamVrb gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb¶mVrb dmMH$m§À¶m dmL²>‘¶{ZdS>rVrb AmdS>r {ZdS>tMm {díbofH$ Aä¶mg' Agohr Agy eHo$b. "E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àofU : ‘amR>r)' ¶m nXì¶wÎma nXdrgmR>r Aä¶mg H$aUmè¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m emoY{Z~§YmMo erf©H$ AmVm nwT>rbà‘mUo hmoD$ eHo$b. E‘.E. 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Aem ñdê$nmÀ¶m emoY{Z~§Ym‘Ü¶o AmH$S>odmarMr H$moï>Ho$, AmboI, AmH¥$Ë¶m, àdmh Vºo$ ¶m§Mm dmna H$aVm ¶oVmo. g§X^mªMo òmoV (source) ‘mÌ ì¶dpñWVnUo Zm|X{dbo nm{hOoV. M.Sc. (SC - n¶m©daUemó) H$aUmè¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©g Ë¶mÀ¶m n[agamV Joë¶m nmM dfmªV Pmboë¶m ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVmZm Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘, N>m¶m{MÌo, AmH$S>odmargh, nwamì¶m§gh XoVm ¶oVrb. EImÚm {df¶mVrb AmYw{ZH$ ~Xb - KS>m‘moS>tMr Zm|X KoVmZm ñWm{ZH$ n[aga, VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ¶ d amï´> Aem {d{dY nmVirda emoY{Z~§Y {b{hVm ¶oVmo. ¶mVrb EH$ ‘¶m©Xm {ZdSy>Z Ë¶m Ë¶m joÌmVrb KS>m‘moS>tMr Zm|oX d {díbofU H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. CXmhaUmW©, "‘w§~B© ehamVrb V¥Vr¶ n§Wr¶ ì¶³VrÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mm AmT>mdm' (1995 Vo 1996) CXmhaUmW©, (1) g§JUH$sH$aUmMo nmWS>u ehamVrb ghH$mar nVnoT>çm§da Pmbobo n[aUm‘ (2007-2012) (2) g§JUH$sH$aUmMo nmWS>u Vmbw³¶mVrb ghH$mar nVnoT>çm§da Pmbobo n[aUm‘ (2007-2012) (3) g§JUH$sH$aUmMo Ah‘XZJa {OëømVrb ghH$mar nVnoT>çm§da Pmbobo n[aUm‘ (2007-2012) (4) g§JUH$sH$aUmMo ‘hmamï´>mVrb ghH$mar nVnoT>çm§da Pmbobo n[aUm‘ (2007-2012) (5) g§JUH$sH$aUmMo ^maVmVrb ghH$mar nVnoT>çm§da Pmbobo n[aUm‘ (2007-2012) ¶m§n¡H$s ‘hmamï´> d ^maV hr ‘¶m©Xm IynM ì¶mnH$ AgyZ nXì¶wÎma nXdrÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm doi, n¡gm ¶m§Mr Agbobr ‘¶m©Xm bjmV KoVm EdT>r ì¶mßVr KoUo Ano{jV Zmhr. ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm {Oëhm nmVirMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘¶m©Xm {ZdS>mdr. H$mhr emoY{Z~§Ym§Zm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘¶m©Xm ZgVo. CXmhaUmW©, "^mJ ~mOmam§‘Yrb ZdrZ àdmh' qH$dm "JVXeH$mVrb ‘amR>r H${dVmg§J«h' dJ¡ao, dJ¡ao. {dÚmÏ¶mªMr AmdS>-{ZdS>, doi d g§X^mªMr CnbãYVm ¶mZwgma emoY{Z~§YmMm {df¶ {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo {ZpíMV H$amdm. emoY{Z~§Y boIZ hr Ho$di narjm{df¶H$ nyV©Vm ZgyZ gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r Vmo EH$ AmZ§XmZw^d ìhmdm Aer Anojm Amho. emoY{Z~§YmMo erf©H$ d àH$ën Ahdmb (dissertation) ¶mMo erf©H$ d emoYjoÌ {^Þ Agmdo. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 9 2.2 emoY{Z~§Y boIZmMr nyd©V¶mar emoY{Z~§YmgmR>rMo gmYmaU T>mo~i erf©H$ {ZpíMV Pmë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mgmR>r Aä¶mgmg àma§^ H$amd¶mMm Amho. Ë¶mgmR>r {dÚmÏ¶m©g AZoH${dY àH$maMo dmMZ H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. nwaogo g§X^© g§H${bV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ¶m Q>ßß¶mda Ë¶mMo J«§Wmb¶ d g§X^©òmoVm§VyZ g§nH$m©Mo H$m‘ gwê$ hmoVo. B§Q>aZoQ>, J«§Wmb¶, VÁkm§er MMm© d ‘wbmIVr, Ë¶m Ë¶m {df¶mda H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ñd¶§godr dm AÝ¶ g§ñWm, ì¶³Vr, H$m¶©H$V}, {dMmad§V Aem AZoH$m§er ~mobyZ ôQy>Z MMm© H$ê$Z, dmMZ H$ê$Z gmYmaU g§X^© gm{hË¶mMo ì¶mnH$ g§H$bZ hmoVo. g§X^©gyMr V¶ma ìhm¶bm ¶oWo gwédmV hmoVo. doJdoJù¶m àH$maMo gm{hË¶ emoYVmZm g§X^©gMy r V¶ma ìhm¶bm bmJVo. emoY{Z~§YmV Oo g§X^© Úmd¶mMo AmhoV (AmH$S>do mar, Vº$m, {d{dY VÁkm§Mr ‘Vo, nyduÀ¶m g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f©, BË¶mXr) Ë¶m g§X^m©À¶m AmYmamgmR>r AZoH$ Zm|Xr VÏ¶ g§H$bZ H$aVmZm / dmMVmZm {dÚmÏ¶m©g H$ê$Z R>odmì¶m bmJVmV. g§X^©òmoV Zm|X{dÊ¶mÀ¶m AZoH$ nÕVr AmhoV. 2.3 emoY{Z~§YmMr ì¶mßVr d aMZm emoY{Z~§Y H$‘rVH$‘r Q>§H${b{IV Vrg n¥ð>m§Mm d OmñVrVOmñV nÞmg n¥ð>m§Mm Agmdm. emoY{Z~§YmMo erf©H$ nmZ, AZwH«$‘{UH$m Am[U Z§Va (1) àmñVm{dH$, (2) g§emoYZ nÕVr, (3) {df¶-{ddoMZ, (4) {ZîH$f© Ago Mma ‘w»¶ ‘wÔo AgmdoV. Mmahr ‘wÚm§À¶m Z§Va g§X^©gyMr d Z§Va n[a{eï>o Aer aMZm Agmdr. hm H«$‘ nwÝhm ~Ky ¶m. (1) erf©H$ n¥ð> (2) à{VkmnÌ (3) AZwH$« ‘{UH$m (4) àmñVm{dH$ (5) g§emoYZ nÕVr (6) {df¶-{ddoMZ (7) {ZîH$f© (8) g§X^©gMy r (9) n[a{eï>o 2.3.1 erf©H$ n¥ð> erf©H$ n¥ð>mMr aMZm nwT>rbà‘mUo Agmdr. erf©H$ n¥ð> ho emoY{Z~§YmMo n{hbo n¥ð> Agmdo. emoY{Z~§YmMo erf©H$ {dÚmÏ¶m©Mo Zmd d nÎmm H$m¶‘ Zm|XUr H«$‘m§H$ : ‘mo~mB©b H«$. : {ejUH«$‘ d joÌ CXm. M.A. (Educational Communication) narjH$mMo Zmd : narjH$mZo e§ân¡H$s Ho$bobo JwUXmZ : narjH$mMr ghr : ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 10 2.3.2 à{VkmnÌ erf©H$n¥ð>mZ§Va {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo ñdV…Mo à{VkmnÌ OmoS>mdo. à{VkmnÌmMm ‘OHy$a nwT>rbà‘mUo Agmdm. à{VkmnÌ ‘r ---------------------------------------------------- H$m¶‘ Zm|XUr H«$‘m§H$ --------------------------¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmMm --------------------------------------------------------------------- ¶m {ejUH«$‘mMm {dÚmWu AgyZ {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m A§eV… nyVugmR>r nwT>rb erf©H$mMm emoY{Z~§Y {b{hbm Amho. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) gXa emoY{Z~§Y ‘r ñdV… {b{hbm Amho. (2) emoY{Z~§YmV {Xboë¶m g§X^m©Mo òmoV Zm|Xdbo AmhoV. (3) emoY{Z~§YmVrb ‘OHy$a ‘mPm ñdV…Mm AgyZ Ë¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘m§Mr O~m~Xmar ‘mPr ñdV…Mr Amho. (4) emoY{Z~§Y {b{hÊ¶mnydu g§~§{YV g§ñWm / ì¶³VtZr nwa{dboë¶m gm‘J«rgmR>r d {VMm emoY{Z~§YmV dmna H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m g§~§{YVm§Mr nyd©nadmZJr ‘r KoVbr Amho. {XZm§H$ : / /20 ñWi : {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr ñdmjar nyU© Zmd : 2.3.3 AZwH«$‘{UH$m à{VkmnÌmZ§Va AZwH«$‘{UH$m OmoS>mdr. AZwH«$‘{UHo$V erf©H$ d Cnerf©H$ d n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$ ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe H$amdm. 2.3.4 ‘w»¶ ‘wÚm§Mr ¶moOZm ¶mZ§Va ‘w»¶ ‘wÚm§Zwgma boIZ H$amdo. g§emoYZnÕVr‘Ü¶o emoY{Z~§YmgmR>r dmnaboë¶m g§emoYZnÕVr, gmYZo, VÏ¶ g§H$bZ, dJ¡ao~Ôb {ddoMZ H$amdo. 2.3.5 g§X^©gyMr eodQ>r g§X^©gyMr Agm H«$‘ R>odmdm. g§X^© Zm|X{dÊ¶mgmR>r emór¶ nÕVrMmM dmna H$amdm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 11 2.4 g‘mamon d ewôÀN>m ! ¶m nÕVrZo V¶ma Pmbobm emoY{Z~§YmMm n{hbm IS>m© ì¶dpñWV dmMyZ Ë¶mV gwYmaUm H$amì¶mV. Amnbo g‘mYmZ hmoB©n¶ªV d gd© g§e¶ Zmhrgo hmoB©n¶ªV ‘gwÚmV gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. Ë¶mZ§Va emoY{Z~§Y Q>§H${b{IV H$amdm. emoY{Z~§YmMr Q>§H${b{IV ñWiàV ñdV…H$S>o Adí¶ R>odmdr. EH$ àV nwT>rb nÎ¶mda nmR>dmdr. àm. S>m°. à‘moX {~¶mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR> Zm{eH$ - 422 222 emoY{Z~§YmÀ¶m erf©H$n¥ð>mda AmnUmg nwa{dÊ¶mV Amboë¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶ / Q>‘n© no a ‘yë¶‘mnZ ànÌm§Mm (nm§T>am + Jwbm~r + {ndim) EH$ g§M OmoS>m¶Mm Amho. ànÌmdarb COì¶m ~mOyMm {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo âmd¶mMm ‘OHy$a nyU© {b{hÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr Amho. ànÌm§Mm EH$ g§M emoY{Z~§Ymbm OmoS>Uo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë¶m{edm¶ emoY{Z~§Y Vnmgbm OmUma Zmhr. emoY{Z~§YmMo JwU e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$Sy>Z narjm {d^mJmg H$i{dbo OmVrb. {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m àH$ën / gmYZ AhdmbmÀ¶m (dissertation) ‘m¡{IH$ narjoZ§Va ‘m¡{IH$ narjm, àH$ën Ahdmb JwUm§~amo~aM gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm Am{U emoY{Z~§YmMo JwU narjm {d^mJmg H$i{dbo OmVrb. ewôÀN>m ! AmnU H$ï>ndy H© $, g§emoYZmZo {gÕ Ho$bobm emoY{Z~§Y AmnUmg AmZ§XM XoBb © . AmnU Ho$boë¶m Zd{Z{‘©Vr‘wio Amnbm AmË‘gÝ‘mZhr C§Mmdob. AmnU Mm§Jbm emoY{Z~§Y {bhÿ eH$Vmo Agm AmË‘{dídmg ¶oB©b. Ë¶m‘wio AmVmnmgyZM emoY{Z~§YmMr nyd©V¶mar H$am¶bm bmJm. boIZmMm, g§X^© emoYÊ¶mMm {díbofU H$aÊ¶mMm, H$emMmhr H§$Q>mim H$ê$ ZH$m. emoY{Z~§Y boIZ ho Vw‘À¶m ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m¡eë¶mbm MmbZm XoUmao d AmZ§XXm¶r H$m¶© Amho. Mbm, emoY{Z~§YmÀ¶m àmW{‘H$ H$m‘mg bJoMM gwédmV H$ê$ ¶m! - àm. S>m°. à‘moX {~¶mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ 2.5 emoY{Z~§Ym§Mr (Q>‘©nona) joÌ{Zhm¶ H$mhr Z‘wZm erf©Ho$ ‘amR>r 1. 2. 3. ‘amR>r g§V gm{hË¶mVrb (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m) g§VmMo {dMma. órdmXr gm{hË¶ : g§H$ënZm, CJ‘, {dH$mg Am{U ^{dVì¶. Vwåhmbm AmdS>boë¶m H$mX§~ar / ZmQ>H$m§Mr nmíd©^y‘r, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U g§Xoe (Ame¶) ¶m§À¶m Ñï>rZo {díbofU. B{Vhmg 1. 2. 3. 4. ‘. Jm§YtÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmMm ñdmV§Í¶bT>çmdarb n[aUm‘ : EH$ AmT>mdm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo gm‘m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s¶ H$m¶© Am{U n[aUm‘. ‘hmamï´>mVrb qH$dm Vw‘À¶m n[agamVrb nwamoJm‘r g‘mOgwYmaH$m§Mo (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m) H$m¶© Am{U n[aUm‘. ^maVmVrb H$moUË¶mhr EH$m {d^mJmÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm (CXm. ^maVr¶ g¡Ý¶Xb / aoëdo / nmoñQ> d Vma) (g§ñWmË‘H$ Aä¶mg) ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 12 g‘mOemó 1. 2. 3. dmT>Ë¶m eharH$aUm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m Am{U Ë¶mg§X^m©Vrb emgH$s¶ YmoaUo. ÑH$lmì¶ ‘mÜ¶‘m§‘wio {H$emoad¶rZ ‘wbm‘wbtÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ g‘m¶moOZ j‘Vm§da hmoUmam n[aUm‘ : AmT>mdm. Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrb (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m) H$m‘JmamÀ¶m ì¶mdgm{¶H$ g‘ñ¶m Am{U Ë¶mg§X^m©V H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ñd¶§godr g§ñWm§Mo ¶moJXmZ - AmT>mdm (~m§YH$m‘ / hm°Q>ob / drQ>^Å>r / eoV‘Oya, BË¶mXr). B§JO « r 1. 2. B§J«Or gm{hË¶mVrb Vwåhmbm AmdS>boë¶m H$mX§~ar / ZmQ>H$ / H$Wm g§J«h / H${dVm g§J«hmMo (H$moUVmhr EH$) Ë¶mVrb Ame¶, aMZm, ‘m§S>Ur ¶m Ñï>rZo {díbofU. ^maVr¶ boIH$m§Mo (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m) B§J«Or gm{hË¶mVrb ‘hÎdnyU© ¶moJXmZ : AmT>mdm. qhXr 1. 2. qhXr gm{hË¶mVrb Vwåhmbm AmdS>boë¶m H$mX§~ar / ZmQ>H$ / H$Wmg§J«h / H${dVm g§J«hmMo (H$moUVmhr EH$) Ë¶mVrb Ame¶, aMZm, ‘m§S>Ur ¶m Ñï>rZo {díbofU. H$moUË¶mhr EH$m boIH$mMo qhXr gm{hË¶mVrb ‘hÎdnyU© ¶moJXmZ : AmT>mdm. ^yJmob 1. 2. 3. ^maVmVrb {d{dY àXoem§Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ dJuH$aU (O‘rZ / nmUr / dZg§nÎmr / eoVr nÕVr, B. g§X^m©V) Am{U {díbofU. n[agamVrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m YaUm§‘wio (CXm. ^§S>maXam) bm^joÌmVrb H¥$fr d nyaH$ CÚmoJm§Mm Pmbobm {dH$mg. h[aVH«$m§VrZ§Va ‘hÎdmÀ¶m YmÝ¶ {nH$m§À¶m CËnmXZmVrb dmT> : {d^mJdma AmT>mdm. amÁ¶emó / bmoH$àemgZ 1. 2. 3. ‘hmamï´>mVrb ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm§Mo {dH$mgmVrb H$m¶© Am{U ^{dî¶mVrb ^y{‘H$m. bmoH$gh^mJmVyZ {dH$mg : g§H$ënZm, {dH$mg Am{U emgH$s¶ YmoaUo. Ý¶m¶nm{bH$m§Mr bmoH$emhr‘Yrb ^y{‘H$m. J{UV 1. 2. 3. J{UV {df¶mVrb {d{dY emIm§Mm {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Cn¶moOZ. ^maVr¶ J{UVVÁkm§Mo J{UVmVrb ¶moJXmZ : AmT>mdm. àmW{‘H$ / ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamdarb J{UV AÜ¶mnZ nÕVrVrb ~Xb Am{U Ë¶m§Mr n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm. ^y{‘Vr 1. 2. 3. ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ^m¡{‘{VH$ g§H$ënZm§Mo (H$moUË¶mhr VrZ) X¡Z{§ XZ OrdZm‘Yrb Cn¶moOZmgmR>r AÜ¶mnZ nÕVrMo {dH$gZ. ^maVr¶ ^y{‘VrVÁkm§Mo ^y{‘Vr‘Yrb ¶moJXmZ - AmT>mdm. ^m¡{‘{VH$ Ioi / gmYZm§Mm dmna - CnbãY gmYZm§Mm AmT>mdm. g§»¶memó 1. 2. 3. g§»¶memómMm {d{dY kmZemIm§‘Yrb g§emoYZmgmR>r dmna - AmT>mdm. à{gÕ ^maVr¶ g§»¶memók H¡$. nr. gr. ‘hmbmo~Zrg ¶m§Mo g§»¶memómVrb ¶moJXmZ. g§»¶memór¶ g§H$ënZm§Mr X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm‘Ü¶o Cn¶w³VVm : AmT>mdm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 13 ^m¡{VH$emó 1. ^m¡{VH$emómÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm. 2. {d{dY Anma§n[aH$ D$Om©òmoV : ‘hÎd Am{U ^{dVì¶. 3. ^m¡{VH$emómVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mo (JVr / ~b / Mw§~H$Ëd / ÜdZr / àH$me - H$moUVohr XmoZ) X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Cn¶moOZ. 4. ^m¡{VH$emómVrb g§H$ënZm§Mm AÝ¶ {df¶m‘Yrb dmna - AmT>mdm. agm¶Zemó 1. agm¶ZemómÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm. 2. agm¶ZemómVrb CnemIm§Mm {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Cn¶w³VVm - AmT>mdm (CXmhaUmW© Am¡Úmo{JH$ agm¶Zemó / Am¡fYemó / ^m¡{VH$s agm¶Zemó / Ord agm¶Zemó / g|{Ð¶ agm¶Zemó / Ag|{Ð¶ agm¶Zemó - H$moUVohr XmoZ). Ordemó 1. n[agamVrb gnwîn d Anwîn dZñnVtMo gd}jU, Zm|X Am{U N>m¶m{MÌm§gh dU©Z. 2. n[agamVrb Am¡fYr dZñnVtMo gd}jU, Zm|X Am{U N>m¶m{MÌm§gh dU©Z. 3. n[agamVrb ’w$bnmIê$dJu¶ H$sQ>H$m§Mo gd}jU, Zm|X Am{U N>m¶m{MÌm§gh dU©Z. 4. n[agamVrb H$moUË¶mhr EH$m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m {nH$mdarb XmoZ {H$S>tMo {Z¶§ÌU d Cnm¶¶moOZm : N>m¶m{MÌm§gh Zm|X Q>rn : emoY{Z~§YmMr hr Z‘wZm erf©Ho$ Ho$di CXmhaUmXmIb XoÊ¶mV Ambr AmhoV. hrM erf©Ho$ {dÚmÏ¶mªZr {ZdS>m¶bm hdrV Ago Zmhr, CbQ> ¶m Z‘wZm erf©H$m§À¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ñdV§Ì {dMma H$ê$Z ñdV§Ì erf©Ho$ {dÚmÏ¶mª©Zr V¶ma H$amdrV d emoY{Z~§Y {bhmdm. {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m à¶moJerb Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo ñdmJVM hmoB©b ! ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 14 (H$) n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : boIZ ‘mJ©X{e©H$m gyMZm : 1. n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr hñV{b{IV Agmdr. boIZ nmR>nmoQ> Ho$bo Var Mmbob. 2. n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|oXdhrgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì E-4 AmH$mamMr dhr V¶ma H$amd¶mMr Amho. 3. n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|XdhrgmR>r 40 JwU AmhoV. 4. n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda ñdhñVo O‘m H$amdr d O‘m Ho$ë¶mMr nmohmoM ¿¶mdr. 5. n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr Amnë¶m Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda {dÚmnrR>mZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$boë¶m ‘wXVrVM O‘m H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. dhr C{eam O‘m H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr. 6. n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$aÊ¶mnydu {VMr EH$ Poam°³gàV {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo ñdV… Odi R>odmdr. Poam°³g àVrdaM Aä¶mgH|$ÐmH$Sy>Z dhr O‘m Ho$ë¶mMr nmohmoM ¿¶mdr. 3.1 H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr åhUOo H$m¶? H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr ¶m XmoZ eãXm§dê$Z AmnUm§g ghOnUo g‘OyZ ¶oB©b H$s AmnUm§g H$mhr Ano{jV C{Ôï>o gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>rM H$mhr H$m‘, H¥$Vr H$am¶Mr Amho Am{U {VMr Zm|X XoIrb H$am¶Mr Amho. darb dm³¶m§dê$Z AmnUmg Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b H$s, ""Ano{jV C{Ôï>o gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ZdrZ H$ënZm ¶moOyZ d Zì¶m ‘mJmªMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z CËH¥$ï>VoÀ¶m {XeoZo H¥$Vr H$ê$Z Ë¶mMr {d{eï> nÕVrZo Zm|X dhrV H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$aUo åhUOo H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr hmo¶.'' H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr hr ñd¶§àoaUoZo Ho$bobo doJio Ago H$m‘ / H¥$Vr AgyZ ZdrZVm hm ‘yi hoVy Amho. "H$m¶©' hr g§H$ënZm AmnU g‘OyZ KoD$¶m ! l H$m¶© åhUOo Ñî¶ d {ZarjUj‘ Agbobr EImXr H¥$Vr CXm. - VhmZ bmJbr AgVm nmUr {nUo. ¶m‘Ü¶o nmUr {nUo hm ^mJ ’$³V H$m¶m©Mm Amho H$maU Vmo Ñî¶ Amho d Ë¶mMo {ZarjU H$aVm ¶oVo. nwT>o Agm àíZ nS>Vmo H$s ho H$m¶© Var H$m KS>Vo Amnë¶m g‘moa nmUr Amho åhUyZ AmnU Vo {nVmo H$s VhmZ bmJbr åhUyZ {nVmo? ¶mMo CÎma AJXr gmono Amho. nmUr {nUo ¶m H$m¶m©bm Amnë¶mbm bmJbobr VhmZ O~m~Xma AgVo. åhUOoM AmnUm§g åhUVm ¶oB©b H$s nmUr {nUo ¶m H$m¶m©Mo àoaH$ VhmZ hr Amho. l àË¶oH$ H$m¶m©À¶m ‘mJo H$moUVm Var àoaH$ hm Zoh‘rM AgVmo. H$m¶m©g H$m‘, Work Agohr åhUVmV. H$m¶© ho emar[aH$ qH$dm ‘mZ{gH$ AgVo. VWm{n àË¶j H$m¶© H$arV AgVm§Zm eara d ‘Z ¶m XmoÝhtMmhr H$‘r A{YH$ g§~§Y ¶oVmo. l Z¡g{J©H$ dmVmdaUmV nyU©VoàV Zobobr H$moUVrhr g‘ñ¶mË‘H$ H¥$Vr åhUOo H$m¶©. l ‘ZmnmgyZ, {d{eï> hoVy nyVugmR>r pñdH$mabobr d gm‘m{OH$ dmVmdaUmV nma nS>bobr H¥$Vr åhUOo H$m¶© hmo¶. darb ì¶m»¶m§dê$Z H$m¶m©Mo ñdê$n bjmV ¶oVo. H$m¶m©V H$mhr Var hoVy Agmdm bmJVmo. Vmo hoVy {d{eï> Agmdm. l e¡j{UH$ joÌmV ñdmÜ¶m¶ {b{hUo, g§emoYZ Ahdmb {b{hUo, àH$ën {b{hUo, ho XoIrb H$m¶©M Amho. à¶moJ H$aUo Am{U à¶moJ H$aVm§Zm àË¶oH$ doir Ë¶mg§X^m©V Zm|Xr KoVë¶m OmVmV. ¶m gdmªV EH$ Jmoï> AmnUmV bjmV ¶oVo H$s ñdmÜ¶m¶ {b{hUo, g§emoYZ ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 15 Ahdmb {b{hUo, àH$ën {b{hUo qH$dm à¶moJ H$aUo ¶m‘Ü¶o EH$ g‘ñ¶m g‘moa AgVo Am{U Vr gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r doJdoJiçm nÕVrZo ‘mJ© emoYbo OmVmV d Ë¶mg§~§YrV g§H${bV ‘m{hVrdê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. l AZoH$ {R>H$mUmhÿZ ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$ê$Z Vr ¶mo½¶ A¶mo½¶ Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhÿZ, d¡km{ZH$ VËdmda VnmgyZ Ë¶mMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z Ë¶mMr Zm|X H$aUo ¶mbmM H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr Ago åhUVmV. l {dÚmWu H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr H$aVmo, åhUOo {dÚmWu EImXr g‘ñ¶m, EImXo H$moS>o EImXm àíZ EImXr AS>MU gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r, CbJS>Ê¶mgmR>r, CH$bÊ¶mgmR>r ñdV… à¶ËZ H$aVmo. ho H$m¶© H$aV AgVm§Zm EImÚm g‘ñ¶og§~§Yr qH$dm {df¶mg§~§Yr {dÚmÏ¶mªZo {d{eï> nÕVrZo {dMma H$aUo, nyd©J«h Z R>odUo, ¶mo½¶ eãXmV {dMma ì¶³V H$aUo, {M{H$ËgH$ d emoYH$ d¥Îmr ~miJUo, VH$m©g ‘hÎd XoD$Z {dMma H$aUo, Hw$eb, {dMmar, gË¶{à¶ ~ZyZ, Mm¡H$g hmoD$Z g‘ñ¶oMo gd© ~mOy§Zr AÜ¶¶Z H$ê$Z Ë¶mMr Zm|X H$aUo ¶oWo Ano{jV Amho. {dÚmÏ¶mªZr darb ñnï>rH$aUmà‘mUo n¶m©daUmer g§~§{YV g‘ñ¶m§Mo, ¶moOZm§Mo gd© ~mOy§Zr AÜ¶¶Z H$ê$Z Ë¶mMr Zm|X H$aUo n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|oXdhrV Ano{jV Amho. l g‘moa AgUmè¶m g‘ñ¶oMr CH$b H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dÚmWu {‘Ìm§~amo~a, {ejH$m§~amo~a MMm© H$aVmo, J«§Wmb¶mV OmD$Z {df¶mer g§~§{YV g§X^m©Mo dmMZ H$aVmo Am{U {d{dY CXmhaUo nS>VmiyZ nmhVmo. l {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo n¶m©daU Zm|XdhrMo {bImU H$aVm§Zm n¶m©daUmer g§~{§ YV g‘ñ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë¶mVrb EH$ g‘ñ¶m {ZdSy>Z Ë¶m~m~VMr ‘m{hVr KoD$Z Ë¶mMo n¶m©daUmda hmoUmao n[aUm‘, H$aVm ¶oUmè¶m Cnm¶ ¶moOZm ¶m§Mr Zm|X H$aUo XoIrb Ano{jV Amho. 3.2 nXdr{Zhm¶ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr E‘. E / E‘. H$m°‘ / E‘. Eñgr À¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m§À¶m Ë¶m§À¶m {dÚmemIoVrb n¶m©daUmgr g§~§{YV gÚn[apñWVrMr ‘m{hVr KoD$Z EH$ {ZîH$fm©àV nmohM{dUmar H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhm¶Mr Amho. CXmhaUmW©, (1) E‘. E ({df¶ g§àofU) - ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo "n¶m©daU {ejU' ¶m {df¶m§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m gd© KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m g§~§{YV KQ>H$mda H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhm¶Mr Amho. CXm. O¡d H$Mam, O¡d {d{dYVm g§dY©Z, ßbmpñQ>H$ H$Mam, H$mJX {Z{‘©Vr d nwZ©dmna, KZH$Mam. VgoM E‘. E. ({df¶ g§àofU - {ejUemó, E‘. E. (e¡j{UH$ g§àofU), E‘. E. (Xÿa{ejU) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr XoIrb darbà‘mUoM åhUOo n¶m©daU {ejU ¶m {df¶m§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m gd© KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m g§~§{YV KQ>H$mda H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhm¶Mr Amho. (2) E‘. H$m°‘ ({df¶ g§àfo U) : ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo "n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ' ¶m {df¶m§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m gd© KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m g§~§{YV KQ>H$mda H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhm¶Mr Amho. CXm. - Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr ì¶dñWmnZ, H$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½¶ ì¶dñWmnZ. (3) E‘. Eñgr ({df¶ g§àofU) : ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo "n¶m©daU emó' ¶m {df¶m§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m gd© KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m g§~§{YV KQ>H$mda H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhm¶Mr Amho. CXm. ObàXÿfU, Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXÿfU, Vmn‘mZ dmT> Am{U n¶m©daU. AmnU Á¶m nXdrgmR>r {ejUH«$‘mg àdoe KoVbm Amho Ë¶mZwgma darbn¡H$s {df¶mZwgma EH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhm¶Mr Amho. na§Vw ¶m H$m¶© Zmo§XdhrMo {bImU H$go H$am¶Mo hm àíZ ‘hÎdmMm Amho. ¶m H$m¶© Zm|XdhrV g§~§{YV {df¶m§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m KQ>H$mMm gImob nU doMH$ Aä¶mg Ano{jV Amho. EImÚm {df¶mV AbrH$S>o H$m¶ KS>m‘moS>r KS>ë¶m AmhoV, Ë¶m KS>m‘moS>tMm Ë¶m {df¶joÌmZwgma H$m¶ n[aUm‘ Pmbm Amho ¶mMo Aä¶mgnyU,© g§X^m©g{hV d nwamì¶m§da AmYm[aV {díbofU H$ê$Z Zm|X{dUo Ano{jV Amho. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 16 CXmhaUmW©, E‘. H$m°‘ ({df¶ g§àofU) gmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo "n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ' ¶m {df¶mer g§~§{YV H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {b{hV AgVm§Zm Oa n¶m©daU ajU - ì¶dñWmnZ Agm KQ>H$ Oa {ZdS>bm Va ¶m {df¶m§er g§~§{YV Aem gÚ… pñWVrV ^maVmVrb n¶m©daU{df¶H$ pñWVr, Xoem§VJ©V n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶¶moOZm, n¶m©daUmMo Am{W©H$ gm‘m{OH$ n¡by, n¶m©daUmÀ¶m g§X^m©V Z¡g{J©H$ òmoVm§Mo ‘hÎd Am{U ‘hmËå¶, H¥$fr CËnÝZ Am{U AÝZ YmÝ¶mMr {ZJm Am{U g§ajU, dÝ¶{Odm§Mr OmonmgZm d n¶m©daU g§ajU, ehar {dñVmarH$aU, nmUr g‘ñ¶m, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½¶ g§X^m©V ì¶dñWmnZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d ñWm¶r {dH$mg, OmJ{VH$sH$aU d n¶m©daU g§ajU B. {df¶m§À¶m / KQ>H$m§À¶m ñdê$nmMm AmT>mdm AmH$S>odmar, g§X^© dmnê$Z KoVm ¶oVmo. darb {df¶mZwgma joÌmda H$m¶ n[aUm‘ Pmbm, H$m¶ ~Xb PmboV, H$moUVo ’$m¶Xo PmboV, ¶mda AmH$S>odmarg{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm ¶oVo. Aem ñdê$nmÀ¶m H$m¶©Zm|Xdhr‘Ü¶o AmH$S>odmarMr H$moï>Ho$, AmboI, AmH¥$Ë¶m, àdmh V³Vo ¶m§Mm dmna H$aVm ¶oVmo. g§X^m©Mo òmoV ‘mÌ ì¶dpñWV Zm|X{dbo nm{hOoV. E‘. E / E‘. H$m°‘ / E‘. Eñgr ¶mn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr {ejUH«$‘mg àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©g AZwH«$‘o n¶m©daU {ejU / n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ / n¶m©daU emó ¶m {df¶mda H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {b{hV AgVm§Zm Ë¶mÀ¶m n[agamV Joë¶m H$mhr dfm©V Pmboë¶m ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVm§Zm Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘, N>m¶m{MÌo, AmH$S>odmargh, nwamì¶m§gh XoVm ¶oVrb. n¶m©daU {df¶mg§~§YrMo ~Xb, KS>m‘moS>r, n[aUm‘, ¶moOZm ¶m§Mr Zm|X KoVmZm ñWm{ZH$ n[aga, VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ¶ d amï´> Aem {d{dY nmVirda H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo {bImU H$aVm ¶oVo. ¶mVrb EH$ ‘¶m©Xm {ZdSy>Z Ë¶m Ë¶m joÌmVrb n¶m©daU {df¶mg§~§YrMo ~Xb, KS>m‘moS>r, n[aUm‘, ¶moOZm ¶m§Mr Zm|X d {díbofU H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. CXm. (1) ""Zm{eH$ ehamVrb hm°Q>obÀ¶m H$Mè¶mMo n¶m©daUnyaH$ ì¶dñWmnZ'' (2) ""‘w§~B© ehamVrb ZmJar KZH$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ'' CXmhaUmW©, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r Zm{eH$ {OëømV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶¶moOZm. n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r ^wgmdi Vmbw³¶mV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶¶moOZm. n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r ‘hmamï´>mV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶¶moOZm. n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r ^maVmV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶¶moOZm. n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r OmJ{VH$ nmVirda H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶¶moOZm. ¶mn¡H$s ‘hmamï´>, ^maV Am{U OmJ{VH$ nmVir hr ‘¶m©Xm IynM ì¶mnH$ AgyZ nXì¶wÎma nXdrÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm doi, n¡gm ¶m§Mr Agbobr ‘¶m©Xm bjmV KoVm EdT>r ì¶már {ZdS>Uo Ano{jV Zmhr. ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm {Oëhm nmVirMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘¶m©Xm {ZdS>mdr. H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr boIZ Ho$di narjm {df¶H$ nyV©Vm ZgyZ gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r Vmo EH$ AmZ§XmZw^d ìhmdm Aer Anojm Amho. 3.3 H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr boIZmMr nyd©V¶mar H$m¶© ZmoX§ dhrgmR>rMo gmYmaU T>m~o i erf©H$ {ZpíMV Pmë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mgmR>r Aä¶mgmg àma§^ H$amd¶mMm Amho. Ë¶mgmR>r {dÚmÏ¶m©g AZoH${dY àH$maMo dmMZ H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. nwaogo g§X^© VnmgUo Am{U JaOoZwgma g§H${bV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ¶m Q>ßß¶mda Ë¶mMo J«§Wmb¶ d g§X^©òmoVm§VyZ g§nH$m©Mo H$m‘ gwê$ hmoVo. B§Q>aZoQ>, J«§Wmb¶, VÁkm§er MMm© d ‘wbmIVr, Ë¶m Ë¶m {df¶mda H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ñd¶§godr dm AÝ¶ g§ñWm, H$m¶©H$V}, {dMmad§V Aem AZoH$m§er MMm© H$ê$Z, dmMZ H$ê$Z gmYmaU g§X^© gm{hË¶mMo ì¶mnH$ g§H$bZ hmoVo. g§X^©gyMr V¶ma ìhm¶bm ¶oWo gwê$dmV hmoVo. doJdoJiçm àH$maMo gm{hË¶ emoYVm§Zm g§X^©gyMr V¶ma ìhm¶bm bmJVo. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrV Oo g§X^© Úmd¶mMo AmhoV (AmH$S>odmar, V³Vm, {d{dY VÁkm§Mr ‘Vo, nyduÀ¶m g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© B.) Ë¶m g§X^m©À¶m AmYmamgmR>r AZoH$ Zm|Xr VÏ¶ g§H$bZ H$aVmZm / dmMVmZm {dÚmÏ¶m©g H$ê$Z R>odmì¶m bmJVmV. g§X^©òmoV Zm|X{dÊ¶mÀ¶m AZoH$ nÕVr AmhoV. H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr H$‘rVH$‘r Vrg n¥ð>m§Mr Agmdr. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo {df¶mMo erf©H$ nmZ, AZwH«$‘{UH$m Am{U Z§Va (1) àmñVm{dH$, (2) {df¶ {ddoMZ, (3) {ZîH$f© / {ZarjUo Ago VrZ ‘wÔo AgmdoV. VrZhr ‘wÚm§Z§Va g§X^©gyMr d Z§Va n[a{eï>o Aer aMZm Agmdr. hm H«$‘ nwÝhm ~Ky ¶m. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 17 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) erf©H$ n¥ð> AZwH$« ‘{UH$m àmñVm{dH$ {df¶ {ddoMZ {ZîH$f© / {ZarjUo g§X^©gMy r n[a{eï>o 3.3.1 erf©H$ n¥ð> erf©H$ n¥ð>mMr aMZm nwT>rbà‘mUo Agmdr. erf©H$ n¥ð> ho H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo n{hbo n¥ð> Agmdo. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo erf©H$ {dÚmÏ¶m©Mo Zmd d nÎmm H$m¶‘ Zm|XUr H«$‘m§H$ ‘mo~mB©b H«$. {ejUH«$‘ d joÌ CXm. E‘. E (e¡j{UH$ g§àofU) narjH$mMo Zmd : narjH$mZo Mmirgn¡H$s Ho$bobo JwUXmZ : narjH$mMr ghr Am{U {XZm§H$ : 3.3.2 AZwH«$‘{UH$m erf©H$ n¥ð>mZ§Va AZwH«$‘{UH$m OmoS>mdr. AZwH«$‘{UHo$V erf©H$, Cnerf©H$ d n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$ ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe H$amdm. 3.3.3 ‘w»¶ ‘wÚm§Mr ‘m§S>Ur ¶mZ§Va ‘w»¶ ‘wÚm§Mo boIZ H$amdo. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo {bImUmgmR>r Ho$boë¶m VÏ¶ g§H$bZmMo {ddoMZ H$amdo. ¶m‘Ü¶o àmñVm{dH$, {df¶ {ddoMZ Am{U {ZîH$f© / {ZarjUo ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Agmdm. 3.3.4 g§X^© gyMr eodQ>r g§X^©gyMr Zm|X{dUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. g§X^© Zm|X{dÊ¶mgmR>r emór¶ nÕVrMmM dmna H$amdm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 18 3.4 n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr boIZ nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m E‘. E / E‘. H$m°‘ / E‘. Eñgr ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr AZwH«$‘o "n¶m©daU {ejU (OPN 251)/ n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ (OPN 257)/ n¶m©daU emó (OPN 260)' ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr V¶ma H$amd¶mMr Amho. gXa Aä¶mgH«$‘mV Vwåhr "n¶m©daU {ejU / n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ / n¶m©daU emó' ¶m§Mr VmpËdH$ ^y{‘H$m d g§H$ënZm g‘OmdyZ KoVë¶mZ§Va Vwåhr amhmV Agboë¶m ^mJmMo, AmOy~mOyÀ¶m n[apñWVrMo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z Imbrb ¶mXrVrb {df¶mà‘mUo EH$ {df¶ {ZdSy>Z Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$ d g‘§ÌH$ ¶m§À¶mer MMm© H$ê$Z R>admdm. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma ñdV…Mo AmH$bZmda AmYm[aV {díbofUmË‘H$ ^mî¶ H$aUmao boIZ H$ê$Z g‘Ýd¶H$mg gmXa H$amdm. ¶mVyZ hm Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmnU Aä¶mgbm Amho d Vmo AmnUm§g g‘Obm Amho ho ñnï> hmoB©b. ({deof gyMZm : ¶mXr‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> Zgbobm na§Vw ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb AË¶§V ‘hÎdmMm n¶m©daUg§~§Yr {df¶ XoIrb {ZdS>Vm ¶oB©b.) 3.4.1 {df¶ gyMr n¶m©daU H$m¶©Zm|XdhrgmR>r EH$ Z‘wZm {df¶gyMr ¶m {Q>nUmÀ¶m eodQ>r {Xbr Amho. ¶m Z‘wZm {df¶m§{edm¶ BVa AZoH$ Zm{dÝ¶nyU© nÕVrZo n¶m©daU {ejU / n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ /n¶m©daU emó ¶m {df¶m§da àH$me Q>mH$Vm ¶oB©b. àË¶j joÌ ôQ>tda H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr (Ahdmb) boIZ qH$dm àË¶j KQ>ZmñWim§Zm, ~m{YVm§Zm, n¶m©daUg§~§Yr H$m¶©aV g§ñWm§Zm ôQ>r XoD$Z joÌr¶ nhmUrVrb Vnerb / {ZarjUm§da AmYm[aV H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr gmXa H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶m H$m¶©Zm|XdhrÀ¶m eodQ>r g‘ñ¶oÀ¶m g§X^m©V {díbofUmË‘H$ / {díbofH$ ^mî¶ H$aUmam {Z~§Y / gmam§e OmoS>Uo Amdí¶H$ Agob. g‘§ÌH$mZo H$m¶©Zm|XdhrMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$ê$Z 40 n¡H$s JwU ÚmdoV. Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$mZo JwUXmZ ¶mXr {Xboë¶m ‘wXVrV narjm {Z¶§ÌH$m§H$S>o nmR>dmdr. Vwåhr ¶m àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶m©V Zmnmg PmbmV Va Vo Vwåhm§bm ’$³V AOyZ (Xþgè¶m§Xm) EH$XmM gmXa H$aVm ¶oB©b. JwUn{ÌHo$À¶m aMZoZwgma n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhrbm {‘imbobo JwU "A§VJ©V ‘yë¶‘mnZ' ¶m aH$mÝ¶m‘Ü¶o Xe©{dbo OmVrb. 3.4.2 H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr boIZmMo ñdê$n gXa H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo boIZ H$‘rV H$‘r Vrg nmZm§Mo Agmdo. ¶m H$m¶© Zm|Xdhrg AZwH«$‘{UH$m d n¥ð>H«$‘m§H$ ÚmdoV. Oê$a VoWo erf©Ho$, Cnerf©Ho$ ÚmdrV. 3.4.3 H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr boIZmVrb Ano{jV ‘wÔo AmnU {ZdS>boë¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘ joÌmg AZwgê$Z Agbobo H$mÌU, ’$moQ>mo, ~mVå¶m, {MÌo, ‘m{hVr ¶mo½¶ Ë¶m {R>H$mUr bmdmdr. na§Vw H$m¶©Zm|Xdhr hr {MH$Q>H$m‘ d H$mÌUdhr ZgyZ {ejU/ ì¶dñWmnZ / emó Amho ho àm‘w»¶mZo bjmV KodyZ AmnU ñdV… O‘m Ho$bobr ‘m{hVr Ë¶mV {b{hUo Ano{jV Amho. {bImU H$aVmZm Ë¶mV nwT>rb ‘wÚm§Mm g‘mdoe Agmdm. (1) {df¶mMr {ZdS> : {df¶ {ZdS>rMm hoVy, ‘hÎd, ì¶már (2) H$m¶© nÕVr : ‘wbmIVr, àíZmdbr, à{VgmXH$m§Mr g§»¶m {ZpíMVr, Ë¶m§Mo ñdê$n, ‘m{hVrMo g§H$bZ, {ZarjU, àË¶j ôQ>rVyZ ‘m{hVr g§H$bZ. (3) ‘m§S>Ur : (1) g§~§{YV {df¶mMo ‘hÎd (2) g§~§{YV {df¶mMr dñVwpñWVr / gÚpñWVr (3) g§~§{YV {df¶m‘wio hmoUmao YmoHo$ /VmoQ>o / ZwH$gmZ /n[aUm‘ (4) g§~§{YV {df¶mda CnMmamË‘H$ ¶moOZm Am{U Ë¶mMo ’$m¶Xo (5) g§~§{YV {df¶mMo n¶m©daUmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ‘hÎd (6) g§~§{YV {df¶mdarb CnMma d Cnm¶m‘wio hmoUmam ’$m¶Xm / n[aUm‘. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 19 (4) gmXarH$aU E H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo boIZ gmYmaUnUo Vrg nmZm§Mo Am{U E-4 AmH$mamÀ¶m Mm§Jë¶m dhrV Ho$bobo Agmdo. E ¶m IoarO H$mÌUo, {MÌo, g§X^© gmYZm§Mr gyMr Agm ñdV§Ì ^mJ H$amdm. E H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo boIZ nmR>nmoQ> Agbo Var Mmbob. 3.5 g‘mamon d ewôÀN>m ¶m nÕVrZo V¶ma Pmbobm H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMm n{hbm IS>m© ì¶dpñWV dmMyZ Ë¶mV gwYmaUm H$amì¶mV. Amnbo g‘mYmZ hmoB©n¶ªV d gd© g§e¶ Zmhrgo hmoB©n¶ªV ‘gwÚmV gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. Ë¶mZ§Va H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo ewÕ d gwdmƒ boIZ H$amdo. EH$ àV Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$amdr. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMr EH$ ñWiàV ñdV…H$S>o Adí¶ R>odmdr. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrÀ¶m gwédmVrg {Xbobo ‘m{hVr nÌH$ nyU© ^ê$Z XoÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmÏ¶mªMr Amho. AmnU H$ï>ndy H© $, g§emoYZmZo {gÕ Ho$bobr H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr AmnUmg AmZ§XM XoBb © . AmnU Ho$boë¶m H$m¶m©‘i w o Amnbm AmË‘gÝ‘mZhr C§Mmdob. AmnU Mm§Jbr H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr {bhÿ eH$Vmo Agm AmË‘{dídmg ¶oB©b. Ë¶m‘wio AmVmnmgyZM H$m¶© Zm|XdhrÀ¶m nyd©V¶mar H$am¶bm bmJm. boIZmMm, g§X^© emoYÊ¶mMm, {díbofU H$aÊ¶mMm H§$Q>mim H$ê$ ZH$m. H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo boIZ ho Vw‘À¶m H$m¡eë¶mbm MmbZm XoUmao d g‘mOmbm EH$ ¶moJXmZ XoUmao AmZ§XXm¶r H$m¶© Amho. Mbm, H$m¶© Zm|XdhrÀ¶m àmW{‘H$ H$m‘mg bJoMM gwê$dmV H$ê$ ¶m ! ewôÀN>m! 3.6 n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|XdhrgmR>r joÌ{Zhm¶ Z‘wZm {df¶ E‘. E. gmR>r Z‘wZm {df¶ gyMr (1) {d{dY gm{hË¶ àH$mam§Ûmao H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo n¶m©daUmMo dU©Z. (CXm. H$mX§~ar, H$Wmg§J«h, boI‘mbm, B.) (2) ñWm{ZH$ n¶m©daUmer g§~§{YV gm‘m{OH$ [aVr[admO - gU-CËgd (3) bmoH$JrVo, A^§J, Amodr, H${dVm, ^mê$S> ¶mgma»¶m bmoH$gm{hË¶mVyZ n¶m©daU {ejU. (4) gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¶©H«$‘m§Ûmao n¶m©daU g§ajUmMr OmUrd. (5) {d{dY H$m¶©H«$‘m§Ûmao n¶m©daU g§ajU AmT>mdm. (6) n¶m©daU g§dY©Z Xe©{dUmè¶m H${dVm§Mm Jmofdmam. (7) Kmofdm³¶m§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ n¶m©daU OmJ¥VrMm àdmg. (8) {d{dY ñnYm© ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ n¶m©daUmMo g§dY©Z AmT>mdm. (9) ZmQ>ç, nWZmQ>çmVyZ n¶m©daU{df¶H$ gm‘m{OH$ OmUrdoMm Aä¶mg (10) Xoem§VJ©V n¶m©daU g§ajUmg§~§Yr Pmboë¶m MidirMm B{Vhmg : AmT>mdm (11) d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ à{gÕ Pmboë¶m n¶m©daU{df¶H$ g‘ñ¶m§Mm g{dñVa Aä¶mg. (12) XyaXe©ZÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ n¶m©daU {df¶mÀ¶m CX²~moYZna H$m¶©H«$‘m§Mm Aä¶mg. (13) Om{hamV : n¶m©daU g§dY©ZmMo ‘mÜ¶‘. (14) n¶m©daU g§dY©Zmg§X^m©V gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo H$m¶© - AmT>mdm. (15) embo¶ / ‘hm{dÚmb¶rZ ñVamdarb {ejUm‘Ü¶o n¶m©daU {ejUmMm gh^mJ : AmT>mdm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 20 E‘. H$m°‘. gmR>r Z‘wZm {df¶ gyMr (1) H$maImÝ¶m‘wio hmoUmè¶m àXÿfUmMo ì¶dñWmnZ (2) Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr ì¶dñWmnZ (3) D$g nmMQ> ì¶dñWmnZ A{^¶mZ (4) hm°Q>obÀ¶m H$Mè¶mMo n¶m©daUnyaH$ ì¶dñWmnZ (5) ßbmpñQ>H$ H$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ (6) Bbo³Q´>m°{ZH$ H$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ (7) gm§S>nmUr ì¶dñWmnZ (8) n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ j‘Vm ~m§YUr àH$ën (9) D$Om© ì¶dñWmnZ (10) n¶m©daU g§dY©Zm‘Ü¶o H$m‘Jma d ì¶dñWmnZmMr ^y{‘H$m (11) n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZmg§X^m©V H$maImZo / CÚmoJ ¶m§Mr gm‘m{OH$ O~m~Xmar (12) n¶m©daU g§dY©Zmg§X^m©Vrb {d{dY H$m¶Xo Am{U CÚmoJm§Ûmao A§‘b~OmdUr : AmT>mdm E‘. Eñgr. gmR>r Z‘wZm {df¶ gyMr (1) n¶m©daU Am{U AÝZ gmIir (2) n¶m©daU Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr (3) n¶m©daU g‘ñ¶m Am{U n[ag§ñWm (4) n¶m©daU Am{U D$Om© (5) n¶m©daU Am{U nmUr (6) n¶m©daU Am{U O{‘ZrMo g§dY©Z (7) ZXr Am{U AÝ¶ ObómoVm§Mo àXþfU (8) aoZ dm°Q>a hmd}pñQ>¨J : H$mimMr JaO (9) n¶m©daUmÀ¶m g§X^m©V Z¡g{J©H$ òmoVm§Mo ‘hÎd (10) H¥$fr CËnÝZ Am{U AÝZ YmÝ¶mMr {ZJm Am{U g§ajU (11) Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXÿfU (12) CËgO©Z H$aUmè¶m CÚmoJm‘wio hmoUmao dmVmdaUmVrb hdoMo àXþfU (13) Z¡g{J©H$ g§Vb w Zmg YmoH$m. (14) àXÿfUm‘wio g§doXZj‘ KQ>H$m§Mm èhmg (dÝ¶Ord A{Ydmg, dZo, ObgmR>o, I{ZOg§nÎmr, ‘mZdr Amamo½¶, B.) (15) n¶m©daU ZmemÀ¶m {XeoZo {dH$mg (16) n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r D$Om© ~MV àH$ën (17) ‘moR>r YaUo Am{U n¶m©daU g‘ñ¶m ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 21 (18) h[aV COm© dmT>rMr JaO (19) gmJar O¡d{d{dYVm d àXÿfU (20) ZXrVrb O¡d{d{dYVoda àXþfUmMm hmoUmam n[aUm‘ (21) ndZM³H$s qH$dm gmoba gob (22) gm¡aD$Om© d ndZ D$Om© : ^{dî¶H$mbrZ ómoV (23) Anma§nm[aH$ D$Om© {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ (24) KmVH$ KZH$Mam (25) O¡d-d¡ÚH$s¶ KZH$Mam (26) n¶m©daU Am{U Amamo½¶ (27) Am¶wd}{XH$ Am¡fYm§Mm èhmg (28) n¶m©daU Am{U ‘mZd (29) Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr (30) Vmn‘mZ dmT> Am{U n¶m©daU (31) eoVH$è¶m§Mm gmo~Vr : ~m¶moJ°g (32) Am¡pîUH$ {dÚwV àH$ënmVyZ hmoUmao amI VgoM AÝ¶ Anm¶H$maH$ KQ>H$m§Mo CËgO©Z> (33) amgm¶{ZH$ CÚmoJm§Mo Xþîn[aUm‘ (34) H$Mam àXÿfU (35) Xoem§VJ©V n¶m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar Cnm¶ ¶moOZm (36) O¡d{d{dYVm : dZñnVr d àmUr (37) O¡d{d{dYVoMo g§dY©Z (38) H¥$fr agm¶Zm§Ûmao àXyfU d g‘ñ¶m (39) O¡{dH$ B§YZo (40) AÝZgmIir g§dY©Z (41) àm{UO CËnmXZm§Ûmao àXÿfU (H$ÎmbImZo, JmoR>o, BË¶mXr) (42) n¶m©daUnyaH$ IVo d H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ (43) EH$mpË‘H$ nrH$ ì¶dñWmnZ (44) Jm§Sy>i IV {Z{‘©Vr d dmna (45) Z¡g{J©H$ eoVr (46) AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV eoVr ì¶dgm¶ (47) H¥$fr nyaH$ CÚmoJ d ¶moJXmZ (48) gm§S>nmUr à{H«$¶m d nwZdm©na : JaO (49) gm‘m{OH$ dZrH$aUmÛmao n¶m©daU g§dY©Z (50) O¡{dH$ IVm§Mm dmna : n¶m©daU nyaH$ CnH«$‘ ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 22 (S>) g§~§{YV joÌmVrb gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm (Review of Ralated Literature) 4.1 nmíd©^y‘r nXì¶wÎma ñVamÀ¶m Cƒ {ejUm‘Ü¶o Ho$di àñVm{dV nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mm dmna kmZ {‘i{dÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo nwaogm ZgVmo. Ë¶m‘wio {dÚmÏ¶mªZr g§X^© gm{hË¶mMm XoIrb g{dñVa AmT>mdm KoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo g§emoYZ à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o XoIrb g§X^© gm{hË¶mMm AmT>mdm hm EH$ Cn¶w³V Q>ßnm AgVmo. ¶mÑï>rZo "g§~§{YV joÌmVrb gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm' hr g§H$ënZm AmnU g‘OyZ KoD$ ¶m. OmJ{VH$ nmVirda, Amnë¶m ^maVm‘Ü¶o VgoM ‘hmamï´>m‘Ü¶o XoIrb {d{dY ñVam§Mo {ejU XoUmè¶m g§ñWm ({dÚmb¶o, ‘hm{dÚmb¶o, {dÚmnrR>o, g§emoYZ g§ñWm, BË¶mXr) H$m¶©aV AmhoV. Aem g§ñWm§‘m’©$V AZoH$ {ejUH«$‘ CnbãY AgVmV. VgoM g§emoYZ H$m¶©XoIrb gwê$ AgVo. ¶m à{H«$¶oVyZ àË¶oH$ {df¶m‘Ü¶o ZdZdrZ kmZKQ>H$m§Mr â nS>V AgVo. Aem àH$mao dmT>boë¶m ZdrZ kmZmMm Vnerb, nwñVHo$, {Z¶VH$m{bHo$ VgoM AÝ¶ ‘mÜ¶‘m§VyZ à{gÕ hmoV AgVmo. Ë¶mZwgma à{gÕ hmoUmè¶m ZdrZ Ame¶m‘wio ‘yi {df¶m‘Ü¶o AZoH$ Ñï>rZo â nS>V AgVo. nXì¶wÎma ñVamMo {ejU KoUmao {dÚmWu, g§emoYH$ VgoM AÜ¶mnH$m§Zr ñdV…Mo kmZ AÚ¶mdV R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë¶m‘io ñdV…À¶m {df¶m§‘Ü¶o hmoUmao ZdrZ ~Xb/gwYmaUm, g§emoYZ ¶moJXmZ ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r g§~§{YV joÌmVrb gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm hr Ë¶m§MogmR>r Amdí¶H$ ~m~ R>aVo. 4.2 gm{hË¶ åhUOo H$m¶? àñVwV {ejUH«$‘m‘Ü¶o "gm{hË¶' hm eãX "H$Wm / H$mX§~ar / H${dVm g§J«h' Aem AWm©Zo dmnabobm ZgyZ nmR>çnwñVHo$, g§X^©J«§W, g§emoYZ {Z¶VH$m{bHo$, dV©‘mZnÌ, ‘m{gHo$, gmám{hH$, ‘m{hVr H$moe VgoM AÝ¶ ‘mÜ¶‘mVrb CnbãY ‘m{hVròmoV Aem gdmªMm g‘mdoe H$ê$Z {dñV¥V AWm©Zo dmnabobm Amho. EImÚm {d{eï> {df¶mer g§~§{YV Agbobr A{V[a³V ‘m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmam ‘m{hVr òmoV åhUOo ""gm{hË¶'' Agm Ë¶mMm ì¶mnH$ AW© A{^àoV Amho. 4.3 gm{hË¶mMo ñVa H$moUVo? g§nyU© OJm‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ {df¶mer g§~§{YV ZdZdrZ kmZmMr â nS>V AgVo. Aem àH$mao {dH${gV hmoUmao kmZ gdmªgmR>r CnbãY hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m hoVyZo à{gÕ Ho$bo OmVo. à{gÕ Pmboë¶m ‘m{hVrMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë¶mAmYmao nwÝhm ZdrZ g§emoYZ gwê$ hmoVo. Aem ZdrZ g§emoYZm§Mo {ZîH$f© / {e’$maer nwÝhm à{gÕ Ho$ë¶m OmVmV Am{U dmnaë¶m OmVmV. ¶m à{H«$¶o‘wio àË¶oH$ {df¶ A{YH$m{YH$ g‘¥Õ hmoV AgVmo. hr à{H«$¶m ñWm{ZH$ ñVamnmgyZ Vo OmJ{VH$ ñVamn¶ªV gwê$ AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio, gmYmaUnUo Xoe AWdm amÁ¶ nmVirda XoIrb {d{dY {df¶m§darb {dñV¥V g§X^© gm{hË¶ CnbãY AgVo. ñWm{ZH$ ^mfo‘Ü¶o XoIrb g§~§{YV {df¶m§Mr nwñVHo$, {Z¶VH$m{bHo$ à{gÕ hmoV AgVmV. ‘w{ÐV ‘mÜ¶‘m§~amo~aM AÝ¶ ‘mÜ¶‘m§Ûmao XoIrb kmZ {df¶m§‘Ü¶o â nS>V AgVo. 4.4 gm{hË¶ Hw$R>o CnbãY AgVo? "J«§Wmb¶' ho gd© àH$maMo g§X^© gm{hË¶ CnbãY AgUmao {R>H$mU AgVo. ‘hm{dÚmb¶o, {dÚmnrR>, g§emoYZ g§ñWm ¶m§À¶m J«§Wmb¶m§‘Ü¶o AZoH$ {df¶m§Mr nmR>çnwñVHo$, nyaH$ nwñVHo$, g§X^© nwñVHo$, ‘m{hVr H$moe, {Z¶VH$m{bHo$ VgoM AÝ¶ ‘mÜ¶‘m§Vrb g§X^© ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 23 gm{hË¶ CnbãY AgVo. J§W « mb¶m§‘Ü¶o g§X^© gm{hË¶mMr aMZm {d{eï> H«$‘mZwgma Ho$bobr AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio "g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm' ho H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r J«§Wmb¶mMm ¶mo½¶ dmna H$aÊ¶mMo V§Ì XoIrb ‘m{hVr AgUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo, hëbrÀ¶m V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m ¶wJm‘Ü¶o B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmam XoIrb {d{dY {df¶m§~ÔbMr ZdZdrZ ‘m{hVr CnbãY AgVo. Ë¶mVyZ Amnë¶mbm hdr Agbobr ‘m{hVr ¶mo½¶ àH$mao O‘m H$aÊ¶mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ>dmnamMo ¶mo½¶ V§Ì ‘m{hVr AgUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. 4.5 gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm åhUOo H$m¶? gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm åhUOo EImÚm {d{eï> g§H$ënmZo~m~V {d{dY gmYZòmoVm§‘Ü¶o (nwñVHo$, {Z¶VH$m{bHo$, AÝ¶ ‘mÜ¶‘o) à{gÕ Pmbobr ‘m{hVr Zo‘³¶m hoVw§Zwgma g§H${bV H$ê$Z Ë¶mg§X^m©V ñdV…Mo {dMma / {ZîH$f© Zm|oX{dUo. ¶mMr H$mhr CXmhaUo gm§JVm ¶oVrb. (1) E‘. E. ({df¶ g§àofU - ‘amR>r) gmR>r àdoe KoVbobo {dÚmWu "‘amR>r dmL²>‘¶mVrb àmXo{eH$ bmoH$JrVm§Mm AmT>mdm' ¶m g§H$ënZogmR>r Ë¶mg§X^m©V à{gÕ Pmboë¶m nwñVH$, {Z¶VH$m{bH$, ¶mVyZ ‘m{hVr EH$Ì H$ê$Z Zm|Xr H$ê$ eH$Vrb. Ë¶mMà‘mUo, "‘amR>r dmL²>‘¶mVrb ór-OrdZmMo {MÌU', "X{bV gm{hË¶mVrb g§Kfm©Mo dU©Z" ¶mgma»¶m g§H$ënZm§gmR>r XoIrb gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm V¶ma H$aVm ¶oB©b. (2) E‘. E. (e¡j{UH$ g§àofU) : ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ embo¶ ñVamdarb ^mfm AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§À¶m dmnamMr Cn¶w³VVm'' (3) E‘. E. (Xÿa {ejU) : "Xÿa{ejU àUmbr‘Ü¶o JwUdÎmm {ZYm©aUmMr à{H«$¶m" / "Xÿa{ejU àUmbrÛmao {ejUH«$‘ A§‘b~OmdUr à{H«$¶m" (4) E‘. H$m°‘. ({df¶ g§àofU) : "ghH$ma joÌmVrb CÚmoJ-ì¶dgm¶m§Mo Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb ¶moJXmZ" / "‘hmamï´>mVrb J«m‘rU ~±H$m§Mm H¥$fr {dÎm nwadR>çmÀ¶m g§X^m©Vrb ¶moJXmZmMm AmT>mdm." (5) E‘. Eñgr. ({df¶ g§àofU - H¥$fr) : "‘hmamï´>mVrb {d{dY hdm‘mZjoÌmVrb nrH$ nÕVtMm AmT>mdm' / '^maVmVrb h[aVH«$m§VrMo H¥$fr joÌmVrb ¶moJXmZ'. darb CXmhaUm§dê$Z Amnë¶m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s àdoe KoVboë¶m nXdr d joÌmer g§~§{YV EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© g§H$ënZm {ZdSy>Z Ë¶mg§X^m©V AmOda à{gÕ Pmbobr ‘m{hVr g§H${bV H$amd¶mMr Amho. Ë¶mM~amo~a g§H${bV Ho$boë¶m ‘m{hVrda AmYm[aV ñdV…Mo {ddoMZ XoIrb {b{hUo Ano{jV Amho. darb CXmhaUo Ho$di àm{V{Z{YH$ AmhoV. àË¶oH$ joÌm‘Ü¶o Aem AZoH$ ‘hÎdnyU© g§H$ënZm AmnUmg ‘m{hVr AgVrb. Ë¶mn¡H$s EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm V¶ma H$amd¶mMm Amho. 4.6 gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mMm {df¶ H$gm {ZpíMV H$amdm? l gd©àW‘, Vwåhr Á¶m {ejUH«$‘mbm Am{U joÌmgmR>r àdoe KoVbobm Amho Ë¶m joÌmer gwg§JV VgoM Vw‘À¶m Ñï>rZo ‘hÎdmÀ¶m Aem XmoZ-VrZ g§H$ënZm {ZpíMV H$am. l Ë¶m g§H$ënZm Vwåhm§bm H$m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m OmUdVmV ¶m~Ôb EH$ N>moQ>o {Q>nU V¶ma H$am. l Ë¶m g§H$ënZm§da ¶mnydu à{gÕ Pmbobr ‘m{hVr (boI, {Z~§Y, g§X^© nwñVHo$, nmR>çnwñVHo$, AÝ¶ ‘mÜ¶‘mVrb ‘OHy$a, BË¶mXr) Hw$R>o CnbãY hmoD$ eHo$b ¶mMm emoY ¿¶m. l Vw‘À¶m JmdmVrb AWdm n[agamVrb gmd©O{ZH$ VgoM e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§À¶m (‘hm{dÚmb¶ / {dÚmnrR>) J«§Wmb¶mbm ôQ> Úm. l g§~§{YV J«§Wmb¶m‘Yrb CnbãY gmYZómoVm§Mr gyMr (H°$Q>bm°J) H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 24 l Vwåhr {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m g§H$ënZm Á¶m {df¶mer g§~§{YV AmhoV Ë¶m {df¶mMr H$moUVr nmR>çnwñVHo$, g§X^© nwñVHo$, g§emoYZ {Z¶VH$m{bHo$, AÝ¶ g§X^© gm{hË¶ VoWo CnbãY Amho ¶mMr ¶mXr V¶ma H$am. l Aem àH$mao, Vwåhr {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m gd© g§H$ënZm§~m~V CnbãY g§X^©gm{hË¶mMr ¶mXr V¶ma hmoB©b. l {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m g§H$ënZm§n¡H$s H$moUË¶m g§H$ënZo~m~V gdm©V A{YH$ à‘mUmV g§X^© gm{hË¶ CnbãY Amho ¶mMm {ZU©¶ ¿¶m. l Ë¶mMà‘mUo, B§Q>aZoQ>À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZXoIrb Vwåhr {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m gd© g§H$ënZm~m~V CnbãY Agboë¶m ‘m{hVr Vnerb emoYm. l J«§Wmb¶m‘Ü¶o CnbãY Agbobo gm{hË¶ VgoM B§Q>aZoQ>darb CnbãY ‘m{hVr {dMmamV KoD$Z H$moUË¶m g§H$ënZog§X^m©V "g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm' V¶ma H$amd¶mMm Amho ¶mMm A§{V‘ {ZU©¶ ¿¶m. 4.7 gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mVrb Vnerb H$gm O‘m H$amdm? g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm KoÊ¶mMr g§H$ënZm {ZpíMV Pmë¶mZ§Va àË¶j gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm O‘m H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ gwê$ H$amd¶mMo Amho. l Vwåhr {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m g§H$ënZoÀ¶m ‘w»¶ VgoM Cn‘wÚm§Mr ¶mXr H$am. l Vwåhr {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m g§H$ënZog§X^m©V J«§Wmb¶m‘Ü¶o H$moUVr nwñVHo$, g§X^© nwñVHo$, g§emoYZ {Z¶VH$m{bHo$, AÝ¶ g§X^© gm{hË¶ CnbãY Amho ¶mMr ¶mXr Vwåhr nydr© V¶ma Ho$bobr Agob, Ë¶m ¶mXrZwgma EH$ EH$ g§X^©ómoVmMo H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMZ H$am. l Ë¶m g§X^©ómoVm‘Úo Vwåhr {ZdS>boë¶m g§H$ënZog§X^m©V ‘m{hVr gmnS>ë¶mda Imbrb Vnerb ñdV§Ì H$mJXmda H$miOrnyd©H$ Zm|Xdm. m g§X^© ómoVmMo Zmd : (nwñVH$ / g§X^©nwñVH$ / g§emoYZ {Z¶VH$m{bHo$ / AÝ¶ ómoV) ------------------ m boI / YS>m / KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ : m boIH$ / boIH$m§Mr Zmdo : m g§X^©ómoV àH$meZ df© / àH$meZ g§ñWm : m {Z¶VH$m{bH$ Agë¶mg : n¥ð>H«$‘m§H$ : {Z¶VH$m{bH$mMo Zmd, àH$meZ ‘{hZm d df© / I§S> H«$. (Volume No.) / A§H$ H«$. (Issue No.), n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$ ---- Vo ---- ¶m VnerbmMr H$miOrnyd©H$ Zm|X Ho$ë¶mZ§Va g§~§{YV boI / YS>m / KQ>H$ g{dñVa dmMm. Ë¶mZwgma Ë¶m Ame¶mMr C{Ôï>o, dmnabobr H$m¶©nÕVr, g§~§{YV {ZîH$f© / {e’$magr ¶m§Mr Zm|X H$mJXmda g{dñVanUo H$am. l Aem àH$mao, Vwåhr O‘m Ho$boë¶m ‘OHy$amMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$am. l Ë¶mZ§Va, Ë¶m g§X^m©Mr df©{Zhm¶ dJ©dmar H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm AZwH«$‘m§H$ Úm. l AemàH$mao AZwH«$‘m§H$mZwgma V¶ma Pmbobm gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm åhUOo Vwåhr n{hbm Q>ßnm ¶eñdrnUo nyU© Ho$bm Amho. l AmVm Vwåhr O‘m Ho$bobo gd© g§X^© AZwH«$‘{Zhm¶ EH$Ì H$ê$Z nwÝhm dmMZ H$am. l àË¶oH$ g§X^© Zm|XtMm ‘hÎdmMm ‘wÔm H$moUVm Ë¶mMr g§~§{YV H$mJXmÀ¶m daÀ¶m COì¶m H$monè¶m‘Ü¶o ZmoX H$am. (CXm. C{Ôï>o / H$m¶©nÕVr / {ZîH$f© / ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘wÔm - amÁ¶, amï´>, BË¶mXr) l Aem àH$mao, gd© g§X^m©À¶m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ‘wÚm§Mr Zm|X H$am. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 25 l AmVm, ‘hÎdmMm ‘wÔm {dMmamV KoD$Z gd© g§X^m©Mr nwÝhm OwiUr H$am. (CXm. {ZîH$fm©da AmYm[aV g§X^© / H$m¶©nÕVrZwgma g§X^©, BË¶mXr) l AemàH$mao, {d{eï> CÔoemZwgma Vwåhr O‘m Ho$boë¶m gm{hË¶mMo dJuH$aU H$am. 4.8 g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm H$gm {bhmdm? l Vwåhr O‘m Ho$boë¶m g§X^© gm{hË¶mVrb ‘w»¶ VgoM Cn‘wÔo H«$‘mZo {bhm. l Ë¶mZ§Va àË¶oH$ ‘w»¶ KQ>H$m§VJ©V O‘m Ho$boë¶m g§X^m©Mo boIZ H$am. Ë¶m KQ>H$mVrb gd© g§X^mªMo {bImU nyU© Pmë¶mZ§Va eodQ>r ZdrZ n[aÀN>oX H$ê$Z Ë¶mÑ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Vw‘Mo {ddoMZ H$am. g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm åhUOo Ho$di nydu à{gÕ Pmboë¶m Ame¶mMo g§H$bZ H$aUo Ano{jV Zmhr. Ë¶mg§X^m©V, Vw‘Mo {dMma XoIrb WmoS>³¶mV {b{hUo Ano{jV Amho. l Aem àH$mao gd© ‘wÔo / Cn‘wÔo nyU© Pmë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mMm WmoS>³¶mV g‘mamon H$am. l eodQ>r g§X^©gMy r Zm|Xdm. l g§X^© gm{hË¶ emoYUo, Zm|X{dUo VgoM AmT>mdm V¶ma H$aUo ¶mgmR>r Vwåhmbm XoÊ¶mV Amboë¶m g§emoYZ nwîn‘m{bHo$‘Yrb nwîn H«$. 2 "§g§emoYZmgmR>r g§X^© gm{hË¶mMm Cn¶moJ' ¶m nwpñVHo$Mm Cn¶moJ hmoB©b. CXmhaUo (1) ‘w»¶ g§H$ënZm : "‘hmamï´>mVrb {d{dY ObómoV Am{U Ë¶mg§X^m©Vrb n¶m©daU Ñï>rZo V¶ma Pmboë¶m g‘ñ¶m VgoM Cnm¶¶moOZm' ‘w»¶ ‘wÔo : ObómoV / n¶m©daU g§VwbZ / n¶m©daU g‘ñ¶m / Cnm¶¶moOZm. Cn‘wÔo : ZXr / Vbmd / {d{har / ómoVm§Mo àXyfU / àXyfUmMr H$maUo / ñWm{ZH$ ObómoV (CXmhaUmW©, n[agamVrb ZXr / Vbmd / {d{hatMr g‘ñ¶m / ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb Cnm¶¶moOZm. EHy$U O‘m Ho$bobo g§X^© : 25 dJuH¥$V g§X^© (2) ‘w»¶ g§H$ënZm : ómoVmg§~Y§ r : n¶m©daU g‘ñ¶o~Ôb : H$maUo : Cnm¶¶moOZm : 08 05 04 08 : "‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamÀ¶m embo¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ^yJmob AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna'. ‘w»¶ ‘wÔo : ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamMo ^yJmob AÜ¶mnZ / e¡j{UH$ gmYZo. Cn‘wÔo : ^yJmobmgmR>r Cn¶w³V AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr / e¡j{UH$ gmYZo / {d{eï> KQ>H$ - O‘rZ, nmUr, {nHo$, hdm‘mZ, ~§Jbo, ZH$mem dmMZ EHy$U O‘m Ho$bobo g§X^© : 25 dJuH¥$V g§X^© : ^yJmob AÜ¶mnZ : 03 e¡j{UH$ gmYZo : 07 {d{dY AÜ¶mnZ KQ>H$ : 10 ñWm{ZH$ / amÁ¶ / amï´>r¶ ñVamdarb g§X^© : 05 ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 26 4.9 g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm : ‘wIn¥ð> aMZm {dÚmÏ¶m©Mo Zmd : ---------------------------------------------------- XÿaÜdZr / ^«‘UÜdZr : --------------------- {ejUH«$‘mMo Zmd d g§H$o Vm§H$ : ------------------------------------------ (M31/M32/M33/M34/M35) H$m¶‘ Zm|XUr H«$‘m§H$ : ---------------------------------------------------Aä¶mgH|$ÐmMo Zmd d g§H$o Vm§H$ : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm erf©H$ : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {XZm§H$ : {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr ñdmjar gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm ‘yë¶m§H$Z gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm VnmgUmè¶m AÜ¶mnH$mMo Zmd : ---------------------------------------------------------------JwU : /100 {XZm§H$ : ñdmjar : 4.10 g‘mamon d ewôÀN>m ! gyMZm (1) g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm e³¶Vmo Q>§H${b{IV Agmdm. n¥ð>mÀ¶m EH$mM ~mOyg Q>§H$boIZ Ho$bobo Agmdo. (2) g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mg ñnm¶ab AWdm nwÆ>m ~mBªqS>J H$amdo. (3) g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mda {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo ñdV…Mo nyU© Zmd, nÎmm, Aä¶mgH|$ÐmMo Zmd d g§H$o Vm§H$, H$m¶‘ Zm|XUr H«$‘m§H$ VgoM àdoe KoVboë¶m {ejUH«$‘mMo Zmd hm Vnerb H$miOrnyd©H$ {bhmdm. (4) g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mMr EH$ àV ñnrS> nmoñQ> AWdm a{OñQ>S>© nmoñQ>Ûmao Imbrb nÎ¶mda nmR>dmdr. àm. S>m°. à‘moX {~¶mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR> Zm{eH$ - 422 222 (5) (6) (7) (8) g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm Hw$[a¶aZo nmR>dy Z¶o. g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mMr EH$ àV {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo ñdV…H$S>o ñWiàV åhUyZ R>odmdr. nmoñQ>mMr nmdVr XoIrb OnyZ R>odmdr. 2015-16 ¶m e¡j{UH$ dfm©gmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m Vo{dgmì¶m VwH$S>rÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©g àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm {XZm§H$ 15 ‘mM© 2016 nydu e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o nmohmoMob Aem ~oVmZo nmR>dmdm. VgoM Á¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMm àdoe df© 2014-15 ‘Ü¶o àW‘ dfm©gmR>r hmoVm Am{U Á¶m§Zr "g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm' qH$dm "emoYZ{Z~§Y' (AWdm XmoÝhrhr) Joë¶m dfu gmXa Ho$bo ZmhrV Aem {dÚmÏ¶mªZr é. 500/- nwZ‘yë© ¶‘mnZ ewëH$mgh nwZ…narjmWu AO© ^ê$Z narjm {d^mJmH$S>o {d{hV nÕVrZo ‘wXVrV O‘m H$amdo. narjm AO© d ewëH$ e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o nmR>dy Z¶o. ‘mÌ "g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm d emoY{Z~§Y' a{OñQ>S>© nmoñQ>mZo e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>Mo nmR>dmdm. g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$ê$ Z¶o. Vmo da {Xboë¶m nÎ¶mdaM nmR>dmdm. g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmnUmg ‘Z…nyd©H$ ewôÀN>m ! ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 27 B. g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVter g§~§{YV Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ ‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo joÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr (OPN 252), {ejUemómVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr (OPN 253), dm{UÁ¶ d ì¶dñWmnZ joÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr (OPN 258) VgoM {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr (OPN 261) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r A§VJ©V ‘yë¶‘mnZmgmR>r "g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aUo' hm EH$M ñdmÜ¶m¶ {bhmd¶mMm Amho. 5.1 ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ Vwåhr {ZdS>boë¶m EH$m g§emoYZ g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. Ë¶m g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm‘Ü¶o Imbrb ‘wÔo AgmdoV. 01. g§emoYZ {df¶mMo erf©H$ 02. àñVmdZm / nmíd©^y‘r 03. ‘hÎd / Cn¶w³VVm 04. C{Ôï>o Am{U J¥{hVHo$ 05. n[aH$ënZm / g§emoYZ àíZ 06. nyd© g§emoYZmMm AmT>mdm 07. ì¶mßVr (^m¡Jmo{bH$, Ame¶mË‘H$, BË¶mXr) 08. ‘¶m©Xm 09. g§emoYZ nÕVr 10. g§emoYZ gmYZo (àíZmdbr, ‘Vmdbr, ‘wbmIVgyMr, BË¶mXr) 11. ‘m{hVr g§H$bZmMm Vnerb (OZg§»¶m, Z‘wZm {ZdS>, ‘m{hVrMm àH$ma d Vnerb) 12. ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU d ‘m§S>Ur (Amdí¶H$ gm§p»¶H$s V§Ìo, AmboI, Vºo$, BË¶mXr) 13. {ZîH$f© 14. gmam§e / g‘mamon 15. g§X^©gMy r 16. g§emoYZmMo A§XmOo doimnÌH$> gyMZm 01. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hñV{b{IVM Agmdm. Q>§H${b{IV AmamIS>m MmbUma Zmhr. 02. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m {b{hÊ¶mgmR>r ’w$bñHo$n AmIrd H$mJXm§Mm dmna H$amdm. 03. g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm‘Ü¶o da {Xboë¶m ‘wÚm§n¡H$s H$mhr ‘wÔo bmJy hmoV Zgë¶mg dJimdoV. Ë¶mEodOr AÝ¶ gwg§JV ‘wÚm§Mm dmna H$amdm. 04. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m ñdV…À¶m hñVmjam‘Ü¶o AgUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. Ë¶mg§X^m©V H$mhr J¡aàH$ma AmT>iZy Amë¶mg Prevention of Malpractice at University Examinations Act No. XXXI of 1982 AÝd¶o H$m¶©dmhr H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. 05. nXdr{Zhm¶ g§emoYZ g§H$ënZm§Mr gyMr ¶mZ§Va {Xbobr Amho. 06. Vwåhr àdoe KoVboë¶m nXdr{Zhm¶ g§~§{YV g§Ho$Vm§H$m§À¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$amdm. 07. gyMr‘Yrb EImXr g§H$ënZm {ZdSy>Z g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am AWdm Vw‘À¶m nXdrjoÌmer gwg§JV AÝ¶ g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. 08. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m {H$‘mZ 12-15 nmZm§Mm Agmdm. 09. g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb AÜ¶mnH$m§Ûmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmgmR>r 40 JwU AmhoV. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 28 5.2 g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ boIZmgmR>r Z‘wZm erf©Ho$ gyMZm : ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZmMo CÎma åhUyZ g§emoYZ AmamIS>m {b{hVmZm Ë¶m‘Ü¶o e³¶Vmo Imbrb ‘wÔo AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Imbr H$mhr Z‘wZm erf©Ho$ {Xbr AmhoV. {dÚmÏ¶mªZr e³¶Vmo Z‘wZm erf©Ho$ dJiyZ ñdV§Ì erf©H$mda AmYm[aV AmamIS>m V¶ma H$amdm. (01) {df¶mMo erf©H$, (02) àñVmdZm / nmíd©^‘y r, (03) ‘hÎd / Cn¶w³VVm, (04) C{Ôï>,o (05) n[aH$ënZm /g§emoYZ àíZ, (06) J¥{hVHo$, (07) ì¶mßVr (^m¡Jmo{bH$, Ame¶mË‘H$), (08) ‘¶m©Xm, (09) g§emoYZ nÕVr, (10) g§emoYZ gmYZo (àíZmdbr, ‘Vmdbr, ‘wbmIV, B.), (11) ‘m{hVr g§H$bZmMm Vnerb (OZg§»¶m, Z‘wZm, ‘m{hVrMm àH$ma d Vnerb), (12) ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU d ‘m§S>Ur (Amdí¶H$ gm§p»¶H$s V§Ìo, Vºo$, AmboI, BË¶mXr), (13) {ZîH$f©, (14) gmam§e / g‘mamon, (15) g§X^©gyMr, (16) n[a{eï>o. 5.2.1 E‘. E. ({df¶ g§àofU) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r (‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo joÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr -OPN 252 ) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ. ({df¶ g§àofU - ‘amR>r) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ‘amR>rVrb g§V dmL>‘¶mVyZ ì¶³V hmoUmar g‘mO‘yë¶o Am{U OrdZnÜXVr (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§Vm§À¶m gm{hË¶mda AmYm[aV) ‘amR>rVrb X{bV dmL>‘¶mVyZ ì¶³V hmoUmè¶m g‘mOOrdZmMm Aä¶mg (H$moUVmhr EH$ boIH$) ‘amR>r H$mX§~è¶m‘Yrb ór {MÌU (H$moUVrhr EH$ H$mX§~ar) ‘hm{dÚmb¶rZ {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m nyaH$ dmMZ gd¶tMo gd}jU. AmYw{ZH$ g§nH©$ ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mm ^mfm dmnamda n[aUm‘ : ‘hm{dÚmb¶rZ {dÚmWu / ¶wdH$ / ¶wdVr / ‘{hbm / H$m‘Jma / ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ¶m n¡H$s EH$ KQ>H$. ({df¶ g§àofU - qhXr) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) qhXr dmL>‘¶mVrb à‘wI H$mX§~arVrb g‘mO{MÌU (H$moUVrhr EH$ H$mX§~ar) (2) qhXr H${dVm§‘YyZ ì¶³V hmoUmar OrdZ{df¶H$ ‘yë¶o. (3) qhXr g§Vgm{hË¶mVrb à~moYZna {dMma (H$moUVohr EH$ g§V) ({df¶ g§àofU - B§J«Or) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) B§J«Or dmL>‘¶mVrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m H$mX§~è¶m§‘YyZ hmoUmao g‘mOXe©Z (2) ^maVr¶ boIH$m§À¶m B§J«Or gm{hË¶mMo g‘rjmË‘H$ {ddoMZ. ({df¶ g§àofU - B{Vhmg) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) (2) (3) (4) n[agamVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmñVy§Mo ‘hÎd, Cn¶w³VVm ¶m§Mo XñVmEodOrH$aU (Documentation) ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e amOdQ>r‘Yrb gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä¶mg. XoemÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶bT>çmVrb H«$m§{VH$maH$m§À¶m H$m¶m©Mm AmT>mdm. XoemÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶ MidirVrb g‘mOgwYmaH$m§Mo ¶moJXmZ. ({df¶ g§àofU - AW©emó ) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) J«m‘rU {dH$mgm‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶H¥$V ~±Ho$À¶m ¶moJXmZmMm AmT>mdm. (H$moUVrhr EH$ ~±H$) H¥$fr nVnwadR>çmÛmao H¥${f{dH$mgm‘Ü¶o ghH$mar ~±Ho$Mo ¶moJXmZ (H$moUVrhr EH$ ~±H$) nrH$ CËnmXZmMo AW©emór¶ {díbofU (H$moUVohr EH$ nrH$) ñWm{ZH$ ~mOma g{‘VrMo H$m¶© Am{U Cn¶w³VVoMm Aä¶mg (H$moUVrhr XmoZ ‘hÎdmMr {nHo$) {nH$m§À¶m H$mT>UrníMmV IMm©Mo AW©emór¶ {díbofU (H$moUVohr EH$ nrH$) g‘mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§À¶m CËnÞ, IM© Am{U ~MV {df¶H$ gd¶tMm Aä¶mg. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 29 ({df¶ g§àofU - g‘mOemó) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrb ‘Oyam§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg. (eoVr / ~m§YH$m‘ / drQ>^Å>r / hm°Q>ob, BË¶mXr) (2) ehar ^mJmVrb PmonS>nÅ>çm§‘Ü¶o amhUmè¶m ì¶³VtÀ¶m ZmJar g‘ñ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg. (3) Bbo³Q´>m°{ZH$ ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mm g‘mOOrdZmda hmoUam n[aUm‘ : EH$ Aä¶mg. (4) J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUm~m~V nmbH$m§Mm Ñ[ï>H$moZ : g‘mOemór¶ Aä¶mg. (5) AmYw{ZH$ g§nH©$ gmYZo Am{U Am§Vaì¶º$sH$ g§~§Ym§Mm g‘mOemór¶ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä¶mg. ({df¶ g§àofU - amÁ¶emó) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m amOH$s¶ OmUrdOmJ¥VtMm Aä¶mg. (2) ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm§Mo n[aga {dH$mgmVrb ¶moJXmZ : AmT>mdm (3) ‘w{ÐV Am{U Bbo³Q´>m°{ZH$ ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mr amOH$s¶ OmUrd OmJ¥Vr g§X^m©Vrb O~m~Xmar d ^y{‘H$m ({df¶ g§àofU - ‘mZgemó) : Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) {d{dY Xÿa{MÌdm{hÝ¶m§darb ‘m{bH$m§Mm {d{eï> JQ>mVrb ì¶º$s¨À¶m dV©Zmda hmoUmè¶m n[aUm‘m§Mm ‘mZgemór¶ Aä¶mg ({dÚmWu / ¶wdH$-¶wdVr/d¥Õ, BË¶mXr) (2) X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb VmUVUmd d Ë¶m§Mo n[aUm‘ ¶m§Mo ‘mZgemór¶ Ñï>rZo AÜ¶¶Z. (3) {H$emoad¶rZ ‘wbm-‘wbtÀ¶m ‘mZgemór¶ g‘ñ¶m Am[U Ë¶m~m~V Cnm¶¶moOZm. 5.2.2 E‘. E. ({df¶ g§àofU - {ejUemó) VgoM E‘. E. (e¡j{UH$ g§àofU) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r ({ejUemómVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr -OPN 253) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) H$moUË¶mhr {df¶mÀ¶m nmR>çH«$‘mVrb EH$m KQ>H$mMo "ì¶m»¶mZ nÕV" Am{U "^y{‘H$m nmbZ nÕV" ¶m nÕVtÛmao AÜ¶mnZ H$ê$Z n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä¶mg. (CXm. ^yJmob / B{Vhmg / ^mfm {df¶m§Vrb ¶mo½¶ KQ>H$) (2) nma§n[aH$ AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ à{H«$¶o‘Yrb dJm©Vrb Am§Va{H«$¶m§À¶m Cn¶wº$VoMm Aä¶mg. (3) H$moUË¶mhr EH$m {df¶mVrb XmoZ nmR>çKQ>H$m§da AmYm[aV ‘w{ÐV / g§JUH$ ghmpæ¶V nyaH$ AÜ¶¶Z gm{hË¶ V¶ma H$ê$Z Cn¶w³VVoMm Aä¶mg. (4) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r {d{dY emgH$s¶ ¶moOZm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr d n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (5) {d{dY ghembo¶ / nyaH$ CnH«$‘m§Mm {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ì¶³Vr‘Îd {dH$mgmda hmoUmam n[aUm‘ : EH$ Aä¶mg. (6) H$moUË¶mhr EH$m AÜ¶mnZ à{V‘mZmMm dmna H$ê$Z Cn¶w³VVoMm Aä¶mg. (7) ‘yë¶{ejUmMr A§‘b~OmdUr Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (8) {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ A{^d¥Îmr {dH$gZmgmR>r CnH«$‘m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr d n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (9) {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ‘mZ{gH$ VmUVUmd ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r CnH«$‘ {Z{‘©Vr d n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (10) J{UV / {dkmZmVrb g§H$ënZm§À¶m à^mdr AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r nyaH$ e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mo {dH$gZ Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 3036 5.2.3 E‘. E. (Xÿa{ejU) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r ({ejUemómVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr -OPN 253) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) Xÿa{ejU àUmbr‘Yrb H$moUË¶mhr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m EH$m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r ñd¶§-AÜ¶¶Z gm{hË¶mMo {dH$gZ Am{U Cn¶w³VVoMm Aä¶mg. (2) Xÿa{ejU àUmbr‘Yrb H$moUË¶mhr EH$m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r dmnaë¶m OmUmè¶m e¡j{UH$ VgoM àemgH$s¶ nÕVtMm g{dñVa Aä¶mg Am{U Cn¶w³VVm. (3) Xÿa{ejU àUmbrÛmao CnbãY Agboë¶m H$moUË¶mhr EH$m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r dmnaë¶m OmUmè¶m JwUdÎmm {ZYm©aU à{H«$¶oMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ. (4) Xÿa{ejU àUmbr‘Yrb H$moUË¶mhr EH$m {ejUH«$‘mMo Cn¶w³VVoÀ¶m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ‘yë¶‘mnZ. (5) {d{dY e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZm§Mm Xÿa{ejU àUmbr‘Yrb dmna Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (6) Xÿa{ejU àUmbr‘Yrb ~Xb d àJVrMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm. 5.2.4 E‘. H$m°‘. ({df¶ g§àofU) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r (dm{UÁ¶ d ì¶dñWmnZ joÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr -OPN 258) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) godm joÌmVrb CnH«$‘m§Mo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb ¶moJXmZ : EH$ AmT>mdm (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m joÌmVrb EH$m CnH«$‘mMm {d{eï> H$mbmdYr‘Yrb AmT>mdm.) (2) CÚmoJ-Y§Úm‘Yrb ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUH$s‘Ü¶o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m§Mo ¶moJXmZ : EH$ AmT>mdm (H$moUVmhr EH$ CÚmoJ - EH$ ~±H$ - {d{eï> H$mbmdYrMm Aä¶mg) (3) à^mdr Om{hamV H$bm Am{U J«mhH$ à{VgmXmMm Aä¶mg (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m àH$maÀ¶m CËnmXZmer g§~§{YV CXm. gm¢X¶© àgmYZo, FMCG BË¶mXr.) (4) ‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mgm‘Ü¶o ghH$ma joÌmMo ¶moJXmZ (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m joÌmVrb ghH$mar CnH«$‘m§À¶m {d{eï> H$mbmdYrVrb Aä¶mg. CXm. gmIa H$maImZm, gyV{JaUr, BË¶mXr) (5) J«mhH$ Cn¶moJr H$O© nwadR>m ¶moOZm§À¶m n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (~±qH$J-J¡a ~±qH$J g§ñWm - {d{eï> H$O©àH$ma - J¥hH$O© / dmhZ H$O© / B. {d{eï> H$mbmdYr) 5.2.5 E‘. Eñgr. ({df¶ g§àofU) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r ({dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVr -OPN 261) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (1) ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamdarb {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r "n[agamVrb dZñnVtMr {d{dYVm' ¶m g§H$ënZoer g§~§{YV AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am. (2) {‘Ì H$sQ>H$m§Mr H¥$fr joÌmgmR>r Cn¶w³VVm Aä¶mgUo. (3) EH$mpË‘H$ H$sS> {Z¶§ÌU nÕVrMm à^mdr dmna (H$moUË¶mhr EH$m {nH$mgmR>r) (4) {dkmZ {df¶mÀ¶m nmR>çH«$‘mVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m g§H$ënZm§Mo ~hþ‘mÜ¶‘ g§MmÛmao AÜ¶mnZ d n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (^m¡{VH$emó / agm¶Zemó / Ordemó) ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 31 (5) J{UV / ^y{‘Vr ¶m {df¶m§À¶m nmR>çH«$‘mVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m g§H$ënZm§Mo nyaH$ e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Ûmao AÜ¶mnZ d n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. (J{UV / ^y{‘Vr) (6) n[agamVrb ñWm{ZH$ ObómoVm§Mm n¶m©daUmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Aä¶mg. (7) n[agamVrb O¡d {d{dYVoMr Zm|X (àmUr / dZñnVr) (8) ~mbH$m§À¶m Amamo½¶ ajUmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ bgrH$aUmMo ‘hÎd. 5.3 g‘mamon d ewôÀN>m ! Vwåhr V¶ma Ho$boë¶m g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMm n{hbm ‘gyXm H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMm. Vwåhm§bm OmUdbobo ~Xb / gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Ë¶mbm A§{V‘ ñdê$n Úm. g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb AÜ¶mnH$m§Ûmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma Amho. Ë¶m‘wio A§{V‘ hñV{b{IV AmamIS>m {XZm§H$ 15 ‘mM© 2016 nydu Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$aÊ¶mMr gd© O~m~Xmar {dÚmÏ¶mªMr Amho. O‘m H$amd¶mÀ¶m A§{V‘ AmamIS>çmMr EH$ àV ñdV…Odi ñWiàV åhUyZ Adí¶ R>odm. nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> Agboë¶m KQ>H$m§Mm Vnerb Vwåhm§bm g‘Obm Agob. Ë¶mZwgma boIr narjo~amo~aM Vwåhm§bm BVahr AZoH$ H¥$Vr H$amd¶mÀ¶m AmhoV. åhUOoM, Amnë¶m OwÝ¶m Aä¶mg gd¶t‘Ü¶o Vwåhm§bm H$mhr ~Xb H$amdm bmJob. ñdV…À¶m ì¶mdgm{¶H$ d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmè¶m gm§^miyZ hr gd© H$m‘o Vwåhm§bm H$amd¶mMr AmhoV. Ë¶mÑï>rZo Vw‘À¶mH$S>o CnbãY Agboë¶m doioMo ¶mo½¶ {Z¶moOZ Ho$ë¶mg Vo Z¸$s e³¶ hmoB©b. "ñd¶§-AÜ¶¶Z" hm Xÿa {ejUàUmbrMm ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb ‘mJ©Xe©Z / g§‘§ÌU ¶m§Mm Vwåhm§bm {ZpíMVM Cn¶moJ hmoB©b. Ë¶mMm nwaonya bm^ KoD$Z "ñd¶§-AÜ¶¶ZmMr" OmoS> {Xë¶mg hm {ejUH«$‘ nyU© H$aUo åhUOo EH$ AmZ§XXm¶r d AZw^d g‘¥Õ CnH«$‘ hmoB©b. ¶mgmR>r ‘Z…nyd©H$ ewôÀN>m ! ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 32 6. {ÛVr¶ dfm©À¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§Mo ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZ (A) _yë`{ZYm©aU d _yë`_mnZ (Assessment & Evaluation) (EDU 008) (H$moUVmhr EH$ àíZ gmoS>dm) (EHy$U JwU 40) (01) _mnZloUrMo Mma àH$ma `mo½` CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am. (01) Describe four types of measurement scales with proper examples. (02) (A) H$moR>mar Am`moJmZo gwM{dbobr Cƒ {ejUmMr nmM C{Ôï>o ñnï> H$am. (A) Explain the five objectives of higher education which are suggested by Kothari commission. (~) AÜ`mnZmVrb _yë`_mnZmMr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am. (B) Explain the role of evaluation in teaching. (03) _mnZ, _yë`{ZYm©aU d _yë`_mnZ øm VrZ g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb \$aH$ Am{U nañnag§~§Y ñnï> H$am. (03) Define the concepts Measurement, Assessment and Evaluation. Explain the differences & Inter-relationship among them. (04) (A) àíZnoT>r {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr {bhm. (A) Explain method of developing a question bank ? (~) "gà_mUVm' Am{U "{dídgZr`Vm' `m g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am. (B) Explain the concepts `Validity' and `Reliability'. (05) (A) ñdm^m{dH$ _yë`_mnZ Am{U à{H«$`mXeu _yë`_mnZm_Üò H$m` \$aH$ Amho? (A) What is the difference between natural evaluation and process evaluation models? (~) à_mUH$mZwgma H$gmoQ>r Am{U {ZH$fmZwgma H$gmoQ>rVrb \$aH$ ñnï> H$am. (B) What is the difference between non-referenced test and criterion referenced test? (06) _mnZmMr ì`m»`m ñnï> H$am. _yë`_mnZ à{H«$òV _mnZ H$go Cn`wŠV R>aVo? MmMUr gà_mU hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr H$moUVr XjVm ¿`mb Vo ñnï> H$am. (06) Define measurement. How is measurement useful in evaluation process? Explain what precaution should be taken in order to make a test valid. (07) loUr {ZYm©aUmMo VÎd, V§Ì Am{U \$m`Xo g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (07) Elaborate the Principle, Technique and advantages of grading system. (08) MmMUr V`ma H$aVmZm _mnZmÀ`m Mm§Jë`m gmYZmMo JwU{deof Vwåhr H$go bjmV ¿`mb Vo CXmhaUmg{hV ñnï> H$am. (08) How will you consider the characteristics of a good measuring instrument while developing a list? Explain with examples. (09) Xe©Zr gà_mUVm Am{U ghdVu gà_mUVm ho g§~moY ñnï> H$am. Xe©Zr gà_mUVm Agë`mg ghdVu gà_mUVm AgVoM Ago åhUVm òB©b H$m`? H$m? (09) Explain the concepts of face validity and concurrent validity. Will face validity ensure concurrent validity? Why? ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 33 (10) {dÚmnrR> narjm nÕVr_Yrb VrZ ñVamda nma nmS>ë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY H¥$Vr g{dñVa ñnï> H$am. (10) Explain in detail the activities incorporated in three phases of university examination section. (Am) {ejUmVrc g§kmnZ àH$ma (Communication Modes in Education) (EDU 010) (H$moUVmhr EH$ àíZ gmoS>dm) (EHy$U JwU 40) (01) (A) Imbrb g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am. (1) n[ag§dmX (2) JQ>MMm© (3) ^y{_H$mnmbZ n[ag§dmX Am{U JQ>MMm© Am`moOZmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m _wÚm§Mo {ddoMZ H$am. (01) (A) Explain the following concepts (1) Seminar (2) Group Discussion (3) Role Playing What points will you consider in organising effective seminar and Group Discussion ? (~) Xya{ejU àUmbr_Üò dmnaë`m OmUmè`m g§àofUmÀ`m {d{dY aMZm àH$mam§Mo WmoS>Š`mV dU©Z H$am. (B) Describe in brief the multiple communication patterns in Distance Education. (02) Vw_Mr emim EH$m XþJ©_ ^mJmVrb Am{Xdmgr àXoemV Amho. `m emioVrb Vw_À`m ghH$mar {ejH$m§gmR>r g§JUH$ gmjaVm H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ AmnUmbm H$amd`mMo Amho, Ë`m H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m {Z`moOZmMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$am. (02) Your school is located in a remote tribal area. You have to organise a programme of ‘Computer Literacy‘ for your colleagues. Prepare a plan for organising this programme. (03) "g§§JUH$ gmjaVm' åhUOo H$m` Vo ñnï> H$am. "g§JUH$mMm e¡j{UH$ dmna' `m g§~§Yr Vwåhm§bm ñWm{ZH$ {ejH$m§gmR>r EH$ H$m`©emim Am`mo{OV H$amd`mMr Amho. gXa H$m`©emioMr `moOZm gmXa H$am. (03) Explain what is meant by ‘Computer literacy’. You have to organise a workshop for teachers in local schools on ‘Use of Computers in Education’. Present the plan of this workshop. (04) (A) à^mdr AÜ``ZmgmR>r {dÚmWu-{ejH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hmoUo H$m Amdí`H$ Amho Vo gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am. (A) Explain with examples why the student-teacher interactions are essential for an effective learning. (~) _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMo AÜ``ZmWu åhUyZ Vwåhm§bm nÌì`dhmamÛmao d XÿaÜdZrÛmao H$go {eH${dÊ`mV Ambo Vo {bhm. (B) State how you are instructed through correspondence and telephone as a learner of an open university. (05) ldU _mÜ`_mMo \$m`Xo d _`m©Xm ñnï> H$am. Vwåhr Vw_À`m emioV EH$m AmXe© ^mfm {dkmZ à`moJemioMr C^maUr H$er H$amb Vo ñnï> H$am. (05) Describe the advantages and limitations of the audio medium. Explain how will you set up an ideal language laboratory in your school. (06) J°ZoMr AÜ``ZmVrb _Vo ñnï> H$am. J°ZoZo gm§{JVboë`m ~moYmË_H$ à{H«$òÀ`m ZD$ Q>ßß`m§Mm dmna AÜ``ZmgmR>r H«$_mZo hmoUo H$m Amdí`H$ AgVo Vo gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am. (06) State Gagne's views on learning. Explain with examples how Gagne's nine stages of cognitive processing are essential in sequential order for learning. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 3440 (07) ì`m»`mZnÕVrMo Cƒ {ejUmVrb _hÎd WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am. à^mdr ì`m»`mZ H$m¡eëò H$moUVr Vo ñnï> H$am. ì`m»`mZ àH$mam§Mr `mXr H$ê$Z H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ì`m»`mZ àH$mam§Mo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am. (07) Explain in brief the importance of lecture method in higher education. Explain the effective lecturing skills. Enlist the types of lectures and explain any two of them. (08) Cƒ {ejUmV "Aä`mggÌ' V§ÌmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am. Vwåhr {eH$drV Agboë`m {df`mVrb EImÚm {deof KQ>H$mgmR>r Aä`mggÌ V§ÌmMm dmna H$gm Ho$bm, Vo gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am. (08) Describe the importance of the technique of ‘Tutorials’ in higher education. Explain how you used this technique for a special unit in your subject. Illustrate your answer. (09) g§kmnZ åhUOo H$m` ? eoZm°ZÀ`m g§kmnZ à{V_mZmV ñH°$_Zo H$moUË`m gwYmaUm gwM{dboë`m AmhoV Vo gH$maU gm§Jm. g§kmnZ à{V_mZmVrb H$moUVo KQ>H$ (àofH$, g§Xoe, _mÜ`_, J«mhH$) H|$ÐñWmZr AmhoV Vo gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am. (09) What is Communication? Explain Shannon's model with reference to the modifications suggested by Schrammes in his model. Which part of the communication (Sender, Message, Media and Receiver) is at the centre of your research work in hand. Discuss with examples. (10) (A) Xya{MÌdmUr `m àgma_mÜ`_mMo {ejUjoÌmgmR>rMo _hÎd d Cn`wŠVVm ñnï> H$am. (A) Describe the importance and effectiveness of television for education sector. (~) ldUg§{hVoÀ`m {d{eï> aMZoVrb _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr WmoS>Š`mV MMm© H$am. "n`m©daUmMo _hÎd' `m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV B. 8 drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r g§{hVm V`ma H$am. (B) Describe and discuss typical structure of audio script. Prepare a script for VIII standard students on Ìmportance of Environment'. (11) Xhm Vo Mm¡Xm `m d`moJQ>mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "^y{_H$mnmbZ' `m AÜ`mnZV§ÌmMm dmna Vwåhr {eH$drV Agboë`m H$moUË`mhr {df`mVrb EH$m KQ>H$mgmR>r H$gm H$amb Vo gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am. `m AÜ`mnZV§ÌmMo AÜ`mnZnÕVrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb \$m`Xo ñnï> H$am. (11) Explain with examples how will you utilize the technique of ‘Role playing’ in your subject for the students of age group 10-14 years. Explain various advantages of this teaching technique. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 35 7.0 {ÛVr¶ df© AIoamnydu gmXa H$amd¶mMm g§emoYZ Ahdmb (Research Report / Dissertation) nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o (E‘.E./E‘.H$m°‘./E‘.Eñgr.) g§àofU AWdm Xÿa{ejU joÌm§er g§~§{YV {df¶mda g§emoYZ H$m¶© nyU© H$amdo bmJVo. ¶mMr Vwåhmbm ‘m{hVr Amho. Ë¶mZwgma Vwåhr hmVr KoVboë¶m {df¶mMo g§emoYZmMo H$m‘ nyU© H$ê$Z Ë¶mda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ AhdmbmMr (Research Report / Dissertation) EH$ {dÚmnrR>mH$S>o O‘m H$amd¶mMr Amho. g§emoYZ AhdmbmMr àH$aU ¶moOZm VgoM Ë¶m‘Yrb ‘OHy$amMr ‘m§S>Ur ¶m~amo~aM EH§$Xa g§emoYZ à{H«$¶oMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr Vwåhmbm g§emoYZ nwîn ‘m{bHo$‘YyZ {‘iy eHo$b. VgoM g§emoYZ H$m¶m©~Ôb Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb g§‘§ÌUgÌm§‘YyZXoIrb Vwåhmbm doimodoir ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. åhUOoM, {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m g§nyU© H$mbmdYr‘Ü¶o g§emoYZm~m~V {dÚmnrR> VgoM Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb ‘mJ©Xe©Z Am{U Vw‘Mo gmVË¶nyU© à¶ËZ ¶m§VyZ Vw‘Mm g§emoYZ Ahdmb V¶ma hmoUma Amho. g§emoYZ à{H«$¶oÛmao EImXr g‘ñ¶m ¶mo½¶, H«$‘mpÝdV nÕVrZo gmoS>{dÊ¶mMo H$m¡eë¶ àmá hmoVo, Va g§emoYZ Ahdmb boIZmÛmao Vwåhr Ho$boë¶m CnH«$‘mMo emór¶ nÕVrZo boIZ d ‘m§S>Ur H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¡eë¶ àmá hmoVo. g§emoYZ Ahdmb boIZ hr AmZ§XXm¶r H¥$Vr Amho, Ago Vwåhmbm OmUdob. Vwåhr V¶ma Ho$boë¶m g§emoYZ AhdmbmMr (Research Report / Dissertation) EH$ àV a{OñQ>S>© / ñnrS> nmoñQ>mÛmao Imbrb nÎ¶mda nmR>dmdr. (Hw$[a¶aZo nmR>dy Z¶o) àm. S>m°. à‘moX {~¶mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR> J§Jmnya YaUmOdi, Zm{eH$ - 422 222 {ÛVr¶ dfm©À¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr g§emoYZ Ahdmb e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o {XZm§H$ 15 ’o$~«wdmar 2016 n¶ªV nmohmoMob Aem àH$mao nmR>dmdm. ¶m ‘wXVrZ§Va àmá hmoUmè¶m g§emoYZ Ahdmbm~m~VÀ¶m ‘m¡{IH$ narjmXoIrb {db§~mZo hmoD$ eH$Vrb. g§emoYZ AhdmbmMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJm‘m’©$V {dÚmnrR>mVrb AÜ¶mnH$m§Ûmao Ho$bo OmVo. {d{hV ‘yë¶‘mnZ aMZoZwgma g§emoYZ AhdmbmgmR>r EHy$U 200 JwU AmhoV. nXì¶wÎma {ejUH«$‘m‘Yrb "g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZ' (Communication Research) hm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. Ë¶mg§X^m©Vrb ‘m{hVr ¶mnwT>rb ^mJm‘Ü¶o Amho, Vr Vwåhmbm Cn¶w³V R>aob. {df¶ g§àofU (Subject Communication) ho g§emoYZ joÌ Agboë¶m E‘.E. (M31), E‘.H$m°‘. (M34) Am{U E‘.Eñgr. (M35) ¶m {ejUH«$‘m§gmR>r àdoe KoVboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZr {ÛVr¶ df© AIoamnydu ñdV…Mm g§emoYZ Ahdmb (Dissertation) {dÚmnrR>mH$S>o O‘m H$aÊ¶mnydu Imbrb ~m~r {dMmamV KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. l g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>bobr g‘ñ¶m (g§emoYZmMm {df¶) joÌmÀ¶m Ame¶mer gwg§JV AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. CXmhaUmW©, * E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àofU - ‘amR>r) joÌ Agob Va g§emoYZmMr g‘ñ¶m ({df¶) ‘amR>r ^mfm, ì¶mH$aU, gm{hË¶, g‘rjm BË¶mXr KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m KQ>H$mer g§~§{YV Agmdr. * E‘.H$m°‘. ({df¶ g§àofU - ~±qH$J) Ago joÌ Agob Va g§emoYZmMr g‘ñ¶m ({df¶), ~±H$m§Mr H$m¶}, H$m¶©nÕVr, AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$J nÕVr, {dÎmnwadR>m, nVYmoaU, BË¶mXr KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$m KQ>H$mer g§~§{YV Agmdr. * E‘.Eñgr. ({df¶ g§àofU - agm¶Zemó) Ago joÌ Agob Va g§emoYZmMr g‘ñ¶m ({df¶) agm¶ZemómVrb Ame¶mer g§~§{YV Agmdr. darb CXmhaUo Ho$di Z‘wÝ¶mgmR>r {Xbr AmhoV. {dÚmÏ¶mªZr ñdV…À¶m g§emoYZ g‘ñ¶oMr nS>VmiUr H$ê$Z g§~§{YV Ame¶mer gwg§JV Amho ¶mMr ImÌr H$amdr. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 36 l EH§$XarVM, E‘.E. {df¶ g§àofU (M31) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r ^mfm / gm‘m{OH$emóo / AWdm g§~§{YV kmZjoÌmVrb, E‘.H$m°‘. {df¶ g§àofU (M34) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r dm{UÁ¶ AWdm ì¶dñWmnZ joÌmVrb, Va E‘.Eñgr. {df¶ g§àofU (M35) ¶m {ejUH«$‘mgmR>r {dkmZ emIoer g§~§{YV Ame¶ / KQ>H$ / {df¶ g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>Uo A{Zdm¶© Amho. l g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr (àW‘ dfm©‘Yrb) VgoM g§emoYZ àH$ën ({ÛVr¶ dfm©‘Yrb) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§Mr g§nH©$gÌo gwê$ AgVmZm Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarb AÜ¶mnH$m§er MMm© H$ê$Z Vwåhr {ZdS>bobr g§emoYZ g‘ñ¶m g§~§{YV {df¶ g§àofUmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Amho ¶mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z ¿¶mdr. l {dÚmnrR> / ‘hm{dÚmb¶m‘Yrb AÜ¶mnH$ XmoZ COiUr dJm©g (Refresher Course) n¶m©¶ åhUyZ hm {ejUH«$‘ nyU© H$aV Agë¶mg Ë¶m§Zr ñdV…À¶m {Z¶wº$sÀ¶m {df¶mVrbM {df¶ g§àofU joÌ {ZdS>Uo A{Zdm¶© Amho. CXmhaUmW©, * "AW©emó' ¶m {df¶mÀ¶m d[að> ‘hm{dÚmb¶ / {dÚmnrR>mVrb AÜ¶mnH$m§Zr E‘.E. ({df¶ g§àofU AW©emó) ¶m joÌmVrb g§emoYZ Ahdmb (Dissertation) H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. * "^m¡{VH$emó' ¶m {df¶mÀ¶m d[að> ‘hm{dÚmb¶ / {dÚmnrR>mVrb AÜ¶mnH$m§Zr E‘.Eñgr. ({df¶ g§àofU ^m¡{VH$emó) ¶m joÌmVrb g§emoYZ Ahdmb (Dissertation) H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. 8. g§emoYZ Ahdmb gmXa Ho$boë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ‘m¡{IH$ narjm {ZYm©[aV H$mbmdYr‘Ü¶o g§emoYZ Ahdmb e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o O‘m H$aUmè¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ‘m¡{IH$ narjm {dÚmnrR> ‘w»¶mb¶ (Zm{eH$) ¶oWo doimodoir Am¶mo{OV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. gXa ‘m¡{IH$ narjoMr VmarI d AÝ¶ Vnerb {dÚmÏ¶mªZm e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$Sy>Z Q>nmbmÛmao H$i{dÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. Ë¶mZwgma, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmZo Am¶mo{OV Ho$boë¶m ‘m¡{IH$ narjogmR>r {dÚmÏ¶mªg ñdIMm©Zo Zm{eH$ ¶oWo ¶mdo bmJob. e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmZo H$i{dboë¶m ‘m¡{IH$ narjog {dÚmWu AZwnpñWV Agë¶mg gXa {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ‘m¡{IH$ narjm nwT>rb dfuÀ¶m gÌm‘Ü¶o hmoB©b. Ë¶mgmR>r g§~{YV {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo nwZnarjmWu AO© ^ê$Z ‘m¡{IH$ narjm ewëH$ âmdo bmJob. Ë¶mÑï>rZo {dÚmÏ¶mªZr g§emoYZ Ahdmb O‘m Ho$ë¶mZ§Va ‘m¡{IH$ narjoMm {XZm§H$ d AÝ¶ VnerbmgmR>r e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJm‘Ü¶o H$m¶m©b¶rZo doio‘Ü¶o g§nH©$ gmYmdm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 37 9.0 g§àofUmMr ‘yb^yV g§H$ënZm g§àfo U hm Communication `m _yi B§J«Or eãXmgmR>r Zì`mZo ê$T> hmoD$ nmhUmam _amR>r nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Amho. `mbmM AÝ`hr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX àM{bV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, g§kmnZ, g§dmX. `m nwpñVHo$V _mÌ g§àofU `m eãXm§Mm dmna gd©Ì Ho$bm Amho. {dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU, ^mdZm§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ, EH$_oH$m§er g§dmX gmYUo øm gd© g§àofUmÀ`mM à{H«$`m AmhoV. gH$minmgyZ amÌrn`ªV AmnU gmVË`mZo BVam§er g§dmX gmYVmo åhUyZ OJUo ho AI§S> g§àofU Amho Ago åhQ>bo Var Vo dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. _mZdr g§àofU A{Ve` g§nÞ Am{U {d{dY _mJmªZr hmoUmao Amho. gd©M ì`ŠVr gmVË`mZo g§àofU-à{H«$òMm dmna H$arV Agë`m Var H$mhr {d{eï> ì`dgm`mVrb ì`ŠVtZm g§àofUmMm A{YH$ hoVwnyd©H$ d Am¡nMm[aH$[aË`m dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. CXmhaUmW©, boIH$, A{^ZoVo, {ejH$, g§nmXH$, ~mV_rXma, AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z_Yrb ì`ŠVr `m§Zm g§àofUmMm OmUrdnyd©H$ Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo. Vgm Vmo Vwåhrhr `m {ejUH«$_mV H$aUma AmhmV. g§àofUmÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m AmhoV, Ë`mVrb H$mhr nwT>rbà_mUo (1) EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o g§Xoe nmohM{dÊ`mMr H$bm qH$dm H$m¡eë` åhUOo g§àofU hmo`. (2) _m{hVrMo dhZ hmoD$Z AW©nyU© à{VgmX {Z_m©U H$aUo åhUOo g§àofU hmo`. (3) _Vo qH$dm ^mdZm `m§Mr XodmUKodmU åhUOo g§àofU hmo`. (4) ^mdZm, H$ënZm, {dMma `m§À`m g§H«$_UmÛmao `mo½` àË`mâU/à{VgmX {_idyZ Üò` gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMr {H«$`m åhUOoM g§àofU hmo`. `m gd© ì`m»`m§dê$Z WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm òBb © H$s g§àfo UmV _m{hVr, _Vo, ^mdZm EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o AMyH$nUo nmohM{dë`m OmVmV d Ë`mÛmao Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z AW©nyU© à{VgmX {_i{dbm OmVmo. AmVm g§àofU à{H«$`m àË`jmV H$er KS>Vo ho nwT>rb H$mhr CXmhaUm§dê$Z nmhÿ. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mV nXì`wÎma {ejUH«$_mgmR>r Vwåhr AmVm àdoe KoVbobm Amho. `m {ejUH«$_mMr g§nyU© _m{hVr {dÚmnrR>mbm Vw_À`mn`ªV nmohMdm`Mr Amho. Vr _m{hVr Vw_À`mn`ªV nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>mZo `m _mJ©X{e©Ho$Ûmao à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. hr à{H«$`m g§àofUmMrM Amho. `m à{H«$òV H$m` H$m` KS>bobo Amho ? {dÚmnrR> Am{U {dÚmnrR>m§VJ©V g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr ho `m {R>H$mUr _m{hVr-g§Xoe nmR>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm àofH$ (Sender) Ago åhUVmV. {ejUH«$_mMr ê$naofm-AmamIS>m, BË`mXr _m{hVrMo åhUOoM g§XoemMo g§H«$_U `m nwpñVHo$Ûmao Ho$bobo Amho. Vr Vwåhr ñdrH$maUma qH$dm J«hU H$aUma AmhmV åhUyZ Vwåhr J«mhH$ (Receiver) AmhmV. hoM ñWybê$nmV nwT>rb AmH¥$VrV _m§S>bobo Amho. àofH$ Ame` / _m{hVr / gyMZm `m§Mo g§H«$_U J«mhH$ AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1 : g§àofU à{H«$òMm ñWyb AmamIS>m gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMr g§àofU{df`H$ H$ënZm darb AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo AgVo, na§Vw AmnU gImob {dMma Ho$bm Va Ë`mV AZoH$ ÌwQ>r AmhoV ho bjmV òVo. CXmhaUmW©, J«mhH$mbm Úmd`mMr _m{hVr àofH$ AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§VyZ XoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mV {b{IV gm{hË`, XyaÜdZr, XyaXe©Z, pìh{S>Amo, Am°{S>Amo, ao{S>Amo, g§JUH$, {MÌo (_m°S>b o à{VH¥$Vr) Aem AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. åhUOoM EH$M _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM `§Ìm§Mmhr dmna H$ê$ eH$Vmo. {edm` AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1 _Üò _m{hVrMo - g§XoemMo g§H«$_U ho àofH$mH$Sy>Z J«mhH$mn`ªV EH$V\$s© Amho Ago Xe©{dbo Amho, na§Vw Ago Zoh_rM KS>Vo Ago Zmhr. J«mhH$XoIrb H$mhr doiobm Amnbm à{VgmX qH$dm e§H$m-àíZ AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§Ûmao (CXmhaUmW©, nÌmÛmao, XyaÜdZrÛmao) àofH$mbm {dMmaVmo. òWo J«mhH$mH$Sy>Zhr àofH$mH$S>o g§Xoe nmR>{dbm OmVmo. Aem [aVrZo g§àofU à{H«$`m EH$ _mJu (oneway) à{H«$`m Z amhVm {Û_mJu (two-way) hmoVo. Ë`m_wio darb _yi AmH¥$Vr nwT>rbà_mUo hmoB©b. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 38 g§Xe o àofH$ _mÜ`_ _mÜ`_ J«mhH$ g§Xe o AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2 : _mÜ`_mÛmao {Û_mJu g§àofU à{V{H«$`m g§Xe o {dg§Ho$VrH$aU dm{hZr _mÜ`_ J«mhH$ g§Ho$V~Õ Ame` g§Ho$VrH$aU àofH$ AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2 H$Xm{MV Amnë`mbm n[anyU© dmQ>ob. na§Vw g§àofUm~m~V OgOgo A{YH$m{YH$ g§emoYZ hmoV Jobo VgVgo `m à{H«$òVhr AZoH$ C{Udm AmhoV ho bjmV Ambo. Ooìhm _mZgemñÌkm§Zr g§àofUmMm {dMma Ho$bm Voìhm àofH$mÀ`m Am{U J«mhH$mÀ`m _ZmV Oo {dMma MmbVmV Ë`m§Mmhr g_mdoe `m à{H«$òV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g§àfo UmV "Q>{o bH$å`w{ZHo$eZ' (Xyag§nH©$) `m joÌmVrb Pmboë`m àJVr_wiho r â nS>br. Q>{o bH$å`w{ZHo$eZ (Xyag§nH©$) _Üò g§Xe o qH$dm _m{hVr nmR>{dbr OmV AgVmZm Ë`mV H$mhr Vm§{ÌH$ qH$dm n`m©daUmMo AS>Wio òD$Z g§Xoe `mo½`[aË`m nmohM{dbm OmV Zmhr ho AmnUmg _mhrV AmhoM. `m AS>Wiçm§Zm ì`Ë`` / Jm|Yi (noise) Ago åhUVmV d g§n«ofU à{H«$òÀ`m n[aUm_H$maHo$V `m KQ>H$mbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. `m à{H«$òV nS>bobr {Vgar â åhUOo "dm{hZr' qH$dm "M°Zob' (Channel) hmo`. ao{S>Amo qH$dm Xya{MÌdmUr hr _mÜ`_o AmhoV. Xya{MÌdmUrÀ`m {d{dY dm{hÝ`m§VyZ H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV hmoVmV. `m dm{hÝ`m§À`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoVXoIrb {^ÞVm AmT>iVo. åhUOo dm{hZr hm EH$ g§àofUmÀ`m à{H«$òV ZdrZ KQ>H$ g_m{dï> hmoVmo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr {_iyZ g§àofU à{H«$òMr AmH¥$Vr nwT>rbà_mUo hmoB©b. àË`mâU Jm|Yi AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 : dm{hZrÛmao g§àofU AmVmn`ªV g§àofU à{H«$òVrb Oo KQ>H$ {ZpíMV Pmbo, Ë`m gd© g§H$ënZm§Mm / KQ>H$m§Mm EH${ÌV n[aM` AmnU H$ê$Z KoD$. (1) àofH$ (Sender) - Ame` dm _m{hVr gm§JUmam, g§àofUmMr dñVw{Zð> gwédmV H$aUmam, åhUyZ "g§àofUmMo CJ_ñWmZ' `m ZmdmZoXoIrb g§~moYbo OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, dŠVm, boIH$, {ejH$, ZoVm, A{^ZoVm, {MÌH$ma. (2) gm§Ho$VrH$aU (Encoding) - Ame` qH$dm _m{hVrbm eãXê$n XoUo, Ë`m§Mo gm§Ho${VH$ àVrH$m§_Üò ê$nm§Va H$aUo. CXmhaUmW©, boIr qH$dm Vm|S>r eãX, H$amd`mMo hmd^md, hmVdmao, ImUmIwUm, _wÐm, A{d^m©d, à{VHo$ (3) g§Ho$V~Õ Ame` (Message) - àofH$mZo _m{hVrMo "gm§Ho$VrH$aU' Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m _m{hVrbm Omo EH$ ^m¡{VH$ AmH$ma àmá hmoVmo Ë`mbmM g§H$o V~Õ Ame` Ago åhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, C{eam Amboë`m H$_©Mmè`mH$S>o d[að> A{YH$mè`mZo amJmZo nmhUo. (4) _mÜ`_ (Medium) - _m{hVr d {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò Á`m doJdoJiçm g§àofU _mJmªMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`mg _mÜ`_ åhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, ao{S>Amo, Q>rìhr, Q>o{b\$moZ, Q>obrJ«m_, dmàbog, nÌboIZ, XmoZ ì`ŠVt_Yrb àË`j g§^mfU, MMm©gÌ, J«§W dm nwñVHo$ ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 39 (5) g§àofU _mJ© / dm{hZr (Channel) - Ame` / _m{hVr J«mhH$m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r {ZdoXZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmao _mJ©. CXmhaUmW©, Pr Q>rìhr, ñQ>ma Q>rìhr, ~r~rgr, {d{dY^maVr, BË`mXr. Q>rìhr ho _mÜ`_ Amho Am{U Pr Q>rìhr, ñQ>ma Q>rìhr, øm dm{hÝ`m AmhoV. (6) J«mhH$ / ñdrH$maH$ / lmoVm / J«hUH$Vm© (Receiver) - àofH$mZo gm§{JVboë`m Ame`mMo Á`mbm doXZ qH$dm g§doXZ hmoVo Aer ì`ŠVr. (7) {dgm§Ho$VrH$aU (Decoding) - `mbmM g§Ho$Vm{YJ_ Agohr åhUVmV. g§Ho$V~Õ Ame` hm gm§Ho${VH$mV, eãXê$nmV qH$dm gm§Ho${VH$ {MÝhmV ê$nm§V[aV Ho$bobm AgVmo. Ë`m Ame`mVrb {MÝh, àVrHo$, eãX `m§Mm AW© bmdyZ Ë`mMo _m{hVr_Üò ê$nm§Va H$aUo d J«mhH$mZo Vo g_OyZ KoUo. (8) à{V{H«$`m (Response) - ñdrH¥$V Ho$boë`m Ame`mÀ`m AW©àmárZwgma CÎmamXmIb Ho$bobr à{V{H«$`m (9) Jm|Yi / ì`Ë`` (Noise) - g§àofUmV ~mYm {Z_m©U H$aUmam H$moUVmhr KQ>H$. CXmhaUmW©, ahXmar, JO~OmQ> `m§_wio EH$_oH$m§Mo ~mobUo Z g_OUo. (10) àË`mâU (Feedback) - Ame`mÀ`m ñdrH¥$VrZ§Va J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z àofH$mbm {_iUmar CbQ> nmdVr qH$dm "n[aUm_kmZ' qH$dm {dMmanyd©H$ à{V{H«$`m. g§àofU à{H«$òer {ZJ{S>V `m Xhm g§H$ënZm§Mr _m{hVr nm{hë`mZ§Va AmVm Vr àË`j H$er KS>Vo Vo WmoS>Š`mV nmhÿ. àofH$ {d{eï> hoVygmR>r g§àofUmMm {ZU©` KoVmo. Ë`m hoVyg AZwê$n _m{hVr {ZpíMV H$aVmo. Vr H$moUË`m eãXm§V qH$dm {MÝhm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo g§ào{fV H$amd`mMr ho {ZpíMV H$aVmo Vr _m{hVr g§Ho$V~Õ Ho$br OmVo d `mo½` _mÜ`_mÛmao Vmo Vr nmR>{dVmo. g§Ho$V~Õ Ame`mMm AW© J«mhH$ {dgm§Ho$VrH$aU H$ê$Z bmdVmo Am{U AWm©Zwgma à{VgmX XoVmo Aer hr WmoS>Š`mV à{H«$`m Amho. g§àofUmMm {dMma òWo nyU© hmoVmo Ago Zmhr. `m à{H«$òVrb AmUIr H$mhr C{Udm AbrH$S>o ñnï> Pmboë`m AmhoV. àofH$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr, n`m©daU, ^m{fH$ nmíd©^_y r Am{U {d{dY joÌm§Vrb AZw^d `m§Zmhr g§àfo UmV _hÎd Amho. àofH$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m§À`m ~m~VrV ho nyU©V: {^Þ Agob Va g§àofU hmoV Zmhr qH$dm MwH$sMo hmoVo. Ooìhm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ejH$ ehar {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eH${dVmo qH$dm ehar {ejH$ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eH${dVmo Voìhm {ejH$ (àofH$) Am{U {dÚmWu (J«mhH$) `m§À`mV n[aUm_H$maH$ g§àofU hmoV Zmhr Ago ~è`mM doim AmT>iVo. H$maU Ë`m XmoKm§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr, ^m{fH$ nmíd©^y_r, n`m©daU Am{U AZw^d {^Þ-{^Þ Agy eH$Vmo. ho Imbrb AmH¥$Vrdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo. àofH$ d J«mhH$mÀ¶m AZw^d joÌmVrb gmå¶ ä g§Ho$V~Õ Ame¶ ä J«mhH$ ä ä àofH$ ä AZw^d joÌ {dgm§Ho${VH$aU Jm|Yi / ì¶Ë¶¶ àË¶mâU AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 : àofH$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m§À`m AZw^djoÌmVrb gmå` AmVmn`ªV nm{hboë`m g§àofU à{H«$òVrb AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr ÌwQ>r åhUOo `m gd© à{H«$òV Ago J¥hrV Yabo Amho H$s, àofH$ hm J«mhH$mÀ`m dV©ZmMo {Z`§ÌU H$arV AgVmo. àofH$mÀ`m _ZmV H$mhr {d{eï> hoVy AgVmo Am{U Ë`mg AZwê$n ~Xb J«mhH$m§V Pmbo VaM Vo g§àofU n[aUm_H$maH$ Amho. `m {dMmambm _Ü`dVu ñWmZ XoUmam {dMmad§VmMm EH$ n§W Amho. Ë`mbm dV©ZdmXr n§W Ago åhUVmV na§Vw g§àofUmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm J«mhH$mÀ`m Ano{jV dV©Z~Xbmdê$Z R>a{dVm òV Zmhr qH$dm R>a{dUo `mo½` R>aUma Zmhr, Ago _mZUmaohr {dMmad§V AmhoV. àofH$mBVH$mM J«mhH$ ñdV§Ì, ñdm`Îm ì`ŠVr AgyZ J«mhH$hr àofH$mMo {Z`§ÌU H$ê$ eH$Vmo Ago ho {dMmad§V _mZVmV. åhUOoM àofH$ Am{U J«mhH$ ñdV§Ì qH$dm ñdm`Îm AgyZhr Vo nañnamdb§~r AmhoV. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 40 10. g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmMo doJionU g§àofUmÀ`m à{H«$òV ñdê$n ñnï> Pmë`mda AmVm g§àofU g§emoYZmMo doJionU g_OmdyZ KoUo Vwåhm§bm eŠ` hmoB©b. AmnU emim _hm{dÚmb`m§_Üò AZoH$ {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmo. nma§n[aH$ {dÚmnrR>mVrb nXì`wÎma d g§emoYZ {ejUH«$_mV {dÚmWu EImÚm {df`mVrb Cn{df`mV OmD$Z g§emoYZ H$aVmo d gImob Am{U ZdrZ kmZ àmá H$aVmo. na§Vw ho ZdrZ kmZ g_mOmn`ªV H$go nmohM{dVm òBb © `mMm {dMma Amnë`mH$Sy>Z \$magm Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. ho ZdZdrZ kmZ / kmV _m{hVr `m nwT>rb H$mimV àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMr, g§ñWoMr, g_mOmMr d amï´>mMr eŠVr qH$dm ~bñWmZ R>aUma Amho. åhUyZM ho kmZ A{YH$m{YH$ bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dbo Jobo nm{hOo, ho Amnë`m gdmªZm VÎdV: _mÝ` hmoB©b. na§Vw `m kmZmMm àgma H$aVmZm `m joÌmVrb AZoH$ àíZ Amnë`mnwT>o Cô amhVmV. CXmhaUmW©, kmZ H$moU XoUma ? H$moUmbm XoUma ? Vo èñdr[aË`m nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$aVm òB©b ? kmZ `mo½`[aVrZo nmohMbo qH$dm Zmhr Vo H$go R>admd`mMo ? EImÚm {d{eï> {df`mVrb kmZ àgmamgmR>r H$moUVo _mÜ`_ A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo ? kmZ J«hU H$aUmam Vo kmZ H$go àmá H$aVmo ? ~mø dmVmdaUmMm àofH$mda d ñdrH$maH$mda H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo ? Ago AZoH$ àíZ AmhoV. "{d{dY {df`m§Vrb kmZ{Z{_©Vr' `m joÌmV AmO {OVHo$ g§emoYZ hmoV Amho {VVHo$ Vo "kmZ àgma' `m joÌmV Pmbobo Zmhr Ë`m_wio AÚ`mdV kmZ gd©gm_mÝ`mn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mV AZoH$ AS>ga Cô amhVmV. åhUyZM AmO g_mOmbmhr kmZmÀ`m g§àfo UmVrb (àgmamVrb) g§emoYZmMr JaO Amho. g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmMo gyÌ nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. RACE R - Research - g§emoYZmVyZ kmZ{Z{_©Vr A - Action programme - g§H${bV kmZ{Z{_©Vr g_mOmn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r AmamIS>çmMr {Z{_©Vr C - Communication - kmZ àgma E - Evaluation - _yë`_mnZ AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5 : g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmMo gyÌ Amnë`mbm Oo kmZ g_mOmbm Úmd`mMo Amho Ë`m~m~VMo AÚ`mdV kmZ àW_ g§H${bV H$amdo bmJVo. g_mOmÀ`m JaOoZwgma Ë`mVrb Amdí`H$ kmZ H$moUVo, ho doJdoJiçm nÕVtMm / gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZpíMV H$amdo bmJVo d Oê$a nS>ë`mg Amdí`H$ Ë`m Zì`m kmZm§Mr {Z{_©Vrhr H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va Vo kmZ g_mOmn`ªV H$moUr Úmdo, H$go Úmdo, H$moUË`m dm{hZrÛmao / nÕVrZo, H$moUmbm Úmdo Am{U Ë`mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm H$er _moOUma `m gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoUmam AmamIS>m V`ma H$amdm bmJVmo. ho kmZ Z§Va g_mOmn`ªV àË`jmV g§à{o fV Ho$bo OmVo d A§{V_V: ho g§à{o fV Ho$bobo kmZ g_mOmn`ªV {H$Vr nmohMbo ømMo _yë`_mnZhr Ho$bo OmVo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5 _Üò Vw_À`m Ago bjmV òB©b H$s, gdmªV AmVrb dVy©i ho kmZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Amho, na§Vw Ë`mdarb VrZ dVw©io kmZ àgmamVrb AmhoV. åhUyZM "kmZ àgma' `mhr joÌmV g§emoYZ hmoUo H$go d {H$Vr JaOoMo Amho ho Vw_À`m bjmV òB©b. AmVmn`ªV AmnU kmZ àgma ho kmZ{Z{_©Vrnojm H$go doJio Amho ho nm{hbo. kmZ àgmamVrb / g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV; Vr Aer - 10.1 g§àofU g§emoYZmVrb d¡{eîQ>ço l g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZ ho Am§VakmZemIr` Amho. V§Ì{dkmZmV doJdoJiçm ZdZdrZ àgma _mÜ`_m§Mr â nS>VM Amho. gwédmVrMo N>nmB© `§Ì Am{U AmOMo N>nmB© `§Ì `m§V O_rZ Amñ_mZMm \$aH$ Amho. ao{S>Amo, XyaXe©Z, Q>o{bH$å`w{ZHo$eZ ho Va `mM {dkmZmMo emoY AmhoV. Ë`m_wio n[aUm_H$maH$ g§àfo U hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho. V§Ì{dkmZmZo g§àfo UemñÌmV _moR>r â KmVbobr Amho. na§Vw g§àofU ho _mZdm-_mZdm_Üò hmoV Agë`m_wio _mZgemñÌ, g_mOemñÌ, amÁèmñÌ, BË`mXr gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {d{dY ^mfm Am{U _mZì`{dÚm `m§_ÜòXoIrb g§àofUmÀ`m g§X^m©V g§emoYZ Pmbobo Amho d `m gd© kmZemIm§Vrb g§emoYZmVyZ g§àofUemñÌ {dH${gV hmoV Jobo Amho. åhUyZ _ybV: ho Am§VakmZemIr` ñdê$nmMo Amho. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 41 l g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZ ^yVH$mimVrb KSy>Z Joboë`m g§àofU{df`mMo Agy eHo$b qH$dm Vo dV©_mZH$mimVrb g§àofUmÀ`m Aä`mgmer {ZJ{S>V Agob qH$dm g§àofUmV nwT>rb H$mimV ~Xb H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo nS>Vmim nmhUmao qH$dm àm`mo{JH$ ñdê$nmMogwÕm Agob. ^yVH$mimVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r Or g§emoYZnÕVr dmnaVmV {Vbm "Eo{Vhm{gH$ nÕVr' (Historical Method) Ago åhUVmV. gÚ: n[apñWVrVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmè`m nÕVrg "dU©ZmË_H$ nÕVr' (Descriptive Research) Ago åhUVmV. ^{dî`H$mimV g§àofUmÀ`m nÕVrV ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m Zì`m nÕVtMm nS>Vmim ¿`md`mMm AgVmo Ë`mgmR>r àm`mo{JH$ nÕVrMm (Experimental Research) dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. øm VrZhr nÕVr g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU H$mhr CXmhaUo nmhÿ. ^maVmV Ho$ai amÁ` gmoSy>Z BVa amÁ`m§V gmjaVoMm àgma g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr Ago {XgyZ Ambo Amho. åhUyZ gmjaVoMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ai amÁ`mV g§àofUmÀ`m H$moUË`m nÕVr dmnaÊ`mV Amë`m, `mMo g§emoYZ ho Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§emoYZ hmoB©b. XyaXe©Z, ao{S>Amo `m§Ûmao AZoH$ e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`mMm {dÚmÏ`mªda {H$VnV n[aUm_ hmoVmo, ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVrMm dmna H$aVm òB©b. {dH$mg `moOZm{df`H$ ~mV_r dV©_mZnÌmVyZ doJdoJiçm nÕVrZo XoD$Z Ë`mMm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr Cn`wŠV R>aob. (`m g§emoYZ nÕVr A{YH$ g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU g§emoYZ nÕVrdarb nwñVH$m§Mo dmMZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.) H$mimà_mUo g§àofUmMm {df` d g§emoYZ nÕVr Oer {^Þ hmoD$ eH$Vo, Ë`mMà_mUo g§àofU à{H«$òVrb KQ>H$mà_mUohr g§àofU g§emoYZmMo {df` ~Xby eH$VmV. g§àofU à{H«$òÀ`m AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 _Üò AmnU Ë`m à{H«$òMo gd© KQ>H$ nm{hbo AmhoV. (1) àofH$ (2) _m{hVrMo gm§Ho$VrH$aU (3) g§Ho$V~Õ Ame` (4) _mÜ`_ (5) dm{hZr (6) J«mhH$ (7) {dgm§Ho$VrH$aU (8) à{V{H«$`m (9) Jm§oYi (10) àË`mâU g§àofU g§emoYZmgmR>r darbn¡H$s H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mm g{dñVa Aä¶mg H$aVm ¶oVmo. g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>boë`m Ë`m KQ>H$mZwgma Vw_À`m g§emoYZ {df`mV Iyn {^ÞVm òD$ eHo$b. {edm` EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ KQ>H$m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym§dahr Vwåhr g§emoYZ H$ê$ eH$mb. _mÌ `m gd© g§emoYZmg Agbobr g§nyU© g§àofU à{H«$òMr nmíd©^y_r Vwåhr g§emoYH$ `m ZmË`mZo {dgaVm H$m_m Zò. l 10.2g§àofUmMo hoVy g§àofU ho H$moUH$moUË`m H$maUm§gmR>r Ho$bo OmVo hohr AmVm AmnU g_OyZ KoD$. l doJdoJio CÚmoJ Om{hamVtda _moR>çm à_mUmV n¡gm IM© H$arV AgVmV. hoM ì`mdhm[aH$-ì`mdgm{`H$ hoVygmR>r Ho$bobo g§àofU hmo`. l {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m H$mimV doJdoJiçm njm§Vrb C_oXdma nmoñQ>a, g^m, nX`mÌm Aem {d{dY nÕVtZr Amnbm àMma H$aVmV. l Amamo½`{df`H$ gd`r, N>moQ>çm Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$ënZm `m Jmoï>tMm emgZmH$Sy>Z gmVË`mZo nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm OmVmo. Vmo bmoH$m§Zr d¡Mm[aH$ d AmMaUmÀ`m nmVirda ñdrH$mamdm Agmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. l `wÕ H¡$Úm§À`m "~«Zo dm°qeJ' Mr V§Ìo `wÕ H$mimV dmnabr OmVmV. bhmZnUmnmgyZ ^mfm, Y_©, àm§V ho {df` _Zmda q~~{dbo OmVmV Vo AmnU \$magm {dMma Z H$aVm ñdrH$maVmo. `mgma»`m à{H«$òV Vr ì`ŠVr gH$maU ~w{ÕdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ qH$dm {ddoH$mÛmao {M{H$Ëgm Z H$aVm Xwgè`mMo {dMma ñdrH$maVo. `mbmM "_Vm§V àdoeZ' (Indoctrination) Ago åhUVmV. l e¡j{UH$ hoVygmR>rhr g§àofUmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV òVmo. `mV AÜ`mnZ, e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_, bmoH${ejUmMo H$m`©H«$_, {b{IV gm{hË`, àXe©Zo, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_m_mJo àMma qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$VoMm ^mJ ZgyZ Ë`mbm {d{eï> Ago g_mO_mÝ` Z¡{VH$ A{Yð>mZ AgVo. g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZ ho Am¡nMm[aH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$, Xya{ejU Aem {d{dY n[apñWVrV e¡j{UH$ hoVygmR>r Ho$bo OmVo. nXì`wÎma nXdr hr nyU©V: e¡j{UH$ hoVygmR>r Ho$boë`m g§àofUmVrb Amho. AÝ` hoVygmR>r KS>Umè`m g§àofUmH$[aVm Zmhr. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 42 11. g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmMr VrZ joÌo (A) e¡j{UH$ g§àofU (~) Xya{ejU (H$) {df` g§àofU (A) e¡j{UH$ g§àofU ho n{hbo joÌ Amnë`m gdmªZm n[aM`mMo Amho. `mMo H$maU AmVmn`ªVMo Amnë`m gdmªMo {ejU Am¡nMm[aH$ n[apñWVrV KS>Umè`m g§àofUmÛmaoM Pmbobo Amho. Am¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrV Oo AÜ`mnZ MmbVo qH$dm {Û_mJu g§àofU MmbVo Ë`mbm "e¡j{UH$ g§àofU' Ago åhUVmV. `m Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU nÕVrMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo (1) {ejH$m§H$S>o Amdí`H$ Ah©Vm, (2) R>adyZ {Xbobo Aä`mgH«$_, (3) g_moamg_moa AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, (4) {d{eï> doiobm narjm, (5) {Z`mo{OV nmR>çnwñVHo$, (6) {ZpíMV H$mbmdYr `m_wio ho g§àofU gmMo~§X Pmë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo. Ë`mV bdMrH$Vm AmUÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZM "AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU' hr Zdr H$ënZm nwT>o Ambobr Amho. `mVhr e¡j{UH$ hoVygmR>r gwg§K{Q>V à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. H$m_Jmam§Mo {ejU, emim~mhoarb _wbm§Mo {ejU Aem H$m`©H$« _m§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo. `m gdmªer {ZJ{S>V g§emoYZmg e¡j{UH$ g§àofU Ago åhUVm òB©b. e¡j{UH$ g§àofU ho joÌ A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>o EH$ CXmhaU {Xbobo Amho. Cƒ àmW{_H$ ñVam§darb nma§n[aH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm d¡Mm[aH$ n[aÀN>oX boIZ H$m¡eëò g§ào{fV (AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ) H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©nwpñVH$m V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr Cn`wŠVVm {gÕ H$aUo. darb CXmhaUmVrb Cƒ àmW{_H$ ñVamVrb nma§n[aH$ {dÚmWu åhUOo B`Îmm 6, 7, 8drMo {dÚmWu hmo`. g§emoYZ Am¡nMm[aH$[aË`m Pmbobo Amho. d¡Mm[aH$ n[aÀN>oX boIZ H$m¡eë` g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©nwpñVH$m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. hr d¡{eîQ>ço e¡j{UH$ g§àofUmer {ZJ{S>V AmhoV åhUyZ hm g§emoYZ {df` e¡j{UH$ g§àofUmV OmVmo. (~) Xya{ejU AmYw{ZH$ _mÜ`_mÛmao à^mdr g§àofU eŠ` Pmë`mZo Xya{ejU hr H$ënZm CËH«$m§V Pmbr. Xya{ejUmVrb H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$mda Ho$boë`m g§emoYZmMm g_mdoe òWo Ano{jV Amho. Xya{ejU hoM EH$ {d{eï> àH$maMo g§àofU Amho. Ë`mMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço AmnU nmhÿ. (1) (2) (3) (4) {dÚmWu Am{U {ejH$ EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ Xya AgVmV. Xya{ejUmMr H$m`©nÕVr EImÚm CÚmoJH|$ÐmÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrgmaIr AgVo. hr nÕVr {ejH$-gÝ_wI AgÊ`mEodOr {dÚmWu-gÝ_wI Amho. {ejUmgmR>r AZoH${dY _mJmªMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. CXmhaUmW©, _w{ÐV gm{hË`, XyaÜdZr, ÑH²$-lmì` gmYZo, g§JUH$, BË`mXr. (5) {dÚmWu nÌmÛmao, XyaÜdZrÛmao d BVa _mJmªÛmao g§ñWobm Amnbm à{VgmX qH$dm àË`mâU XoV AgVmo qH$dm g§nH©$ gmYV AgVmo. (6) àËòH$ {dÚmWu Ë`mÀ`m ghmÜ`m`r {dÚmÏ`mªnmgyZ Xya AgVmo. (7) Aä`mg gm{hË` ho ñd`§-AÜ``Z ñdê$nmMo AgVo. darb gmV d¡{eîQ>ço Agboë`m n[apñWVrV hmoUmè`m g§àofUmer àË`j qH$dm AàË`j[aË`m {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m g§emoYZmg Xya{ejU g§emoYZ Ago åhUVm òB©b. Xya{ejUmÀ`m joÌmVhr g§emoYZmMo AZoH$ {df` Vwåhm§bm {ZdS>Vm òVrb. g_mOmÀ`m X¡Z{§ XZ JaOoZg w ma `m joÌmV ZdrZ {ejUH«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ à{H«$`m§_YyZ dmQ>Mmb H$amdr bmJVo. {ejUH«$_mVrb Aä`mgH«$_m§Mr {ZpíMVr H$aUo, Ë`mZwgma nmR>çH«$_ (Syllabus) V`ma H$aUo, nmR>çH«$_mZwgma {d{dY ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË` {Z_m©U H$aUo, `m gdmªMm {dÚmÏ`mªda {H$Vr n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo, ñd`§ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 43 AÜ``Zmbm nyaH$ åhUyZ g§nH©$gÌm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo, `m gd© à{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©V g_ñ`m Agy eH$VmV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m KQ>H$mer g§~§{YV g_ñ`m Vwåhr g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdSy> eH$mb. Xya{ejU ho joÌ A{YH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>o EH$ CXmhaU {Xbobo Amho. Xya{ejUmÛmao ~r.ES>. Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r Ame``wŠV nmR>{Z`moOZmgmR>r ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. darb CXmhaUmVrb Xya{ejUmÛmao ~r.ES>. Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$aUmao XyañW {ejUmVrb {dÚmWu hmoV, {ejUmgmR>r ñd`§-AÜ`mnZ gm{hË`mMm dmna, Aä`mg gm{hË` ho ñd`§-AÜ``Z ñdê$nmMo Amho. gd© d¡{eîQ>ço Xya{ejUmer {ZJ{S>V AmhoV åhUyZ hm g§emoYZ {df` Xya{ejU `m joÌmV OmVmo. e¡j{UH$ g§àofU Am{U Xya{ejU `m§Vrb g§emoYZ{df`H$ ôX hm g§àofU Á`m n[apñWVrV hmoVo Ë`m pñWVrÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§dê$Z H$aVm òVmo. Vmo ôX Vwåhm§bm ñnï> Agbm nm{hOo, Vmo AmnU AmVm H$mhr CXmhaUm§Ûmao nmhÿ. l embo` nmR>çnwñVH$mMm g§àofUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma - ho e¡j{UH$ g§àofU hmo`. l _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mVrb ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mÀ`m g§àofUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma - ho Xya{ejU hmo`. (H$) {df` g§àofU `m joÌmV g§àofU Á`m pñWVrV hmoVo Ë`m pñWVrbm qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Zm _hÎd Zmhr. CbQ> H$moUË`m {df`mMo / Ame`mMo / g§XoemMo g§àofU hmoVo Ë`mbm _Ü`dVu ñWmZ {Xbobo Amho. hm g§Xoe Am¡nMm[aH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$ qH$dm Xya{ejU Aem H$moUË`mhr nÕVrZo / pñWVrV {Xbm Jobobm Agy eHo$b. Vmo n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m {Xbm Jobm H$m ? H$gm XoVm òB©b ? `m§gma»`m àíZm§Zm òWo _hÎd Amho. {df` g§§àofU hr H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm òVrb. A§YlÕm {Z_y©bZmMo H$m`© Am¡nMm[aH$[aË`m / AZm¡nMm[aH$nUo / Xya{ejUmÛmao / ì`m»`mZmÛmao / àmË`{jH$ / àXe©Z / qXS>r `m§gma»`m ghO {ejUmÛmao XoVm òB©b. òWo pñWVrbm _hÎd Zmhr Va A§YlÕm hm Omo {dMma Amho Ë`mbm A{YH$ _hÎd Amho. Vmo bmoH$m§n`ªV H$gm nmohmoM{dVm òB©b, Ë`mÀ`m à^mdr nÕVr H$moUË`m, Vmo H$moUmH$moUmn`ªV nmohMy eH$bm / eH$bm Zmhr, BË`mXtMm {dMma d g§XoemMm g§X^© òWo _hÎdmMm Amho. H$maImÝ`m_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§V àXyfU{df`H$ OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g§§àofU nÕVtMm Aä`mg. `m g_ñòV àXyfUmMm {df` _hÎdmMm Amho. Ë`mg AZwê$n Aem g§§àofUmÀ`m nÕVr g§emoYH$ emoYyZ H$mT>Uma Amho. åhUyZ hr g_ñ`m {df` g§§àofU `m joÌmV OmB©b. `m VrZhr CXmhaUm§_Üò g§emoYH$m§Zm Ho$di g§à§ fo U nÕVtMr VwbZm H$amd`mMr Zmhr, Va {d{eï> g§Xe o nmohmoM{dUo hm Ë`m§Mm _w»` hoVy Amho åhUyZ ho gd© {df` "{df` g§§àofU' `m joÌmV òVmV. gd©gmYmaUV: AmnUmg Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, {df` g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZ ho àm‘w»¶mZo g§Xoe H|$Ðr (Message Oriented Research) AgVo. {df¶ g§àofU ¶m joÌm‘Ü¶o g§emoYZ {df¶mVrb Ame¶ VgoM Vmo Ame¶ J«mhH$m§n¶ªV nmohmoM{dÊ¶mgmR>r dmnaÊ¶mV Ambobo ‘mÜ¶‘ ¶m§Zm A{YH$ ‘hÎd AgVo, Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b. `m{R>H$mUr {Xboë`m {df`mVrb d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z H$moUË`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Zm _hÎd Úmd`mMo Amho ho g§emoYH$mZo R>admd`mMo Amho d Ë`m _hÎdmZwgma joÌ{ZpíMVrMm A§{V_ {ZU©` g§emoYH$mZoM ¿`md`mMm Amho. Á`m g§àofUmV g§Xoem§Zm H|$ÐñWmZ {Xbo OmVo Ë`mbm {df` g§àofU Ago åhUVmV. g§àofU emñÌmÀ`m ^mfoV Ë`mbm g§XoeH|$Ðr (Message Oriented) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. 11.1 X¡Z§{XZ JaOoZwgma joÌmMr {ZdS> {df` g§àofU, e¡j{UH$ g§àofU, Xya{ejU `m VrZ joÌm§Vrb ôX ñnï> Pmë`mZ§Va Vwåhr Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m joÌmMr {ZdS> H$aUma AmhmV. hr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Ë`mMm Vwåhm§bm hmoUmam d¡`pŠVH$ bm^ qH$dm Vw_À`m d¡`pŠVH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm hmoVo qH$dm Zmhr hohr Vwåhm§g nmhmdo bmJob. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 44 àmÜ`mnH$ AmnU àmÜ`mnH$ AmhmV. {d{eï> Ame` / g§Xoe {dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV nmohmoM{dUo AdKS> OmVo Agm Vw_Mm AZw^d Agob Am{U Vmo {dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV H$gm nmohmoMdmd`mMm hr Vw_Mr g_ñ`m Agob Va {df` g§àofU joÌ {ZdS>mdo. {edm` _hm{dÚmb`rZ àmÜ`mnH$m§Zr {df` g§àofU ho joÌ {ZdS>ë`mg A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aob, H$maU hm {ejUH«$_ nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va XmoZ [a\«o$ea H$mog©og_YyZ gyQ> {_iUma Amho. Xya{ejUmer g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr Xya{ejU ho joÌ _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mV H$m`©aV Agboë`m ì`ŠVr, _wŠV emim§er g§~§{YV qH$dm Xya{ejUmVrb g§~§{YV ì`ŠVtZr {ZdS>ë`mg Ë`mMm nwT>rb g§emoYZ d X¡Z§{XZ H$m`m©V Cn`moJ hmoB©b. AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òer g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr ({ejH$) Á`m§Zm AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmÀ`m doJdoJiçm nÕVtda â Úmd`mMm Agob Ë`m ì`ŠVtZr e¡j{UH$ g§àofU qH$dm Xya{ejU hohr joÌ {ZdS>mdo. g_mOH$m`© H$aUmar ì`ŠVr Vwåhr Oa ~±H$, H§$nZr qH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$ Aem H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUr H$m`©aV Agmb qH$dm gm_m{OH$ {R>H$mUr H$m`© H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVt_Üò _moS>V Agmb Va Ë`m joÌmVrb AÚ`mdV {d{eï> kmZ BVam§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r {df` g§àofU ho joÌ {ZdS>Uo ho `mo½` R>aob. Am¡nMm[aH$ / AZm¡nMm[aH$ / Xya{ejUmÛmao EImXr _m{hVr A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m g_mOmn`ªV H$er nmohmoMdmdr hr Vw_À`mnwT>o g_ñ`m Agob Va e¡j{UH$ g§àofU qH$dm Xya{ejU ho joÌ KoD$ eH$mb. Vwåhr g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>bb o m {df` hm EH$mnojm AZoH$ joÌm§er g§~{§ YV Agy eHo$b. Ë`m§nH¡ $s H$moUË`m joÌmV g§emoYZ H$amd`mMo Amho `mMm {ZU©` Vwåhm§bm ¿`md`mMm Amho. Vw_Mm g§emoYZ {df` EH$mnojm OmñV joÌm§er {ZJ{S>V Agob Va Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUVo joÌ `mo½` Amho `m{df`tMm Vw_À`m _ZmVrb Jm|Yi H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r H$mhr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mm Vwåhm§bm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eHo$b. _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) g§emoYZ g_ñ`m {df` g§emoYZmer (kmZ{Z{_©Vrer) {ZJ{S>V Amho H$m` ? g§emoYZ g_ñ`m g§àofU g§emoYZmer (kmZàgmamer) {ZJ{S>V Amho H$m` ? g§emoYZmMr JaO Am{U Ë`mMm bm^ `mÀ`m AmYmao joÌmMr {ZdS> Ho$br Amho H$m`? {d{eï> Ame`mbm / g§Xoembm _hÎd Úmd`mMo Amho H$m` ? g§àofUmÀ`m nÕVtZm _hÎd Úmd`mMo H$m ? g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmV àofH$mbm _hÎd Úmd`mMo Amho H$m ? g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmV AS>Wiçm§Zm _hÎd Úmd`mMo Amho H$m ? g§àofUmVrb g§emoYZmV J«mhH$ / ñdrH$maH$m§Zm _hÎd Úmd`mMo Amho H$m ? g§àofU à{H«$`m Am¡nMm[aH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUnÕVrZo KS>V Amho H$m ? g§àofU à{H«$`m Xya{ejU nÕVrV KS>V Amho H$m ? Ame`mbm AÝ` KQ>H$m§nojm g§àofUmV A{YH$ _hÎd XoUma AmhmV H$m ? Am¡nMm[aH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$ d Xya{ejU n[apñWVrnojm g§àofUmÀ`m Ame`mbm /g§Xoembm OmñV _hÎd XoUma AmhmV H$m ? (13) g§emoYZmer g§~§{YV g§àofU à{H«$`m ^yVH$mimV KSy>Z Jobr Amho H$m ? (14) g§emoYZmer g§~§{YV g§àofU à{H«$`m dV©_mZH$mimer {ZJ{S>V Amho H$m ? (15) g§emoYZ g_ñ`m ^{dî`H$mimVrb gwYmaUoer g§~§{YV Amho H$m ? Ÿhmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr hmo` / Zmhr `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§n¡H$s (1) _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎd EH$Mo CÎma Zmhr. XmoZ d VrZMo CÎma hmo` òV Agob Va Vwåhr {ZdS>bb o r g§emoYZ g_ñ`m/{df` {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m VrZ joÌm§n¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m joÌmer g§~§{YV AgyZ Vr _hÎdmMr Amho Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 45 (2) g§emoYZ g_ñ`m {df` g§àofUmer {ZJ{S>V ¿`md`mMr Agob Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ Mma, AH$am, ~mam `m§n¡H$s EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ VÎdm§Mr CÎmao hmo` òUo Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U VÎd H«$_m§H$ nmM, ghm, gmV, AmR> d XhmMo CÎma Zmhr òUo Amdí`H$ Amho Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ ZD$Mo CÎma hmo` qH$dm Zmhr Ago Agy eHo$b. (3) g§emoYZ g_ñ`m e¡j{UH$ g§àofUmer {ZJ{S>V Agob Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ nmM, ghm, gmV, AmR>, ZD$ `m§n¡H$s EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ VÎdm§Mr CÎmao hmo` Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ Mma, Xhm, AH$am, ~mam `m§Mr CÎmao Zmhr Ago òUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (4) g§emoYZ g_ñ`m Xya{ejUmer {ZJ{S>V Agob Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ nmM, ghm, gmV, AmR>, Xhm `m§n¡H$s EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ VÎdm§Mr CÎmao hmo` òUo Amdí`H$ Amho, Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ Mma, ZD$, AH$am d ~mam Zmhr òUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (5) joÌ {ZdS> Pmë`mZ§Va g§emoYZmgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr dmnaUma Agmb Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ VoamMo CÎma hmo` hdo d Mm¡Xm d n§YamMo CÎma Zmhr Ago hdo. (6) Vwåhr g§emoYZmgmR>r dU©ZmË_H$ nÕVr dmnaUma Agmb Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ Mm¡XmMo CÎma hmo` Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ Voam d n§YamMo CÎma Zmhr Ago hdo. (7) Oa Vwåhr g§emoYZmgmR>r àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr dmnaUma Agmb Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ n§YamMo CÎma hmo` Va VÎd H«$_m§H$ Voam d Mm¡XmMo CÎma Zmhr Ago hdo. `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmZwgma VrZ joÌm§n¡H$s `mo½` Aem EH$m joÌmMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mBVnV ñnï>Vm Vwåhm§bm Ambobr AgobM. {df` g§àofU, e¡j{UH$ g§àofU, Xya{ejU ¶m joÌm§er g§~§{YV H$mhr CXmhaUo Imbr {Xbobr AmhoV. CXmhaUo (1) Or.E Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m H$WoVrb ñÌrËdmMm emoY KoUo Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` ñÌrn`ªV Ë`mMo g§àofU H$aUo. (2) ~r.E.À`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r n`m©daU emñÌmVrb "àXyfU' `m KQ>H$m§Mo g§àfo U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ÑH²$-lmì` gmYZo V`ma H$aUo d Ë`mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Aä`mgUo. (3) A Study of Developing a Communication Model for Creating Awareness of Environmental Polution Control in Thermal Power Station (4) B`Îmm 11 dr dm{UÁ` {dÚmÏ`mªZm {heo~emñÌ `m {df`mVrb A§{V_ boIo hm KQ>H$ à^mdr[aË`m g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mJmªMm emoY (5) _amR>r {df`mÀ`m AÜ`mnH$m§gmR>r pìh{S>Amo H$m`©H«$_ V`ma H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V Amdí`H$ à{ejU H$m`©H«$_ V`ma H$aUo. (6) H$mì`{MÌm§À`m _mÜ`_m§VZy X§JbrÀ`m Xwîn[aUm_m§{df`r gm_m{OH$ OmJéH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo. (7) B`Îmm 12 drÀ`m {dkmZmÀ`m dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm agm`Z-emñÌmVrb H$m~©Zr~§YmMo nma§n[aH$ d _m°S>obÛmao AÜ`mnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aUo. (8) embo` {dÚmÏ`mªMr J«§Wmb` Cn`moOZ j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñd`§-AÜ``Z- nwpñVH$m V`ma H$aUo. (9) nÌmÛmao S>r.ES>. Aä`mgH«$_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {df` kmZmgmR>r ñd`§-AÜ``Z -gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr EH$ Aä`mg. (10) B`Îmm AmR>drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm àmË`{jH$ H$aVmZm òUmè`m AS>MUtMm Aä`mg d Ë`mda Cnm``moOZm. (11) B`Îmm 12 dr {dkmZmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r ^m¡{VH$emñÌ {df`mgmR>r ÑH²$-lmì` gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Ë`mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Aä`mgUo. (12) B{Vhmgào_r d ZmUog§J«mhH$ `m§À`mgmR>r npíM_r ZmÊ`m§Mr _m{hVr XoUmam ~hþ‘mÜ¶‘ g§M V¶ma H$aUo d n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm Aä¶mgUo. (13) A Study of TQTLP for Effective Communication at Undergraduate Level of Y.C.M.O.U. student. (14) amgm¶{ZH$ IVo Am{U H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ ¶m§À¶m gwa{jV hmVmiUr VgoM gmR>dUwH$sMr emór¶ g§H$ënZm nyaH$ gmYZm§Ûmao g§ào{fV H$aUo Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$VoMm Aä¶mg. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 46 (15) {ZåZ àmW{_H$ ñVamgmR>r AmH$medmUrZo àgmarV Ho$boë`m e¡j{UH$ àgmaUmÀ`m àË`mâUmMm Aä`mg. (16) gŠVrMo àmW{_H$ {ejU ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma dJm©Mo nwpñVHo$Ûmam à~moYZ H$aUo. (17) Am{Xdmgr {ejH$m§gmR>r Hw$nmofU g_ñòMr OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r g{MÌ nwpñVH$m V`ma H$aUo d Ë`mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Aä`mgUo. (18) embo` {ejUmV Amamo½` {ejU d gH$g AmhmamMo _hÎd g§ào{fV H$aUo. (19) {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñd`§-AÜ``ZmVyZ àH$me, àH$memMo namdV©Z, AndV©Z {eH${dUo. (20) _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mVrb nXì`wÎma d g§emoYZ {ejUH«$_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªer n[aUm_H$maH$ nÌì`dhmamH$[aVm Z_wÝ`m§Mm {dH$mg d MmMUr. darb CXmhaUo H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMm. Ë¶mZ§Va àË¶oH$ CXmhaU H$moUË¶m g§emoYZ joÌmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Amho ¶m~Ôb {dMma H$am. ¶m CXmhaUm§Mo g§emoYZ joÌ H$moUVo Amho, Vo {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m KQ>H$mVrb "‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo' Vwåhmbm Cn¶w³V AmhoV. AmVmn`ªV Vwåhr VrZ joÌm§{df`rMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. `m VrZ joÌm§_Yrb \$aH$ Vw_À`m bjmV Ambobm Agob. joÌmZwgma g§emoYZ g_ñ`m {ZpíMV Pmë`mZ§Va Vr ^yVH$mi, dV©_mZH$mi qH$dm ^{dî`H$mi `m§n¡H$s H$moUË`m H$mimer {ZJ{S>V Amho ho nmhÿZ Vw_Mr g§emoYZ nÕVr XoIrb Vwåhr {ZpíMV H$am. g§emoYZ H$m`m©g gwédmV H$ê$Z, AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z g§emoYZhr nyU© H$amb. A§{V_V: Vwåhm§g {dÚmnrR>mbm `m{df`H$ Ahdmb gmXa H$amd`mMm Amho. Aem ñdê$nmMo Ahdmb `m nXì`wÎma {ejUH«$_mà_mUoM E_.ES>., E_.{\$b. qH$dm E_.~r.E. `m§gma»`m {ejUH«$_m§gmR>rXoIrb gmXa H$amdo bmJVmV. _mÌ _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m `m {ejUH«$_m_Üò àH$ënmEodOr AmUIr EH$ n`m©` {dÚmnrR>mZo XoD$ Ho$bobm Amho. Vmo åhUOo gmYZ{Z{_©VrMm n`m©` hmo`. Aem ñdê$nmMm n`m©` AÝ` {dÚmnrR>m§V CnbãY Zgë`m_wio _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mVrb nXì`wÎma {ejUH«$_mMo ho Img d¡{eîQ>ç _mZbo OmVo. 11.2 gmYZ{Z{_©Vr - g§emoYZ àH$ënmbm n`m©` gmYZ{Z{_©Vr åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mV H$moUH$moUË`m Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo, BË`mXr àíZm§Mr CÎmao nwT>rb MM©Vo Zy Vwåhm§bm ñnï> hmoVrb. nXì`wÎma {ejUH«$_mgmR>r gmXa H$amd`mÀ`m `m gmYZm§_Üò gd©gmYmaUV: ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË`, ~hþ_mÜ`_ g§M, ZH$meo, à{VH¥$Vr `m§Mm g§M, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo d hr gmYZo {d{eï> Ame` KQ>H$mÀ`m g§X^m©V V`ma H$aVm òVrb qH$dm {d{dY AÜ`mnZ nÕVtÀ`m VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgmgmR>rXoIrb Aer gmYZo V`ma H$aVm òVrb. gmYZ{Z{_©Vr H$amd`mMr Agob Va gmYZm~amo~aM {Z{_©Vr_mJrb nmíd©^_y r, gmYZ{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m,gmYZ{Z{_©VrMo ñdê$n Am{U e¡j{UH$ Cn`moJ `m Mma _wÚm§Zm Yê$Z {b{hbobm N>moQ>m Ahdmb (40-50 nmZo) d V¶ma Ho$bobo gmYZ gmXa H$amdo bmJob. gmYZ{Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm nwT>rb _hÎdmMo _wÔo bjmV ¿`mdo bmJVrb. E gmYZ{Z{_©VrgmR>r, gmYZ{Z{_©Vr hoM à_wI C{Ôï> Agbo nm{hOo. AÝ` àH$mënm{Z{_ÎmmZo Vo Ho$bobo Agy Zò. E gmYZm§Mr g§H$ënZm hr nyU©nUo g§emoYH$mMr Agbr nm{hOo. E gmYZmMo hoVy, {Z`moOZ, nQ>H$WmboIZ, AmamIS>o, H$ÀÀ`m à{VH¥$Vr, _gwXo ho gd© g§emoYH$mZoM Ho$bobo Agbo nm{hOo. E A§{V_ gmYZ{Z{_©VrgmR>r _`m©{XV à_mUmV Vm§{ÌH$ _XV KoVm òD$ eHo$b. CXmhaUmW©, pìh{S>Amo ewqQ>J, Am°{S>Amo aoH$m°{S>ªJ, g§H$bZ, aoImQ>Zo, g§JUH$mVrb {d{eï> gm°âQ>doAaMm dmna, BË¶mXr. E gmYZ{Z{_©VrMo ~hþVm§er H$m_ g§emoYH$mZo Ho$bobo Agbo nm{hOo. Oa Vo AÝ` ì`ŠVrZo Ho$bo Agob qH$dm ~mhoa CnbãY Agboë`m gmYZm§Mo gmXarH$aU Ho$bo Joë`mg Vo nyU©nUo ZmH$mabo OmD$ eHo$b. E Ho$di gmYZ{Z{_©Vr åhUOo g§emoYZ Zìho hr gmYZ{Z{_©Vr H$mhr {d{eï> nm`è`m§À`m AmYmao Ho$br nm{hOo. `m gmYZ{Z{_©VrÀ`m nm`è`m nwT>rbà_mUo. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 47 11.2.1 gmYZ{Z{_©VrÀ`m nm`è`m (1$) C{Ôï>o {ZpíMVr (Objective) gd©àW‘ g§emoYH$mZo gmYZ H$emgmR>r åhUOoM Ë`mÀ`m {Z{‘©Vr VgoM Cn`moJm{df`rMr$ C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (2) {Z{_©VrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb g§emoYZ d _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ Á`m àH$maMo gmYZ g§emoYH$ {Z_m©U H$ê$ BpÀN>Vmo, VemM ñdê$nmMo gmYZ AÝ` H$moUr Ho$bobo Amho H$m, CnbãY Amho H$m, Ë`mVrb {df`/Ame` H$m` Amho, â H$emda {Xbobm Amho, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H$m` hmoVmo, BË`mXr g§~§{YV g§emoYZmÀ`m à`ËZmMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm. Ë`mVrb ÌwQ>r d _`m©Xm `m§Mmhr C„oI H$amdm bmJob d ñdV§Ì gmYZmMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m Amho ho ñnï> H$amdo. (3) {Z`moOZ `m nmàrV nwT>rb H¥$Vr òVmV. E bú`JQ>mMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Á`mÀ`mgmR>r gmYZ V`ma Ho$bo Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm JQ>) {ZpíMV H$aUo. E ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË` {Z_m©U H$amd`mMo Agob Va H$moUË`m nÕVrÀ`m boIZe¡brMm dmna H$amd`mMm ho R>a{dUo. E Ame`mMo g§KQ>Z qH$dm _m§S>Ur H$er H$amd`mMr ho {ZpíMV H$aUo. E {b{IV g§{hVm V`ma H$aUo. (lmì` qH$dm ÑH²$-lmì` \$sV V`ma H$aUma Agmb Va) E gmYZ V`ma H$amd`mÀ`m nm`è`m R>a{dUo. E H$mb_`m©Xm {ZpíMV H$ê$Z {Z`moOZmMo g§nyU© doimnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo, BË`mXr. (4) Am{X~§YmMm (Prototype) {dH$mg Oo gmYZ V`ma H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`mÀ`m {Z`moOZmà_mUo H$ƒm _gwXm V`ma H$aUo qH$dm à{VH¥$Vr-gmYZ V`ma H$aUo åhUOoM Am{X~§Y {dH$mg hmo`. Am{X~§Y åhUOo A§{V_ ê$nmVrb gmYZ Zìho Vo MmMUrZ§Va ~Xby eH$Vo. (5) MmMUr d nwZamdbmoH$Z gmYZ V`ma Pmë`mZ§Va N>moQ>çm JQ>mda Ë`mMr MmMUr ¿`mdr. n[aUm_ gmÜ` Pmbo qH$dm Zmhr ¶mMr _m{hVr {d{dY nÕVrZo Jmoim H$ê$Z Ë`mV H$mhr ÌwQ>r am{hboë`m AgVrb Vo emoYyZ Ë`mV H$moUË`m gwYmaUm H$amì`mV ho {ZpíMV H$amdo. (6>) gwYmaUm d nwZMm©MUr nyd©{ZpíMV gmYZmV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`mMr nwZMm©MUr KoVbr OmVo. Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mg AmUIrhr nwZMm©MÊ`m ¿`mì`m bmJVmV. (7) A§{V_ ê$n d joÌr` MmMUr nwZMm©MUrZ§Va gmYZmg A§{V_ ê$n XoVm òVo d bú`JQ>mÀ`m _moR>çm Z_wÝ`mda joÌr` MmMUr KoVm òVo. gmYZ{Z{_©Vr H$moUr H$amdr ? gmYZ{Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgUmao àmW{_H$ kmZ g§emoYH$mbm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m joÌmV H$m`© H$aUmè`m qH$dm Ë`m joÌmV A{^éMr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm `m n`m©`mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJob. gmYZ{Z{_©VrMm IM© g§emoYH$mZo ñdV: H$amd`mMm Amho. {dÚmnrR>mH$Sy>Z H$moUVohr Am{W©H$ ghH$m`© Ë`m~m~V {_iV Zmhr. _m¡{IH$ narjoÀ`m doir {dÚmÏ`mªZo gmYZ XmI{dUo An[ahm`© Amho, Vo {dÚmÏ`mªbm eŠ` hmoV Agob Va gmYZ{Z{_©VrMm {dMma H$amdm. gmYZ{Z{_©VrMm Ahdmb H$gm {bhmdm `m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z, gmYZ{Z{_©VrÀ`m AhdmbmMo ñdê$n d ê$naofm nwT>rbn«‘mUo Agmdr. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 48 (1) àmW{_H$ ^mJ 1.1 _wIn¥ð> 1.2 à_mUnÌ 1.3 à{VkmnÌ 1.4 F$U{ZX©e o 1.5 AZwH$« _{UH$m 1.6 AmH¥$Ë`m Am{U gmaÊ`m (2) _Ü`dVu ^mJ hm gmYZ Ahdmb {b{hVmZm Imbrbà_mUo Mma àH$aUo H$amdrV. 2.1 gmYZ{Z{_©Vr_mJrb nmíd©^y_r - ho àH$aU gmYmaU Imbrb Mma _wÚm§Zwgma {bhmdo. 2.1.1 H$moUË`mg§X^m©V gmYZ gm{hË` {Z_m©U Ho$bo Ë`mMr g{dñVa _m{hVr 2.1.2 gÚ:pñWVrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr JaO 2.1.3 CnbãYVm d Ë`m§À`m _`m©Xm 2.1.4 Ame`mMr {ZpíMVr 2.1.5 g§àfo UmÀ`m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ gmYZmMr _m§S>Ur 2.2 àË`j gmYZ{Z{_©Vr 2.2.1 C{Ôï>o {ZpíMVr-gmYZmÀ`m Cn`moJmMr C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV H$amdrV. 2.2.2 {Z{_©VrÀ`m g§X^m©V g§emoYZ d _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ 2.2.3 {Z`moOZ 2.2.4 Am{X~§YmMm {dH$mg 2.2.5 MmMUr d nwZamdbmoH$Z 2.2.6 gmYZm§V gwYmaUm d nwZMm©MUr 2.2.7 gmYZmMo A§{V_ ñdê$n 2.3 A§{V_ gmYZmMo ñdê$n 2.3.1 A§{V_ gmYZ {Z{_©Vr~m~VMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$amdo 2.3.2 gmYZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m doJionUmMm C„oI Agmdm. 2.3.3 Amdí`H$ Agë`mg gmYZ{Z{_©VrMo \$moQ>mo à~§YmV AgmdoV. 2.3.4 gmYZmMm Cn`moJ H$gm H$amdm ? Ë`mÀ`m dmnamg§~§Yr _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm Úmì`mV. 2.3.5 gmam§e d {ZîH$f© 2.4 e¡j{UH$ Cn`moJ d {e\$maer (3) A§{V_ ^mJ 3.1 g§X^© gyMr 3.2 n[a{eï>o AmVmn`ªV Vwåhr g§àofUmMr _yb^yV g§H$ënZm, {df` g§àofU, e¡j{UH$ g§àofU, Xya{ejU `m VrZ joÌm§Vrb \$aH$ d JaOoZwgma Ë`mVrb EH$mMr {ZdS> Am{U àH$ën / gmYZ{Z{_©Vr_Yrb EH$mMr {ZdS> `m gd© _yb^yV g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVë`m. Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao Vwåhr ñWyb_mZmZo g§emoYZ{df`H$ {ZU©` KoD$ eH$mb. hr {ZdS> H$aVmZm H$mhr {d{eï> nm`è`m§VyZ Vwåhr H$iV ZH$iV OmVmV Ago Am_À`m `mnyduÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªer MMm© H$aVmZm ñnï> Pmbobo Amho. g§àofU g§emoYZ {df¶mMr {ZdS> H$er hmoVo ¶mMm àdmh V¸$m (Flow chart) nwT>rbà‘mUo … ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 49 11.3 g§àofU g§emoYZ {df` {ZdS> (àdmh V³Vm) {df` g§àofU e¡j{UH$ g§àofU Xya{ejU `m§nH¡ $s `mo½` joÌmMr {ZdS> àH$ën / gmYZ `m{df`rMm {ZU©` AmdS>, AZw^d, j_Vm, doi, gmYZ CnbãYVm, _mJ©Xe©ZmMr gmo`-JaO, BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao àmYmÝ`H«$_ nmM-ghm {d{dY g§emoYZ g_ñ`m qH$dm gmYZ{Z{_©VrMm {df` `m§Mr {ZpíMVr Zo_Š`m g§àofU g§emoYZ g_ñòMr {ZdS> ä ä ä g§Xoe / Ame` (1) Ame`mV òUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m ì`m»`m (Definition), ì`már (Scope), nm[a^m{fH$ g§km (Terms) (2) Ame`mVrb _hÎdmÀ`m g§ H $ënZm ( Concepts ), g§ ~ mo Y , {Z`_ (Rules), VÎdàUmbr (System), {gÕm§V (Theory) (3) Ame`mer g§~{§ YV Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm, ^{dî`H$mbrZ A§XmO g§àofU H$moU H$aUma, H$moUmbm H$aUma, H$emMo H$aUma, gmYZ H$moUVo, _mÜ`_ H$moUVo, AS>Wio H$moUVo, Vo H$go Xya H$aUma, n[aUm_ H$moUVo, {H$Vr à_mUmV H$m, Ho$ìhm KS>Vo, g§àofU à{H«$`m ^yVH$mi, dV©_mZH$mi / ^{dî`H$mimer {ZJ{S>V ä ä g§emoYZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ gmYZgm_J«r darb AmH¥$Vrdê$Z AmnUmg ho ñnï> hmoB©b H$s (1) joÌ {ZdS> (2) àH$ën/gmYZ{df`H$ {ZU©` (3) H$mhr g§emoYZ g_ñ`m§Mr {ZpíMVr (4) Ë`mMm àmYmÝ`H«$_ R>adyZ EH$m g_ñòMr {ZdS> (5) g_ñòMm Ame` d g§àofU{df`H$ A§JmMo {díbofU (6) g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Aem nm`è`m§VZy Jobr H$s Amnbr g§emoYZ g_ñ`m nwT>rb g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZpíMV Pmbr Ago åhUVm òB©b. Vwåhr {ZpíMV Ho$bobm {df` `mo½` Amho H$m ? ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r EH$ nS>Vmim gyMr nwT>o {Xbr Amho Ë`mZwgma Vo VmSy>Z nmhÿ eH$mb. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 50 nS>Vmim gyMr (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) g§emoYZ g_ñ`m Amnë`m {d{eï> kmZemIoer {ZJ{S>V ZgyZ g§àofU{df`H$ Amho H$m ? Á`m hoVygmR>r nXì`wÎma {ejUH«$_ hmVr KoVbm Amho Ë`mg g§emoYZ g_ñ`m nyaH$ Amho H$m ? g§emoYZ g_ñ`m d AmnU {ZdS>bobo joÌ `m§V g_Ýd` Amho H$m ? AmdS>, AZw^d, Cn`wŠVVm `m§da AmYm[aV g§emoYZ g_ñòMr {ZdS> Ho$br Amho H$m ? àH$ën/gmYZ{Z{_©Vr {Z`V H$mbmdYrV nyU© hmoB©b H$m ? g§emoYZ g_ñ`m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm nadS>Umar Amho H$m ? hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr hmo`/Zmhr Ooìhm Vwåhr Vw_Mr g§emoYZ g_ñ`m {ZpíMV H$amb Voìhm Ë`m g_ñò~m~V darb gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao hmo` AgVrb VaM Vw_Mr g§emoYZ g_ñ`m `mo½` Amho Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoBb © . `mn¡H$s EH$mMohr CÎma Zmhr òV Agob Va ZH$mamË_H$ àíZmMo CÎma hmo` òÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhm§bm Vw_À`m g_ñòV `mo½` Vo ~Xb H$amdo bmJVrb. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g§X^© _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r EH$ Z_wZm g§emoYZ {df` gyMr n[a{eï> H«$. nmM_Üò OmoS>br Amho. {dÚmÏ`mªZr Vr H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMmdr. 11.4 Aä`mgH«$_m§Mr _m{hVr d {ZdS> Vwåhm§bm Vw_À`m g§emoYZmMo joÌ, g§emoYZ g_ñ`m {ZpíMVrMr à{H«$`m Am{U {VMr `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gd© ~m~tMr MMm© AmnU AmVmn`ªV Ho$bobr Amho. _mÌ `m joÌmbm d g_ñòbm nyaH$ Aem VmpÎdH$ Aä`mgH«$_m§Mm (Theory Courses) Aä`mgXoIrb Vwåhm§g H$amdm bmJob. `mgmR>r _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo Mma Aä`mgH«$_ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbobo AmhoV. joÌmZwgma CnbãY Mma Aä`mgH«$_ nwT>rbà_mUo (1) AZwXe o Z àUmbr A{^H$ën... (àW‘ dfm©‘Ü¶o) (2) g§emoYZ nÕVr ..... (àW‘ dfm©‘Ü¶o) (3) {ejUmVrb g§àofUmMo ‘mJ© ..... ({ÛVr¶ dfm©‘Ü¶o) (4) ‘yë¶{ZYm©aU d ‘yë¶‘mnZ ..... ({ÛVr¶ dfm©‘Ü¶o) (¶m{edm¶ "‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§àofU' ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r XmoZ ñdmÜ¶m¶ {bhÿZ gmXa H$amd¶mMo AmhoV. Ë¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda hmoBb © . g§~{§ YV joÌmVrb Zdo àdmh ¶mda emoY{Z~§Y (Term Paper) Am{U g§~{§ YV gm{hË¶mMm AmT>mdm {bhÿZ e¡j{UH$ {d^mJmH$S>o nmR>dmdm. Ë¶mMà‘mUo g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr‘Yrb "g§emoYZ AmamIS>m' Am{U "n¶m©daU H$m¶©Zm|Xdhr' ¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZXoIrb Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda hmoB©b.) ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 51 n[a{eï> 1 n¶m©daU {ejU / n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ / n¶m©daUemó ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r nmR>çH«$‘ d g§X^©nwñVH$m§Mr gyMr E‘.E./E‘.H$m°‘./E‘.Eñgr. (g§àofU Am{U Xÿa{ejU joÌmVrb) àW‘ dfm©gmR>r KQ>H$ H«$. 01 n¶m©daU emó n[aM¶ (An Introduction to Environmental Science) 1. 2. n¶m©daU : n¶m©daUmMr ì¶m»¶m - n¶m©daUmMo àH$ma n¶m©daUmMo KQ>H$ n¶m©daUemó : ì¶m»¶m - ñdê$n - ì¶mßVr - ‘hÎd KQ>H$ H«$. 02 n[ag§ñWm (Ecosystem) ì¶m»¶m - n[ag§ñWoMr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n - n[ag§ñWoMr aMZm d {VMr H$m¶} - AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$ - O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ - COm© KQ>H$ - n[ag§ñWoVrb COm©ómoV - AÞgmIir - AÞOmir n[ag§ñWoVrb COm©àdmh d MH«o$ - H$m~©Z MH«$ - Zm¶Q´>moOZ MH«$ - Am°p³gOZ MH«$, D$Om©MH«$, ObMH«$, n[apñWVrH$ ‘Zmoam - gm§p»¶H$s ‘Zmoam - D$Om© ‘Zmoam - O¡{dH$ dñVw‘mZmMm ‘Zmoam - {d{dY n[ag§ñWm§Mm Aä¶mg - CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ JdVmi n[ag§ñWm - Ob n[ag§ñWm - n[ag§ñWm hmZr d g§dY©Z) KQ>H$ H«$. 03 Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo (Natural Resources) (Am) àmUr g§dY©Z : Obg§dY©Z JaO - Cnm¶ (B) àmUr g§dY©Z : Cnm¶ - Amdí¶H$Vm (B©) dZg§dY©Z : ñdê$n - g§nXm - Cnm¶ KQ>H$ H«$. 05 n¶m©daU àXþfU (Environmental Pollution) ì¶m»¶m : àXþfU àH$ma - àXþfUmMr H$maUo (A) hdoMo àXþfU : ì¶m»¶m - H$maUo - n[aUm‘ Cnm¶¶moOZm (Am) Ob àXþ f U : ì¶m»¶m - H$maUo - n[aUm‘ Cnm¶¶moOZm (B) ÜdZr àXþfU : ì¶m»¶m - H$maUo - n[aUm‘ Cnm¶¶moOZm (B©) KZH$Mam àXþfU : ì¶m»¶m - H$maUo - n[aUm‘ Cnm¶¶moOZm - KQ>H$ H«$. 06 n¶m©daUr¶ AmnÎmr (Environmental Disaster) ì¶m»¶m - Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo dJuH$aU - g§gmYZm§Mo àH$ma dZg§dmYZ - I{ZO g§gmYZo - ^y‘r g§gmYZ - Obg§gmYZ COm©gg § mYZo - COm©gg § mYZm§Mo dJuH$aU - nma§n[aH$ COm©gg § mYZo - XJS>r H$moigm - I{ZO Vob - Anma§n[aH$ COm©gmYZo ObD$Om© - gm¡a D$Om© - ndZD$Om©. ì¶m»¶m - H$maUo - n[aUm‘ (A) ^yH$§ n (Am) MH«$sdmXi (B) nya (B©) Adf©U (C) O¡{dH$ AmnÎmr - Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr ì¶dñWmnZ KQ>H$ H«$. 04 gmYZ g§ n Xm g§ d Y© Z ( Conservation of KQ>H$ H«$. 07 n¶m©daUr¶ ì¶dñWmnZ d {Z¶moOZ (Environmen- Resources) g§dY©ZmMm AW© - g§dY©ZmMo àH$ma, nwZZ©drH$aUr¶ d AnwZZ©drH$aUr¶ g§nXm. (A) ‘¥Xm g§dY©Z : ‘¥XmYyn d Ë¶mMr H$maUo - Cnm¶ tal Management & Planning) n¶m©daUr¶ ì¶dñWmnZ d Ë¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço - n¶m©daU - ì¶m»¶m - n¶m©daU {Z¶moOZmMo àH$ma - n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ d {Z¶moOZmMr JaO ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 52 KQ>H$ H«$. 08 ‘mZdr bmoH$g§»¶m AmBU n¶m©daU (Human Population & Environment) bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> - bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rMr H$maUo - bmoH$g§»¶oMo OmJ{VH$ {dVaU - OmJ{VH$ d ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> dmT>Ë¶m bmoH$g§»¶o‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m - bmoH$g§»¶m {Z¶§ÌUmgmR>r Cnm¶ - ‘mZdm{YH$ma - ‘yë¶ {ejU - n¶m©daU ‘yë¶ - n¶m©daU d ‘mZdmMo Amamo½¶. KQ>H$ H«$. 09 ‘mZd{Z{‘©V n¶m©daUr¶ g§H$Q>o (Man made Threats of Environment) n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Vmn‘mZmVrb dmT> - AmoPmoZ j¶ - bmoH$g§»¶m {dñ’$moQ> - h[aVJ¥h n[aUm‘ - Amåb nO©Ý¶ - Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo Ag‘mZ dmQ>n. (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) KQ>H$ H«$. 10 O¡d{d{dYVm (Biodiversity) ì¶m»¶m - O¡d{d{dYVoMo dJ© qH$dm àH$ma d ‘hÎd - O¡d{d{dYVoMm {dH$mg qH$dm CËH«$m§Vr - O¡d{d{dYVoMo Cn^moJ ‘yë¶ - O¡d {d{dYVoMo CËnmXH$ ‘yë¶ - O¡d{d{dYVoMo gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë¶ - O¡d{d{dYVoMo Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶ - O¡d{d{dYVoMo gm¢X¶©‘yë¶ - BVa ’$m¶Xo - OmJ{VH$, amï´>r¶ d ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda O¡d{d{dYVm - O¡d{d{dYVodarb g§H$Q>o - O¡d{d{dYVoMo g§dY©Z. g§X^©nwñVHo$ : (1) (2) (3) n¶m©daUemó : ~mnQ> gwaoIm n§{S>V : OmZodmar 2009 : àH$m{eH$m : b{bVm nwam{UH$, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, 1, ^JdmKa H$m°åßbo³g, Ya‘noR>,ZmJnya - 440010, ’$moZ : (0712) 2524498. n¶m©daUemó : T>mHo$ Eg. ìhr., nmQ>rb ìhr. Oo. : 2004 : àem§V npãbHo$eZ : lr. Ho$ed AnmQ>©‘|Q>, 498, ~r, nÍ¶m ‘mê$Vrg‘moa, Zmam¶U noR>, nwUo 411030, ‘mo~mB©b : 9890027231. n¶m©daUemó : A{haamd dm. a., A{bPmS> gw. gw., {ga{gH$a g. {X., d BVa : Am°JñQ> 1998, àH$m{eH$m : gm¡. d¡^dr A{haamd, 13, nmM nm§S>d H$m°bZr, OZdmS>r, (9) nwUo - 411 016. n¶m©daUemó : {S>g~| a 2004 : àm. H$mMao {dO¶, àm. A{hao ~r. ~r., àH$meH$ : gm¡. ApídZr ~mOramd A{hao, F$Vw àH$meZ, gw‘VrZJa, bmgbJmd, {O. Zm{eH$ 422306. n¶m©daUemó : Kmanwao {dÆ>b, Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr - OyZ 2001, àH$meH$ : ‘Zmoha qnnimnwao, qnnimnwao A±S> H§$. npãbeg©, qhXÿ ‘wbtMo emioOdi, ‘hmb, ZmJnya 440 032 n¶m©daU Am{U g‘mO : àmMm¶© gm§Jio Eg., S>m.° VmQ>H$o Zrb‘ : 2011 : àH$meH$ : S>m¶‘§S> npãbHo$eÝg, 1255 gXm{ed noR>, bobo g§Hw$b, n{hbm ‘Obm, qZ~miH$a Vmb‘rg‘moa, nwUo - 411 030. n¶m©daU àXþfU : aqdÐ ^mdgma : 2002 : F$VwnU© A{Zê$Õ Hw$bH$Uu, H$m°pÝQ>Z|Q>b àH$meZ, {dO¶mZJa, nwUo - 30. S>m¶‘§S> n¶m©daUemó eãXH$moe : e¡bOm gm§Jio, Om°ÝgZ ~moOg } , àH$meZ df© : 2011, àH$meH$ : S>m¶‘§S> npãbHo$eÝg, 1355, gXm{ed noR>, bobo g§H$w b, n{hbm ‘Obm, [Z§~miH$a Vmb‘rg‘moa, nwUo - 411 030. S>m¶‘§S> ^yJmob - n¶m©daUemó H$moe : H$mb}H$a Eg., ~moOg } Om°ÝgZ, àH$meZ df© : 2008, àH$meZ : S>m¶‘§S> npãbHo$eÝg, 1691, gXm{ed noR>, e§H$aàgmX H$mo.hm¡.gmo., {Q>iH$ amoS>, nwUo - 411 030, ’$moZ : 020 24452387. (10) Environmental Science : Arti Rajput : 2006, Published by : Quality Publishing Company, 104, Aradhana Nagar, Bhopal - 03 (M.P.) Ph. 0755-2771977. (11) Environmental Science : Erach Bharucha : 2005 : Publisher : Universities Press (India) Private Limited, 3-5-819, Hyderguda, Hyderabad - 500029. (Q>rn : àH$meH$m§Mm nyU© nÎmm Ho$di {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m gmo¶rgmR>r {Xbobm Amho. {dÚmÏ¶mªZr hrM nwñVHo$ IaoXr H$amdrV Agm H$moUVmhr AmJ«h Zmhr. nmR>çH«$‘mZwgma AÝ¶ AmYw{ZH$ nwñVH$m§Mm {dÚmÏ¶mªZr dmna H$aVm ¶oB©b.) {deof gyMZm : n¶m©daU {ejU / ì¶dñWmnZ / emó ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r darbà‘mUo nmR>çH«$‘ {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ¶mVm Ambobm Amho. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>mH$Sy>Z H$moUVohr AÜ¶¶Z gm{hË¶ (nwñVHo$) {dÚmÏ¶mªZm XoÊ¶mV ¶oUma Zmhr. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMr boIr narjm VgoM àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|XdhrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Agbobr nwñVHo$ {dÚmÏ¶mªZr ñdV… IaoXr H$amdrV. da C„oI Ho$bobr g§X^©nwñVHo$ gyMr hr n[anyU© Zmhr. ¶m gyMrIoarO AÝ¶ nwñVH$m§MmgwÕm dmna H$aVm ¶oD$ eHo$b. nmR>çH«$‘mVrb KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe Agbobr AÝ¶ g§X^© nwñVHo$ XoIrb dmnaVm ¶oVrb. ‘mÌ nwñVHo$ d AÝ¶ g§X^©gm{hË¶ emoYyZ dmna H$aÊ¶mMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar {dÚmÏ¶mªMr Agob. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 53 n[a{eï> 2 ‘yë¶‘mnZ à{H«$¶m (A) àW‘ df© 1. ‘yë¶‘mnZ KQ>H$ nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©gmR>r Imcrà‘mUo ‘yë¶‘mnZ à{H«$¶m Agoc. gXa ‘yë¶‘mnZ à{H«$¶o‘Yrc g‘m{dï> KQ>H$ ¶mà‘mUo. A§VJ©V _yë`{ZYm©aU (ñdmÜ¶m¶, n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr) àW‘ dfm©Mr A§{V_ coIr narjm emoY{Z~§Y (Q>‘© nona) ‘yë¶‘mnZ gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm ‘yë¶‘mnZ 1.1 A§VJ©V _yë`{ZYm©aU nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©‘Yrc A§VJ©V ‘yë¶‘mnZmg§~Y§ rMm Vnerc : (i) AZwXoeZ àUmcr A{^H$ën (EDU 011) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r 40 JwUm§Mm EH$ ñdmÜ¶m¶ {chÿZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$amd¶mMm Amho. ¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarc g§‘§ÌH$mÛmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©c. e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r EDU 011 ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mÀ¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶ JwUm§Mr ¶mXr Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$m§H$Sy>Z narjm H$jmg {dhrV H$mcmdYr‘Ü¶o nmR>{dcr OmB©c. (ii) nXdr joÌmer g§~§{YV g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r 40 JwUm§Mm EH$ ñdmÜ¶m¶ ({dÚmÏ¶m©Zo {ZdS>coë¶m joÌmZwgma) {chÿZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$amd¶mMm Amho. ¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mg|Ðmdarc g§‘§ÌH$mÛmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©c. e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mÀ¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶ JwUm§Mr ¶mXr Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$m§H$Sy>Z narjm H$jmg {d{hV H$mcmdYr‘Ü¶o nmR>{dcr OmB©c. (iii) n¶m©daU {ejU/n¶m©daU ì¶dñWmnZ/n¶m©daU emó ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r 40 JwUm§gmR>r n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr V¶ma H$ê$Z Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$amd¶mMr Amho. ¶m n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|XdhrMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarc g§‘§ÌH$mÛmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©c. e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r ¶m n¶m©daU H$m¶© Zm|XdhrÀ¶m ‘yë¶‘mnZmÀ¶m JwUm§Mr ¶mXr Aä¶mgH|$Ð g§¶moOH$m§H$Sy>Z narjm H$jmg {d{hV H$mcmdYr‘Ü¶o nmR>{dcr OmB©c. (iv) ‘mZdr h³H$mMo g§àfo U (OPN 236) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r A§{V‘ coIr narjm Zmhr. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r 100 JwUm§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ ñdmÜ¶m¶mÛmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. Ë¶mgmR>r ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mÀ¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶ àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chÿZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$amd¶mMr AmhoV. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mÀ¶m ñdmÜ¶m¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarc g§‘§ÌH$mÛmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶o B © c . e¡ j {UH$ dfm© À ¶m H$jmg {d{hV H$mcmdYr‘Ü¶o nmR>{dcr OmB©c. (v) ñdmÜ¶m¶mMo àíZ, H$m¶©Zm|Xdhr {df¶rÀ¶m gyMZm, emoY{Z~§Y coIZm{df¶rÀ¶m gyMZm d gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm coIZm{df¶rÀ¶m gyMZm VgoM g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVrda AmYm[aV AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aÊ¶m~m~V gyMZm Am{U ‘m{hVr ¶m nwpñVHo$‘Ü¶o XoÊ¶mV Ambobr Amho. 1.2 àW‘ dfm©Mr A§{V‘ boIr narjm nXì¶wÎma nXdr àW‘ dfm©Mr coIr narjm e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r (gmYmaUnUo ‘o ‘{hÝ¶mV) Am¶mo{OV Ho$cr OmB©c. àW‘ dfm©gmR>r àdoe KoVcoë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Imcrc Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r coIr narjm Agoc. (a) n¶m©daU {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ (b) AZwXoeZ àUmcr A{^H$ën (EDU 011) (c) g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr darc VrZhr Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r àË¶oH$ 60 JwUm§Mr àíZn{ÌH$m Agoc. àíZn{ÌH$m ‘amR>r Am{U B§J«Or Aem XmoZ ^mfm§‘Ü¶o Agoc. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm àíZm§Mr CÎmao ‘amR>r qH$dm B§J«Or ¶mn¡H$s EH$m ^mfo‘Ü¶o {c{hVm ¶oVrc. àíZn{ÌHo$Vrc gd© àíZ dU©Zna {Z~§YdOm ñdê$nmMo AgVrc. 1.3 emoY{Z~§Y (Term Paper) nXdr joÌmer g§~§{YV emoY{Z~§Y ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r A§{V‘ boIr narjm Zmhr. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§VJ©V 100 JwUm§Mm g§~{§ YV joÌmVrb emoY{Z~§Y V¶ma H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o gmXa H$amd¶mMm Amho. gXa emoY{Z~§Ym§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r JwUXmZ ¶mXr e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$Sy>Z narjm H$jmg {d{hV H$mbmdYr‘Ü¶o nmR>{dbr OmB©b. {dÚmÏ`m©g Ë¶mZo àdoe KoVcoë¶m joÌmZwgma EH$ emoY{Z~§Y (Term Paper) {chÿZ e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmg gmXa H$amd¶mMm Amho. emoY{Z~§YmgmR>r H¥${VgÌm§‘YyZ ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co OmB©c. emoY{Z~§Y {ZYm©[aV ‘wXVrV nwT>rc nÎ¶mda a{OñQ>S>© nmoñQ>mZo nmR>dmdm : ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 54 e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o àmá Pmcoë¶m g§~§{YV gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$ê$Z {d{hV ‘wXVr‘Ü¶o JwUXmZ ¶mXr narjm H$jmH$S>o nmR>{dÊ¶mV ¶oB©c. g§~§{YV gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ 100 JwUm§gmR>r Ho$co OmB©c. àm. S>m°. à_moX {~`mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR> Zm{eH$ - 422 222 e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o àmá Pmcoë¶m emoY{Z~§Ym§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$ê$Z {d{hV ‘wXVr‘Ü¶o JwUXmZ ¶mXr narjm H$jmH$S>o nmR>{dÊ¶mV ¶oB©c. emoY{Z~§YmMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ 100 JwUm§gmR>r Ho$co OmB©c. 1.4 gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm ‘yë¶‘mnZ nXdr joÌmer g§~{§ YV gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r A§{V‘ boIr narjm Zmhr. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§VJ©V 100 JwUm§Mm g§~§{YV gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm V¶ma H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o gmXa H$amd¶mMm Amho. gXa gm{hË¶ AmT>mì¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r JwUXmZ ¶mXr e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$Sy>Z narjm H$jmg {d{hV H$mbmdYr‘Ü¶o nmR>{dbr OmB©b. g§~{§ YV gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm KoUo VgoM Ë¶mg§~Y§ rÀ¶m Zm|Xr~m~V H¥${VgÌm§‘YyZ ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co OmB©c. {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo V¶ma Ho$cocm g§~§{YV "gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm' {ZYm©[aV ‘wXVrV nwT>rc nÎ¶mda a{OñQ>S>© nmoñQ>mZo nmR>dmdm: àm. S>m°. à_moX {~`mUr g§MmbH$, e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR> Zm{eH$ - 422 222 H«$. Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo Zmd 1.5 JwU EH$ÌrH$aU (àW‘ df©) nXì¶w Î ma nXdr {ejUH« $ ‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm© V rc Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r EHy$U JwUm§nH¡ $s {dÚmnrR> ‘yë¶‘mnZ Am{U A§VJ©V ‘yë¶‘mnZ ¶m§Mm Vnerc Imcr Xe©{dboë¶m V³Ë¶mà‘mUo. (i) Imbrb V³Ë¶mZw g ma "n¶m© d aU {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘' AZwXoeZ àUmcr A{^H$ën (EDU 011) Am{U "g§ e mo Y Z H$m¶© n ÕVr' ¶m VrZ Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r àË¶oH$s 60 JwUm§Mr coIr narjm Agoc. VgoM Ë¶m VrZ Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r àË¶oH$s 40 JwUm§Mo ñdmÜ¶m¶ {chÿZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda O‘m H$amdo cmJVrc. co I r narjo V rc Vgo M ñdmÜ¶m¶m‘Ü¶o {dÚmÏ¶m©g àmá Pmcoë¶m JwUm§Mr ~oarO H$ê$Z JwUn{ÌHo$‘Ü¶o g§~{§ YV Aä¶mgH«$‘m‘Yrc EHy$U JwU (100 n¡H$s) ¶m aH$mÝ¶m‘Ü¶o Xe©{dcr OmVrc. (ii) ‘mZdr h³H$m§Mo g§àofU (OPN 236) ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmR>r coIr narjm Zmhr. Ë¶mgmR>r 100 JwUm§Mm ñdmÜ¶m¶ {chÿZ Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda gmXa H$amd¶mMm Amho. Aä¶mgH|$Ðmdarc narjH$m§Ûmao Ë¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$ê$Z JwUXmZ ¶mXr {d{hV H$mcmdYr‘Ü¶o narjm H$jmH$S>o gmXa Ho$cr OmB©c. (iii) emoY{Z~§Y Am{U g§~§{YV gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r XoIrc coIr narjm Zmhr. e¡j{UH$ godm A§VJ©V ‘yë¶‘mnZ {dÚmnrR> ‘yë¶‘mnZ EHy$U JwU {d^mJmÛmao JwU JwU ‘yë¶‘mnZ JwU (boIr narjm) 40 60 100 1 n¶m©daU {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ 2 AZwXoeZ àUmcr A{^H$ën (EDU 011) - 40 60 100 3 g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr - 40 60 100 4 ‘mZdr h³H$m§Mo g§àofU (OPN 236) - 100 - 100 5 emoY{Z~§Y 100 - - 100 6 g§~§{YV gm{hË¶mMm AmT>mdm 100 - - 100 EHy$U JwU 600 ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 55 {dÚmÏ¶mªZr ¶m XmoÝhr Aä¶mgH«$‘m§VJ©V Amdí¶H$ Agcoco H$m¶© e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmH$S>o nmR>dmd¶mMo Amho. Ë¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJm‘m’©$V H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©c. Ë¶m§Mr JwUXmZ ¶mXr {d{hV H$mcmdYr‘Ü¶o e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJm‘m’©$V narjm H$jmg gmXa Ho$cr OmB©c. Aem àH$mao, nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©Vrc g‘m{dï> ghm Aä¶gH«$‘m§~m~V JwU EH$ÌrH$aU à{H«$¶m Agoc. JwU nmVir nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©gmR>r CÎmrU© Kmo{fV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$ Aä¶mgH«$‘m‘Ü¶o 100 n¡H$s {H$‘mZ 40 JwU àmá H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. 1.6 CÎmrU©VMo o {ZH$f : àW‘ df© (The Standard of Passing) (i) AZwXeo Z àUmcr A{^H$ën (EDU 011), n¶m©daU {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ (OPN251/OPN257/ OPN260 ¶mn¡H$s {ZdS>bobm EH$) Am{U g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVr (OPN252/OPN253/OPN258 OPN 261 ¶mn¡H$s {ZdS>bobm EH$) ¶m VrZ Aä¶mgH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$s 60 JwUm§Mr boIr narjm Am{U 40 JwUm§Mo ñdmÜ¶m¶ Aer àË¶oH$s EHy$U 100 JwUm§Mr {d^mJUr Amho. ¶m àË¶oH$ Aä¶gmH«$‘m‘Ü¶o ñdV§ÌnUo CÎmrU© Kmo{fV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r coIr narjm Am{U ñdmÜ¶m¶ {‘iyZ EH${ÌV {H$‘mZ 40 JwU àmá H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. (ii) ‘mZdr h³H$m§Mo g§àofU (OPN 236) Aä¶mg- H«$‘mgmR>r 100 JwUm§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ ñdmÜ¶m¶mÛmao Aä¶mgH|$Ðmda H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma Amho. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m‘Ü¶o CÎmrU© Kmo{fV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r 100 n¡H$s {H$‘mZ 40 JwU àmßV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. (iii) emoY{Z~§Y (OPN 230/OPN 231/OPN 232/ OPN 233/OPN 234/ OPN 235 ¶mn¡H$s {ZdS>cocm EH$m) Vgog g§X^© gm{hË¶ AmT>mdm (OPN 254/OPN 255/OPN 256/ OPN 259/OPN 262 ¶mn¡ H $s {ZdS>co c m EH$ Aä¶mgH«$‘) ¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJmÛmao H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma Amho. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§‘Ü¶o CÎmrU© Kmo{fV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$s 100 n¡H$s {H$‘mZ 40 JwU àmá H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. EH§$XarV nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©À¶m 600 JwUm§n¡H$s EH${ÌV[aË¶m {H$‘mZ 40 % JwU (åhUOoM 600 n¡H$s 240 JwU) hr CÎmrU©VoMr {H$‘mZ nmVir Agob. àË¶oH$ Aä¶mgH«$‘mV CÎmrU© hmoÊ¶mgmR>r {H$‘mZ Mmirg JwU àmßV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Agob. gd©gmYmaU gyMZm (i) nXì¶wÎma nXdr {ejUH«$‘mÀ¶m àW‘ dfm©À¶m A§{V‘ narjogmR>r AZwnpñWV AWdm AZwÎmrU© {dÚmÏ¶m©g XoIrc {ÛVr¶ dfm©g àdoe KoVm ¶oB©c. (ii) Á¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘m§H$[aVm coIr narjm Am{U ñdmÜ¶m¶ ¶m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Ûmao ‘yë¶‘mnZ hmoUma Amho Aem Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>rMo ñdmÜ¶m¶ {chÿZ gmXa H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ñdmÜ¶m¶ JwUm§Mo aH$mÝ¶m‘Ü¶o "AZwnpñWV' (Absent) Aer Zm|X Agë¶mg A§{V‘ {ZH$mc Omhra hmoÊ¶m‘Ü¶o AS>MU ¶oD$ eH$Vo. 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Development and try out of supplimentory learning material to communicate meaning of difficult words/phrases to VII Std. students. Development and try out of multimedia CD for effective communication of some important concepts of Grammar to VIII Std. students. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 62 (3) {df` g§àofU (B{Vhmg) 1. 2. 3. 4. n[agamVrb {d{eï> gU, CËgd … CJ_, H$maUo d n[aUm_ ñnï> H$ê$Z gm§JÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVrnwpñVHo$Mo {dH$gZ d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. n[agamVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$/Ym{_©H$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmÀ`m dmñVy§Mm g§àofUmË_H$ Aä`mg. ^maVr` goZmXbmV Amnë`m n[agamÀ`m gh^mJmMm Aä`mg, goZmXbmVrb H$[aAaÀ`m g§Yr d Ë`m§Mo g§àofU Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. n[agamMo ñdmV§Í` Midi, g§`wŠV _hmamï´> Am§XmobZ d {d{^Þ gm_m{OH$ MidirVrb `moJXmZ - EH$ g§àofUmË_H$ Aä`mg (4) {df` g§àofU (amÁèmó/bmoH$ àemgZ/g_mOemó) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. {ó`m§Mo _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$/gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZ øm§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg d g§àofU gmYZm§Ûmao Cnm``moOZm§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. n[agamVrb `dH$m§_Yrb ì`gZm{YZVoMm Aä`mg d ì`gZ_wŠVrgmR>r g§àofU d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _wbtÀ`m {ejUmV òUmao {d{dY AS>Wio, Ë`mMm órOrdZmda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg d Cnm``moOZm§Mo g§n«ofU Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m n[aga {dH$mgm_Yrb ^y{_Ho$Mo à^mdr g§àofU. {dÚmÏ`mªZm ZmJ[aH$emñÌm_Yrb _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>H$mMo nyaH$ gmYZm§Ûmao g§àofU Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. n[agamVrb {d{eï> g_whmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Mmbr[aVtMo AÜ``Z d g§àofU. Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§À`m g_ñ`m§Mm g§àofUÑï>rZo Aä`mg. (5) {df` g§àofU (AW©emó/dm{UÁ`/^yJmob/ghH$ma/g_mOemó/H¥$fr) 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. _{hbm ~MV JQ>m§À¶m H$m¶©nÕVrMm g§àofUmË_H$ Ñï>rZo Aä`mg. n[agamVrb qH$dm VmbwŠ`mVrb _{hbm {dS>r H$m_Jmam§À`m e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m§Mo gd}jU d Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm§Mm g§àofUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Aä`mg d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. ("{dS>r H$m‘Jma' EodOr AÝ¶ CÚmoJ joÌXoIrb {ZdS>Vm ¶oB©b.) n[agamVrb {d{dY ì`dgm`m§Mr gdmªJrU _m{hVr XoUmar nwpñVH$m {dH${gV H$ê$Z n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. {Oëhm AJ«Ur ~±Ho$V\}$ H¥$fr {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m H¥$fr {dH$mgmdarb n[aUm_m§Mo g§àofUÑîQ>çm {díbofU - EH$ Aä`mg. Am{W©H$ {d{Z_`mÀ`m {d{dY gmYZm§Mo _hÎd Am{U Cn`wŠVVm g§à{o fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gmYZ{Z{_©Vr Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. ñWm{ZH$ H¥$fr ~mOmanoR>m§Mo eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb ñWmZ- EH$ g§àofUmË_H Aä`mg. emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§_m\©$V am~{dë`m OmUmè`m {dH$mg `moOZm§À`m Cn`wŠVVoMo g§àofU - Amamo½`/{ejU/ Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg/eoVr/bKw-_Ü`_ CÚmoJ/añVo dmhVyH$/n`m©daU. "Amamo½` n`©Q>Z' `m g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd Am{U Cn`wŠVVm à^mdrnUo g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. ("H¥$fr n¶©Q>Z' hr g§H$ënZm XoIrb {ZdS>Vm ¶oB©b.) ~±qH$J joÌm_Yrb AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMo J«mhH$m§Zm à^mdr g§àfo U. H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m H¥${fH$OmªMr JaO Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ nwpñVHo$Mo {dH$gZ VgoM Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r am~{dë`m Joboë`m {d{dY `moOZm§Mo _yë`_mnZ d g§àofU (H¥${f{dH$mg/\$i~mJ {dH$mg `moOZm/ J«m_rU Amamo½`/ nmUrnwadR>m/añVo). nrH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m AW©emómMo à^mdr g§àofU (YmÝ` {nHo$/\$io/^mOrnmbm). ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 63 13. 14. H¥${fnyaH$ ì`dgm`m§À`m (CXm. newnmbZ/Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ) AW©emómMo à^mdr g§àofU. n[agamVrb Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§darb IMm©À`m à_mUmMo AÜ``Z. (6) {df` g§àofU (dm{UÁ`/ì`dñWmnZ/ghH$ma/J«m_rU {dH$mg) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. {d{dY H$m`©H$mar ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mm eoVr Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mgm_Yrb gh^mJ d H$m`©nÕVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r àË`mâUmË_H$ g§nfo« U. ì`dgm`dmT>rgmR>r à^mdr Om{hamV nÕVtMo {dH$gZ d g§àofUmMm Aä`mg. "JwUdÎmm {ZYm©aU' `m g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd Am{U Cn`wŠVVm à^mdrnUo g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ZmJar/J«m_rU ghH$mar nVnwadR>m g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©Mo g§àofUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ZíbofU. {Oëhm ghH$mar ~±Ho$À`m H¥$fr {dÎm nwadR>çmÀ`m H$m`m©Mo g§àofUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {díbofU. J«m_rU ehar ^mJmgmR>r ñd`§-amoOJmamgmR>r ghH$mar ~±H$/amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±Ho$À`m nVnwadR>çmÀ`m `moOZm§Mo ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r g§àfo U. (7) {df` g§àofU ({dkmZ {df`) 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. gm¡aMwbrMo _hÎd g{MÌ nwpñVHo$Ûmao _{hbm§n`ªV g§àofU H$ê$Z n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo. (n`m©daU / ^m¡{VH$emó) {d{dY IJmobr` KQ>Zm§_mJrb d¡km{ZH$ nmíd©^y_r ñnï> H$aUmè`m gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. (^m¡{VH$emó) {d{dY Anma§n[aH$ D$Om©ómoVm§À`m Cn`wŠVVoMo _hÎd g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYZ{Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. (^m¡{VH$emó) A§YlÕm/M_ËH¥$Vt_mJrb d¡km{ZH$ g§H$ënZm§Mm g§àofUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Aä`mg. (agm¶Zemó) n[agamV AmT>iUmè`m Am¡fYr dZñnVtMr g{MÌ _m{hVr Xe©dUmar nwpñVH$m {dH${gV H$ê$Z n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo. (dZñnVremó) OrdZmdí`H$ d¡`pŠVH$ Amamo½` gd`tMo nyaH$ gmYZm§Ûmao g§àofU Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. (OrdemñÌ) gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` gd`tMo nyaH$ gmYZm§Ûmao g§àofU Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. (Ordemó) bgrH$aUmMo _hÎd g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. (OrdemñÌ) {d{dY V§ÌkmZm§Mm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg `m§Mo à^mdr g§àofU (am°Ho$Q>/{d_mZ/CnJ«h/O¡dV§ÌkmZ/Z°Zmo V§VÌkmZ/ g§JUH$/B§Q>aZoQ>/XyaÜdZr/{MÌdmUr B.). (^m¡{VH$emó/BboŠQ´>m{° ZŠg) Hw$nmofUmMo Xwîn[aUm_ d ~mb Amhma `m~Ôb g_mOmV OmUrd OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g§àofU _mJmªMm emoY d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. (Amhmaemó/Ordemó/g_mOemó) _yb^yV d¡km{ZH$ g§H$ënZm§Mo CXmhaUm§gh g§àofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~hþ_mÜ`_ g§MmMo {dH$gZ d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. (^m¡{VH$/agm`Z/Ordemó/gyú_Ordemó) (8) {df` g§àofU (O¡{dH$emóo JQ>-H¥${f/Ordemó) 01. 02. 03. 04. ñWm{ZH$ n[agamVrb H¥$fr n`©Q>Z H|$Ðm§Mm {dH$mg Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm g§àofUmË_H$ Aä`mg. (H¥$fr/^yJmob) ñWm{ZH$ n[agamVrb {d{dY ObómoV Am{U Ë`m§Mo eoVrgmR>r à^mdr Cn`moJmMo g§àfo U d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. (H¥$fr/^yJmob) {nH$m§darb {d{dY amoJm§Mo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z à^mdr {Z`§ÌU nÕVtMo g§àofU - EH$ Aä`mg. (H¥$fr/Ordemó/ dZñn{Vemó) {nH$m§Zm AÞnwadR>m H$aUmè`m _w»` Am{U Xwæ`_ òmoVm§Mo g{MÌ nwpñVHo$Ûmao g§àofU H$ê$Z nwpñVHo$À`m Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. (H¥$fr) ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 64 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. \$io / ’w$bo {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r dmnamV òUmè`m ñWm{ZH$ nÕVtMo VÏ` g§H$bZ Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMo g§àfo U d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. (H¥$fr/Ordemó) ^mOrnmbm {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r dmnamV òUmè`m ñWm{ZH$ nÕVtMo VÏ` g§H$bZ Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMo g§àfo U d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. (H¥$fr/Ordemó) YmÝ` gmR>{dÊ`mMr AmYw{ZH$ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ V§Ìo - EH$ g§àofUmË_H$ Aä`mg. (H¥$fr/Ordemó) Obì`dñWmnZmMr V§Ìo Am{U Ë`m§À`m Cn`wŠVVoMo n«^mdr g§àofU {df` g§àofU (H¥$fr/^yJmob) H¥${f_mb {Z`m©V àmoËgmhZmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ nwpñVHo$Mo {dH$gZ Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg (A) \$io (Am) ^mOrnmbm (B) \w$bo. (H¥$fr/AW©emó/dm{UÁ`) nyaH$ H¥${f-ì`dgm`m§À`m Am{W©H$ \$m`Úm§Mo à^mdr g§àofU (A) Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ (Am) aoer_ eoVr (B) Xw½Y à{H«$`m (B©) ~H$ar _|T>r nmbZ (H¥$fr/AW©emó/{dkmZ/dm{UÁ`) H¥$fr Cn`wŠV {d{dY agm`Zm§À`m gwa{jV gmR>dUwH$sÀ`m d hmVmiUrÀ`m à^mdr nÕVtMm g§àofU Ñï>rZo Aä`mg. (H¥${f) AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo ^mOrnmbm/\$io à{H«$`m CÚmoJmÀ`m Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ _m{hVrMo g§àofU. (H¥${f) {d{dY àH$maÀ`m O¡{dH$ IVm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo V§ÌkmZ Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMo à^mdr g§àofU. (H¥${f/Ordemó/n`m©daU {dkmZ) Q>mH$mD$ ^mOrnmë`m_wio/nmbmnmMmoù`m_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m H$Mè`mnmgyZ IV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$òMr _m{hVr nwpñVHo$Ûmao g§àofU H$ê$Z n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo. (n`m©daU) Jmo~a J°g d gm§S>nmUr ì`dñWoMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g§àofU _mJmªMm dmna Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. (n`m©daU/Ordemó) n`m©daU gmIir_Yrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo ñWmZ Am{U _hÎd g§ào{fV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gmYZm§Ûmao AÜ`mnZ Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. (n`m©daU/Ordemó) n[agamV hmoUmè`m A{Vd¥ï>r_wio d {d{dY Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmt_wio _mZdr OrdZmda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg d g§àofU _mÜ`_m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Cnm``moOZm§Mo àgmaU d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm. (n`m©daU/AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ/^yJmob/ g_mOemó) (9) {df` g§àofU (J{UV/^y{_Vr) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B`Îmm 9 drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "{ÌH$moU{_Vr' `m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV nyaH$ AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. (nmR>çH«$‘mVrb AÝ¶ KQ>H$XoIrb {dMmamV KoVm ¶oVrb.) B`Îmm 8 drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r {d{dY ^m¡{_{VH$ g§H$ënZm§Mm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gm{hË`mMo {dH$gZ Am{U n[aUm_H$maHo$Mm Aä`mg. "~hþMbr` g_rH$aUo' `m KQ>H$mÀ`m à^mdr g§àofUmgmR>r gamd nwpñVHo$Mo {dH$gZ Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. ^y{_VrVrb g§H$ënZm§À`m g§àofUmgmR>r ~hþ_mÜ`_ g§M (grS>r) {Z{_©Vr Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. g§»`memómVrb g§H$ënZm§À`m g§àofUmgmR>r ~hþ_mÜ`_ g§M (grS>r) {Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. (10) e¡j{UH$ g§àofU 01. 02. 03. {d{dY e¡j{UH$ Ioim§Ûmao e¡j{UH$ Ame`mMo g§àofU Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ AÜ`mnZ nÕVtMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r am~{dÊ`mV òUmè`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m e¡j{UH$ `moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ. (CXm. Am{Xdmgr ^mJmVrb _wbtÀ`m CnpñWVr g§X^m©Vrb àmoËgmhZ ^Îmm `moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ) {ejUmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r emgZmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm§Mr _m{hVr {ejH$m§Zm g§à{o fV H$aÊ`mgmRr CnH«$_mMr {Z{_©Vr d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 65 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. H$moUË`mhr EH$m e¡j{UH$ {df`mÀ`m (CXm. B`Îmm 8 dr ^yJmob) nmR>çH«$_mMo Ame` {díbofU Am{U {e\$magr. AÜ`mnZ à{V_mZmÀ`m dmnamMr Cn`wŠVVm. e¡j{UH$ `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMr à{H«$`m, Ë`mVrb g_ñ`m§À`m Zm|Xr. {d{dY ghembo` CnH«$_m§Mo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmVrb `moJXmZ - EH$ AÜ``Z. EImÚm {df`mÀ`m (CXm. B{Vhmg) KQ>H$m§À`m (CXm. 1857 Mm ñdmV§Í` bT>m) AÜ`mnZmgmR>r nma§n[aH$ AÜ`mnZ nÕV Am{U ^y{_H$m nmbZ nÕV `m§À`m dmnamÛmao à^mdr AÜ`mnZ nÕVrMm emoY d {díbofU. {ZåZ ñVamÀ`m B`ÎmogmR>r (CXm. B`Îmm 3 ar) EImÚm {df`mMo (CXm. J{UV) AÜ`mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY e¡j{UH$ Ioi/gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg. {dÚmÏ`mªMr AÜ``Z H$m¡eëò (dmMZ-boIZ/ldU-g§^mfU) {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$ gm{hË`mMo {dH$gZ Am{U Cn`wŠVVoMm Aä`mg. dV©_mZnÌo, Xÿa{MÌdmUr `mgma»`m _mÜ`_mVyZ e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§Mr à{gÕr Am{U Cn`wŠVVm - {díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg. (11) Xÿa {ejU 1. 2. 3. Xya{ejU nÕVrÛmao CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mOmo½`m ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_m§gmR>rÀ`m JaOm§Mo gd}jU Am{U {díbofU. Xÿa {ejU àUmbrÛmao {ejUH«$_ A§_b~OmdUr à{H«$òMo _yë`_mnZ AÜ``Z gm{hË`/{dÚmWu/Aä`mgH|$Ð ì`dñWmnZ. Xÿa {ejUmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m V§ÌkmZ gw{dYm§Mr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Ñï>rZo Cn`wŠVVm. ñdmÜ`m` _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m : 66

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