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« r ^mfobm {damoY H$aÊ`mMo H$mhrM H$maU Zmhr. bmo{h`m `m§Mr "B§JO
« r hQ>md' _mohr_hr
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bmo{h`m§Mo B§J«Or BVHo$ gw§Xa hmoVo H$s, n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê§$À`m B§J«OrVrb MwH$m Vo H$mT>V
AgV Ago åhUVmV. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio OJ Odi Ambo Amho. OJmV MmbUmar,
ì`dhmamMr ^mfm B§J«Or Amho `mV dmX KmbÊ`mMo H$mhrM H$maU Zmhr. B§J«Or ^mfoMr Wmoadr,
Ë`mVbo ZdZdo kmZ, {d{dYm§Jr {d{dY ñdê$nr J«§Wg§nXm, OJmbm W¸$ H$ê$Z gmoS>Umao EH$mhÿZ
EH$ gag Ago boIH$ Am{U BVa ^mfm§Vbo gm{hË` gmè`m OJmbm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmar ^mfm
åhUyZ B§JO
« rMo ñWmZ n{hë`m H«$_m§H$mdaMo Amho. Q>mb
° ñQ>m`° , BãgoZ, S>mño Q>mdo ñH$s, H$må`y, gmÌ©,
H$mâH$m, Xo[aS>m, \w$H$mo, EH$mo, {ZËeo, {dQ>JÝo ñQ>mB©Z, _mŠg©, \«$mB©S>, S>mapìhZ, `wJ§ , ES>dS>© gB©X,
Mm°åñH$s, hm`S>Zo ~J© Ago AZoH$mZoH$ _hZr` boIH$ OJmbm kmV Pmbo Vo Ho$di B§JO
« r ^mfo_i
w M
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Am{U adtX«ZmW Q>mJmoa, VwH$mam_, kmZoída, BË`mXr Wmoa ^maVr` boIH$ OJmbm kmV Pmbo Vohr
B§JO
« r_wiM
o ! gm{hË` AH$mX_rÀ`m Indian Literature `m A§H$mZo Am{U AZoH$ H$bmH¥$VtÀ`m
B§JO
« r ^mfm§Vam_wio ^maVr` gm{hË` OJVmbm CnbãY Pmbo Am{U _amR>r d ^maVr` gm{hË`mVhr
CÎm_moÎm_ boIZJwU AmhoV `mMr ½dmhr OmUH$am§Zr {Xbr. B§J«Or ^mfoÀ`m dmnam_wio ho Pmbo,
AÝ`Wm hm JwUJm¡ad eŠ` ZìhVm.
J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌhr `mbm AndmX Zmhr. Eg.Ama. a§JZmWZ nmpíM_mË`
OJVmbm g_Obo Vo Ho$di Ë`m§À`m B§J«OrV Ho$boë`m {dnwb boIZm_wioM ! AmOhr B§J«OrV
boIZ Ho$ë`mZo AZoH$ VÁk OJmVë`m BVa J«§Wmb`VÁkm§Zm kmV AmhoV. _mV¥^mfobm _`m©Xm
AmhoV Ë`m ñWimÀ`m, JwUm§À`m _mÌ ZìhoV !
na§Vw B§J«OrV {b{hbo åhUOoM CÎm_ {b{hbo OmVo Ago Zmhr. ^mfm ho _mÜ`_ Amho d
kmZ ho eodQ>r kmZ Amho. boIH$mbm Ë`m {df`mMr OmUH$mar {H$Vr Imob Amho Vo R>adÊ`mMo
n[a_mU ^mfm ZgVo. ^mfobm A{YH$ dmMH$ bm^y eH$Vmo, nU ^mfoVrb n[anŠd kmZmbm g_¥Õ
AgmM dmMH$ bm^Vmo.
AmO J«§Wmb`mMr ^mfm B§J«Or Amho d Ë`mgmR>r B§J«Or ^mfoMo kmZ Amdí`H$ R>abo
Amho. ZdZdrZ kmZ {_idÊ`mMo Am{U kmZ d¥qÕJV H$aÊ`mMo gmYZhr AmO B§J«Or ^mfm Amho
d Ë`m_wio B§J«OrH$S>o nmR> {\$adÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. _mÌ àíZ Agm Amho, H$s B§J«OrMm nwañH$ma
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 2
H$aVmZm Amåhm§bm _amR>rVrb Wmoa {d^yVtMr OmUH$mar Amho H$m ? Ë`m§Mo {dMma, Ë`m§Mo gm{hË`
Amåhr nwaVo kmV H$ê$Z KoVbo Amho H$m ? `m àíZmMm emoY KoVbm Va Ago {XgyZ `oB©b H$s
~hþg§»` B§J«Or nwañH$Ë`mªZm _amR>rVrb gmÜ`m gmÜ`m J«§WH$mam§Mrhr ZrQ> AmoiI Zmhr.
(B§J«OrVrbhr {H$Vr J«§WH$ma Ë`m§Zm ZrQ> _m{hVr AmhoV `m~Ôb e§H$mM Amho.)
B§J«OrVyZ J«§Wmb`emñÌ {eH$dUmè`m {H$Vr {dÚmnrR>m§VyZ kmZH$moeH$ma Ho$VH$a,
J«§Wgy{MH$ma e§.J. XmVo, g§ñH¥${VH$moeH$ma _hmXodemñÌr, M[aÌH$moeH$ma {MÌmdemñÌr, J§.Xo.
ImZmobH$a, H$m_V, à.Z. Omoer, VÎdkmZH$moeH$ma dmS>oH$a, ì`m`m_ kmZ H$moeH$ma _wOw_Xma,
g_mO{dkmZ H$moeH$ma JJ©o, JUoeH$moeH$ma A_a|Ð JmS>Jri, ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZH$moeH$ma J.a§.
{^S>o, {dídH$moe Am{U Y_©H$moeH$ma VH©$VrW© Omoer, eãXH$moeH$ma XmVo-H$d©o, ~XbmnyaMo
J°P{o Q>`a V`ma H$aUmao Mm\o$H$a, ì`dhma H$moeH$ma ZadUo, BË`mXr AZoH$mZoH$ _hZr` ì`ŠVtMr
OmUH$mar H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo ?
àíZ `oVmo Vmo BWoM. Amåhr Am_Mr ñd^mfm, ñd{Z{_©Vr B§J«Or ^mfoÀ`m à^mdm_wio
Xwæ`_ R>adVmo. dñVwV: `m gd© H$moeH$ma-gy{MH$mam§Mo H$m`© BVHo$ A\$mQ> Amho H$s `m§Mo H$m`©
Am_À`m BWë`m ~m§Ydm§Zm Amåhr g_OmdyZ XoUo ho Am_Mo H$V©ì` Amho. B§J«OrVrb kmZ
Úm`MoM Amho, Ë`mbm {damoY Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a (qH$~hþZm Ë`mhr AmYr) _amR>rVrbhr
H$m`©{Z{_©Vr gm§Jm`bmM hdr.
{d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§À`mda AZoH$ df©o B§J«Or ^mfoMm nJS>m hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo`
H$s, Vo {dMma H$aV Vohr B§JO« rV. ~mobV Vohr B§JO« r. Ooìhm {dîUwemñÌr {MniwUH$am§Mr {Z~§Y_mbm
Ë`m§À`m dmMZmV Ambr Voìhm Ë`m§Zm ñd^mfoMo _hÎd g_Obo. Amnë`m J«§WH$mam§Mr OmU
Ambr. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr EH$Xmhr B§J«OrV {b{hbo Zmhr. B§J«OrV {b{hÊ`mbm {damoY Zmhr, gb Amho
Vr Am_À`m ñd^mfo~Ôb ZgUmè`m H$m¡VwH$mMr !
{Xdg|{Xdg B§J«Or_wio _amR>rMm nmUCVmam hmoV Amho. Am{U Vmo Amåhr _amR>r _mUgoM
H$arV AmhmoV. H$maU Am_Mo Ë`m~m~VMo AkmZ. B§J«OrMm daMî_m BVH$m dmT>bm Amho, H$s
AmåhrM Am_À`m ^mfoMm Ûof H$ê$ bmJbmo AmhmoV. hm Ûof BVH$m namH$moQ>rbm Jobm Amho, H$s
_amR>r åhUOo VwÀN>Vm. "_amR>rV Amho H$m` ?' Agm gmam ^md. B§J«Or åhUOo {dX²dÎmoMm
{e¸$m Aem ImoQ>çmM Ah§H$mamZo Am_À`m XmVo, Ho$VH$a Am{U {MÌmdemñÌr `m§gma»`m ~hþg»§ `
bmoH$m§Zm Z dmMVmM, Z nmhVmM Zmdo R>odbr OmV AmhoV d _amR>rbm _maH$ hr d¥ÎmrM Amho.
nwÝhm EH$ {dîUwemñÌr OÝ_mbm `m`bm hdm Agm ^m~S>m AmemdmX R>odÊ`mVhr H$mhr
AW© Zmhr. ho AmåhrM nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z H$am`Mo Amho. Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma H$aVmZm H$moUr hmV
Yabm Amho ? AWm©V hr Ho$di J«§Wmb`emñÌmMrM O~m~Xmar Amho Ago Zmhr, Va gd©M
Aä`mgH«$_m§V AgUmè`m _amR>r _mUgm§Mr hr O~m~Xmar Amho. g_mOemñÌ, amÁ`emñÌmV
g._m. JJ©o `m§Mm "g_mO {dkmZ H$moe' H$m g_m{dï> hmoD$ Z`o ? B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV
`.Z. Ho$iH$am§Mm "Eo{Vhm{gH$ eãXH$moe' H$m g_m{dï> hmoD$ Z`o ? VËdkmZ - Y_© - g§ñH¥$Vr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 3
`m§gma»`m Aä`mgmgmR>r VH©$VrW©, _hmXodemñÌr, dmS>oH$a Hw$R>o H$_r nS>VmV Vo Hw$Ur XmIdbo
Va CnH$ma hmoVrb. nU ho hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m Ë`m VÁkm§Zm `m J«§WH$ma-H$moeH$mam§Mo kmZ hdo Zm ?
Ago àíZ Ho$bo H$s, EH$ hþH$_r ZmUo \o$H$bo OmVo. gd©M {dÚmWu _amR>r ^mfH$ ZgVmV,
Ë`m_wio ho hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. nU `m àíZmbm AW© Zmhr. EH$Va _w§~B© gmoS>br Va Cd©[aV
_hmamï´>mV ~hþg§»` {dÚmWu _amR>r ^mfH$ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio àíZ `oD$ Z`o Am{U {OWo B§J«Or
{dÚmWu AmhoV, Ë`m§À`mgmR>r `m B§J«OrÀ`m nwañH$Ë`mªZr H$ï> ¿`mdoV H$s ho _amR>r B§J«OrV
g_OyZ XoÊ`mMo.
nU Ago H$ï> KoVbo OmUma ZmhrV. H$maU Amåhr _wimV Amier AmhmoV. V`ma B§J«Or,
Am`Vo kmZ CgZdmarZo ¿`m`Mo (Vo nMdm`Mohr ZrQ> ZmhrM) Am{U H$m|~m`Mo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
_mÏ`mda. `mV Ìmg Zmhr, dmMm`Mm OmM Zmhr. ì`m»`mZmnwaVr V`mar nwaoer hmoVo.
àË`oH$ H$moembm EH$ B{Vhmg Amho. Vmo BVH$m a§OH$ Amho H$s Ë`mVyZ Omo {dÚmWu KS>ob
Vmo Iam kmZào_r V`ma hmoBb
© . gmYo CXmhaU Ho$Vam§À`m "_hmamï´>r` kmZH$moem'Mo ¿`m. "kmZH$moemMr
AH$am df©o' qH$dm "ho _rM gm§{JVbo nm{hOo' (erbdVr Ho$VH$a) qH$dm Ho$VH$am§Mr M[aÌoAmR>dUr `m§VyZ "kmZH$moe' Omo H$iVmo Vmo AË`§V doJimM ! {~«Q>m{ZH$m {eH$dy ZH$m Ago H$moU
åhUob ? nU Ë`mM~amo~a "kmZH$moe'hr gm§Jm. nU Vmo Agm darbà_mUo gm§Jm. AWm©V
{~«Q>m{ZH$m {eH$dUmaohr (B§JO
« r-_amR>r àmÜ`mnH$) {~«Q>m{ZH$mMm B{Vhmg dmMyZ WmoS>rM Ë`mMr
JmoS>r bmdVmV ? {d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§À`m "YmVyH$moem'bm EH$ ^ÞmQ> B{Vhmg Amho. nU
H$moUmbm _m{hVr Amho amOdmS>o `m§Mm "YmVyH$moe' ? XmVo-H$d©o `m§À`m eãXH$moemMr àñVmdZm
Am{U H¥$.nm§. Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m "ì`wËnÎmr H$moem'Mr àñVmdZm {dbjU kmZXmÌr Amho. nU Vr
_mhrV Agob Ë`mbmM Zm ? Amåhr é~m~mV "EQ>m°_m°bm°{OH$b {S>ŠeZar' {eH$dUma; nU
amOdmS>o-Hw$bH$Uu Amåhr nmhUmahr Zmhr, `mbm H$m` åhUmdo ?
_amR>rbm Oê$a Zmd§ R>do m nU dmMyZ - Aä`mg H$ê$Z R>do m. Am`Ë`m B§JO
« rÀ`m {~imda
ZmJmo~m Pmboë`m§Zm hm A{YH$ma Zmhr. _amR>rVrb ho H$moeH$m`© BVHo$ (B§J«OrEdT>o A\$mQ> Zgbo
Var) Wmoa Amho H$s àË`oH$ ì`ŠVr EHo$H$ g§ñWm Amho. hr g§ñWm CÚmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr g§Wm Amho.
{Vbm _mê$ ZH$m. OmUyZ ¿`m.
- g§nmXH$
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 4
OmJ{VH$ H$sVuMo J«W
§ nmb S>m.° a§JZmWZ :
OrdZ Am{U H$m`©
dg§V gmdo
S>m°. Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo H$m`© AOyZhr J«§Wnmbm§Zm
àoaUmXm`r R>aVo Amho. nmíMmÎ` Xoem§Vhr a§JZmWZ `m§À`m H$m`m©Mm
d VÎdkmZmMm gm§Jmonm§J {dMma Mmby AgVmo. àË`oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©bm
a§JZmWZ `m§Mr CÎm_ AmoiI Agm`bm hdr. Aer AmoiI Agob
Va Ë`m {dÚmÏ`m©bm J«§Wnmb åhUyZ ^mdr dmQ>Mmb `eñdr H$aVm
`oD$ eHo$b. EH$ J{UVmMm àmÜ`mnH$ J«§Wm§daÀ`m d J«§WnmbZ
joÌmdaÀ`m ào_mnmoQ>r {H$Vr {dbjU H$m`© H$ê$ eH$Vmo `mMo Xe©Z
lr. gmdo `m§Zr KS>dbo Amho.
EH$ J{UVmMm Zm_m§{H$V àmÜ`mnH$ àmÜ`mnH$s gmoSy>Z 1924 gmbr J«§Wnmb Pmbm. hr
KQ>Zm Ë`m H$mir OodT>r AmíM`©H$maH$ _mZbr Jobr VodT>rM Vr ^maVr` Am{U OmJ{VH$
J«§Wmb` MidirÀ`m Ñï>rZo ^m½`mMr R>abr. `m àmÜ`mnH$mMo Zmd Amho S>m°. {e`mbr am_m_¥VZ
a§JZmWZ.
Á`m H$mimV ^maVmV J«§Wmb`m§Zm \$mago _hÎd àmá Pmbobo ZìhVo, Ë`m H$mimV
~r. E.bm B§J«Or {df` KoD$Z n{hbm dJ© {_i{dbobo, J{UV {df` KoD$Z E_. E. n{hë`m
dJm©V CÎmrU© Pmbobo Am{U Eb. Q>r. åhUOo AmVmMr ~r. ES>. narjm n{hë`m dJm©V CÎmrU©
Pmbobo S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr Ooìhm _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mMo J«§WnmbnX ñdrH$mabo Voìhm gdmªZmM
AmíM`© dmQ>bo. nU embo` d _hm{dÚmb`rZ OrdZmV Ë`m§Zr Á`m {Zð>oZo A{Ve` à{VHy$b
n[apñWVrV kmZmMr CnmgZm Ho$br d J«§W hoM Amnbo Jwê$ _mZbo ho bjmV KoVbo H$s Ë`m H$mir
J«§WnmbZmgmaIm Cno{jV Agbobm ì`dgm` Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabm `mMo AmíM`© dmQ>Uma Zmhr.
àmÜ`mnH$mnojm J«§Wnmb hmoUo Ë`m§Zr ng§V Ho$bo `mMo H$maU Vo ñdV: J«§Wào_r hmoVo, J«§Wmb` `m
g§ñWo~Ôb Ë`m§À`m _ZmV AmXa hmoVm Am{U J«§Wmb` ho kmZàgmamMo EH$ à^mdr _mÜ`_ Amho
d Ë`mÛmao Amnë`mbm kmZàgmamMo H$m`© H$aVm `oB©b Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. EH$ Jmoï> _mÌ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 5
Iar H$s Ë`m§Mm J«§Wnmb hmoÊ`mMm hm {ZU©` J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m Am{U J«§Wmb` MidirÀ`m
Ñï>rZo ^m½`mMm R>abm.
_Ðmg {dÚmnrR> (1924-1944)
1924 gmbr S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mr _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mMo J«§Wnmb åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmë`mda
Ë`m§Zm {dÚmnrR>mZo bJoMM b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m "ñHy$b Am°\$ bm`~«ar gm`Ýg' `m g§ñWoV
J«W§ nmbZmMo {ejU ¿`m`bm nmR>{dbo. Ë`m H$mimV J«W§ mb`emñÌmMo {ejU XoUmar hr OJmVrb
EH$_od g§ñWm hmoVr. B§½b§S>_Ü`o AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>e å`w{P`_ Am{U BVa AZoH$ J«§Wmb`m§Zm
^oQ>r XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr, H$m`©nÕVtMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVbr. J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUmÀ`m,
Vm{bH$sH$aUmÀ`m doJdoJiçm nÕVtMm Ë`m§Zr Vm¡bm{ZH$ Aä`mg Ho$bm. ES>dS>© ES>dS>©g d
S>ãby. gr. ~m{d©H$ go`g© `m§À`mgma»`m à{gÕ J«§Wnmbm§er Ë`m§Zr MMm© Ho$ë`m. H$Xm{MV
Ë`m§À`m àoaUoZoM S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m _ZmV J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU d Vm{bH$sH$aUmMr ~rOo amodbr
Jobr AgmdrV.
J«W§ mb`emñÌmMo {ejU KoD$Z Vo ^maVmV naV Ambo Am{U Ë`m§Zr _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m
J«§Wmb`mMr gyÌo hmVr KoVbr. 1924 Vo 1944 n`ªV åhUOo 20 df©o Vo `m {dÚmnrR>mMo
J«§Wnmb hmoVo. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` Cn`wŠV Aem `moOZm AmIë`m d Ë`m n[al_nyd©H$
H$m`m©pÝdV H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`mMm H$m`mnmbQ> KS>dyZ AmUbm. XoemVrb EH$ Mm§Jbo {dÚmnrR>r`
J«§Wmb` åhUyZ `m J«§Wmb`mbm à{gÕr {_idyZ {Xbr. EH$m AWm©Zo ho J«§Wmb` S>m°. a§JZmWZ
`m§Mr à`moJemimM ~Zbr hmoVr. Amnbo J«§Wmb` gdm©Wm©Zo AmXe© ìhmdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Iyn
H$ï> Ho$bo. amoO gd©àW_ Vo J«§Wmb`mV `oV d eodQ>r ~mhoa nS>V. AmíM`© åhUOo drg dfmªÀ`m
ZmoH$arÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr EH$hr {Xdg aOm KoVbr ZìhVr. J«§Wmb` dfm©Mo gd© {Xdg amoO ~mam
Vmg CKS>o R>do bo OmB©. `m J«W§ mb`mMm bm^ Ho$di àmÜ`mnH$ d {dÚmÏ`mªZmM Zìho Va ehamVrb
ZmJ[aH$m§Zmhr KoVm `oV Ago. Aem àH$mao J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$m`m©bm nyU©nUo dmhÿZ KoVbo AgVmZm
Ë`m§Zm XwX£dmZo OmVr` N>i ghZ H$amdm bmJbm. Vo OmVr`dmXmMo - ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoÎma dmXmMo
~ir Pmbo. WoQ> Hw$bnVrnmgyZ Vmo {enm`mn`ªVÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr ~«m÷U åhUyZ hoQ>miUr
Ho$br, AdhobZm Ho$br. `m gdmªZr {_iyZ Ë`m§Mo {dÚmnrR>mVrb OrdZ Agø H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo.
Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m _hmZ H$m`m©Mr ~yO {dÚmnrR>mZohr amIbr Zmhr. eodQ>r H§$Q>miyZ S>m°. a§JZmWZ
`m§Zr 1944 gmbr _wXVnyd© {Zd¥Îmr ñdrH$mabr.
~Zmag qhXy {dÚmnrR> (1944-1946)
S>m.° a§JZmWZ `m§Zr _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {Zd¥Îmr ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va ~Zmag qhXy {dÚmnrR>mMo
g§ñWmnH$ n§. _XZ _mohZ _mbdr` d {dÚmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$ S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ `m§À`m AmJ«hmñVd
1944 gmbr `m {dÚmnrR>mMo J«§WnmbnX ñdrH$mabo. Ë`m§Zr J«§Wmb` gwpñWVrV AmUÊ`mgmR>r
XmoZ dfmªÀ`m H$mimV ~arM _ohZV KoVbr Am{U J«§Wmb`mV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 6
nU `oWohr {Zð>mnyd©H$ H$m_ H$ê$Zhr Ë`m§Zm qZXm-ZmbñVrbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m
H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m{déÕ _mohr_ CKS>br, Ë`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$br. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zm ho dmVmdaU Agø Pmbo d Ë`m§Zr amOrZm_m {Xbm.
{X„r {dÚmnrR> (1947-1955)
{X„r {dÚmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$ ga _m°[ag ½dm`a `m§Zm S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m H$V¥©ËdmMr,
H$m`©j_VoMr OmUrd hmoVr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zm J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo àmÜ`mnH$ d
J«W§ mb` g„mJma åhUyZ {X„r {dÚmnrR>mV `oÊ`mMo {Z_§ÌU {Xbo. S>m.° a§JZmWZ `m§Zr Vo ñdrH$mabo
d Vo 1947 gmbr {X„rbm Ambo. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr {X„r {dÚmnrR>mgmR>r EH$ J«§Wmb`
`moOZm V`ma Ho$br. S>m°. ½dm`a `m§Zm Vr AmdS>br Am{U Ë`m§Zr Vr àË`jmV AmUbr. {X„r
{dÚmnrR>mV Ë`m§Zm _mZmMr OmJm {_imbr, gÝ_mZ {_imbm. Ë`m§Zr `m {dÚmnrR>mVyZ 1955
gmbr {Zd¥Îmr ñdrH$mabr.
J«W
§ mb`emñÌ {ejUmMo àUoVo
^maVmVrb J«W§ mb`emñÌmÀ`m {ejUmMm {dMma H$aVmZm Ü`mZmV `oVo H$s, S>m.° a§JZmWZ
`m§Zr _Ðmg, ~Zmag, {X„r `m VrZ {dÚmnrR>m§V H$m_ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr XoemV J«§Wmb`emñÌ
{ejUmMm àgma H$gm hmoB©b `mH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr 1928 gmbr _Ðmg
J«§Wmb` g§KmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m g§KmZo 1929 gmbr J«§Wmb`emñÌ {ejUmMm dJ© gwê$
Ho$bm Am{U XoemV J«W§ mb`emñÌ {ejUmMm nm`m KmVbm. 1931 gmbr Ë`m§Zr _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mV
nXdr narjoMm Am{U 1937 gmbr nXì`wÎma narjoMm Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm. 1942 gmbr
Ë`m§Zr ~Zmag qhXy {dÚmnrR>mVhr J«§Wmb`emñÌ {d^mJ gwê$ Ho$bm Am{U J«§WnmbZ {ejUmMr
gw{dYm {Z_m©U Ho$br. {X„r {dÚmnrR>mV J«§Wmb`emñÌ {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr 1947
gmbr nX{dH$m, nXdrn`ªVÀ`m {ejUmMr gmo` Ho$br. 1948 gmbr nXì`wÎma Am{U 1950
gmbr nrEM.S>r. Mm Aä`mgH«$_ {dÚmnrR>mV gwê$ Ho$bm. A_o[aH$m gmoS>br Va J«§Wmb`emñÌmV
nrEM.S>r. Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ H$aUmam ^maV hm OJmVrb n{hbm Xoe hmoVm. `mdê$Z bjmV `oVo
H$s, J«§Wmb`emñÌ {ejUmMm XoemV àgma hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U `m {ejUmbm ì`mdgm{`H$
_hÎd àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr ~aoM à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m `m à`ËZm§_wioM
J«§Wmb` ì`dgm`mbm XoemV _mZmMo ñWmZ {_imbo.
boIZ
S>m°. a§JZmW `m§Zm boIZmMr àM§S> AmoT> hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr J«§WnmbZmer g§~§{YV Agboë`m
{d{dY {df`m§da 50 J«§W d 1500 hÿZ A{YH$ boI {b{hbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m boIZmVyZ
J«§WnmbZmÀ`m {d{dYm§Jm§da Oo {dMma ì`ŠV Ho$bo AmhoV, Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_ {ZpíMVM OmJ{VH$
J«§Wnmbm§da Pmbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m J«§Wm§n¡H$s Á`m XmoZ J«§Wm§Zr Ë`m§Zm OmJ{VH$ H$sVr© {_idyZ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 7
{Xbr Ë`m XmoZ J«§Wm§Mm `oWo C„oI H$aVmo. Vo XmoZ J«§W åhUOo - (1) J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo nmM
{gÕm§V (1931) (2) {Ûq~Xy dJuH$aU (1933). "J«W§ mb`emñÌmMo nmM {gÕm§V' `m J«W§ m_wio
S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo Zmd gd©Vmo_wIr Pmbo. `m n§MgyÌm§VyZ Ë`m§Zr AJXr gmoß`m ^mfoV AmXe©
J«§Wmb`mMr Am{U J«§Wmb`godoMr H$ënZm {deX H$ê$Z gm§{JVbr Amho. hr gyÌo åhUOo
J«§WnmbmÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ OrdZmVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdoM AmhoV, Vr J«§Wmb` ì`dgm`mMr
_yb^yV C{Ôï>o AmhoV. `m {gÕm§Vm§_wio J«§Wmb`rZ OrdZmV EH$ Zdo nd© gwê$ Pmbo Am{U S>m°.
a§JZmWZ `m§Mo Zmd gd©Vmo_wIr Pmbo. ho {gÕm§V Ë`m§Zr 1931 gmbr àW_ gm§{JVbo Ë`m doir
Ë`m§Mo OodT>o _hÎd hmoVo VodT>oM Vo AmOhr Amho, Vo AOyZ OwZo Pmbobo ZmhrV. `m J«§Wmbm
S>ãby. gr. ~m{d©H$ go`g© `m§Zr A{Ve` _m{_©H$ àñVmdZm {b{hbr Amho. AZoH$ _mÝ`da
J«§Wnmbm§Zr `m J«§WmMo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo Amho. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo ho {gÕm§V åhUOo Ë`m§Mo \$ma _moR>o
`moJXmZ Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo.
S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mm Xwgam _hÎdmMm J«§W åhUOo "{Ûq~Xy dJuH$aU.' Ë`m§Zr kmZmÀ`m
dJuH$aUmÀ`m Á`m doJdoJiçm nÕVr AmhoV Ë`m§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z hm J«§W 1933
gmbr {b{hbm. gyú_m{Vgyú_ Aem kmZmÀ`m dJuH$aUmMr gmo` `m nÕVrV Agë`m_wio
J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU nÕVrV `m {díbofUmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVrbm ñdV§Ì d _mZmMo ñWmZ àmá
Pmbo Amho. J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUmÀ`m joÌmV S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo ho `moJXmZ {ZpíMVM _mobmMo
Amho, H$maU J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m, dJuH$aUmÀ`m B{VhmgmV `m J«§WmZo H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~Xb KS>dyZ
AmUbm. OJmVrb gwb^ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm nmdboë`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrg {Û-q~Xy nÕVr_wio
{dMma H$am`bm bmJbm. hr nÕVr \$maer dmnabr OmV Zgbr Var J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUmda
{VMm ~amM _moR>m à^md Amho ho ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr.
J«W
§ mb` H$m`Xm
XoemVrb J«§Wmb` Midirbm H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU Agë`m{edm` Vr `eñdr hmoUma
Zmhr `mMr OmUrd S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zm hmoVr. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr 1942 gmbr ^maVr` J«§Wmb`
g§KQ>ZoÀ`mdVrZo XoemgmR>r "AmXe© J«§Wmb` H$m`ÚmMm _gwXm' V`ma H$ê$Z _Ü`dVu emgZmbm
gmXa Ho$bm hmoVm. XoemVrb J«§Wmb` H$m`Úm§À`m Ñï>rZo hr EH$ _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm _mZbr OmVo.
XoemVrb àË`oH$ amÁ`mZo J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm Ho$bmM nm{hOo Ago S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zm dmQ>V
Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr ~è`mM amÁ`m§Zm J«§Wmb` {dYo`Ho$ V`ma H$ê$Z {Xbr hmoVr. XoemVrb
J«W§ mb` Midir_Ü`o S>m.° a§JZmWZ `m§Mo ho _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ Amho. Ë`m§À`m àoaUoZM
o ^maVmVrb
_Ðmg àm§VmMm n{hbm J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm 1948 gmbr g§_V Pmbm. nwT>o H$mhr amÁ`m§Zr _ÐmgMm
YS>m {Ja{dbm, na§Vw XoemÀ`m {Zåå`mhÿZ A{YH$ amÁ`m§V J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm AOyZ ApñVËdmV
Ambobm Zmhr. g§~§Y XoemgmR>r EH$ _Ü`dVu J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm Agmdm, XoemVrb gd© amÁ`m§Zr
J«§Wmb` H$m`Xm H$amdm d XoemV gw{Z`mo{OV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb` nÕVr ApñVËdmV `mdr hr
Or S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr Vr XwX£dmZo AOyZhr nwar Pmbobr Zmhr.
OmJ{VH$ _mÝ`Vm
S>m.° a§JZmWZ Ho$di J«W§ nmb åhUyZ dmdabo ZmhrV Va amÁ`mVrb, XoemVrb J«W§ mb`m§Mr
gdmªJrU àJVr ìhmdr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr J«§Wmb` g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© hmVr KoVbo.
B§½b§S>_Ü`o AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr VoWrb J«§Wmb` g§KQ>Zm§Mo H$m`© nm{hbo Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm `m
g§KQ>Zm§Mo _hÎd H$ibo hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr 1928 gmbr "_Ðmg J«§Wmb` g§Km'Mr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. `m g§KQ>ZogmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ df©o H$m_ Ho$bo. Ho$di _Ðmg J§«Wmb` g§K ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Vo
Wm§~bo ZmhrV. XoemVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mr gdmªJrU àJVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` nmVirda J«§Wmb`
g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m à`ËZm§Zm `e `oD$Z Ë`m§Zr 1933 gmbr
"^maVr` J«W§ mb` g§Km'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1944 n`ªV Vo `m g§KmMo AÜ`j hmoV.o `m g§KQ>Z_o i
w o
Xoem§Vrb J«§Wnmbm§À`m, J«§Wmb` H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m _ZmV EH$mË_VoMr OmUrd {Z_m©U Pmbr Am{U
J«§Wmb` g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma gm_y{hH$nUo hmoD$ bmJbm. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr amÁ`, àmXo{eH$ d
amï´>r` nmVirdarb J«§Wmb` g§KQ>Zm§_Ü`o ~amM ag KoVbm. Ë`m H$m`©j_ H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo.
åhUyZM Xoem§Vrb J«§Wmb` g§KQ>Zm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo lo` S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§ZmM Úmdo bmJob.
^maVr` J«§Wmb` g§KmMo AÜ`j åhUyZ S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr OJmVrb à_wI Xoem§Mm
Xm¡am Ho$bm; Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afXm§Zm ^maVmMo EH$_od à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Vo CnpñWV am{hbo. `wZño H$moÀ`m
gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mg§~§YrÀ`m H$m`m©_Ü`ohr Vo gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr `m
n[afXm, H$m`m©V Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm Am{U H$V¥©ËdmMm R>gm Mm§JbmM C_Q>{dbm. Ë`m§Zm `m
Xoem§À`m àdmgmV Ambobo AZw^d Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m "J«§Wmb` àdmg' (Library Tours) `m
J«§WmV gm§{JVbo AmhoV.
1955 gmbr {\$S> (FID) `m OmJ{VH$ g§ñWoZo Ë`m§Zm ~mob{dbo. Vo `wamonmV Pw[aM `oWo
am{hbo. `m H$mimV `wamon_Yrb J«W§ mb`joÌmVrb Zm_d§V ì`mdgm{`H$ ghH$mar Ë`m§Zm ^oQ>m`bm
`oV, Ë`m§À`m~amo~a {d{dY {df`m§da MMm© H$arV, Ë`m§Mm g„m KoV. `oWoM Ë`m§Zr "dJuH$aU
g§emoYZ _§S>i' (Classification Research Group) ñWmnZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va `m
_§S>imZo dJuH$aU g§emoYZmbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m Zmdo {eî`d¥Îmr ñWmnZ Ho$br.
1957 gmbr `wamonmVyZ ^maVmV naV Amë`mda ~§Jbmoa `oWo Vo ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. nU Vo
ñdñW ~gyZ am{hbo ZmhrV. `oWo Ë`m§Zr "B§{S>`Z ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>H$b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>' (ISI) À`m _XVrZo
CÚmoJY§Xo Am{U g§emoYZ g§ñWm§À`m J«§Wnmbm§Zm _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMo {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r
"S>m°Š`w_|Q>oeZ [agM© Q´>oqZJ g|Q>a' (DRTC) hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br. Aem àH$maMr OJmVrb
hr n{hbrM g§ñWm Agë`m_wio {Vbm OJmVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm
{_imbr. AmO hr g§ñWm EH$ g§emoYZ H|$Ð åhUyZ Oo H$m`© H$arV Amho Ë`m H$m`m©bm OmJ{VH$
_mÝ`Vm {_imbr Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 8
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 9
J«W
§ mb` g§KQ>Zm
_mZgÝ_mZ
gmYr amhUr
S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m h`mVrV OodT>r bmoH$_mÝ`Vm d amO_mÝ`Vm {_imbr VodT>r
OJmVrb Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr J«§Wnmbmbm {_imbr Zmhr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm {_imboë`m `m H$mhr
gÝ_mZm§Mm `oWo C„oI H$aVmo. 1935 gmbr {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo J«§Wmb`joÌmVrb Ë`m§À`m
H$m_{Jar~Ôb Ë`m§Zm "amdgmho~' hm {H$Vm~ {Xbm.
OmJ{VH$ H$sVr©, à{Vð>m d _mZgÝ_mZ {_iyZhr S>m°. a§JZmWZ Amnbm ^yVH$mi {dgabo
ZmhrV. hm F${fVwë` _mUyg Iè`m AWm©Zo F$frMo åhUOo AJXr gmYo {OUo OJbm. gmYr
amhUr hm Ë`m§Mm EH$ {deof hmoVm. Ë`m§Mm nmoemI AJXr gmYm Ago. Vo gmÜ`m ^mS>çmÀ`m XmoZ
Imoë`m§_Ü`o amhV. Ë`m§À`m KamV \$mago \${Z©Ma Zgo. O{_Zrda ~gyZM Vo dmMZ-boIZ H$arV,
MQ>Bd© a PmonV, Cerbm nmQ> KoV. `m nmQ>mMmM dmna Vo boIZmgmR>r H$arV. Xm{jUmË`m§Zm H$m°\$s
AJXr {à` AgVo, nU AmíM`© Ago H$s Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m Am`wî`mV Mhm qH$dm H$m°\$sbm ñne©
Ho$bm Zmhr. Vo nyU© emH$mhmar hmoVo d amoO \$ŠV EH$XmM gH$mir OodV. amÌrMo OodU KoVë`mZo
amÌr bdH$a Pmon `oVo d Ë`m_wio amÌr C{eamn`ªV dmMZ H$aVm `oV Zmhr; åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr amÌrMo
OodUM gmoSy>Z {Xbo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m `m gmÜ`m amhUr_wio Ë`m§À`m~Ôb J¡ag_O ngabo hmoVo. Vo
H$mQ>H$gar AmhoV, Ë`m§À`mH$S>o ~amM n¡gm Amho. nU hm g_O MwH$sMm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
Am`wî`mV n¡emMm _moh ~miJbm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr {b{hboë`m gd© J«W§ m§Mo h¸$ H$moUË`mhr _mZYZmMr
Anojm Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zr _Ðmg J«§Wmb` g§Kmbm {Xbo, {dÚmnrR>mV {eî`d¥Î`m {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m.
åhUOoM S>m°. a§JZmWZ ho J«§Wmb` Midirbm, H$m`m©bm A{YH$m{YH$ Am{W©H$ _XV H$aUmao
JǤWnmb hmoVo.
●
1948 gmbr {X„r {dÚmnrR>mZo Ë`m§Zm J«W§ mb`joÌmVrb _m¡{bH$ H$m_{Jar~Ôb
S>r.{bQ>. hr nXdr {Xbr.
●
1957 gmbr ^maV gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm nÙlr hm ~hþ_mZmMm {H$Vm~ ~hmb Ho$bm.
●
1964 gmbr ^maV gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm "Z°eZb [agM© àmo\o$ga Am°\$ bm`~«ar
gm`Ýg' åhUyZ _mZmMr OmJm {Xbr.
●
1970 gmbr A_o[aH$Z bm`~«ar Agmo{gEeZo Ë`m§Zm "_mJm©aQo > _°Z' ho gÝ_mZnÌ
{Xbo. A_o[aHo$~mhoaÀ`m J«§Wnmbmbm ho gÝ_mZnÌ àW_M XoÊ`mV Ambo.
●
1964 gmbr A_o[aHo$Vrb "`w{Zìh{g©Q>r Am°\$ {nQ>g²~J©' `m {dÚmnrR>mZo Ë`m§Zm
S>r. {bQ>. hr nXdr {Xbr.
`m doir S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zm {Xboë`m gÝ_mZnÌmV åhQ>bo Amho, ""S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo
H$V¥©Ëd Agm_mÝ` Amho. 50 hÿZ A{YH$ J«§Wm§Mm Am{U eoH$S>mo boIm§Mm boIH$, `eñdr
{dÚmnrR> J«§Wnmb, EH$ AmXe© àmÜ`mnH$, Ag§»` OmJ{VH$ J«§Wmb` n[afXm§_Yrb gh^mJ
`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm nJS>m OmJ{VH$ ñVamda Xyadan`ªV nS>bobm {XgVmo.''
à{gÕ A_o[aH$Z {dMmad§V J«§Wnmb S>m°. Oogr EM.eoam `m§Zm S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m~Ôb
AmXa dmQ>o åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m {bImUmMo, {dMmam§Mo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo Amho.
J«§Wmb` OJVmV S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m `moJXmZm_wio Oo ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd
hmoVr. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr S>m°. a§JZmWZ åhUOo "EH$m _mUgmMr J«§Wmb` Midi' (One man
library movement) Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo H$V©¥Ëd {H$Vr _moR>o hmoVo ho gm§JVmZm {X„r {dÚmnrR>mMo Ë`m doiMo
Hw$bJwê$ ga _m°[ag ½dm`a `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho, ""S>m°. a§JZmWZ ho ^maVr` J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo OZH$
AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmV J«§Wmb`mg§~§Yr OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo OodT>o à`ËZ Ho$bo VodT>o Xwgè`m
Hw$Urhr Ho$bo ZmhrV. J«W§ nmb åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr H$sVr© Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m XoemÀ`m gr_m§À`m nbrH$S>o
OmD$Z nmohmoMbr Amho. Á`m Xoem§V J«§Wm§Zm Am{U J«§Wmb`m§Zm _mZmMo ñWmZ Amho, Ë`m gd©
Xoem§V Ë`m§À`m _Vm§Zm Am{U Ë`m§À`m gëë`mbm qH$_V {Xbr OmVo, Ë`m§Mr _Vo Am{U Ë`m§Mo
g„o _mZbo OmVmV.''
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 10
AIoa
gVrM§ dmU KoD$Z S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr Amnbo gmao Am`wî` J«§Wmb`o, J«§Wmb`emñÌ
`mgmR>r doMbo Am{U eodQ>r Ë`m§Zr 27 gßQ>|~a 1972 amoOr d`mÀ`m 80 ì`m dfu `m OJmMm
{Zamon KoVbm. 1924 gmbr _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mMo J«§Wnmb Pmë`mnmgyZ Vmo 1972 n`ªV åhUOo
_¥Ë`yn`ªV S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr J«§Wmb`emñÌ, VÎdkmZ `m§da AmYmabobr J«§Wmb` Midi
^maVmV C^r Ho$br, dmT>{dbr, ^maVmMr H$sVr© OmJ{VH$ J«§Wmb`joÌmV ngadbr. Ë`m§À`m
H$m`m©Zo XoemÀ`m gr_m Amobm§S>ë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Mo gd©M {dMma ~mhoaÀ`m Xoem§V Zoh_rM _mÝ`
Pmbo Ago Zmhr, nU Ë`m§Zr {ZpíMVM OmJ{VH$ J«§Wmb` Midirbm EH$ Zdr {Xem àmá H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo ho ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr. `m Ñï>rZo Vo OmJ{VH$ J«§Wnmb hmoVo. OmJ{VH$
J«§Wnmbm§À`m OrdZM[aÌm§da Ñ{ï>jon Q>mH$bm H$s OmUdVo H$s S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m VmoS>rMm
Xwgam Hw$Ur JǤWnmb OJmV Pmbm Zmhr.
AmOÀ`m J«§Wnmbm§Zr Am{U J«§Wmb` H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m OrdZM[aÌmMm
Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm {dga nSy> Z XoVm {Zð>oZo H$m`© Ho$bo VaM Vr `m _hmZ J«§Wnmbmbm
lÕm§Obr An©U Ho$br Ago hmoB©b.
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 11
kmZì`dñWmnZ Am{U J«W
§ nmbZ
{dO` XodYa
OJmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U ImOJr joÌmV kmZì`dñWmnZ
ho EH$ Amdí`H$ Am{U _hÎdmMo Ago H$m`© Amho. kmZ ho
{Za{Zamiçm ñdê$nm§V AmH$mamV `oVo. Ë`mMr gmR>dU hr g§M{`Ho$V
A§H$s` ñdê$nmV, H$mJXmda N>mnrb ñdê$nmV dm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Ü`o`YmoaUo, H$m`©nÕVr, Ahdmb Am{U godH$m§À`m ñ_¥VrV Ho$bobr
AgVo. gm_mÝ`nUo kmZì`dñWmnZ hr EH$ emIm Or g§ñWoÀ`m
_m{hVrgmR>çmMr AmoiI, ì`dñWmnZ Am{U gh`moJr dmna
H$aÊ`mg CÎmoOZ XoVo, _J Vmo _m{hVrgmR>m H$gm Am{U H$moR>ohr
Agmo. kmZì`dñWmnZ ho ì`yhmË_H$ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ Ë`mV bmoH$,
à{H«$`m Am{U V§ÌkmZ `m§Mr H$miOrnyd©H$ ~m§YUr H$aÊ`mMr JaO
Amho.
kmZì`dñWmnZmMr g§H$ënZm
kmZì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m` Am{U Ë`mV H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo `m~Ôb
g§^{« _VVm CØdy eH$Vo. H$mhr OU _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZmg Ë`mÀ`m {dH«$sH$aVm bmdbobr CnmYr
`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmhVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio Amnë`m ì`dgm`mZo Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm nm{hOo.
kmZ-ì`dñWmnZ ho pŠbï>, Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m H$m_mH$S>o {ZX©oe H$aVo, Á`mV OmiçmV CnbãY
AgUmè`m _m{hVròmoVm§er g§nH©$ gmYUo Am{U n`m©`mZo {df`m{Y{ð>V òmoVm§Mo àdoeÛmam§er
VwbZm Ho$br OmVo. CnojmdmXr, kmZì`dñWmnZ ho AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZmVrb EH$ Iyi åhUyZ
Ë`mMr g§^mdZm H$aVmV. ì`dñWmnZ g„mJma Am{U _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ {dH«$o Vo ho Amnbr CËnmXZo
hVme Pmboë`m CÚmoJ ì`dñWmnH$mg A{YH$ kmZmO©ZmgmR>r {dH$V XoÊ`mMm EH$ à`mg åhUyZ
kmZì`dñWmnZmH$S>o nmhVmV. EH$m {d{eï> Q>ßß`mn`ªV Aem àH$maMo eoao, _Vo àX{e©V H$aUo
R>rH$ Amho; na§Vw Vmo eodQ> Zmhr. H$maU kmZì`dñWmnZ VmpÎdH$ Am{U kmZì`dñWmnZ àmË`{jH$
`mV EH$ A§Va Amho. kmZì`dñWmnZ hr EH$ _m{hVr Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXoMo _yë`md{Y©VoV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 12
ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Amho. `mV _Zwî` Am{U kmZ Oo Ë`m§Zm H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$
Amho, Ë`mMr gm§JS> KmbVo.
g§`wŠV joÌmV kmZì`dñWmnZ åhUOo ñnYm©Ë_H$ \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©Mr OUy
{H$„rM Amho. Aem `m kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m AmhoV. na§Vw kmZì`dñWmnZ ho
_w»`Ëdo _m{hVr Am{U kmZmMr g§KQ>ZoA§VJ©V OwiUr H$aUo Am{U ì`dñWm amIUo `mer
{ZJ{S>V Amho. `m H$m_mgmR>r _m{hVr ì`mdgm{`H$ ho OmñV gmo`rMo AgyZ AZoH$ XeHo$ Vo ho
H$m_ ì`dpñWV nma nmS>rV AmhoV. H$mhr g§ñWm kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mMr ~m§YUr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m` H$aVm `oBb
© `mMm emoY Z KoVmM _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m gÜ`mÀ`m O~m~XmarV
g§ñWoÀ`m kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gmondV AmhoV. `mCbQ> kmZì`dñWmnZ ho
J«W§ mb`mÀ`m g§KQ>ZVo rb ^y{_Ho$Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mMr Am{U H$_©Mmè`m§À`m H$m¡eë`mg àmoËgmhZ
XoÊ`mg EH$ CÎm_ g§Yr Amho. AWm©V ho H$m_ H$R>rU Agë`mZo ZmC_oX H$aUmao Amho.
kmZì`dñWmnZ Am{U _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ
kmZì`dñWmnZ Am{U _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ `m§V Zo_H$m \$aH$ H$m` Amho ? `m XmoÝhr
g§H$ënZm `m hmVmiUr, _mJ©Xe©Z, {Z`§ÌU, Vm~m / _mbH$s, gwgyÌrH$aU, {Z`moOZ Am{U
g§KQ>Z `m à{H«$`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ Am{U `m à{H«$`oVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar CËnmXZo `m§À`mer g§~§{YV
AmhoV. `m~amo~aM kmZ ho _m{hVrMo EH$ ñdê$n Agë`mZo kmZì`dñWmnZ hm EH$ _O~yV
Omo_Xma Agm _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZmMm EH$ àH$ma Amho; Omo kmZ-ì`dñWmnZoÀ`m g§~§YmV
Zgboë`m {Za{Zamiçm {H«$`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo.
_m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ Am{U kmZì`dñWmnZ `m§Vrb n{hbm _yb^yV \$aH$ åhUOo _m{hVr
ì`dñWmnZmMm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho. _m{hVrMr {Z{_©Vr H$er hmoVo, Ë`mMo ì`dgm`mV Am{U àH$ënmV
EH$ÌrH$aU H$go hmoV;o Va kmZ ì`dñWmnZ hrM à{H«$`m kmZmMo ~m~VrV H$aVo. Xwgam \$aH$ Amho
Vmo _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZmMo H|$Ð Amho Vo gyú_ H$m`©j_VoMo ì`dñWmnZ kmZì`dñWmnZmnojm
g§KQ>Zm Á`m XmoZ _m{hVr-à{H«$`m hmVmiVo Ë`m åhUOo EH$ _m{hVrMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U Xwgar
_m{hVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU, Va kmZà{H«$`oV kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr d kmZmMo EH$ÌrH$aU AgVo. _yb^yV
_m{hVr-à{H«$`m `m kmZ{Z{_©Vr Am{U EH$ÌrH$aU à{H«$`onmgyZ doJiçm AmhoV. H$maU Ë`mV
kmZ d¡YVoÀ`m Xmì`mMr Ý`yZVm Amho. _m{hVr {Z{_©VrV _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ, d¡`pŠVH$ d gm_y{hH$
à{ejU Va kmZ ho gyÌ~Õ _m§S>UrMm Xmdm H$aVo, nU kmZ d¡YVoÀ`m Xmì`mn`ªV Wm§~Vo. VgoM
_m{hVrÀ`m EH$ÌrH$aUmV àjonU, emoY, nwZàm©ár, à{ejU gm_mB©H$ {hñgm; na§Vw Oo àjo{nV
Ho$bo OmVo, emoYbo OmVo, nwZàm©á Ho$bo OmVo dm {eH$dbo OmVo, dmQ>bo OmVo Vr _m{hVr AgVo,
Vo kmZ ZgVo.
kmZì`dñWmnZ, _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ Am{U J«W
§ nmbZ
J«W§ nmbZmÀ`m g§X^m©V kmZì`dñWmnZmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVmZm _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 13
Am{U dm _m{hVrÀ`m òmoVm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmV H$mhr OU ho _mÝ` H$aVmV H$s `mV kmZì`dñWmnZ
ho A{YH$ à_mUmV Agë`mZo _m{hVr ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm EH$ àH$maMm doJionUm {XgÊ`mMm
g§^d Amho. kmZì`dñWmnZ åhUOo J«§WnmbZ ho AmnU gd© OU _mÝ` H$aVmo. na§Vw XwX£dmZo
ì`mdgm{`H$ {hVg§~§{YV hr Jmoï> AOyZ _mÝ` H$arV ZmhrV. {dgmì`m eVH$mMr AIoa EH$m
Am_ybmJ« ~XbmMr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmV Amho. Vmo ~Xb Amho nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s (arB§{OZrA[a¨J)
Omo AmO àË`oH$ joÌmV bmJy Ho$bm OmV Amho. J«§Wmb`rZ godm§Mo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo
åhUOo Ho$di _m{hVrMr nwZàm©ár Am{U à{V{bnr EdT>çmnwaVoM _`m©{XV Z amhVm `m§À`mhr
nbrH$S>o OmUo. gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgm~amo~a J«W§ nmbZ ì`dñWoVhr H$mbmZwê$n gwYmaUm hmoV AmhoV.
Ho$di nwñVH$m§Mo JmoXm_ Vo _m{hVr H|$Ð Aem `m ~XbmV J«§Wmb` ho gVV dmT>Umao dm d{Y©îUw
Agë`mMoM gy{MV hmoVo. _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ `m OwÝ`m g§H$ënZoVyZ kmZì`dñWmnZ `m Zì`m
g§H$ënZoMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«W§ nmbm§Zm Amnbm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xbmdm bmJUma Amho. J«W§ nmbm§Zr
AmVm _m{hVrÀ`m òmoVm§Mo g§KQ>Z, gm§Ho${VH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMo Am{U BVam§Zm Vo gwb^nUo
dmnaÊ`mgmaIo H$aÊ`mMo CËH¥$ï> H$m¡eë` {_idbo Amho. `mVyZ Cƒ XOm©Mr kmZmV Jw§\$bobr /
~oVbobr _m{hVr hr hoVygmÜ` Am{U {Z…g§{X½Y kmZmnojm doJir Agë`mMo bjmV `oVo.
J«§Wnmb ho gmVË`mZo _m{hVròmoVm§À`m Cƒ XOm©À`m gwgyÌrH$aU Am{U gm§Ho${VH$sH$aUmÀ`m
emoYmV ì`J« AmhoV. `m gd© {H«$`merbVm kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmÀ`m Agë`m Var
Ë`m nwaoem ZmhrV.
kmZì`dñWmnZmMm CÔoe bmoH$m§H$S>o Agboë`m hoVwgmÜ` kmZmMm emoY KoUo, Ë`m§À`m
Odinmg Oo Amho, Vo H$m` {eH$VmV Am{U AZw^dmVyZ {ZarjU H$aVmV, Ho$di Oo {Z:g§{X½YnUo
_m§S>bo Jobo Amho Am{U Zm|Xbo Jobo Amho Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hm Ho$di gm_J«r Jmoim H$aUo Am{U
Ë`mÀ`m {díbofUmVyZ _m{hVr {_idUo hmM Zmhr.
Zì`m kmZmMr gwédmV hr AZoH$Xm ì`pŠVgmnoj AgVo. g§X^© J«§Wnmbmg Amnë`m
godm§Mm Cn`moJ g§ñWoÀ`m BÀN>oà_mUo dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z H$m Ho$bm OmV Zmhr `mMr WmoS>rer H$ënZm
AgVo. ho g§KQ>ZoMo kmZ åhUVm `oUma Zmhr H$m ? J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVr godm§À`m à{H«$`m `m
kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmhmì`m bmJVrb. _m{hVr Am{U V§ÌkmZmVrb ì`ŠVr
ì`mdgm{`H$ Agob Va Vmo _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmhrb, Oa Vmo ì`mdgm{`H$
ì`dñWmnH$ Agob Va Vmo Ë`mÀ`m ì`dgm`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nm{hb. `m_wio kmZì`dñWmnZ
åhUOo {Za{Zamiçm bmoH$m§Zm `m {Za{Zamiçm g§H$ënZm AmhoV. kmZì`dñWmnZ ho Ho$di
Cƒm{YH$ma ^yf{dUmè`mnwaVo _`m©{XV ZgyZ Vo J«W§ mb`ì`dñWmnZ gmIirVrb AJXr VimÀ`m
ñVamn`ªV, Oo kmZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m à{H«$`m hmVmiV AgVmV Ë`m§À`mgmR>rhr
{VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho.
J«W
§ nmb … kmZmMm gyÌg§MmbH$
e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoVrb _w»` J«W§ nmb hr A{^H$ënH$, {ejH$ Am{U CnñWmnH$mMr ^y{_H$m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 14
~OmdV AgVmZm ~m¡{ÕH$ à{VH¥$Ë`m§Mo AmìhmZ nobVmZm {d^mJr` XyaÑï>rMr ~m§YUr H$arV
AgVmo. J«§Wnmb hm kmZmÀ`m gwgyÌrH$aUmgmR>r O~m~Xma Agë`m_wio g§KQ>ZoVrb _mZdr
Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yb^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo Ë`mg eŠ` hmoD$Z Ë`mMm _m{hVrV gh^mJ
eŠ` hmoB©b. J«§WnmbmÀ`m hoVwgmÜ` kmZmMo {Z:g§{X½Y kmZmMo ê$nm§Va Oo J«§Wmb`mV gdm©on`moJr
nSy> eHo$b hm àm_w»`mZo {dMma H$amdm bmJob.
J«W
§ nmb … kmZmMm {Z_m©Vm
J«§WnmbmÀ`m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ kmZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrV dmMH$m§À`m dmMZmÀ`m gd`rV gh^mJ,
dmMH$m§À`m _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm AmoiIUo Am{U Aä`mgUo, Ë`mda AmYm[aV `mo½` Aem _m{hVr
godm d CËnmXZ, Or dmMH$m§À`m _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$ê$ eHo$b Aem CËnmXZmMr
{Z{_©Vr H$aUo. Ooìhm dmMH$ _m{hVr emoYVmV Voìhm N>mnrb AWdm A§H$s` ñdê$nmV gmR>{dbobo
{Z:g§{X½Y kmZ dmMH$m§À`m Jir CVadÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. dmMH$m§À`m hoVgw mÜ` kmZmMo nydm©Z^w dmg
gmOoMo {díbofU Am{U EH$ÌrH$aU H$aUo hr kmZmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r`rH$aUmMr à{H«$`m Amho. `m
_Ü`§VamÀ`m doimV Zì`m H$ënZm, g§H$ënZm, nÕVr `m dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z {Z{_©ë`m OmVmV. øm
Zì`m H$ënZm, g§H$ënZm, nÕVr hm _mZdr kmZmV Zdm gh^mJ AgyZ `mMr _m§S>Ur, aMZm
H$ê$Z Vr naV XoÊ`mgmR>r V`ma H$aUo åhUOo kmZmMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU hmo`. `m kmZmÀ`m hñVm§Va
à{H«$`oV J«§Wnmb hm kmZmÀ`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am{U gwa{MV ì`dñWoV EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$
Amho. àíZ Amho Vmo Ho$di nwñVH$s {ejUmV Am{U g§emoYZmV gh^mJmZo J«§Wnmb hm kmZmÀ`m
{Z{_©VrVbm KQ>H$ ~Zy eHo$b H$m` ?
J«W
§ nmb … kmZmVrb dmQ>Ho $ar
J«W§ nmbm§Zm B{VhmgmMr g_O Amho. _mZdVoÀ`m EH${ÌV kmZmMr J§JmoÌr R>aUmar J«W§ mb`o
Ë`m§Zr C^mabr AmhoV. boIH$m§Mr nwñVHo$ hm OUy H$mhr kmZmMm JmoR>dbobm òmoV Amho. g§KQ>ZVo
nwñVH$mV Oo H$mhr Zm|Xbo Jobo Amho Ë`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`mV boI, {\$Vr, Ahdmb,
_m{hVrMo gmR>o, BË`mXr _m{hVr gm_J«r Am{U boIH$m§Mm AZw^d `mda nwñVH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
boIH$mZo Amnë`m H$ënZm§Mm nañna g§~Y§ Am{U Ë`mMo n[aUm_ `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bobm AgVmo.
boIH$mMr boIZmMr Am{U àH$meZmMr à{H«$`m åhUOo kmZmMo JmoR>dUo, H$maU dmñV{dH$VoV
bmoH$ Amnbo _ñVH$ {eUdUma ZmhrV. Vo gVV {eH$V AgyZ Amnë`m kmZmMo d¥ÕrH$aU,
kmZmV ~Xb H$aV AgVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Ago ho nwñVH$ EH$m gmR>çmV O_m hmoVo. Á`m gmR>çmda
{Z`_ Am{U àWm§Mo ~§YZ AgVo. boIH$m§H$Sy>Z nwñVH$ ho kmZ åhUyZ gwQ>Vo Va J«§Wmb`mV Vo
_m{hVròmoV åhUyZ à{dï> hmoVo. nwñVH$mMo erf©H$ nmZ ho Vm{bH$sH$aU H$aUmè`m J«§Wmb`
godH$mMr Vm{bH$sH$aUmMr gm_J«r R>aVo. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m àWoà_mUo Am{U {Z`_mà_mUo gm_J«rMm
Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. nwñVH$ ho Ooìhm `§ÌUoVrb EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ Zm|Xbo OmVo Vo gm§Ho${VH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 15
{MÝhm§Zr. Ë`mZ§Va nwñVH$mda à{H«$`m H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m J«§Wmb`mVrb OmJoda R>odbo OmVo. dmMH$
Vm{bHo$_YyZ nwñVH$mMm emoY KoVmo, emoYmMo {Z`_ nmiyZ nwñVH$mMm R>md{R>H$mUm bmdVmo.
àË`j nwñVH$ emoYUo ho nwñVH$ dmMH$m§Zr dmMë`mda nwñVH$mVrb JmoR>dbobo kmZ ho Oo boIH$m§Mo
AgVo Vo dmMH$m§À`m {Od§V kmZmV ê$nm§V[aV hmoV.o Vm{bH$sH$aU hr dmMH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYÊ`mMr
EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. Á`m dmMH$mg {Z`_m§Mr _m{hVr kmV Amho Vmo dmMH$ Amnë`mbm hdo
AgUmao nwñVH$ ghOnUo emoYyZ H$mT>Vmo. Vm{bH$sH$aU H$aUmao ho _m{hVrMo òmoV AmhoV. g§X^©
JǤWnmb ho Xw^mfo Am{U dmQ>mS>o _m{hVrMo Va `m H$S>rVrb AIoaMm Xwdm dmMH$ hm kmZmMo
OmJ{VH$sH$aU H$aUmam AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr jUr J«§Wnmb hm gm_J«rMm g§H$bH$, _m{hVrMm
{dVaH$ Am{U kmZmMm dmhVm òmoV Amho.
{ZîH$f©
g§KQ>ZZo o Amnë`m à{H«$`m Am{U ì`dgm` gwYmaVmZm `oUmar AmìhmZo AmoiIyZ Ë`mà_mUo
Amnë`m ZrVrda à^wËd {_i{dbo nm{hOo. J«§Wnmb ho {ejU, à{ejU, AZw^d Am{U
ì`pŠV_ÎdmV Cƒ{e{jV Agë`mZo ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZVo rb kmZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZoV
_XV H$ê$ eH$VmV. J«§Wmb`m§À`m gwadmVrnmgyZM J«§Wnmbm§Zm kmZmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr
OmU Amho. J«§Wnmbm§Zr _m{hVròmoVm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo gm§Ho$VrH$aU `mV àmdrÊ`
{_i{dbo Amho. Ë`m_wio dmMH$m§Zm hr g§nXm dmnaÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr j_Vm
Ë`m§À`mV Amho. `mV AË`wƒ XOm©À`m kmZmÀ`m AmamIS>çmMm g_mdoe Amho. Ho$di hoVwgmÜ`
d {Z:g§{X½Y kmZmMm Zmhr. `mdê$Z Ago AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm `oB©b, H$s kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo
dmMH$ H|${Ð^yV J«§Wmb` godm. WmoS>Š`mV, J«§Wnmbm§Zr d¡ÚH$s` ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m gÑí`
dmMH$m§À`m JaOm§Mr AmoiI, Ë`mda Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Aer godm qH$dm Cnm` gwM{dUo, Cnm``moOZm,
CnMma H$ê$Z dm `mo½` Vo CnMma gwMdyZ Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo. J«§Wnmbm§Zr AmVm Ë`m§À`m
dmMH$m§Zm godm XoÊ`mMm nm`m KmVbm nm{hOo. _m{hVrÀ`m _hm_mJm©Mm Am{U `mo½` Aem V§ÌmMm
dmna H$ê$Z dmMH$m§Zm {dídmgmh©, Ëd[aV Am{U Zo_H$s _m{hVr XoÊ`mg g‚m Pmbo nm{hOo.
kmZmÀ`m {dVaUmVrb gd© AS>Wio nma H$aUo Am{U _moH$içm dmVmdaUmV kmZmMr J§JmoÌr
dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOo. kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ ho ^{dî`mVrb J«§Wmb`m§À`m
dmQ>MmbrV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdUma Amho.
g§X^©
(1) {g§J (S>r. Ho$.) Am{U qgJ (~r. Ho$.), Zm°boO _°ZoO_|Q> A°ÊS> bm`~«ar`Z{en,
Am`pñbH$ ~wbo{Q>Z 49 (2), 2004, 75-79.
(2) {H$Þo„ (E_.), _°ZoO_|Q> S>oìhbn_|Q> \$m°a BÝ\$m°_}eZ àmo\o$eZëg, A°pñb~ àmo{gqS>J,
48(9), 1956 209-214.
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 16
V§ÌkmZmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr H$mhr àíZ{MÝho
àXrn H${U©H$
V§ÌkmZmZo àJVr gmYbr Amho. {VÀ`m {dH$mgmMr JVr
_hm{dbjU Amho. AmOMo V§Ì CÚm {eio hmoV Amho. CÚm H$mhr
ZdoM OÝ_mbm `oV Amho. Aem J{Verb V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Amhmar
g_mO, Ë`mVrb _mUgo, g§ñWm OmV AmhoV. `mVyZ gm_mÝ` _mUyg
Xya \o$H$bm OmVmo H$m ? gmYZ hoM gmÜ` hmoD$ nmhVo Amho. `mVyZ
Zo_Ho$ H$m` hmoD$ eH$Vo ? H$emH$emda V§ÌkmZ n[aUm_ H$arV
Amho ? V§ÌkmZmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr hr H$mhr àíZ{MÝho !
V§ÌkmZmMr àJVr doJmZo hmoVo Amho Am{U Vo V§ÌkmZ J«§Wmb`mV `oD$Z J«§Wmb`mÀ`m
H$m`m©bmhr doJ Ambm Amho. AmOÀ`m `wJmV V§ÌkmZmbm H$moUrM {damoY H$aUma Zmhr, H$ê$
eH$Uma Zmhr. V§ÌkmZmMo \$m`Xo AZoH$dma _m§S>bo OmV AmhoV, nwT>ohr _m§S>bo OmUma AmhoV d
Vo {Z{d©dmXnUo J«§Wmb`mÀ`m àJVrbm Cn`wŠVM R>aV AmhoV. àíZ Amho Vmo hm H$s, V§ÌkmZmZo
Oo àíZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo AmhoV Ë`m~m~V AmnU H$m` ^y{_H$m KoUma AmhmoV, Ë`mgmR>r H$m` H$aUma
AmhmoV; hm _hÎdmMm Am{U AË`§V J§^ra Agm {df` Amho.
V§ÌkmZmMr Cn`wŠV ~mOy _mÝ` H$ê$Zhr Ë`mMr Xwgar ~mOy _mÌ AZoH$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zm,
_Zmo{dH$mgVÁkm§Zm Am{U ^mfmVÁkm§Zm J§^ranUo YmoH$mXm`H$ dmQ>Vo Amho. `m~amo~aM
J«§Wmb`joÌmVrb VÁkm§Zrhr `m Xwgè`m ~mOyMm J§^ranUo {dMma H$amdm Aer pñWVr {Z_m©U
Pmbr Amho d nwT>ohr hmoUma Amho.
embo` {dÚmÏ`mªZr _mo~mB©bÛmam Ho$bobo Aíbrb {MÌU, {dH¥$V _Zmo{dH¥$VrÀ`m
g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Zr JwánUo Ho$bobo pñÌ`m§Mo {MÌU, B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmam H$mhr {dH¥$V-Aíbrb gmB©Q>g²
nmhÊ`mgmR>r àojH$m§Zr Ho$bobr JXu ho àH$ma d `m AZwf§JmZo hmoUmao BVa àH$ma g_mOemñÌkm§Zm
A{Ve` J§^ra g_ñ`m {Z_m©U H$aUmao dmQ>V AmhoV. V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z H$aÊ`mV `oUmao
JwÝho {Xdg|{Xdg ~è`mM g§»`oZo CKS> hmoV Agë`mZo H$m`Xm ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZohr hr ~m~
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 17
qMVmOZH$ R>abr Amho. `m ~m~r gd©lwV AmhoV. "V§ÌkmZmMm Xwén`moJ' BVŠ`mM W§S>nUo
`mH$S>o nmhVm `oÊ`mgmaIo Zmhr.
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio g_mO EH$bH$m|S>m, AmË_na, AmË_H|$Ðr hmoV Mmbbm Amho d hr
g_ñ`m _mZgmonMma VÁkm§Zm J§^ra dmQ>Vo Amho. _mo~mB©bda g§dmX gmYUmè`m ì`ŠVtMo {ZarjU
Ho$bo Va H$m` {XgVo ! g§dmXH$m§Zm ñWi-H$mimMo ^mZ am{hbobo Zmhr. doS>çm ì`ŠVrgmaIo
hmVdmao H$aUmao Am{U Amnë`merM ~mobUmè`m _mUgmgma»`m AZoH$ ì`ŠVr dmQ>oV {XgyZ
`oVmV. Ë`m§Zm AdVr^dVrMo ^mZ ZgVo. _moR>çmZo ~mobUo, hgUo, amJmdUo, {MS>Uo, g§VmnUo,
Vmg Z² Vmg ~mobUo, g^modVmbr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm Ìmg hmoV Agob `mMm qH${MVhr {dMma
ho g§dmXH$ H$arV ZmhrV. aoëdoV CVaVmZm-MT>VmZm øm ì`ŠVr _mo~mB©bda ~moby nmhVmV.
Ë`mgmR>r AmOy~mOyÀ`m ì`ŠVtZm Ìmg XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo ho ì`dhma MmbVmV. _moQ>a, ñHy$Q>a MmbdVmZm
ho ~mobV amhVmV. EImXr A{VMoVZmXm`H$ dm {dXmaH$ ~mV_r EoH$br Va `m _§S>itMm Vmoby
gwQy>Z ^bVm àg§J CX²^dy eH$Vmo, nU `mMo ^mZ g§dmXH$m§Zm Zmhr. g§JUH$mda Vmg Z² Vmg
Jo_ IoiUmar VéU {nT>r {VWyZ H$er Xya H$amdr `mZohr nmbH$m§Zm ÌñV H$ê$Z gmoS>bo Amho.
H$m°b g|Q>dada H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMo Pmbobo `§ÌdV Am`wî` hm AmUIrZ Zdm {df` Amho.
nydu XyaÜdZr Xw_r©i hmoVo Voìhm {H$_mZ ì`ŠVtZm àdmgmV, Kam~mhoa, H$Moar~mhoa {H$_mZ
Ë`m àíZm§nmgyZ Xya amhmdo bmJo. AmO hmVmV \$moZì`dñWm Agë`mZo H$m_m§Zm JVr Ambr
Amho. g§nH©$ Ëd[aV hmoVmo Amho Varhr EH$ XrK© Aer "dH©$hmo{bH$' AdñWm àmá Pmbr Amho.
Ë`m_wio H$m_mMm VmU, Ìmg dmT>bm Amho. nydu `mM Jmoï>r H$MoarV Joë`mZ§Va nm{hë`m OmV
AgV. AmO _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r 24 Vmg ì`ŠVr OISy>Z am{hbobr Amho.
ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVtMm g§dmX VwQ>V Mmbbm Amho. _mUgo namË_ hmoV Mmbbr AmhoV.
EHo$H$mir H$mb© _mŠg© `mZo _mUyg {ZgJm©nmgyZ VwQ>ë`m_wio Vmo namË_ (E{bEZoQ>) Pmbm Amho
Agm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm hmoVm. AmO Ë`mÀ`mhr nwT>o OJ Jobo Amho. _mUyg _mUgmnmgyZ VwQ>bm
Amho. namË_ Pmbm Amho. _mo~mB©b hmVmV AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm \$moZ Ambm Zmhr Va Ë`m
ì`ŠVr AñdñW hmoVmV. _mo~mB©ber CJmM IoiUmao H$_r ZmhrV. BWbo {VWbo dmMbobo
OmoŠg SMS H$ê$Z nmR>dUo, [a¨J Q>moZ EoH$V amhUo dm ~XbV amhUo Aem AZoH$ {Zî\$i Jmoï>rV
_mo~mB©bYmaH$ ag KoVmZm {XgVmV Am{U `mMm AW© CKS>M Amho H$s Ë`m§Mm g§dmX VwQ>bm
Amho. \$moZ Z `oUmam H$mi H$gm Kmbdm`Mm hm àíZ nS>ë`m_wioM Ago CÚmoJ gwMy eH$VmV.
SMS, B©-_ob `m _mÜ`_m§Zr g_mOmMr ^mfme¡brM ~XbyZ Q>mH$br Amho. hr ^m{fH$
àJVr åhUm`Mr H$s AYmoJVr ? ^mfmVÁkm§Zm hm {df` J§^ra dmQ>Vmo Amho. nydu "Vmam'M \$ŠV
ÌmoQ>H$ eãXm§V Ho$ë`m OmV AgV. AmO haKS>r ^mfoMr _moS>VmoS>, ^mfoMr g§{já ê$no, eãX d
^mdZm§Zm CnbãY Ho$bobr R>moH$io~mO {MÝho dmnabr OmV AmhoV. `mVyZ ZdrZ ^m{fH$ g_ñ`m
Var V`ma hmoD$ eH$Vo qH$dm ^mfoMo ê$n Var ~XbyZ OmD$ eH$Vo.
gmVË`mZo g§JUH$mda ~gë`mZo hmoUmao emar[aH$ Xmofhr H$_r _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo ZmhrV.
_UŠ`m§Mm AmOma, _mZoMo {dH$ma, S>mi
o çm§Mo {dH$ma, BË`mXrÀ`m AZwfJ§ mZo {dMma H$aÊ`mV `oVmo
AmhoM. `m gd© g_ñ`m gdmªZm n[a{MV AemM AmhoV. `m g_ñ`m Ho$di gm_m{OH$ AmhoV d
J«§Wmb`o Ë`mnmgyZ Xya AmhoV Ago Zìho. J«§Wmb`o g_mOmMo KQ>H$ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zmhr `m
g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho; na§Vw `mÀ`m ì`{V[aŠVhr J«§Wmb`m§À`m åhUyZ H$mhr ñdV§Ì
g_ñ`m H$mbm§VamZo {Z_m©U hmoUma AmhoV, Ë`m§Mm AmVmM {dMma H$am`bm hdm.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 18
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 19
J«W
§ mb`m§Zm ^oS>gmdUmè`m g_ñ`m
ñdm{_Ëd h¸$m{df`r ~aoM ~mobbo OmVo. Ë`mda MMm©gÌm§VZy {Z~§Yhr gmXa Ho$bo OmVmV.
J«§Wmb`o Ë`m~m~V Xj AmhoV Ago åhUVm `oB©b Aer n[apñWVr Amho; na§Vw Ë`mhrnojm
N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm AZoH$ g_ñ`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$ `m.
(1) J«W
§ mb`o Am{U _mo~mB©b
J«§Wmb`mV em§VVm Agmdr hr dmMH$m§Mr Anojm AgVo; na§Vw AmO _mo~mB©bMo à_mU
BVHo$ dmT>bo Amho H$s Xa dmMH$mH$S>o _mo~mB©b AgVmo. Ë`m§Mo AmdmO hmoD$ Z`oV åhUyZ
J«§Wmb`mV _mo~mB©ëgZm ~§Xr KmVbr OmVo Am{U Vo `mo½`M Amho. _mÌ Ë`m_wio \$moZ `oÊ`mMo
à_mU H$_r Pmbo Amho H$m ? \$moZ AJXr ìhm`~«aoQ>ada R>odbm Agbm (d Ë`m_wio Vmo dmOV
Zgbm Varhr) Varhr \$moZ Amë`mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmoM. Aer OmUrd Pmë`mda Vr ì`ŠVr
~mhoa OmD$Z ~mobVo. ~mhoa OmÊ`mZo d naV `oÊ`mZo BVa dmMH$m§Mo bj {dM{bV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
ñdV:Mohr hmoVoM. ho à_mU gmVË`mZo Pmë`mZo Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr EH$mJ«Vm ^§J nmdVo. AmVm
H$ënZm H$am- J«§Wmb`mV AgUmè`m AZoH$ dmMH$m§Mo Ago gVV CR>Uo Ë`m§Zm d BVam§Zm {H$Vr
ÌmgXm`H$ R>aV Agob. \$moZda ~mobUmè`m ì`ŠVr J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ~mhoa OmVmV åhUOo Zo_Š`m
Hw$R>o OmVmV ? Va ìham§S>çmV OmD$Z ~mobVmV. {VWyZ AmdmO J«§Wmb`mV `oVM AgVmo.
EH$mJ«Vm ^§J nmdÊ`mMr hr n{hbr nm`ar R>aVo.
"Amåhr \$ŠV SMS ~KVmo AmhmoV, AmdmO H$arV Zmhr' Ago Vm§{ÌH$ CÎma XoUmao
dmMH$hr AgVmVM. J«W§ mb`mV ~gë`mda Amig XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo, Om§^B© XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo,
nm` ngê$Z ~gUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo \$moQ>mo KoD$Z N>idmX H$aUmao dmMH$hr gmnS>VmV. AmdS>Ë`m
ì`ŠVrMo \$moQ>mo KoUo hrgwÕm J«§Wmb`mV XmIb hmoUmè`m VH«$mat_Yrb EImX-Xwgar VH«$ma Agy
eH$Vo.
nwñVH$mVrb _OHw$amMm \$moQ>mo KoUo, {MÌm§Mm \$moQ>mo KoUo, JmUr EoH$Uo, ao{S>Amo EoH$Uo,
BË`mXr AZoH$ àH$ma J«§Wmb`mV KSy>Z `oVmV d J«§Wnmbm§Zm Ë`mda H$m` Cnm` H$mT>mdm Ago
hmoD$Z OmVo. _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mZo AbrH$S>oM _mo~mB©b dmnaÊ`mda _hm{dÚmb`mV H$m`ÚmZo ~§Xr
AmUbr Amho d Vgo n[anÌH$hr H$mT>bo Amho. Ago {Z`_~mø dV©Z H$aUmè`m§da bj R>odUo hm
EH$ ZdrZ CÚmoJ hmoD$Z ~gbm Amho.
Aä`mg H$aVmZm IamoIaM _mo~mB©b BVH$m Amdí`H$ Amho H$m ? Ë`mÀ`m{edm` MmbyM
eH$Uma Zmhr H$m ? `mMm {dMma Iao Va Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$am`Mm AgyZhr dmMH$m§Mr EH$mJ«Vm
^§J nmdy Z`o åhUyZ J«§Wmb`m§ZmM gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho.
(2) B§Q>aZoQ> Am{U J«W
§ mb`o
Aíbrb gmB©Q>g², ìhm`ag BË`mXt~m~V J«§Wmb`o {ZpíMV OmJê$H$ AmhoV. \$m`a
dm°b, A±Q>r ìhm`ag àmoJ«°_ dmnaUo, H$moUË`m gmB©Q>g² ~{KVë`m OmVmV Ë`mMo _m°ZoQ>[a¨J H$aUo,
Ë`m gmB©Q>g²M ~§X H$aUo, BË`mXr AZoH$ Cnm` J«§Wmb`m§Zr H$mT>bobo Agë`mZo ho à_mU AË`§V
Aën Amho; na§Vw J«§Wmb`mg_moa B§Q>aZoQ>~m~V doJiçmM g_ñ`m AmhoV.
kmZ Am{U _m{hVr `m§V \$aH$ H$ê$ Z eH$Umam dmMH$ {Xdgo§{Xdg dmT>Vmo Amho.
H$moUË`mhr gmB©Q>darb _m{hVr KoD$Z Ë`m _m{hVrbmM dmMH$ kmZ g_OVmo Amho. `mbm H$m`
Cnm` H$mT>mdm ? àË`oH$mH$S>o ñdV§ÌnUo bj Úm`bm hdo ho Va AmhoM; na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r J«W§ nmbmMr
Ë`m {df`mVbr VÁkVm _hÎdmMr R>ê$ eH$Vo; _mÌ Aer VÁkVm Aën à_mUmV {XgyZ `oVo.
B§Q>aZoQ>da {_iUmè`m _m{hVrV 70-80% H$Mam AgVmo Ago OmUH$ma gm§JVmV.
J«§Wmb`ohr "_oQ>mS>oQ>m'gma»`m ^maXñV eãXm§Mm CJmM `oVmOmVm dmna H$aVmV. A{YH¥$V,
{dídgZr` d AÚ`mdV gmB©Q>Mr _m{hVr XoUmar _m{hVrhr CnbãY AgVo. ho gd© Agbo Var
àË`oH$ dmMH$mZwgma `m~m~V bj H$go Úm`Mo hm àíZ Amho. nydu {~«Q>m{ZH$m H$mTy>Z {Xbm dm
Am°Šg\$S>,© ~odñQ>a {S>ŠeZar {Xbr H$s àíZ {_Q>m`Mm. H$maU Ë`m§Mr Vr {dídgZr`Vm dmXmVrV
hmoVr. AmO dmMH$ Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mM gmB©Q>g² CKS>Vrb `mMm ^amogm Zmhr. à{ejU Úm`Mo
åhQ>bo Var pñWVr Aer Amho H$s AmOMr _m{hVr CÚm {eir hmoVo Amho. Voìhm amoO {ejU XoUo
eŠ` Zmhr. {~«Q>m{ZH$mMr grS>r Amho d Vr B§Q>aZoQ>bm n`m©` Amho ho dmMH$m§Zm nQ>dm`bm hdo
Amho, nU Vo hmoVo Amho H$m ?
B§Q>aZoQ>da _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r Á`m g§km dm "H$s dS>©g²' dmnabo OmVmV Ë`m§Mr EH$
_moR>r g_ñ`m Amho. dmMH$mÀ`m _ZmV AgUmao eãX d Ë`mMo n`m©` Am{U ZoQ>darb "H$s
dS>©g²' AZoH$Xm OwiyZ `oV ZmhrV Am{U emoYmMr à{H«$`m {dZmH$maU bm§~Vo qH$dm H§$Q>midmUr
hmoV.o hr ì`mnH$ g_ñ`m Agbr Varhr J§W« mb`m§Zm Ë`mV bj Kmbm`bm bmJVo Am{U emoYmÀ`m
à{H«$`oV dmMH$ d J«§Wnmb H§$Q>miyZ OmVmo. gmVË`mZo dmnaë`m OmUmè`m gmB©Q>g²dahr hm
AZw^d `oVmo. J«§WnmbmZo ZwgVo B§Q>aZoQ> CnbãY H$ê$Z Úm`Mo H$s emoYmMo _mJ©Xe©H$ ìhm`Mo ?
hm àíZ Amho.
H$moU ? _J hm Omo A\$mQ> IM© Ho$bm OmV Amho Ë`mMo H$m` H$am`Mo ? Vmo nmÊ`mV Jobm
åhUm`Mo d Jßn ~gm`Mo H$m ? Ogo n|{Q>`_ 4À`m H$mimV OwZo g§JUH$ H$Mè`mV Jobo, Vgo !
grS>rO ~m~V darb g_ñ`m "H$mimMm _{h_m' `m ZmdmImbr Oar gmoSy>Z {Xë`m Var
EH$ _hÎdmMm àíZ AmO C^mM Amho. Vmo åhUOo grS>rOMo ì`dñWmnZ. ñdV§Ì grS>rO,
nwñVH$m§~amo~a `oUmè`m grS>rO, A§H$m§~amo~a `oUmè`m grS>rO, Aem {d{dY grS>rOMo dJuH$aU
Am{U aMZm H$er Agmdr ? Vm{bH$sH$aUmMo Ogo {Z`_ V`ma Pmbo AmhoV Vgo `mMo {Z`_
V`ma Pmbo ZmhrV. nwñVH$m§Mm H«$_m§H$ d grS>rOMm H«$_m§H$ gmaIm Agm`bm hdm. ñdV§Ì
grS>rOMm dJuH$aU H«$_m§H$ Hw$R>o, H$gm, H$moUVm {bhm`Mm. Ë`mMo ñWmZ Hw$R>o Agm`bm hdo. hr
ì`dñWmnH$s` Jmoï> g§»`m dmT>ë`mda J§^ra ê$n YmaU H$aUma Amho. `mMm AmÎmmM gdmªJrU
_mÝ` Agm VmoS>Jm {ZKm`bm hdm.
(4) B©-_ob Am{U J«W
§ mb`o
grS>rOMr hmVmiUr, Ë`m§Mo g§ajU ho OwO~r àíZ Pmbo. AmOMo V§ÌkmZ CÚm OwZo
hmoUma dm hmoVo `m ZmË`mZo âbm°nrO, _m`H«$mo{\$ë_g², _m`H«$mo{\$e AmO H$moUr dmnaVmZm {XgV
Zmhr. CÚm grS>rO~m~Vhr hrM AdñWm Pmë`mg H$m` H$am`Mo. nydu {dH$V KoVboë`m grS>rO
Q>mHy$Z Úm`À`m H$s Ë`mdarb S>oQ>m Z§Va `oUmè`m ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmV ê$nm§V[aV H$am`Mm hm àíZ
Amho. AË`§V _hmJ Ago S>oQ>m~ogog IaoXr Ho$bo OmV AmhoV, Ë`mÀ`m ê$nm§VamMm àíZ CÚm
{Z_m©U Pmbm Va H$m` H$am`Mo ? JmÊ`mÀ`m V~H$S>çm AmO H$moUr dmnaV ZmhrV, Ë`mÀ`m
grS>rO H$ê$Z {_iVmV. Vgo Cn`wŠV V§ÌkmZ {Z_m©U Pmbo Va R>rH$ Amho, Zmhr Va H$m` ? OwZo
g§JUH$ R>odmdo bmJVrb H$m` ? aoH$m°S>©ßboAa à_mUo ? R>odbo Var Vo ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmV dmnaUma
B©-_ob hm AmO {dMma nmohmoMdÊ`mMm EH$ AË`§V ObX Am{U bmoH${à` àH$ma Pmbm
Amho. SMS, \°$Šg, B©-_oëg `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmMH$m§Mm, boIH$m§Mm, g§emoYH$m§Mm nÌì`dhma
OmoaH$gnUo hmoVmo` d nwT>ohr hmoV amhUma Amho. b±Ho$ñQ>a `m§Zr nydu Paperless society hmoB©b
Ago ^{dî` dV©dbo hmoVo d Ver AdñWm Ambr Zmhr åhUyZ nwÝhm {Xb{Jar ì`ŠV Ho$br hmoVr.
AmO less paper Mr _mÌ AdñWm Z¸$sM Amho. Xwgar AdñWm Amho Vr less letterMr. `m
XmoÝhtMo à_mU {Xdg§o{Xdg dmT>V OmUma Amho. \°$Šgda `oUmè`m _OHw$amMr bJoM \$moQ>moH$m°nr
KoD$Z R>odbr Zmhr Va AZmdñWm àg§J `oVmo. H$mbm§VamZo \°$ŠgMr emB© CSy>Z OmVo, VÛdV
SMS, B©-_oëg darb nÌì`dhma H$mhr H$mimVM àmáH$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z "S>g{~Z'_Ü`o OmD$Z nS>Vmo.
nÌì`dhma ZmdmMr Jmoï>M AmO Zm_eof hmoV Mmbbr Amho.
J«§Wmb`m§Mm `m gdmªer H$m` g§~§Y ? Agm àíZ nSy> eH$Vmo. na§Vw ì`mnH$ X¥ï>rZo {dMma
Ho$bm Va gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVm nÌì`dhma
CÚmMo g§emoYH$ dmnaVrb ? CÚmMm "{dlãY emaXm' Aä`mgH$m§Zm Hw$Ry>Z {_iUma Amho ? EHo$
H$mir b. am. nm§JmaH$am§Zr _moamon§Vm§Mr nÌo {_idÊ`mgmR>r H$moU `mVm`mV Ho$br hmoVr. CÚmÀ`m
nm§JmaH$am§Zm Agm nÌì`dhma H$gm {_iy eH$Uma Amho ?
S>m`ar, X¡Z§{XZr hm AË`§V _hÎdmMm XñVEodO B{VhmgH$mam§Zm AmOn`ªV dmQ>V Ambm
Amho. "Ho$ê$ZmZm N>Ìo `m§Mr {Q>nUdhr' Aer EH$ nwpñVH$mM {à`moiH$am§Mr Amho. "S>m°`ar Am°\$
A°Z \«±$H$' ho OJà{gÕ nwñVH$ gdmªÀ`m n[aM`mMo AmhoM. AmO "ZmoQ> n°S>'À`m O_mÝ`mV
"S>m`ar' dmnaUmao H$_r-H$_r hmoV Mmbbo AmhoV.
JmoIbo `m§Mm nÌì`dhma, {Q>iH$m§Mm nÌì`dhma g§Jh« r AgUmar J«W§ mb`o d Ë`mMgmaIr
BVa J«§Wmb`o CÚm H$moUmÀ`m nÌì`dhmamMo CXmhaU XoD$ eH$Uma AmhoV. amOdmS>o `m§Zr àM§S>
nm`nrQ> H$ê$Z {_idbobm XñVEodO ~{KVbm H$s N>mVr XS>nVo. CÚmMo nwam{^boI ImVo H$go
Agob ? Ë`mV H$moUVr H$mJXnÌo AgVrb ? H$moUVm nÌì`dhma Agob ? H$moUË`m amoO{Zem
Ë`mV AgVrb ? OZgm_mÝ`m§Mm B{Vhmg B©-_ob, ZmoQ> n°S>, \°$Šg, SMS Zï> H$ê$Z Q>mH$Vmo`.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 20
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 21
(3) grS>rO Am{U J«W
§ mb`o
CÚmÀ`m B{VhmgmV OZgm_mÝ`m§Mo {MÌU C_Q>Uo H$R>rUM Amho.
J«W§ mb`o, g§emoYH$, boIH$, nwam{^boI ImVo, V§ÌkmZmMo VÁk `m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z CÚmÀ`m
nwgë`m OmUmè`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§À`m gmR>dUrgmR>r J§^ra {dMma H$am`bm ZH$mo H$m ?
(5) B©-OZ©ëg, B©-~wŠg Am{U J«W
§ mb`o
B©-OZ©ëgMo gJio \$m`Xo _mÝ` H$ê$Zhr Ë`m~m~V H$mhr àíZ ^{dî`mV {Z_m©U hmoUma
AmhoV. AmO {heo~ VnmgUr (Am°{S>Q>) gmR>r B©-OZ©ëg VmnXm`H$ R>aV AmhoV. dJ©Ur ~§X
Ho$ë`mZ§Va _mJrb A§H$m§Mm gmR>m CnbãY hmoB©b Ago gm§{JVbo OmV Agbo Var Oa H$m Vo Ho$bo
Jobo ZmhrV Va H$moQ>m©Mr nm`ar MT>Ê`m{edm` JË`§Va Zmhr. ho àíZ Oar gm_mÝ` åhQ>bo Var
H$mhr àíZ \$ma CJ« ê$n YmaU H$ê$ eH$VmV.
R>amdrH$ g^mgXm§gmR>rM {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr dJ©Ur Úmdr bmJUmar {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZmMr
{Z`VH$m{bHo$ AmhoV. VgoM _mJrb A§H$m§gmR>r "A°J«rJoQ>a'À`m _Ü`ñWmMr `§ÌUmhr {Z_m©U
hmoV Amho. H$mbm§VamZo kmZmMr H$dmS>o `m "A°J«rJoQ>a'À`m hmVmV OmD$ eH$VmV. _mJrb
H$mbI§S>mVrb boI n¡go {Xë`m{edm` {_iy eH$Uma ZmhrV. `mMm AW© Á`mÀ`m hmVr n¡gm
Ë`mbm kmZ Aer AdñWm `oUma Amho. R>amdrH$ g^mgXm§À`m dJ©UrVhr Am_ OZVm XyaM
R>odbr Jobr Amho. N>mnrb {Z`VH$m{bHo$ nydu J«§Wmb`mV R>odbobr AgV d Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ
Am_ OZVm H$ê$ eH$V Ago. AmO B©-OZ©ëg_wio H$mhr R>amdrH$ _`m©XVo M hm ì`dhma MmbUma
qH$dm lr_§VmMrM Vr _ŠVoXmar hmoUma.
qàqQ>JMo V§Ìhr Ë`mM nÕVrZo OmD$ nmhV Amho. J«W§ ({Z`VH$m{bHo$hr) N>mnyZ R>do Ê`mH$S>o
AmVm àH$meH$m§Mm H$b Zmhr. _mJUr Ambr H$s N>nmB© d ~m§YUr H$ê$Z J«§W nmR>dÊ`mMr `§ÌUm
Xya Zmhr. `mhr {R>H$mUr VgoM hmoUma Amho. N>mnrb J«§W H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m J«§Wmb`mV
gm_mÝ` Aä`mgH$mbm CnbãY hmoV Ago. CÚm _mÌ Vmo EH$ Va {dH$V ¿`m qH$dm J«§Wmb`mV
Ë`mMr Ë`m§À`mM dmMH$mZo _mJUr Ho$bobr Agob VaM, Vmo {VWo AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm. Zmhr Va
Zmhr.
g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ooìhm àM{bV hmoVr d hñV{b{IVm§Mo `wJ hmoVo Voìhm Á`mà_mUo Ogo
R>amdrH$ dJm©MrM _ŠVoXmar kmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V hmoVr VerM pñWVr B©-OZ©ëg, B©-~wŠgÀ`m
V§ÌkmZmZo AdVaUma Amho. noS> B§Q>aZoQ> gmB©Q>g² Ë`mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU AmhoM. gm_mÝ` OZVm
H$mhr {d{eï> kmZemIm§Zm nmaIr R>aUma Amho Am{U `mbm "ZmBbmO' Ago bo~b {MH$Q>dbo
OmUma Amho. V§ÌkmZ, {dkmZ, g§emoYZmXr kmZmMr gm_mÝ` OZVobm JaOM H$m` ? Ago
{dMmam`bm hr _§S>ir H$_r H$aUma ZmhrV. 80% B§Q>aZoQ> H$Mam Amho H$s gm_mÝ` OZVobm
CnbãY {dZmgm`mg. Ogm VwH$mam_mbm doXmMm A{YH$maM ZìhVm, VemVbmM hm àH$ma hmoD$
nmhVmo Amho Am{U AmnU `m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m {dH$mgmnwT>o eaUmJV Pmë`mgmaIo {^aH$mdbo OmV
AmhmoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 22
V§ÌkmZmMr àJVr PnmQ>çmZo hmoV Amho. {Vbm H$moUrM amoIy eH$Uma Zmhr, Am{U amoIyZ
Cn`moJhr Zmhr; na§Vw V§ÌkmZ ho gmYZ Amho `mMo ^mZM AmnU J«§Wmb`H$Ë`mªZr gmoS>bo Amho.
gmYZ hoM gmÜ` Pmbo Amho. `mMm eodQ> hm {ZpíMVnUo _ŠVoXmarH$S>o OmUma Amho `mV e§H$m
Zmhr.
J«§Wmb`m§Zr `m gdmªMm {dMma H$am`bm hdm. eodQ>r _mJUr Amho åhUyZ B©-OZ©ëg, B©~wŠg AmhoV. _mJUr Zgob Va H$moU H$embm \§$XmV nS>ob ? J§«Wmb`m§Zr g_mO{^_wI Agmdo
`m \$ŠV ~mobm`À`m Jmoï>r. àË`jmV _mÌ J«§Wmb`m§Mr dmQ>Mmb _ŠVoXmarH$S>oM Mmby Amho.
BWbm gm_mÝ` _mUyg, gm_mÝ` dmMH$ H|$ÐñWmZr nydu hmoVm. AmVm Vmo {H$VrVar Xya \o$H$bm
OmV Amho. CÎmamoÎma \o$H$bm OmUma Amho.
V§ÌkmZmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr hr àíZ{MÝho, ho àíZ AmhoV Aer {MÝho dmQ>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm
Zmhr. V§ÌkmZmbm {damoY åhUOo àJVrbm {damoY. V§ÌkmZm~Ôb ~« H$mT>Uo åhUOo AàJV
AdñWoMm nwañH$Vm© Aer EHy$U AdñWm Amho. V§ÌkmZ Z¸$sM hdo Amho, nU gm_mÝ` dmMH$
Xya R>odyZ Vo KoÊ`mV H$m` herb Amho ?
`mda H$mhr VmoS>Jm Amho H$s Zmhr ? gd©M ~m~VrV VmoS>Jm {XgV Zgbm Var EH$XmoZ
~m~tda _mÌ Cnm` H$mT>Vm `oUo eŠ` Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mirhr nÌì`dhma \$mSy>Z Q>mH$Umam,
AOmJinUo, Aì`dpñWVnUo R>odUmam dJ© hmoVmM. na§Vw Á`m§Zm Ë`mVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ _yë`m§Mr
OmU hmoVr Vo Vmo gmam XñVEodO OVZ H$ê$Z R>do rV AgV. Ë`mà_mUo B©-_oëg, \°$Šg, BË`mXtdarb
_OHy$a _hÎdnyU© dmQ>ë`mg Vmo OVZ H$aVm `oUo V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _XVrZoM ghO eŠ` Amho d Vmo
Vgm H$am`bm hdm. V§ÌkmZmMm {dMma H$ê$Z Am{U Ë`mÀ`m dmnamMr AmgŠVr bjmV KoD$Z,
Ë`mZwgma nwam{^boI {d^mJmMr Zì`mZo AmIUr H$am`bm hdr. Vem V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS> Úm`bm
hdr. Aem àH$maMo V§ÌkmZ OÝ_mbm Ambo Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>gmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oUma gìh©a gd©lwV
Amho. S>oQ>m Iam~ hmoD$Z Zm_eof hmoD$ Z`o Am{U àM§S> _m{hVrMo gmR>o ñdV§ÌnUo gwa{jV
amhmdoV `mgmR>r EMC2 `m H§$nZrZo RAID ZmdmMo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mMmhr
Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo eŠ` Amho.
gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mo ñdê$nhr `m ~XbË`m H$mimV ~Xbm`bm hdo. B©-OZ©ëg, B©~wŠg, noS> B§Q>aZoQ> gmB©Q>g² Aem Zì`m ñdê$nmÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mV gd©gm_mÝ` VgoM
H$moUË`mhr dmMH$mbm CnbãY H$ê$Z Úm`bm hì`mV. Ë`m§Mr Oa gmo` hmoD$ eH$br Va hm àíZ
Ygmg bmJob.
~mH$s BVa AZoH$M àíZ gm_m{OH$emñÌmVbo AmhoV. H$mhr J«§Wmb`rZ ì`dñWmnH$s`
ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm {dMma EH$m§JrnUo H$aVm `oUo eŠ` Zmhr. gdmªÀ`mM {OìhmiçmMm Vmo
{df` Ooìhm hmoB©b VoìhmM Ë`mda Cnm` {ZKob.
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 23
gr. S>r. V§ÌkmZ Am{U àH$ma
n[aVmof ndma
J«W§ mb`mV AmO AJXr ghOJË`m gr. S>r.Mm dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo. g§JUH$mdaMm S>oQ>m H$moUË`mhr Vm§{ÌH$ H$maUmZo Iam~
Pmë`mg S>oQ>m AÝ`Ì Agmdm åhUyZ Vmo gr. S>r. da R>odbm OmVmo.
nwñVH$mÀ`m EodOr Ë`mMr gr.S>r. Amho H$m `mMr Mm¡H$er dmMH$
àW_ H$aVmV. CÎm_ g§J«mø gr. S>r. Amnë`m g§J«hr Agmdr åhUyZ
{VMr "H$m°nr'hr Ho$br OmVo. nwñVH$mgmo~V d {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m
gmo~V gr. S>r. h„r gam©g AgVo. Aem gr. S>r. ì`má `wJmV gr.
S>r.Mo àH$ma, Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ, Ë`m§Mo V§Ì _mhrV AgUo J«§Wnmbm§Zm
Amdí`H$ Pmbo Amho. gr. S>r.À`m OJVmMr _m{hVrnyU© AmoiI
gXa boImV H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho.
àñVmdZm
AmOÀ`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio ~è`mMem J«§Wmb`m§Vrb, {deofV: e¡j{UH$,
A{^`m§{ÌH$s d g§emoYZ J«§Wmb`m§Vrb _m{hVrgodm XoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVt_Ü`o Am_ybmJ« ~Xb hmoV
AmhoV. g§JUH$, H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$, _pëQ>_r{S>`m `m§gma»`m V§ÌkmZm_wio J«§Wmb`mVrb
_m{hVrgodm§_Ü`o d Ë`m§À`m nÕVt_Ü`o H«$m§VrM KSy>Z Ambr Amho. {~«Q>Z Am{U A_o[aHo$gma»`m
àJV Xoem§Vrb J«W§ mb`m§Zr _m{hVrMm àgma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm VgoM BVa J«W§ mb`rZ godm XoÊ`mH$[aVm
`mAmYrM ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Amho. H$mhr dfmªnydu H$ënZm Z H$aVm `oÊ`mgma»`m
godm XoUo AmVm Ë`m§Zm eŠ` Pmbo Amho. ^maVmVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm, g§JUH$,
H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ d BVa BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ CnH$aUm§Mm dmna AmVm Hw$R>o gwê$ hmoV Amho Am{U hr
J«§Wmb`o gÜ`m EH$m g§H«$_UmdñWoVyZ OmV AmhoV.1
Vm{bHo$à_mUoM AmVm ghH$mar J«§Wmb`m§Mo `w{Z`Z H°$Q>bm°Jhr Aem Omiçm§da CnbãY Pmbo
AmhoV. AZoH$ J«§Wmb`o Ë`m§À`m N>nmrb kmZg§J«hmMo {S>{OQ>b ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z ZoQ>dH©$da CnbãY
H$arV AmhoV. "[agmog© eoA[a¨J'À`m ~m~VrV hm EH$ Cƒ nmVirMm Q>ßnm åhUVm `oB©b.
àH$meH$ Amnbo J«§W d BVa gm{hË` AmVm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mV n[ad{V©V H$arV AmhoV. Z§Va
hr gd© _m{hVr g§JUH$mÛmao emoY KoVm `oUmè`m `mÚm d nyU© Q>oŠñQ> g§J«hmÀ`m ñdê$nmV gr.S>r.da ñWmZm§V[aV Ho$br OmV Amho. e¡j{UH$ d _m{hVr g§Jh« mÀ`m ñdê$nmV AmVm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m
gr. S>r. CnbãY AmhoV, Á`m_Ü`o _pëQ>_r{S>`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho; Á`m_Ü`o
pìh{S>Amo, J«m{\$Šg Am{U A°{Z_oeZMm `mo½` _oi AmT>iVmo. J«§Wmb`mV àË`j `oUmè`m
dmMH$mbm gr. S>r. da CnbãY Agboë`m A\$mQ> _m{hVrg§J«hm§_YyZ hdr Vr _m{hVr ghO
emoYVm `oVo. gr. S>r. am°_Zm AmVm ZoQ>dŠg©Ûmao OmoS>Ê`mV Amë`m_wio Cn`moOH$m§Mr _moR>r
gmo`M Pmbr Amho.
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$, {S>{OQ>b gm{hË`mMm àgma A{Ve` doJmZo hmoV Amho. `mMm A§XmO
¿`md`mMm Agë`mg OmJ{VH$ nmVirda CnbãY Agboë`m gr. S>r. am°_ erf©H$m§Mo {díbofU
nmhmdo. (VŠVm 1.) Xr "gr. S>r. - am°_ {S>aoŠQ>ar' À`m Mm¡Xmì`m Amd¥ÎmrZwgma OJm_Ü`o
gd©gmYmaUnUo 10,000 _moR>o _m{hVrg§J«h d BVa _m{hVr gr. S>r.da CnbãY Amho.
VŠVm H«$. 1 : OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb CnbãY gr. S>r. am°_ erf©H$m§Mo {díbofU3
H«$.
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g§JUH$ Am{U XiUdiU V§ÌkmZmÀ`m KgaË`m {H$_Vr Am{U àJVr_wio hiyhiy
dmT>Umè`m Jw§VmJw§VrZo Amnë`m OJmbm EH$m OmJ{VH$ IoS>çmMo AWm©V "½bmo~b pìhboO'Mo
ñdê$n àmá Pmbo Amho. Ka Am{U H$m`m©b`m§à_mUoM AmVm OJ^amVrb J«§Wmb`ohr XyaÜdZr d
CnJ«hm§À`m Omiçm§Ûmao (ZoQ>dH©$) nañnam§er OmoS>br OmD$ bmJbr AmhoV.2 EHo$H$ J«W§ mb`mÀ`m
darbn¡H$s H$mhr gr. S>r. erf©Ho$ EH$mnojm A{YH$ {df` hmVmiUmao Agy eH$VmV.
EHy$U gr. S>r. erf©H$m§n¡H$s 2,672 hr _pëQ>_r{S>`m erf©Ho$ AmhoV.
"_pëQ>_r{S>`m A°§S> gr.S>r. am°_ {S>aoŠQ>ar 1998' `m EH$mo{Ugmì`m Amd¥ÎmrZwgma gr.
S>r. am°_ erf©H$m§Mr g§»`m 28,000 da nmohmoMbr. `mV 800 S>r. ìhr. S>r. erf©H$m§Mmhr
g_mdoe Amho.4 "Ý`w_r{S>`m Q>m`Q>ëg / Ý`w_r{S>`m H$ånZrO' 1999 `m EH${dgmì`m Amd¥ÎmrZwgma
({S>aoŠQ>arMo erf©H$ ~XbÊ`mV Ambo Amho) gr. S>r. am°_ erf©H$m§Mr g§»`m 34,000 da
nmohmoMbr AgyZ Ë`mV 2,400 S>r. ìhr. S>r. erf©Ho$ AmhoV.5 `mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, gr. S>r.
darb CnbãY gm{hË` ì`mnH$ AgyZ nma§n[aH$ N>mnrb gm{hË`mÀ`m AZoH$ I§S>m§Mr OmJm
AmVm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ XñVEodOm§Zr KoVbr Amho. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _m{hVrg§J«hmVyZ _m{hVrMm emoY
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 24
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 25
H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$
A{Ve` doJmZo d {VVŠ`mM ghOVoZo hmoD$ eH$Vmo. `m JwUm§Mr Iar nmaI Agm emoY KoD$ZM
H$aVm `oVo.
J{Verb _m{hVr àgmamgmR>r AmVm ^maVm_Ü`o nmdbo CMbÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbr AmhoV.
^maVmVrb AZoH$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm d g§emoYZ J«§Wmb`m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z Am{W©H$ nmR>~i {_iVo
Amho. "{S>aoŠQ>ar Am°\$ gm`§{Q>{\$H$ A±S> Q>opŠZH$b bm`~«arO BZ B§{S>`m' _Ü`o Aem àH$maÀ`m
1154 J«§Wmb`m§Mr Zm|X Amho.6
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ho V§ÌkmZ d Xyag§MmamMo `wJ Amho. `m `wJmZo nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`rZ ñdê$n
nmbQy>Z Q>mH$bo Amho. Amnbo H$V©ì` nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Zr AZoH$ AmYw{ZH$ V§Ìm§Mm
g_mdoe H$ê$Z Cn`moOH$m§Zm ZdZdrZ godm XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Amho. J«§Wmb`godm§À`m `m
àJVrZo `m godm§Mo "_m{hVrgodm' ho nd© gwê$ Pmbo Amho.7
AmOÀ`m J«W§ mb`mMo "_°Ý`wAb' Vo "BboŠQ´>m{° ZH$' Ago pñWË`§Va Pmbo Amho. J«W§ mb`m§da
g§JUH$m§Mm à^md {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho. AZoH$ J«W§ mb`m§_Ü`o nÌVm{bHo$Mr OmJm Am°ZbmB©Z
Vm{bHo$Zo KoVbr Amho. AemM g§nUy © Am°ZbmB©Z {gñQ>r__wio J«W§ monmO©Z, Vm{bH$sH$aU, XodKod,
BË`mXr gd© H$m_o gmonr d gwQ>gwQ>rV Pmbr AmhoV. H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ V§ÌkmZ N>mnrb gyMtZm
daMT> Pmbo AgyZ Am°ZbmB©Z emoYà{H«$`m dmT>rg bmJbr Amho. nyU© Q>oŠñQ>_Ü`o CnbãY
Agboë`m BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _m{hVr g§M`m§Zr g§emoYH$ d Aä`mgH$m§À`m J«§Wmb` OJVmV H«$m§Vr
KS>dyZ AmUbr Amho.
AmnU gd©M OU `m V§ÌkmZmbm ñdV:nmgyZ Am{U J«§Wmb`mnmgyZ \$ma H$mi Xya R>ody
eH$Uma Zmhr. AmnU J«§Wmb`m§Zm _m{hVr`wJmnmgyZ Xya R>odyM eH$V Zmhr.8 åhUZyM gd©
J«W§ mb`o d _m{hVr ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm, {ejUVÁkm§Zm, ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm, àemgH$m§Zm, g§emoYH$m§Zm
`m ~Xbm§Zm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì AmUyZ V`ma Ho$bo nm{hOo, OoUoH$ê$Z gd©M Cn`moOH$m§Mm
\$m`Xm hmoBb
© .
_m{hVrgodm§À`m darb CnH«$_m§À`m Ñï>rZo "H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$' EH$ daXmZM R>abo Amho.
`mMo H$maU {VMr ^anya _m{hVr YmaU H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, VwbZoZo H$_r Agbobr qH$_V,
dmnamÀ`m Ñï>rZo gwb^Vm d gmo`rñH$aVm. AZoH$ _moR>o _m{hVrg§J«h, {dídH$moe, kmZH$moe,
BË`mXr AmVm gr. S>r. da CnbãY Pmbo AmhoV.
"gr. S>r.' qH$dm "H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$' ho eãX Oar gd©gmYmaUnUo H$mZmda `oD$ bmJbo
Agbo Var Ë`m§Mr _yb^yV _m{hVr åhUmdr Ver Cn`moOH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMbobr Zmhr. gr. S>r. ho
EH$ ZdrZ _m{hVr g§H$bZ Am{U g§àofU gmYZ Amho. `m gmYZmMo J§«Wmb`m§_Ü`o, {deof
H$ê$Z _m{hVrgodm§_Ü`o Agbobo _hÎd Jm§^r`m©Zo ¿`md`mg hdo. `m Cn`wŠV gmYZmMr _m{hVr
H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$mZo `m {df`mMr {ZdS> Ho$bobr Amho. àñVwV boI gr. S>r. dmnaUmè`m
d dmnê$ BpÀN>Umè`m J«§Wnmbm§Zm, J«§Wmb`m§Zm VgoM Cn`moOH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>amdm.
qH$dm _m{hVr _w{ÐV H$aUo Am{U nwÝhm dmOdUo, nmhUo, dmMUo `mgmR>r Agbobr JmobmH$ma
MH$Vr' Aer Amho.9
Ho$på~«O nona~°H$ EZgm`Šbmonr{S>`mà_mUo "H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ hr EH$ 120 {__r. (4.7
B§M) ì`mgmMr ßb°pñQ>H$Mr V~H$S>r AgyZ Ë`mda EH$mM ~mOyg gmYmaUnUo EH$ VmgmMm
{S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmVrb ÜdZr _w{ÐV H$aVm `oVmo.10
EH$m H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$Mm åhUOoM gr. S>r. Mm ì`mg 4.7 B§M (120 {__r.) Am{U
OmS>r 0.05 B§M (1.2 {__r.) AgVo. gr. S>r. Mr ~m§YUr qH$dm aMZm VrZ _w»` Wam§Mr
AgVo. EH$ Wa gm\$ nm°{bH$m~m©Zo Qo > ßb°pñQ>H$Mm, EH$ Wa àH$me namd{V©V H$aUmè`m MH$MH$sV
YmVyMm Am{U S>oQ>m bo`aMm d {Vgam Wa àH$me {H$aUm§Zm AS>Wim Z hmoUmè`m gm\$ Am{U
g§ajU H$dM hmoUmè`m A°{H«${bH$ ßb°pñQ>H$Mm. `mì`{V[aŠV EH$ bo~b bo`ahr AgVmo.
(AmH¥$Vr 1) _Yë`m YmVyÀ`m Wamda _m{hVr, ÜdZr, Ñí`o, BË`mXr g§Ho$V ñdê$nmV {b{hbo
OmVmV. ho g§Ho$V åhUOo boPa {H$aUm§Ûmao nmS>bobo Imob CWi IÈ>o AWdm IiJo. `m§Zm
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 1 : gr. S>r. darb _m{hVrÀ`m Wamgh BVa Wam§Mr aMZm 11
"{nQ²>g' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. XmoZ {nQ>g²À`m _Ü`o Omo gnmQ>, nR>mamgmaIm ^mJ AgVmo, Ë`mbm
"b±S>' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. `m {nQ>²g Am{U b±S²>gMr aMZm {S>ñH$À`m _Yë`m ^moH$mnmgyZ
~mhoaÀ`m ~mOyÀ`m {XeoZo OmUmè`m _igyÌmH$ma (ñnm`ab) _mJm©da (Q´>°H$da) AgVo. (A{YH$
_m{hVrgmR>r AmH¥$Vr 2 nmhm.)
H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ åhUOo H$m` ?
Am°Šg\$S>© {S>ŠeZarV H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$Mr Zm|X "boPa {H$aUm§Zr H$m`m©pÝdV hmoD$Z ÜdZr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 26
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2 : gr. S>r. darb _m{hVr _w{ÐV H$aÊ`mMo joÌ d {Xem12
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 27
gr. S>r. da _m{hVrMo _wÐU boPa {H$aUm§Ûmao Ho$bo OmVo. EH$ {nQ> (IÈ>m) åhUOo
~m`Zar H$moS> _Yrb "0' Am{U b±S> åhUOo "1' Agm AW© hmoVmo. `mà_mUo A°Zbm°J ^mfoVyZ
gr. S>r. da _m{hVr {S>{OQ>b ^mfoV {b{hbr OmVo. gr. S>r. darb _m{hVr dmMÊ`mH$[aVm
boPa {H$aUm§MmM dmna hmoVmo. MH$MH$sV ^mJm§da boPa {H$aU nmS>ë`mda Vo àH$mehrZ qH$dm
àH$me_` ñdê$nmV åhUOoM AZwH«$_o {nQ²>g Am{U b±S>g_YyZ Aem àH$mao namd{V©V hmoVmV.
`mMÛmao gr. S>r. darb _m{hVr àH$mer` g§Ho$Vm§_YyZ {S>{OQ>b g§Ho$Vm§_Ü`o ê$nm§V[aV hmoVo d
hr _m{hVr Amnë`m g§JUH$mÀ`m _m°{ZQ>ada nmhm`bm {_iVo. (AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3)
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 : gr. S>r. darb _m{hVrMo boPa {H$aUm§Ûmao dmMZ 13
_m{hVr {b{hÊ`m-dmMÊ`mH$[aVm boPa {H$aUm§Mm dmna hmoV Agë`m_wio H$m°ån°ŠQ>
{S>ñH$Zm "boPa {S>ñH$' qH$dm "Am°pßQ>H$b {S>ñH$' åhUyZhr g§~moYbo OmVo. _m{hVr {b{hbr
qH$dm dmMbr OmV AgVmZm Hw$R>ohr gr. S>r. Mm Am{U `§ÌmMm ñne© hmoV Zmhr d Ë`m_wio Kf©U
hmoD$Z gr. S>r. Iam~ hmoÊ`mMm àíZM CX²^dV Zmhr d gr. S>r. XrK© H$mi {Q>H$Vo d {VMr
d`mo_`m©Xm dmT>Vo d _wÐU Cƒ àVrMo hmoVo.
Oa H$mhr H$maUmñVd gr. S>r. À`m Wam§da AmoaIS>o CR>bo qH$dm Wa IadS>bo Jobo Va
_m{hVr ZrQ> dmMbr OmUma Zmhr. gr. S>r. bm Á`m XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV åhUOoM bo~bMr ~mOy
Am{U _m{hVr dmMÊ`mMr ~mOy (ßbo gmB©S>) `mn¡H$s Oa ßbo gmB©S>da AmoaIS>o AgVrb Va
_m{hVr Wamn`ªV (S>oQ>m bo`an`ªV) boPa {H$aU ZrQ> nmohmoMy eH$V ZmhrV d _m{hVr ì`dpñWV
dmMbr OmV Zmhr. BWo àË`j S>oQ>mbo`abm BOm nmohmoMbobr ZgVmZmXoIrb gr. S>r.Mo ZwH$gmZ
hmoVo.14 (AmH¥$Vr H«$. 14)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 28
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 : gr. S>r. À`m "ßbo' gmB©S>darb AmoaIS>çm§_i
w o _m{hVrÀ`m
dmMZmV `oUmam AS>Wim.15
"bo~b gmB©S>da Oa AmoaIS>o nS>bo Va ZwH$gmZ H$_r hmoVo, nU hr BOm Oa
g§ajUH$dMmbm ^oXyZ S>oQ>m bo`an`ªV nmohmoMbr Va _mÌ _w{ÐV _m{hVrMm H$m`_Mm Zme hmoVmo
d gr. S>r. Iam~ hmoVo.'16 (AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5 nhm) `mgmR>rM gd©M gr. S>r. Mo ì`dpñWV
g§ajU Am{U g§dY©Z H$amdo bmJVo. gr. S>r. Ë`m§À`m ~m°Šg qH$dm Ho$g_Ü`o YwirnmgyZ Xya
R>odë`mg Vo eŠ` hmoVo. gr. S>r. da dOZ nS>bo, Ë`m dmH$ë`m, {^Oë`m Varhr Ë`m {ZH$m_r
hmoD$ eH$VmV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr H$miOr d {ZJm amImdr bmJVo. gr. S>r. Mo \$m`Xo {_idm`Mo
Pmë`mg EdT>r H$miOr KoUo ^mJ AgVo.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5 : gr. S>r.À`m "bo~b' gmB©S>darb AmoaIS>çm§_i
w o _m{hVrÀ`m
17
dmMZmV `oUmam AS>Wim.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 29
H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ g§JUH$mMr BZnwQ>, AmD$Q>nQw > CnH$aUo åhUyZhr dmnamV `oVmV. H$m°ån°ŠQ>
{S>ñH$-arS> AmoÝbr _o_ar, AWm©V gr. S>r. am°_da 4800 Xebj {~Q>²g qH$dm 600 Xebj
Ajao gmR>dyZ R>odVm `oVmV. åhUOoM "gd©gmYmaUnUo EH$m gr.S>r. am°_da 3,00,000
QoŠñQ>Mr nmZo _mdy eH$VmV.18 "E-4 AmH$mamÀ`m H$mJXmMr gw_mao 2,50,000 Vo 2,75,000
nmZo BVH$s _m{hVr EH$m gr. S>r. am°_da gmR>dVm `oVo.19
EH$m gr. S>r. darb _m{hVr gmR>dÊ`mMr j_Vm 650 E_~r BVH$s AgVo. EH$m gr.
S>r. darb _m{hVr gmYmaUnUo 1.44 E_~rÀ`m 400 âbm°ntda _mdob. åhUOoM gmS>oVrZ
B§MmÀ`m âbm°nrnojm 400 nQ> A{YH$ _m{hVr EH$m gr. S>r. da _mdVo.
"gd© gr. S>r. - am°åg EH$m {d{eï> AmH$ma d \$m°a_°Q>_Ü`o `oV Agë`mZo H$moUVrhr gr.
S>r. am°_ H$moUË`mhr gr. S>r. - am°_ ßboAada dmnaVm `oVo.'21 gr. S>r. - am°_ ßboAada
Am°{S>Amo gr. S>r. XoIrb dmnaVm `oVmV. A{Ve` _moR>o _m{hVrg§J«h, ÑH$lmì` _m{hVr,
J«m{\$Šg, BË`mXr gmR>dÊ`mH$[aVm gr. S>r. - am°_ AË`§V gmo`rÀ`m R>aVmV.
(2) gr. S>r. - am°_ / EŠg E (CD - ROM / XA)
●
Q>oŠñQ> : 600-650 Xebj Ajao
●
pìhS>rAmo ({MÌ_wÐU) : 74 {_{ZQ>m§n`ªVMm {MÌnQ> qH$dm Mb{MÌ
●
Am°{S>Amo (Üd{Z_wÐU) : 18 Vmgm§n`ªV Mmbob BVHo$ g§JrV
●
J«m{\$Šg : hOmamo AmboI, {MÌo, Ñí` ñdê$nmVrb pñWa{MÌo (ñQ>°{Q>H$
pìhÁ`wAëg)
"gr. S>r. - am°_ / EŠg E ho gr. S>r. - am°_ / EŠgQ>|S>oS> Am{H©$Q>oŠMaMo g§{já ñdê$n
hmo`. hm àH$ma gmoZr, {\${bßg Am{U _m`H«$mogm°âQ> `m§Zr {_iyZ {dH${gV Ho$bm AgyZ Ë`mda
{d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr (S>oQ>m), CXmhaUmW©, ÑH$-lmì`, g§H$moMZ Ho$bobr Ñí` ñdê$nmVrb
_m{hVr (H§$àoñS> pìhS>rAmo), J«m{\$Šg, BË`mXr ghOnUo gmR>dVm `oVo.'22
gd©M gr. S>r. - am°_ S´>mB©ìhda gr. S>r. - am°_ / EŠg E dmnaVm `oV ZmhrV. gr. S>r.
- am°_ / EŠg E `m àH$mambm gr. S>r. - am°_ Am{U gr. S>r. - Am` (B§Q>aA°pŠQ>ìh)
`m§À`mVrb "goVy' ({~«O \$m°a_°Q>) åhUVmV; H$maU hr V~H$S>r gr. S>r. - Am`À`m
S´>mB©ìhdaXoIrb MmbVo Am{U g§JUH$mdahr MmbVo. gr. S>r. - am°_ Am{U gr. S>r. - am°_ /
EŠg E `m§À`mV _hÎdmMm \$aH$ AgVmo Vmo S>oQ>m goŠQ>g©_Ü`o am°__Ü`o _moS> - 1 S>oQ>m goŠQ>g©
AgVmV Va EŠg E _Ü`o _moS> - 2 S>oQ>m goŠQ>g© AgVmV.
●
A°{Z_oeZ : hmbMmb AgUmar J«m{\$Šg
(3) d_© (WORM) {S>ñH$ ("amB©Q> dÝg, arS> _oZr' {S>ñH$)
●
gm°âQ>doAa : `m_Ü`o AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Amkmdbr, S>oQ>m~ogMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.20
EdT>çm _moR>çm à_mUmV _m{hVr gmR>dÊ`mMr j_Vm Agbobo _mÜ`_ J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o
dmnaÊ`mV Ambo ZgVo Va AmíM`©M hmoV.o _m{hVr gmR>dÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ g§JUH$ V§Ìkm§H$Sy>Z
J«§Wmb`m§Zm {_imbobo ho EH$ daXmZM Amho.
hm àH$ma gr. S>r. - am°_gmaImM AgyZ, `m V~H$S>çm§dahr _m{hVr EH$XmM {b{hVm
`oVo. CËnmXH$mZo EH$Xm {b{hbobr / _w{ÐV Ho$bobr _m{hVr nwgVm `oV Zmhr d Ë`mda nwÝhm
_m{hVr {b{hVm `oV Zmhr. åhUOoM Ë`mdarb _m{hVrV H$mhrhr ~Xb H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`m
\$ŠV dmMVmM `oVmV.
gr. S>r. Mo àH$ma
(4) gr. S>r. - Ama (CD - R : H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ - aoH$m°S>©o~b) {S>ñH$
gr. S>r. darb _m{hVr gmR>dÊ`mÀ`m j_VoMm AmT>mdm nwT>rbà_mUo -
`m gr. S>r. da EH$Xm {b{hbobr qH$dm _w{ÐV Ho$bobr _m{hVr nwgVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm
gr. S>r. - am°_ åhUOoM "H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ - arS> AmoÝbr _o_ar' Ago åhUVmV. H$maU Ë`m§À`m
ZmdmZwgma Ë`m \$ŠV dmMVmM `oVmV. EH$m _mñQ>a gr. S>r. dê$Z hOmam|À`m g§»`oZo Aem gr.
S>r.O V`ma H$aÊ`mV `oVmV.
`m àH$maÀ`m gr. S>r. da _m{hVr EH$XmM {b{hVm `oVo. ~mOmamV `m gr. S>r. H$moè`m
ñdê$nmV CnbãY AgVmV. gr. S>r. - Amada _m{hVr _w{ÐV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm EH$m Img gr. S>r.
- aoH$m°S>©o~b S´>mB©ìhMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m S´>mB©ìhZm gr. S>r. am`Q>a (WRITER) Agohr
åhUVmV. `m S´>mB©ìhÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo gr. S>r. - Amada _m{hVr _w{ÐV H$aVm `oVo. `m _wÐUmÀ`m
à{H«$`obm gr. S>r. ~Z© (BURN) H$aUo qH$dm amB©Q> (WRITE) H$aUo Ago åhUVmV. gr. S>r.
- Ama darb EH$Xm _w{ÐV Ho$bobr _m{hVr nwgVm `oV Zmhr d Ë`mda nwZ_w©ÐUhr eŠ` hmoV
Zmhr. gr. S>r. - AmaMm dmna gr. S>r. - am°_ Am{U Am°{S>Amo gr. S>r.À`m "_mñQ>a' àVr
~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
H$mhr gr. S>r. - Ama S´>mB©ìhOÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo gr. S>r. - Ama _Ü`o EH$Xm ^aboë`m
_m{hVrV A{YH$ _m{hVr ^aVm AWdm dmT>dVm `oVo. Aem gr. S>r. - Ama. V~H$S>çm§Mm
Am{U gr. S>r. - Ama S´>mB©ìhOMm _moR>çm _m{hVrgmR>çm§Mo "~°H$An' KoÊ`mg Iyn _XV hmoVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 30
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 31
H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ {d{dY àH$mam§V CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm dmna, CÔoe, Cn`moOZ
(A°pßbHo$eZ) `m§_Ü`oXoIrb {d{dYVm Amho. CXmhaUmW©, gr. S>r. am°_, Am°{S>`mo gr. S>r.,
pìhS>rAmo gr. S>r., S>r. ìhr. S>r., boPa {S>ñH$, gr. S>r. Ama., BË`mXr. Ë`m§Vrb H$mhr
_hÎdmÀ`m Imbrbà_mUo :
(1) gr. S>r. - am°_ (CD-ROM)
(5) gr. S>r. - AmaS>ãë`y (CD - RW) {S>ñH$ (H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$
aram`Q>o~b)
Ÿgr. S>r. - AmaS>ãë`y {S>ñH$ ho "H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$ aram`Q>o~b'Mo g§{já ñdê$n Amho. `m
àH$mamVrb V~H$S>rda dma§dma {b{hUo / _wÐU H$aUo eŠ` Amho. gr. S>r. - AmaMr EH$XmM
_wÐU H$aÊ`mMr CUrd ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mg gr. S>r. - AmaS>ãë`yZo Iyn hmV^ma bmdbm Amho.
nwZ:nwÝhm _wÐU eŠ` Agë`m_wio `m V~H$S>rMm dmna âbm°nr qH$dm hmS>©{S>ñH$à_mUo H$aVm
`oVmo.
1997 gmbr gd©àW_ gr. S>r. - AmaS>ãë`y {S>ñH$ Am{U Ë`m§À`m S´>mB©ìh CnbãY
Pmë`m. gr.S>r. - AmaS>ãë`y S´>mB©ìhOÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo gr. S>r. - Ama VgoM gr. S>r. AmaS>ãë`y {S>ñH$da _wÐU H$aVm `oVo. "gwadmVrbm gr. S>r.- AmaS>ãë`y S´>mB©ìhda V`ma
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Ë`mMm åhUmdm {VVH$m ñdrH$ma Pmbobm Zmhr.
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S>r. ìhr. S>r. `m ZdrZ àH$maÀ`m gr. S>r. AgyZ Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr gmR>dU j_Vm 4.7
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- Ama. S>ãë`y. (aram`Q>o~b) `m ñdê$nmVhr CnbãY Pmë`m AmhoV. `m {S>ñH$da _wÐU
H$aÊ`mH$[aVm S>r.ìhr.S>r. aoH$m°S>©o~b S´>mB©ìh qH$dm am`Q>aMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
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- am°_ S´>mB©ìhda gr. S>r. Am{U S>r.ìhr.S>r. hr dmnaVm `oVmV.
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dmnamV `oUmè`m gr.S>r. - am°_Zm "_pëQ>_r{S>`m gr. S>r.' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
gr.S>r. - am°_, S>r.ìhr.S>r., gr.S>r. - Ama, gr.S>r. AmaS>ãë`y `m gd©M àH$mer`
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(àr-aoH$m°S>So© >) AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mda nwZ_wÐU© hmoV Zmhr. gr.S>r. - Ama, gr. S>r. - AmaS>ãë`y.,
S>r.ìhr.S>r. - Ama Am{U S>r>.ìhr.S>r.- AmaS>ãë`y `m§À`mda Img S´>mB©ìhÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo
_wÐU H$aVm `oVo. gr.S>r. - Ama, VgoM S>r.ìhr.S>r. - Ama da EH$XmM _wÐU H$aVm `oVo, Va
gr. S>r. AmaS>ãë`y Am{U S>r.ìhr.S>r. AmaS>ãë`yda AZoH $doim _wÐU - nwZ_w©ÐU H$aVm `oVo.
S>r.ìhr.S>r. ßboAa_Yrb boPa H$_r Va§Jbm§~rMm (doìhbo§½WMm) AgVmo, BVam§_Ü`o
Vmo OmñV Va§Jbm§~rMm AgVmo. `m boPaZo bhmZ Am{U Odi Agbobo S>oQ>mnm°B§Q>g² dmMVm
`oVmV. S>r.ìhr.S>r. darb S>oQ>mnm°B§Q>g² AJXr OdiOdi Agë`m_wio BVa AmH$mamÀ`m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 32
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 33
(7) _pëQ>_r{S>`m gr. S>r. $
V~H$S>rnojm `m V~H$S>çm§da Vo OmñV _mdVmV. åhUyZM gr.S>r. - am°_ Am{U Am°{S>Amo gr.
S>r. nojm gmV nQ>rZo OmñV _m{hVr S>r.ìhr.S>r.da _mdVo.
g§X^©
(1) Kaur, Amritpal. "Use of Computer & CD ROM in the libraries of
Agricultural Universities & Research Institutes in the State of Punjab,
Haryana & Himachal Pradesh. A Study. "ILA Bulletin, by, N. Datta,
N. Delhi : Indian Libraray Association, October 1996, March 1997.
(2) Kapila, Nandita & Rastogi, S.P. "Digital Libraries : The Social
Implication". Meeting the Information Challenge for Development
and Self Sufficiency, XVII National Seninar of IASLIC. 10-13
December 1996, Calcutta, 1996. p.13.
(3) Ibid. p.14.
(4) Multimedia and CD-ROM Directory 1998 - 19th Edition (Review)
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6 : gr. S>r. d S>r. ìhr. S>r. `m§À`mVrb S>oQ>mnm°B§Q>g²À`m
A§Vam_Yrb \$aH$24
doJiçm boPaÀ`m dmnam_wio S>r.ìhr.S>r.Mm ßb°pñQ>H$ Wa gr.S>r. am°_ Am{U Am°{S>Amo
gr.S>r. nojm {Zå_mM AgVmo. Ë`m_wio XmoZ S>r>.ìhr.S>r. nmR>monmR> bmdyZ XmoZ "ßbo gmB©S>'
Am{U "bo~b gmB©S>' Zgbobr EH$ S>r.ìhr.S>r. V~H$S>r ~ZdVm `oVo. Ago Ho$ë`mZo EH$m
S>r.ìhr.S>r.Mr _m{hVr gmR>dÊ`mMr j_Vm XwßnQ> hmoVo. "ZwH$gmZ qH$dm BOm hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
S>r.ìhr.S>r. Zm \$ŠV "ßbo' gmB©S> BOmM hmoD$ eH$Vo, "bo~b' gmB©S> BOm hmoV Zmhr. Am{U
"ßbo' gmB©S> BOm qH$dm ZwH$gmZ XwéñV H$aVm `oVo. ("bo~b' gmB©S> darb BOm XwéñV hmoV
Zmhr.)25
gr.S>r. - am°_ ZoQ>dH©$
g§JUH$mdarb CnbãY _m{hVr d A°pßbHo$eÝg EH$mM doir AZoH$ Cn`moOH$m§Zm dmnaVm
`mdrV åhUyZ b°ZMm (åhUOoM bmoH$b E[a`m ZoQ>dŠg©) dmna H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. gr. S>r. - am°_
ZoQ>dH©$Mmhr AgmM Cn`moJ hmoVmo d Ë`mMo \$m`Xohr AZoH$ AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, gr. S>r. am°_darb _m{hVr g§J«hm§Mm dmna EH$mM doir 100 Cn`moOH$ H$ê$ eH$VmV.
ZoQ>dH©$À`m _Ü`^mJr EH$ Am°pßQ>H$b (àH$mer`) gìh©a AgVmo. hm gìh©a EH$mM doir
64 S´>mB©ìhbm OmoS>bm OmD$ eH$Vmo; åhUOo EH$mM doir BVŠ`m S´>mB©ìhaMm dmna hmoD$ eH$Vmo
d {VVŠ`m gr.S>r. am°_hr dmnaë`m OmD$ eH$VmV. A{YH$ S´>mB©ìh OmoS>m`À`m Pmë`mg,
A{YH$ gìh©aS>r OmoS>Vm `oD$ eH$VmV. `m_wio EH$mM doir AZoH$ Cn`moOH$ doJdoJiçm
gr.S>r. - am°_Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoD$ eH$VmV. `mZo doihr dmMVmo Am{U ^{dî`mMm {dMma
H$aVm n¡gmhr dmMVmo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 34
Online Newsletter, Dec. 1998 - http://www.findarticles.com./p/articles/
mi-mOBNO / is-12-19/ai -53271900 (as on 03/02/2005)
(5) New Media Titles / New Media Companies - 1999 - 21st edition
(Review), online Newsetter, Dec 1999. - http://www. findarticles. com./
p/articles/mi-mOBNO/is -999-Dec. / ai - 57762557 (as on 03/02/2005)
(6) Malhan Inder Vir : "Value of Information, Library Modernisation &
Economic Problems of Scientific & Technical Libraries with special
reference to India." Library & Information Services : Emerging
Challenges by K. Navalani & M.P. Satija, Jaipur : RBSA Publishers,
1996. p. 162.
(7) Rout, R. K. & Mahapatra, G : "Impact of Technology on Quality of
Library Services," Library & Information Services : Emerging
Challenges by K. Navalani & M.P. Satiya, Jaipur : RBSA Publishers,
1996. p. 262.
(8) Sharma, Ravindra N. "Development of Libraries & Information
Science through Technology & Personal Responsibility." Library &
Information Challenges by K. Navalani & M. P. Satija, Jaipur : RBSA
Publishers, 1996. p. 255-256.
(9) Ym|JS>o, a_oe dm. B§J«Or-_amR>r eãXH$moe, Zdr {X„r : "Am°Šg\$S>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog',
n¥. 149.
(10) Crystal, David (ed.). Cambridge Paperback Encyclopaedia. New
Delhi : Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 201-202.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 35
{à§Q>g© : B{Vhmg, àH$ma Am{U ¿`md`mMr
H$miOr
(11) http://www.digitalinnovations.com/aboutcds/edgudie.
html#anatomy
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Ibid.
Ibid.
YZlr bm|T>o / àXrn H${U©H$
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Rajaraman, Dharma and Rajaraman, V. Computer Primer. New Delhi :
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 1996. p.48.
(19) Basandra, Suresh K. : Computers Today. New Delhi : Galgotia
Publications, 1999. p. 167-168.
(20) Nadeau, Michael. "The New Papyrus". Computers Today, November
1994. p.77.
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
J«§Wmb`mV g§JUH$ Amë`mnmgyZ N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm N>nmB©Mo
H$m`© {dñVmabo Jobo Amho. {d{dY ñdê$nmMo N>nmB©Mo H$m_ J«W§ mb`mV
H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r doJdoJio qàQ>g© J«§Wmb`o dmnaVmV.
qàQ>gÀ© `m V§ÌkmZmMr AmoiI J«W§ nmbm§Zm AgUo AË`mdí`H$ Pmbo
Amho. qàQ>g©Mm B{Vhmg, àH$ma d Ë`m§Mr ¿`md`mMr H$miOr `oWo
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http://www.webopedia internet.com/TERM/C/CD-ROM.html
http://www.webopedia internet.com/TERM/C/CD-ROM-XA.html
http://www.webopedia internet.com/TERM/C/CD-RW-disk.html
http://www.physics.udel.edu./~watson/scen 103/disccubl.gif
http://www.digitalinnovations.com/aboutcds/cdguide.html#diff.
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- AÀ`wV JmoS>~mobo `m§À`m "g§JUH$-`wJ' `m nwñVH$mVyZ
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dmna hmooD$ bmJbm. A{YH$ àVr§gmR>r \$moQ>moH$m°nr _{eÝg gmhmæ`^yV R>abr Am{U g§ñWmË_H$
d ì`pŠVJV nmVirdaMm _wÐUmb` g§~§Y Xwamdbm Jobm.
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AmVm Va High Volume Printers ApñVËdmV Ambo AmhoV. \$moQ>moH$m°nr Am{U
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S>oñH$-OoQ> d Wa_b nÕVrZo qàqQ>J H$aVmV.
BVa H$mhr àH$maogwÕm AmnU qàQ>g©Zm {d^mJy eH$Vmo, nU Vo \$mago dmnamV ZmhrV.
Ajao V`ma hmoÊ`mMr nÕV
àË`oH$ Aja bhmZ aofm§Zr AWdm bhmZ {R>nŠ`m§Zr ~Zbobo AgVo.
S>Qo >m N>mnÊ`mMr nÕV
Omo S>oQ>m N>mnm`Mm Amho, Ë`mbm n°aobob (~mB©Q>_Ü`o) AWdm {g[a`b ({~Q>_Ü`o)
qàQ>aH$S>o nmR>dbo OmVo. H$mhr qàQ>g© S>oQ>mgmR>r `mVë`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m qH$dm XmoZhr nÕVrMm
dmna H$aVmV.
N>mnÊ`mMr nÕV
Omo S>oQ>m N>mn`Mm Amho, Vmo AmoirZo N>mnVm `oVmo AWdm A»Io nmZ EH$m doiog N>mnVm
`oVo. S>m°Q> _°{Q´>Šg d B§H$OoQ> qàQ>a AmoirZo N>mnVmV Va boga qàQ>a EH$ nmZ EH$m doiog
N>mnVmV.
qàQ>a hm EH$ g§JUH$mMm ~mø KQ>H$ Amho Omo {b{hbobm qH$dm Q>mB©n Ho$bobm S>oQ>m
H$mJXmda qH$dm EImÚm Xwgè`m dñVyda N>mnVmo.
n{hbm ObXJVr qàQ>a "aoq_½Q>Z a±S>' `m g§ñWoZo (1953) ~Z{dbm hmoVm. hm qàQ>a
\$ŠV "UNIVAC" `m g§JUH$m~amo~a dmnabm OmD$ eH$V hmoVm. 1938 _Ü`o, MoñQ>a H$b©gZZo
'Xerox' qH$dm BboŠQ´>m\o $moQ>mJo m« \$s `m nÕVrMm emoY bmdbm. {H$Vrhr H$R>rU dmQ>V Agbo, Var
AmO Poam°Šg hm Amnë`m H$m_mMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbm Amho. `mM emoYm_wio, boga
qàQ>aÀ`m emoYmMm nm`m aMbm hmoVm. "BEAmaEg' hm boga qàQ>a 1960 _Ü`o XPA [agM©
g|Q>a_Ü`o ~Zdbm Jobm. n{hbd{hbm PoamoJ«m{\$H$ qàQ>a 1977 _Ü`o ~mOmamV Ambm.
Am`~rE_ `m g§ñWoMm IBM-3800 hm {dH$m±{gZ _Ü`o 1976 _Ü`o ~gdbm Jobm
hmoVm. hm gdmªV n{hbm ObX JVr boga qàQ>a hmoVm.
1992 _Ü`o EM. nr. `m g§ñWoZo bogaOoQ> - 4 hm 600 x 600 S>rnrAm` aogmobweZ
boga qàQ>a AmUbm, Voìhm gd©M {R>H$mUr hm dmnamV OmD$ bmJbm. `mÀ`m AmYr åhUOo
1976 _Ü`o B§H$OoQ> qàQ>aMm emoY bmJbm hmoVm; nU 1988 Z§VaMm hm KamKamV {Xgy bmJbm.
H$_r qH$_V d Mm§Jbo H$m_ `m_wio hm A{Ve` bmoH${à` Pmbm. EMnrÀ`m S>oñH$OoQ>Mr qH$_V
1000 S>m°ba EdT>r hmoVr. Iyn _hmJ dmQ>V Agbm Var Ë`m doiog hm qàQ>a IynM bmoH${à`
R>abm.
N>mnÊ`mMr eŠVr
qàQ>aMo àH$ma
(3) boga qàQ>a
qàQ>g©Zm AmnU B§n°ŠQ> d Zm°Z B§n°ŠQ> Aem XmoZ _w»` JQ>m§_Ü`o {d^mJy eH$Vmo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 38
H$mhr qàQ>g© \$ŠV Q>oŠñQ> N>mny eH$VmV Va H$mhr Q>oŠñQ> Am{U {MÌ Ago XmoZhr àH$ma
N>mny eH$VmV.
H$mhr à_wI N>nmB© nwT>rb nÕVtZr Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
(1) S>m°Q> _°{Q´>Šg qàQ>a
ho qàQ>a g§JUH$mH$Sy>Z S>Qo >m KoD$Z Vmo emB©À`m [a~rZda N>mQo >çm Vmam§À`m _XVrZo C_Q>dVmV.
Vmo S>oQ>m _J H$mJXmda N>mnbm OmVmo. hm qàQ>a bhmZ qH$dm gmonm S>oQ>m N>mnÊ`mgmR>r dmnabm
OmVmo. hr nÕV doiImD$ AmhoM Va åhUmdo Vgo H$m_ H$aUmar Zìho. naV {MÌ qH$dm BVa
doJiçm àH$maMm S>oQ> N>mnVm `oV Zmhr. `m H$maUm§_wio ho qàQ>a, EHo$ H$mir Iyn MmbUmao
Agbo, Var AmVm _mJo nS>V Mmbbo AmhoV.
(2) B§H$OoQ> d S>oñH$OoQ> qàQ>a
`m nÕVrMo qàQ>a S>m°Q> _°{Q´>Šg Am{U boga `m§À`m _Ybm àH$ma AmhoV. B§H$ OoQ>_Ü`o
{à§qQ>J hoS> ho H$mQ>©[aO_Ü`o AgVo, Va S>oñH$ OoQ> _Ü`o hoS> qàQ>a_Ü`oM AgVo. `m XmoZhr nÕVr
H$_r IMm©V CÎm_ H$m_ H$aVmV. nU Vo Z¸$sM boga qàQ>aÀ`m VmoS>rMo Zmhr.
hr nÕV Poam°ŠgÀ`m nÕVrgmaIrM Amho. bogaMr EH$ ~r_ d {\$aUmam Amagm ho `m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 39
nÕVrMr _yi aMZm H$aVmV. bogaÀ`m _XVrZo S>oQ>m qH$dm {MÌ EH$m S´>_da R>odbo OmVo. _J
H$mJX `m S´>_dê$Z {\$aVmo d Q>mZo aÀ`m _XVrZo S>Qo >mbm H$mJXmda R>do Vmo. _J CîUVoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo
hm Q>moZa H$mJXmda {MH$Q>Vmo d S>oQ>m H$mJXmda N>mnbm OmVmo. EoH$m`bm \$ma H$R>rU Am{U
ÌmgXm`H$ dmQ>Umao Agbr Var ApñVËdmV, qàqQ>J Iyn nQ>H$Z hmoVo. `m nÕVrMm VmoQ>m Agm
H$s, `mMr qH$_V BVa qàQ>g©À`m VwbZoV OmñV Amho d `mV H$mJXmMr hmVmiUr ì`dpñWV
hmoV Zmhr.
boga qàQ>g© {d{dY àH$maMo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, 300 DPI, 600 DPI, 1200 DPI
BË`mXr. DPI åhUOo S>m°Q> na B§M. EH$m B§Mm_Ü`o 300 q~Xy N>mnbo OmVmV. àW_ ho qàQ>g©
IynM bmoH${à` Pmbo. OgOer N>nmB©Mr ñnï>Vm A{YH$ Mm§Jbr ìhmdr Aer Anojm dmT>V
Jobr, VgVer EH$m B§MmVrb q~X§yMr g§»`m dmT>V Jobr. 1200 DPI Mo qàQ>g© {MÌm§À`m
N>nmB©gmR>r A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>ê$ bmJbo. _wÐUmb`mVhr AbrH$S>o 600 dm 1200 DPI Mo
qàQ>g© gam©g dmnaÊ`mV `oVmV.
N>nmB© A{YH$ CËH¥$ï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r {_aa B_oOMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `mMm AW© Agm H$s,
_OHw$amMo AmaemV Ogo à{Vq~~ nS>Vo, Vem AdñWoV DPI KoVbm OmVmo d Ë`mdê$Z N>nmB©
Ho$br OmVo. na§Vw hr nÕV {deofV: _wÐUmb`mgmR>rM gmo`rMr AgVo. KaJwVr dm g§ñWm§_Ü`o
Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m N>nmB©gmR>r ho V§Ì dmnaVm `oV Zmhr. AWm©V hr ÌwQ>r hm` ìhm°ë`y_ qàQ>g©_Ü`o
Xya H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
(4) hm` ìhm°ë`y_ qàQ>g©
\$moQ>moH$m°nr _erZnojm ho `§Ì WmoS>o _moR>o AgVo. gd© `§ÌUm g§JUH$s` nÕVrZo dmnabr
OmVo. Á`mda N>nmB© H$am`Mr Vmo H$mJX Poam°Šgà_mUoM H$mModa R>do Ê`mV `oVmo. Ë`mdê$Z `§ÌmÛmao
Ë`m H$mJXmMr _mñQ>a H$m°nr V`ma hmoVo. _mñQ>a V`ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r `§Ìm_Ü`o EH$ H$mJXmMm amob
AgVmo. Ë`mda hr _mñQ>a V`ma hmoVo. `m _mñQ>adê$Z AmkoZwgma ho `§Ì Ë`mÀ`m àVr N>mnyZ XoVo.
EH$m {_{ZQ>mV 130 àVr XoÊ`mMr j_Vm `m `§ÌmV Amho. 300 DPI, 600 DPI Aem {d{dY
àH$maMo N>nmB© H$aUmao doJdoJio {à§Q>g© `mV AmhoV. gd© `§ÌUm ñd`§M{bV Agë`mZo {d{dY
nmViçm§darb H$m`© {dZm AS>Wim nma nmS>VmV. {_aa B_oO nÕVrZo N>nmB© H$aVm `oVo.
g§JUH$mdê$Z WoQ> _m{hVr nmR>dyZ hr N>nmB© H$aVm `oVo.
_OHw$amMm, {MÌmMm AmH$ma H$_rOmñV H$aVm `oVmo. H$m_ nyU© Pmë`mda _mñQ>a H$m°nr
`§ÌmÛmaoM Zm_eof H$aVm `oVo. H$mhr `§Ìm§V Va hm _OHy$a gmR>dyZhr R>odVm `oVmo.
ñH°$Za ghrV AgUmao qàQ>g©hr h„r ~mOmamV CnbãY AmhoV.
AgUmar J«W§ gyMr, J«W§ mb`mV `oUmè`m ZdrZ J«W§ m§Mr `mXr, B§Q>aZoQ>dê$Z {ZdS>bëo `m _m{hVrMm
Print out, ~ma H$moqS>JMo bo~b, J«W
§ mb` AmoiInÌ, dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z ^ê$Z ¿`m`Mm AO©, ~wH$
H$mS>©, S>oQ> pñbn, dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, J«§WXod-Kod {d^mJmVrb {d{dY [anmoQ>©g², XmIb Zm|Xdhr,
BË`mXr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$m`mªgmR>r J«§Wmb`mV {à§Q>a ZmdmÀ`m KQ>H$mMo AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd
Amho. AOyZhr AZoH$ J«§Wmb`m§À`m ì`dñWmnH$s` _§S>itZm qàQ>g©Mo _hÎd ZrQ> g_Obobo
Zmhr. EH$ AË`§V AË`mdí`H$ Aer d _yb^yV JaOoMr hr dñVy AgyZhr S>m°Q> _°{Q´>Šg qH$dm
B§H$OoQ> qàQ>g©M XoÊ`mH$S>o ì`dñWmnH$s` _§S>itMm H$b AgVmo; na§Vw ~maH$moS>À`m N>nmB©gmR>r
boga qàQ>g©M Cn`wŠV AgVmV ho AOyZ ì`dñWmnH$s` _§S>itZm g_Obobo Zmhr. VgoM
A{YH$ àVtMr JaO AgUmè`m H$m_mgmR>r (CXmhaUmW©, AmoiInÌ, g^mgX AO©, BË`mXr)
hm` ìhm°ë`y_ qàQ>g©M Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. J«§Wnmbm§Zr {à§Q>g©Mr CÎm_ AmoiI d _m{hVr H$ê$Z
KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
qàQ>g~© m~V ¿`md`mMr H$miOr
boga qàQ>g© hr _hmJ dñVy Agë`mZo J«§WnmbmZo Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m XoIaoIrImbr
qàqQ>JMr `§ÌUm C^mam`bm hdr. qàqQ>J~m~V nwT>rb Jmoï>r \$ma _hÎdmÀ`m R>aVmV.
(1) qàQ>g© hmVmiUo
(2) H$mJX
(3) Q>moZg©
(1) qàQ>g© hmVmiUo
J«§Wmb`mVrb àË`oH$ dmMH$mbm qH$dm godH$mbm qàQ>g© MmbdVm `oB©bM Ago Zmhr.
MwH$sMr ~Q>Uo Xm~Uo, MwH$sÀ`m Amkm XoUo, BË`mXt_wio qàQ>g©Mo Am`wî` YmoŠ`mV `oD$ eH$Vo.
(2) H$mJX
J«W§ mb`mV g§JUH$mMm àdoe Pmë`mnmgyZ N>nmB©À`m H$m_mbm doJ Ambm Amho. dmMH$m§Zm
nmR>dmd`mMr ñ_aUnÌo, J«§WnwadR>m H$aUmè`m {dH«o$Ë`m§Zm Úmd`mMo _mJUrnÌ, dmMH$m§Zm hdr
H$mJXmMm AmH$ma, dOZ, àV `m§Mm \$ma _moR>m g§~§Y qàQ>g©er Amho. H$_r XOm©Mm
H$mJX dmnaë`mg gXa H$mJX qàQ>a_Ü`o OmD$Z AS>H$Vmo, AWdm N>nmB©gmR>r Vmo qàQ>aH$Sy>Z
ñdrH$mabm OmV Zmhr. dmMH$m§Zm Oa H$mJX AmUm`bm gm§{JVbm Va EH$mM XOm©Mr àV `oB©b
Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mZo ñdV:M H$mJX nmaIyZ ¿`mdm. dmQ>ë`mg Ë`mgmR>r AmH$ma
bmdmdm.
H$mJX \w$H$Q> KmbdÊ`mZohr ~amM VmoQ>m hmoVmo. H$mJX dmH$S>m ~gdbm Jobm AWdm
{VaH$m gmoS>bm Jobm Va N>nmB© ZrQ> hmoV Zmhr d H$mJX \w$H$Q> OmVmo. ~aoMXm N>mnmd`mÀ`m
_OHw$amMm AmH$ma ZrQ> R>adVm Ambm Zmhr. (CXmhaUmW©, boQ>a hoS>, \w$b ñHo$n, E4 BË`mXr)
Va N>nmB© H$ê$Zhr gXa N>nmB© _Zmg ng§V nS>V Zmhr d Vo H$mJX \w$H$Q> OmVmV. EHy$U hm àH$ma
gmonm d gai dmQ>V Agbm Varhr "W|~o W|~o' H$aV ~aoM H$mJX \w$H$Q> OmD$ eH$VmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 40
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 41
J«W
§ mb`o Am{U qàQ>g©
(3) Q>moZg©
B§H$OoQ>, qH$dm bogg©_Ü`o H$mQ>[© aO dm Q>mZo g©À`m gmhmæ`mZo N>nmB© hmoV.o S>mQ° > _°{Q´>Šg_Ü`o
[a~rZ AgVo. H$mQ>©[aO dm Q>moZg© ~aoM _hmJ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m~m~V A{YH$ Xj amhm`bm
hdo.
EH$m H$mQ>©[aO_Ü`o dm Q>moZa_Ü`o {H$Vr àVr `oVmV Vo bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mda bj R>odm`bm
hdo. Ë`m§Mm {heo~ MmoI hdm. N>nmB©_Ü`o {MÌm§Mr g§»`m, AmH¥$Vr, ZH$meo `m§Mr g§»`m OmñV
Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m N>nmB©gmR>r OmñV emB© qàQ>aH$Sy>Z dmnabr OmVo. Aem àH$maMr N>nmB© H$ê$Z
KoUmè`m dmMH$m§da ZrQ> bj R>odyZ Ë`mMm ì`dpñWV MmoI {heo~ R>odm`bm hdm. H$mQ>©[aO d
Q>moZaMr qH$_V Am{U N>nmB© H$ê$Z XoÊ`mnmoQ>r dmMH$m§gmR>r bmdbobm Xa `m§Mm _oi ì`dpñWV
Kmbm`bm hdm. _OHw$amMr N>nmB© d {MÌm§Mr N>nmB© `m§V \$aH$ H$am`bm hdm. `mMr XIb
J«§Wnmbm§Zr ¿`m`bm hdr.
H$mQ>©[aO dm Q>moZa g§në`mZ§Va EH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo H$s H$mQ>©[aO / Q>moZa [a{\$qbJ
H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mo H$s ZdrZ ¿`m`Mo ? Ë`m~m~Vhr nwT>rbà_mUo {dMma H$am`bm hdm.
H$mQ>[© aO : [a{\$qbJ
N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ \$ŠV qàQ>a H$aV ZgyZ, Ë`mV H$mQ>©[aOMm VodT>mM dmQ>m Amho. Oa
H$mQ>©[aO Iam~ Agob Va gdmªV CÎm_ qàQ>aXoIrb hdo Vgo qàqQ>J H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. `mgmR>r
~amo~a H$mQ>©[aO {ZdS>Uo JaOoMo Amho.
h„r [a{\$b H$mQ>©[aO Iyn MbZmV AmhoV. [a{\$qbJ åhUOo EImÚm noZmV [a{\$b
g§në`mZ§Va Zdr [a{\$b KmbUo hmo`. nU EdT>oM H$s H$Yr Oa ~amo~a [a{\$b {_imbr Zmhr Va
A»Io noZ \w$H$Q> OmVo. H$Q>©[aOMohr AgoM AgVo. dmnaë`mZ§Va Ooìhm emB© g§nVo, Voìhm
~hþVHo $ bmoH$ H$mQ>[© aO XwH$mZXmamH$S>o [a{\$b H$am`bm XoVmV, Va H$mhr Vo \o$Hy$Z XoVmV. [a{\$qbJ
H$aUo H$mhr à_mUmV \$m`Xoera Amho Vo Amnë`mbm _mhrVM Amho. n¡go dmMVmV, H$_r _hÎdmMr
H$m_ogwÕm hmoD$Z OmVmV. `mMm VmoQ>m Agm H$s, [a{\$b H$mQ>©[aO_wio qàQ>a hoS>bm ZwH$gmZ hmoD$
eH$Vo. Ago _mZbo OmVo H$s, emB© \$ŠV EH$mM àH$maMr AgVo. nU Vgo Zmhr. Or emB©
dmnabr OmVo Vr, {Zamiçm qàQ>g©Zm {Zamir AgVo. Aem emB©Mr qH$_V OmñV AgVo. [a{\$b
H$aVmZm XO©oXma emB© dmnabr OmV ZgVo, Va H$_r {H$_VrMr d Xwæ`_ XOm©Mr emB© dmnabr
OmVo. [a{\$b Ho$ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm Omo VmoQ>m H$mbm§VamZo bjmV `oVmo. hoS> Iam~ hmoUo dm emB©
ngaUo `m_wio qàQ>a YmoŠ`mV `oD$ eH$Vmo.
J«§Wmb`mV AbrH$S>o Poam°Šg _erÝg, boPa qàQ>g© Zoh_rM R>odbobo {XgVmV. nwT>o_mJo
hm` ìhm°ë`y_ qàQ>g©hr J«§Wmb`m§H$S>o XoD$Z gd©M g§ñWoÀ`m N>nmB©Mo H$m_ J«§Wmb`mV `oÊ`mMr
XmQ> eŠ`Vm Amho. AmoiInÌo, J«§Wmb` AmoiInÌo, àdoe AO©, JwUn{ÌH$m, narjm§À`m
àíZn{ÌH$m, BË`mXr H$m_o J«§Wmb`mV `oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. nydu (AmOhr) aoëdo nmgMo H$m_
AZoH$ J«§Wmb`o _wH$mQ> H$arV AmhoV. Ë`mà_mUoM `mhr H$m_m§Mo hmoB©b. J«§Wnmbm§Zr doirM
gmdY amhÿZ V§ÌkmZmdaMr hþH$_V AmË_gmV H$am`bm hdr.
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 42
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g§JUH$sH$aUmgmR>r à`ËZerb amhVmo d J«§Wmb`mMo g§JUH$sH$aU
nyU©Ëdmg H$gm ZoVmo `mMm àË`j Ahdmb åhUOo hm boI Amho.
`m boImVrb AZw^d gd©M J«§Wnmbm§Zm àoaUmXm`r R>ê$ eH$VmV.
_Ëñ`moXar {ejU g§ñWoMo H$bm, dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmb`, A§~S> {O. OmbZm `oWo
J«§Wmb`mMo g§nyU© g§JUH$sH$aUmMo H$m`© nyU©ËdmH$S>o OmV Amho. `m J«§Wmb` g§JUH$sH$aUmMo
AZw^d H$WZ H$aÊ`mnydu A§~S>Mr nmíd©^y_r gm§JUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo.
OmbZm {Oëhm hm _amR>dmS>m {d^mJmVrb EH$ _mJmg {Oëhm AgyZ Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr
1981 _Ü`o Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb VrZ VmbwHo$ (OmbZm, A§~S> d ^moH$aXZ) d na^Ur
{OëømVrb EH$ VmbwH$m naVya `m§Zm EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Pmbobr Amho. 1991 À`m OZJUZoZgw ma OmbZm {OëømMo gmjaVm à_mU eoH$S>m 46.25 AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o nwéfmMo à_mU eoH$S>m
64.43 Va pñÌ`m§Mo eoH$S>m à_mU 27.30 hmoVo. {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ A`moJmZo 2001 À`m
OZJUZoÀ`m AmYmamda _hmamï´>mVrb VrZ {Oëho e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmg åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bobo
AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o OmbZm {OëømMm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. Va _hmamï´> emgZmZo A§~S> VmbwH$m
Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmg åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bobm Amho. Aem e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmg {OëømVrb
A§~S>gma»`m VmbwŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr 1979 gmbr _Ëñ`moXar {ejU g§ñWoZo H$bm d dm{UÁ`
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SERVER
Pentium @ 233 MH 3 with
64 MB Ram
1.2 Gb HDD
32 x CD Rom Drive
Color Monitor
Internet Card 10/100 MB PS
Window - NT Operating System
MS-SQL Server 6.5
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CLIENT
Pentium @ 233 MH3 with
32 MB Ram
1.2 Gb HDD with 10 MB Free Space
1.44" Floppy Drive
Color Monitor
Windows 98 Operating System
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g§X^©
(1) The Encyclopeadic District Gazetteers of India - Vol VIII, Gyan
Publishing House, New Delhi 1998, p.421.
(2) UGC, Xth Plan Guidelines - www.ugc.ac.in
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4 A§H$ d 2 H$m`©nwpñVH$m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. {ejUH«$_mMo A{Zdm`©, EopÀN>H$ d
Cn`mo{OV Ago VrZ ^mJ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. A{Zdm`© Aä`mgH«$_mV 4 nona Aä`mgmd`mMo
AmhoV. àboI dU©Z, ì`dñWmnZ, g§emoYZ nÕVr d dV©_mZ KQ>ZmKS>m_moS>r Ago A{Zdm`©
Aä`mgH«$_m§Mo ñdê$n Amho. EopÀN>H$ Aä`mgH«$_m§V VrZn¡H$s H$moUVohr XmoZ Aä`mgH«$_ {dÚmÏ`mªg
Aä`mgVm `oVmV. e¡j{UH$ d g§emoYH$ J«§Wmb`o, J«§Wmb` godm d CnH«$_ Am{U J«§WoVa
gm{hË`mMo ì`dñWmnZ `m§Mm EopÀN>H$ Aä`mgH«$_mV g_mdoe Amho. Cn`mo{OV Aä`mgH«$_mV
_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$ÐmV dmna d gmYZ{Z{_©Vr Am{U g§emoYZ àH$ën ho
Aä`mgH«$_ g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmgmR>r XmoZ H$m`©nwpñVH$m R>odÊ`mV
Amë`m AmhoV.
(4) AÜ``ZnÕVr
_hmamï´>mVrb J«§Wmb`emñÌ {ejUmMr JaO Am{U ^{dî`H$mbrZ JaOm§Mr nyVu hmoD$
eHo$b `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {ejUH«$_mMr C{Ôï>o R>a{dÊ`mV AmbrV.
E_. {b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m VmpÎdH$ d àmË`{jH$ ^mJm§gmR>r Aä`mgH|$Ðmda gwQ>rÀ`m
{Xder g§nH©$gÌm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV `oVo. {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ë`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobo AÜ``Zgm{hË`
dmMyZ g§nH©$gÌmg CnpñWV amhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hr g§nH©$gÌo A{Zdm`© Zgbr Var Ë`mg
CnpñWV amhUo ho {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {hVmMoM AgVo. àmË`{jH$ Aä`mgH«$_m§gmR>r 70 Q>¸$o CnpñWVr
A{Zdm`© Amho. `m~amo~aM {d{eï> {df`mda g§emoYZna àH$ën gmXa H$amd`mMm AgVmo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 48
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 49
(2) {ejUH«$_mMr C{Ôï>o
Ë`mgmR>r Aä`mgH|$Ðmdarb g§_§ÌH$mMo _mJ©Xe©Z ¿`mdo bmJVo. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
àmË`{jH$m§gmR>r "gmob' g§JUH$ àUmbr, grS>ramo_, B§Q>aZoQ> `m§Mm Aä`mg H$am`Mm Amho. hm
Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm ñdmÜ`m`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àË`m^aU KoÊ`mV `oVo. ñdmÜ`m` {b{hVmZm
ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ d g§X^©nwñVH$m§Mm AmYma ¿`mdm bmJVmo. E_. {b~. {ejUH«$_mMr
nwñVHo$ gma (Synoptic) ê$nmV {b{hbobr Agë`mZo g§X^©nñw VH$m§Mm AmYma KoUo AË`mdí`H$
~ZVo. Ë`m_wio n[aUm_H$maH$ Ame` {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdmÜ`m`mV {b{hVm `oVmo d n`m©`mZo A§{V_
narjoMr V`mar hmoV.o g§nH©$gÌm§_Ü`o _mJ©Xe©H$ àmÜ`mnH$ ì`m»`mZ XoV ZgVmV. ñd`§-AÜ``Z
nwñVHo$ dmMyZ Pmë`mda {dÚmÏ`mªZm Á`m AS>MUr / e§H$m AgVmV, Ë`m§Mo g_mYmZ g§nH©$gÌmV
H$aÊ`mV `oV.o àH$ënmMo àmW{_H$ gmXarH$aU Am{U {Z~§YdmMZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {e{~amMo Am`moOZ
H$aÊ`mV `oVo. ho {e{~a VrZ {Xdgm§Mo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR> XmoZ VÁkm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVo.
àH$ënmMo gmXarH$aU H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ`m©Zo Ho$bobo H$m_, Jmoim Ho$bobr _m{hVr d EHy$U Ë`mMo
H$m_ `mo½` {XeoZo Mmbbo Amho H$m` ho gmXarH$aUmV nm{hbo OmVo d H$mhr ÌwQ>r Agë`mg VÁk
Ë`mg§X^m©V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV. {Z~§Ym§Mo {df` {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m g§~§{YV {dÚmemIoH$Sy>Z V`ma
H$aÊ`mV `oVmV. EHy$U 25 {Z~§Y AgVmV. E_.{b~. Mo gd© Aä`mgH«$_ {Z~§YmMo {df`
V`ma H$aVmZm {dMmamV KoÊ`mV `oVmV. n[aUm_V: `m 25 {Z~§Ym§À`m gmXarH$aUm_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMr
{ejUH«$_m{df`H$ gd©g_mdoeH$ V`mar hmoV AgVo. àH$ën nwam H$arV AgVmZm g§emoYZ
nÕVrZo kmZ Ë`mg AdJV hmoVo. J«§Wmb`rZ H$m_m§Mm Am{U Úmd`mÀ`m g§emoYZna godm§À`m
g§X^m©V àH$ën nwam Ho$ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>r / g§emoYZ Ñï>r àmá hmoV AgVo.
A§{V_ narjoÀ`m Ñï>rZo CÎmaboIZmMm gamd ìhmdm `mgmR>r J¥hnmR>m§Mrhr `moOZm Ho$bobrAmho.
àË`oH$ {df`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm J¥hnmR> {Xbo OmVmV.
(5) g§àfo U gmYZo
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>r` ì`dñWoV {dÚmWu d {ejH$ Agm àË`j g§~§Y `oV Zgë`m_wio
doimodi
o r hmoUmar g§nH©$gÌo, ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$, kmZJ§JmoÌr Ì¡_m{gH$, g§dmX _m{gH$, XyaXe©Z,
AmH$medmUrdarb H$m`©H«$_, BË`mXtÛmao hmoUmè`m g§àofUmg A{YH$ _hÎd àmá hmoVo. _wŠV
{dÚmnrR>mMm {dÚmWu AÝ` H$moUË`mhr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m VwbZoV H$_r nSy> Z`o `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
{d{dY àH$mao hmoUmao g§àofU n[aUm_H$maH$ AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ago Agbo Var hr gmYZo
dmnaVmZm qH$dm {ejUH«$_ A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r g§àofU _mÜ`_ dmnaVmZm AZoH$ AS>Wio
CX²^dVmV, g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m_wio _w{ÐV AÜ``Zgm{hË`,
g§nH©$gÌo, nÌì`dhma d EHy$UM A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Or gmYZo AmhoV Vr g§àofUmÀ`m
Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ A{YH$ à^mdr H$aVm `oVrb. n[aUm_V: {ejUH«$_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñd`§AÜ``Zmbm MmbZm {_iyZ gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYVm `oB©b. `m Ñï>rZoM g§àofU gmYZm§Mm
Aä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. g§nH©$gÌo ho `m§n¡H$s gdmªV _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. ""g§_§ÌH$mZo àË`oH$
{dÚmÏ`m©H$S>o OmVrZo bj Úmdo Aer Anojm AgVo. àË`oH$mÀ`m g_ñ`m g§_§ÌH$mZo OmUyZ
¿`mì`mV Am{U Ë`m gmoS>dm`bm _XV H$amdr Aerhr Anojm AgVo. Ho$di Amnë`mH$aVm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 50
g§_§ÌH$ H$mhr {d{eï> Jmoï>r H$aVmo ho bjmV Amë`mda {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$ `m§À`m ZmË`mV
{d{eï> d¡`pŠVH$ Ago ~§Y qH$dm YmJo {Z_m©U hmoVmV d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m_Yrb _mZdr g§~§Y
{dH${gV hmoV OmVmV;'' Ago añVmoJr1 åhUVmV. Ë`m_wio g§nH©$gÌm§_YyZ EH$ àH$maMm _mZ{gH$
AmYma {dÚmÏ`mªZm àmá hmoV AgVmo. g§_§ÌU `m à{H«$`obm Xya{ejUmV \$ma _hÎdmMo ñWmZ
Amho. g§_§ÌU ho e¡j{UH$ ~m~tg§~§Yr AgVo VgoM {ejUoVa ~m~tg§X^m©Vhr AgVo. e¡j{UH$
~m~tÀ`m g§X^m©V Mm¡Yar2 åhUVmV H$s, ""g§nH©$gÌmÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z e¡j{UH$ ~m~r åhUOo
g§_̧ H$mZo Amnbo {dÚmWu OmUyZ KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgH«$_mMr _m{hVr XoU,o {dÚmÏ`mªZm
g§nH©$gÌmg `oÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo, Ë`m§Zr {Xboë`m J¥hnmR>, dJ©MmMUrVrb CÎmam§Vrb ÌwQ>r ^ê$Z
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r `mo½` {Xem XoU,o _yë`_mnZmMo _hÎd g_OmdyZ gm§JUo, {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AmdS>rZwgma
Ë`m§À`mer {d{dY {df`m§da MMm© H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m OrdZmer {ZJ{S>V ~m~tdahr WmoS>o\$ma
_mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo, Aem [aVrZo e¡j{UH$ ~m~r `m AÜ``Zmer g§~§{YV AmhoV.'' {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o
n[aUm_H$maH$ AÜ``ZH$m¡eë`o {dH${gV H$aUo ho g§_§ÌUmMo _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Amho Ago hmoå~J©3
åhUVmo. AÜ``Zgm{hË` dmMZ H$arV AgVmZm _hÎdmMo _wÔo, n[a^mfm, Z g_Obobo _wÔo,
BË`mXr ~m~r nopÝgbrZo {bhÿZ R>odUo dm AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z R>odUo d Ë`m g§nH©$gÌmV {dMmaUo øm
~m~r Ame` g_OyZ KoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. Xya{ejUmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm Aä`mgmg§~§YrÀ`m
A{^éMr, àoaUm Aem _mZ{gH$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r g§_§ÌH$m§Mo gmhmæ` Amdí`H$ AgVo.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mr {d{eï> e¡j{UH$ n[apñWVr bjmV KoVë`mg Ë`mbm dmMZH$m¡eë`m~amo~aM {d{dY
_mÜ`_m§Mmhr AÜ``ZmgmR>r ^anya Cn`moJ H$gm H$ê$Z ¿`mdm `mg§~Y§ r H$m¡eë`o àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r
g§_§ÌH$m§Zr _XV H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
(6) àñVwV emoY{Z~§YmMr C{Ôï>o
g§nH©$gÌmÛmao hmoUmè`m g§àfo UmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mgH|$Ðmda g§nH©$gÌmg Agboë`m
CnpñWVrMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo, g§nH©$gÌmVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Anojm§Mr nyVu hmoVo H$m ho
Aä`mgUo, Aä`mgH|$Ðmdarb g§nH©$gÌm§À`m XOm©Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo hr àñVwV
emoY{Z~§YmMr C{Ôï>o AmhoV.
(7) emoY{Z~§YmMr ì`mßVr
gXa emoY{Z~§YmMr ì`mßVr _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m E_. {b~. {ejUH«$_mnwaVr _`m©{XV
Amho. `m {ejUH«$_m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r AZoH$ g§àofU gmYZo dmnaÊ`mV `oVmV. `m
g§àofU gmYZm§n¡H$s g§nH©$gÌo `m _mÜ`_mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo `mnwaVrM hr ì`mßVr
_`m©{XV Amho.
(8) _m{hVr g§H$bZ
_m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r àíZmdbrMo {dH$gZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. E_. {b~.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 51
{ejUH«$_mÀ`m 11 Aä`mgH|$Ðm§darb gd© {dÚmWu, g§_§ÌH$ d H|$Ð g§`moOH$ à{VgmXmgmR>r
{ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m à{VgmXH$m§Zr {Xboë`m à{VgmXmVrb _m{hVrMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. E_. {b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m A§_~bOmdUrV g§àofUmMr Or doJdoJir gmYZo AmhoV
Ë`m§n¡H$s g§nH©$gÌo `m gmYZm~m~V à{VgmXH$m§H$Sy>Z {_imboë`m à{VgmXmMo {díbofU àñVwV
{Z~§YmV XoÊ`mMo à`moOZ Amho.
amhVmV. Ë`m_wio g§nH©$gÌmVyZ hmoUmar àmW{_H$ g§àofU à{H«$`m à^mdr hmoVo. Ago Agbo Var
{dÚmWu g§nH©$gÌmbm CnpñWV amhV ZmhrV Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU 10% bjmV
KoVm {dÚmÏ`mªZm g§nH©$gÌm§Mo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoUo JaOoMo Amho.
E_. {b~. {ejUH«$_mVrb EH$ g§nH©$gÌ XmoZ KS>çmir Vmgm§Mo AgVo. _mJ©Xe©H$
àmÜ`mnH$ XmoZ KS>çmir Vmg g§_§ÌU H$aVmV H$m` ho H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 dê$Z ñnï> hmoB©b.
(9) _m{hVrMo {díbofU
H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 : _mJ©Xe©H$ àmÜ`mnH$mH$Sy>Z àË`jmV XmoZ Vmg g§_§ÌU Ho$bo OmVo
H$m` ho Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$
Xya{ejUm_Ü`o {dÚmWu d {ejH$ Agm WoQ> g§nH©$ `oV Zgë`m_wio g§nH©$gÌm§Mo Am`moOZ
H$aÊ`mV `oV.o XyañW {ejUnÕVrVrb Ame` n[aUm_H$maH$nUo {dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mÀ`m
Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ g§nH©$gÌo ho EH$ _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. g§nH©$gÌmÛmao {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mZ{gH$ AmYma
CnbãY hmoVmo. nma§n[aH$ {ejUàUmbrV {ejH$m§Mo {dÚmÏ`mªOdirb ApñVËd J¥hrV Yabobo
AgVo. Xya{ejUmV _w{ÐV d ÑH²$-lmì` _mÜ`_ Am{U ñdV: H$amd`mMm Aä`mg `mda
A{YH$ ^a {Xbobm AgVmo. `m nÕVrMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. Varhr AZoH$Xm øm àH$maÀ`m
AZw^dmV {dÚmÏ`m©bm EH$Q>onUm, {Zamem d d¡\$ë` `oUo H«$_n«má Amho Am{U `mM {R>H$mUr
_mZ{gH$ AmYmamMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§_§ÌUmMr H$ënZm CX`mg Ambr. Jmo`b Am{U
Jmo`b4 `m§Zr g§nH©$gÌmMo \$m`Xo {deX H$aVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""g§nH©$gÌm_wio Xya{ejUnÕVr
Am{U {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o ^md{ZH$ ZmVo {Z_m©U hmoVo d Vo AÜ``Zmg àoaUmXm`r R>aVo.'' E_.{b~.
{ejUH«$_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r `m _mÜ`_mMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo d Ë`mÛmao g§àofUmMr
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm gmYVm `oVo H$m` ho nwT>rb {Xboë`m H$moï>H$m§dê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo.
H«$.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
XmoZ Vmg g§_̧ U Ho$bo
{dÚmWu
g§_̧ H$
OmVo H$m` ?
EHy$U
eo.à.
EHy$U
eo.à.
Xadoir
~è`mM doir
H$Yr H$Yr
H$YrM Zmhr
doionojm OmñV doi
EHy$U à{VgmX
92
38
06
28
164
56.10
23.15
3.65
17.10
100.00
35
08
01
01
05
50
70.00
16.00
02.00
02.00
10.00
100.00
H$moï>H$ H«$. 1 dê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, E_. {b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m Aä`mgH|$Ðmda
{dÚmWu g§nH©$gÌm§Zm {Z`{_V CnpñWV amhVmV H$m` `m àíZmg hmo` CÎma XoUmè`m {dÚmWu d
g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU AZwH«$_o 99% d 90% EdT>o Amho Va {dÚmWu g§nH©$gÌm§Zm CnpñWV amhV
ZmhrV Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU AZwH«$_o 1% d 10% Amho. `mdê$Z
Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, ~hþVm§er {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§À`m _Vo {dÚmWu Aä`mgH|$Ðmda CnpñWV
H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 dê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, g§_§ÌH$m§H$Sy>Z Xadoir XmoZ KS>çmir Vmg
g§_§ÌU Ho$bo OmVo Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 56% AgyZ ~è`mM doir åhUUmè`m
{dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 23% Amho. H$Yr H$Yr åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 4% AgyZ doionojm
OmñV doi g§_§ÌUgÌo KoÊ`mV `oVmV Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 17% Amho.
g§_§ÌH$m§H$Sy>Z Xadoir XmoZ KS>çmir Vmg g§_§ÌU Ho$bo OmVo Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo
à_mU 70% AgyZ ~è`mM doir Ho$bo OmVo Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU 16% Amho.
H$YrH$Yr d H$YrM Zmhr Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU AZwH«$_o 2% d 2% Amho.
doionojm OmñV doi g§_§ÌU Ho$bo OmVo Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU 10% EdT>o Amho.
`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 _Yrb "Xadoir', "~è`mM doir' d "doionojm
OmñV doi' ho VrZ g§»`mJQ> Mm§Jbm à{VgmX Xe©{dUmao Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU Ho$ë`mg
XmoZ Vmg g_§ÌU hmoVo Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`m©Mo à_mU (56.10+23.15+17.10)
96.35% EdT>o hmoVo. Va g_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU (70+16+10) 96% EdT>o hmoVo. ho à_mU
g_mYmZH$maH$ AgyZ AJXr WmoS>m doi g§_§ÌUgÌo KoVbr Ago Z hmoVm Ano{jV doioEdT>r
KoVbr OmV Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. `mMmM AW© {dÚmnrR>mg Ano{jV Agbobr g§_§ÌUgÌo
Aä`mgH|$Ðmda à^mdrnUo KoÊ`mV `oVmV d Ë`mÛmao g§àofUà{H«$`m à^mdr hmoVo Ago åhUVm
`oBb
© .
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 52
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 53
H$moï>H$ H«$. 1 : Aä`mgH|$Ðmda {dÚmWu g§nH©$gÌm§Zm {Z`{_V CnpñWV amhVmV
H$m` ho Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$
H«$.
g§nH©$gÌm§Zm {Z`{_V
CnpñWV amhVmV H$m` ?
(1) hmo`
(2) Zmhr
EHy$U à{VgmX
{dÚmWu
g§_̧ H$
EHy$U
eo.à.
EHy$U
eo.à
169
02
171
98.85
1.15
100.00
44
05
49
89.802
10.20
100.00
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J«W
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❏ Managing preservation for libraries & archives : current practice &
g§X^©
(1) Rastogi, Satish and Pathak, Suneeta (1997), Academic Counselling a human support, Nashik : YCMOU. p. 43.
(2)Ÿ Mm¡Yar, Zm. am. (2000), g§nH©$gÌmMo ñdê$n d {dÚmWu : ""kmZJ§Jm KamoKar'' g§nm.
eaUHw$_ma qb~mio - nwUo : {XbrnamO àH$meZ, n¥. 147.
(3) Holmberg, Borge (1995). Theory and Practice of Distance Education
- London : Routledge.p. 129.
(4) Goel, Aruna & Goel, S. L. (2001). Distance Education in the 21st
Century - New Delhi, Deep & Deep. p. 122.
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future developements
ed. by John Feather (ISBN - 0754607054)
Pub. : Oxan (U.K.), Ashgate, 2004.
Pages 194, (H. B.)
Price : £ 45.00
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Am{U ømMmM gm§Jmonm§J {dMma øm nwñVH$mV Ho$bm Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 57
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AmR> àH$aUm§V {d^mJboë`m øm nwñVH$mV OVZmMr VÎdo d Ü`o`YmoaUo hm {dMma
àñVmdZoV Om°Z \$sXa øm§Zr Ho$bobm Amho. Collin Webb øm§Mo The Malleability of fire
: preserving digital information ho àH$aU, Rene Teygeler øm§Mo Preserving
paper : recent advances, sound recording : problems of preservation,
Dietrich Schuller øm§Mo àH$aU, Preservation management source of information
ho J«°h°_ _°Ï`y (Graham Mathews) øm§Mo àH$aU d eodQ>Mo "The future, Marie Therese varlamoff" hr àH$aUo Img C„oIZr` AmhoV.
Ago Agbo Var ^maVr` J«§Wmb`mV {OWo nyU©nUo g§JUH$sH$aU Pmbo Zmhr Aem
{R>H$mUr øm nwñVH$mVrb _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ _`m©{XV hmoB©b.
øm nwñVH$mV åhQ>ë`mà_mUo, "The preservation of library & archieval materials can encomposs everything from bookbinding & paper repair to
new teachniques for maintaining explo digital text, sound or images."
❏ Organizing knowledge; an introduction to managing access to
information
Authors : Jennifer Rowley & John Farrow
Ashgate Publication
Price : £ 27.00
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(John Farrow) øm gw{d»`mV boIH$m§Zr {b{hbobo, "Organizing knowledge; an
introducation to managing access to information" ho nwñVH$ ! 2000 gmbr
nwñVH$mMr 3 ar Amd¥Îmr à{gÕ Pmbr AgyZ H$mJXr ~m§YUrÀ`m øm nwñVH$mMr qH$_V 27.00
nm¢S> Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 58
nwñVH$ Oar 2000 gmbMo Agbo Var Ë`mMo nwZ_©wÐU hmoV AgyZ àË`oH$ J«§Wmb`rZ
Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r Vo Cn`wŠV Amho. Ho$di naXoemVM Zmhr Va ^maVr` J«§Wmb`rZ
Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>rhr ho nwñVH$ IaoXr H$aUo, ho J«§Wnmbm§Mr AMyH$ {ZdS> Xe©dUmao R>aob.
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Am{U Q>opŠZH$b gpìh©gogZo åhQ>bo Amho - "This Book is essential for both undergraduate & post graduate students, and anyone who is interested in learning the basic components of information management & information systems. It is highly recommended as a required text in relevant LIS course."
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Amho. g§JUH$ Vm{bH$m (OPAC) , B§Q>aZoQ>, CD-ROM ømÛmao Am°ZbmB©Z _m{hVr
{_idÊ`mMr gmo` H$er H$amdr ho A{Ve` gmoß`m nÕVrZo g_OmdyZ {Xbo Amho.
Aem øm 4 ^mJm§V 11 àH$aUo {d^mJyZ eodQ>r C„oI gyMr (Index) {Xbobr Amho.
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(2 ar d 3 ar Amd¥Îmr _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mV CnbãY.)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 59
❏
J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZ
bo{IH$m - e{eH$bm J§. ^mJdV.
nwUo, `w{Zìhg©b àH$meZ, 2003
n¥ð>g§»`m - 238
qH$_V é. 170/-
J«§Wmb`emñÌ d _m{hVr Am{U V§ÌkmZmMm Aä`mg _amR>rVyZ H$aUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r
`. M. _. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>m§Mr nwñVHo$ dJiVm BVa g§X^© nwñVH$m§Mr MUMU Zoh_rM ^mgVo.
Ë`mVhr ~arMer nwñVHo$ CÎm_ XOm©Mrhr ZgVmV. Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma XO©Xo ma nmR>çnwñVHo$ {_iUo
hr AmUIrZM _moR>r g_ñ`m ! Aem øm g_ñ`m§da _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `w{Zìhg©b àH$meZmZo
J«§Wmb`emñÌmda ~arMer nmR>çnwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Ho$br AmhoV. Ë`mVboM EH$ ""J«§Wmb`
ì`dñWmnZ'' !
J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZmdarb Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r AgUmè`m gd© _hÎdmÀ`m _wÚm§Mr øm
nwñVH$mV _m{hVr {_iVo. H$mhr àH$aUo ÌmoQ>H$ Agbr Var dmMZr` AmhoV. ~arMer àH$aUo
_wÔogyX d gwb^ ^mfoV ñnï> Ho$bobr AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, J«§W{ZdS>, A§XmOnÌH$, J«§Wmb`rZ
{heo~, J«§Wn[aJUZ hr àH$aUo Amdí`H$ VoWo AmH¥$Ë`m, VŠVo XoD$Z ñnï> Ho$br AmhoV.
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo àH$aUhr AmH¥$Ë`m§_wio _m{hVrnyU© Pmbobo Amho.
ì`dñWmnZmMo _hÎd d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo AmMaUmV AmUm`Mo {Z`_-Cn{Z`_ WmoS>o
ÌmoQ>H$ Agbo Var _wÔogyX AmhoV. øm nwñVH$mV nÌì`dhmamMo Z_wZo, AmH¥$Ë`m, VŠVo øm§À`m_wio
nwñVH$ à^mdr Pmbo Amho. øm nwñVH$mV EH§$Xa 22 àH$aUo AgyZ n[a{eï> 1 d 2 _Ü`o {ZdS>H$
g§X^©J«§Wm§Mr `mXr d n[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr B§J«Or-_amR>r d _amR>r-B§J«Or Aem XmoÝhr àH$mao
{Xbr AgyZ ho n[a{eï> øm nwñVH$mMo d¡{eîQç R>amdo. hr n[a{eï>o _amR>rV Aä`mg H$aUmè`m
{dÚmÏ`mªZm IynM Cn`wŠV AmhoV; øm_wio J«§Wmb`rZ n[a^mfm A{YH$ gwñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV
hmoB©b. B§J«Orbm n`m©`r _amR>r eãX gwb^VoZo dmnaVm `oVrb Am{U åhUyZM n[a{eï>o EH$
ñVwË` CnH«$_ R>amdm.
ømM~amo~a ì`dñWmnZmVrb _hÎdmMm ^mJ åhUOo J«§Wm§Mr {ZJm, ho àH$aU 2 ^mJm§V
{d^mJyZ hdm_mZmà_mUo Cnm``moOZm, Am¡fYm§À`m {_lUm§Mo à_mU, ~m§YUrMo àH$ma, AmH¥$Ë`m§gh
{Xë`m_wio {deof dmMZr` Pmbo Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, J«§Wmb`emñÌmV nXdr KoD$ BpÀN>Umao, à_mUnÌ {_idy BpÀN>Umao {dÚmWu
d J«W§ nmb, BË`mXr gdmªZmM ho nwñVH$ g§Jh« r R>do Ê`mg haH$V Zmhr. qH$_Vhr _m\$H$ Agë`m_wio
{dÚmÏ`mªZm nadS>Ê`mgmaIo Amho.
❏
Digital Librarie : Policy, Planning & Practice
ed. by Judith Andreas & Derek Law.
Oxon, U. K., Ashgate, 2004.
Price - 49.95
Pages - 284 (Hard Bound)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 60
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mMm Cn`moJ g§JUH$m_wio \$maM PnmQ>çmZo dmT>V Amho. Ë`mVM
OmJoMr g_ñ`mhr OmJ{VH$ ~ZV Mmbbr Amho. _m{hVrMo àgmaUhr doJmZo hmoUo d Vr _m{hVr
dmMH$m§Zm, g§emoYH$m§Zm Ëd[aV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUohr øm doJdmZ OJmV JaOoMo R>abo Amho. øm
gdmªda Cnm` åhUyZ BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ d {S>{OQ>b V§ÌkmZmMm àgma PnmQ>çmZo hmoV Amho. Ëd[aV
CnbãY hmoUmar godm, jU^amV Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamdê$Z {_iUmao kmZ d _m{hVr, jU^amV
gmYVm `oUmam g§nH©$, PQ>nQ> IaoXrMr CnbãYVm, BË`mXr AZoH$ gmo`t_wio {S>{OQ>b V§ÌkmZmbm
dmT>Vr _mJUr Amho.
øm nwñVH$mV {S>{OQ>b J«§Wmb`m§Mr AmIUr H$er H$amdr, Ë`mgmR>r H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr
_mZ{gH$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ V`mar H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm gamd H$gm H$ê$Z ¿`mdm ømMo gw~moY {díbofU Ho$bobo
Amho. ho V§ÌkmZ dmnaÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar `§ÌUm, CnH$aUo, _mÜ`_o, BË`mXtg§~§YrMr _m{hVr
_hÎdnyU© Amho. {S>{OQ>b J«§Wmb`o hr H$mimOr JaO Amho. ho nwñVH$ Oar nmíMmÎ` J«§Wmb`m§Mm
{dMma H$ê$Z d Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb `oUmè`m AS>MUtMm {dMma H$ê$Z {b{hbobo Agbo Var
{S>{OQ>b J«W§ mb`m§Mr ê$naoIm, Ë`m§Mm dmna d V§ÌkmZ øm§Mr _m{hVr AmnU H$ê$Z KoUo \$m`ÚmMo
R>aUmao Amho. AmO Zm CÚm ^maVmVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mo ñdê$nhr ~XbUma AmhoM; qH$~hþZm Vo
~XbV Mmbbo AmhoM ! àJV V§ÌkmZmMr OmUrd d _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo hr H$mimOr JaO
AmnU øm nwñVH$mÛmao g_OyZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.
AË`§V à{WV`e Ago g§MmbH$mnX ^yf{dUmao Á`wS>rW A±S´>çyO ho g|Q´>b B§½bS>
{dÚmnrR>mV BboŠQ´>m{° ZH$ J«W§ mb`m§gmR>r àH$ën V`ma H$arV AgyZ øm àH$ënmMo gd©go dm© AmhoV.
S>oaoH$ bm° hoXoIrb B§½b§S>_Yrb ñQ>mQ>©ŠbmB©S> (starthclyde) {dÚmnrR>mVrb
_m{hVremñÌ {d^mJmMo EH$ XeH$mhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi g§MmbH$nX ^yfdrV AmhoV. _m{hVrMo
Omio (Networking) d g§JUH$s` kmZmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo H$m`©aV AmhoV.
øm XmoZ à{WV`e g§nmXH$m§IoarO BVa _mÝ`da {dÚmnrR>m§Vrb àmÜ`mnH$m§Zrhr øm
nwñVH$mV Amnë`m boIm§Ûmao _m{hVrnyU© kmZmMo `moJXmZ {Xbobo Amho. CXmhaUmW©, ñQ>r\$Z
{nZ{\$ëS> øm§Zr {S>{OQ>b J«§Wmb`mgmR>r qH$dm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ dm B©-J«§Wmb`mgmR>r AmIÊ`mÀ`m
`moOZm, C{Ôï>,o gyÌo ømM~amo~a H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMr qH$_V øm àH$ënmgmR>r Úmdr bmJob, H$moUVr
nyd©V`mar Amdí`H$ Amho, Ë`m§Mo {Z`moOZ d nÕVr (policy) H$er R>admdr ho CËH¥$ï>[aË`m
gm§{JVbo Amho.
1990 gmbmnmgyZÀ`m B©-J«§Wmb`m§Mm dmT>Vm àgma H$gm hmoV Jobm ømMohr {ddoMZ
Ho$bobo Amho.
Mike Lesk øm§Zr {S>{OQ>b J«§Wmb`m§gmR>r godm XoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtMr 4 Ï`m àH$aUmV
MMm© Ho$br Amho. ømM àH$aUmV Ë`m§Zr {S>{OQ>b J«§Wmb`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m _mJUrMr AmH$S>odmar
{Xbobr Amho. Vr IynM ~mobH$s Amho. Vo åhUVmV, ""bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m°§J«ogÀ`m do~gmB©Q>da Xa
{Xder 2 H$moQ>r _m{hVrÀ`m _mJUrMo {dZ§Vr AO© `oVmV. 2000 gmbmn`ªV øm J«§Wmb`mZo
700 H$moQ>r _mJÊ`m§Mm nwadR>m {d{dY ê$nmZo Ho$bm. (g§JUH$s` ^mfoV Q>oam~mB©Q> BVH$m) \$ŠV
dmMH$ H$jmVyZ 1.6 H$moQ>r Jmoï>r (items) dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m. øm{edm` BVahr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 61
Am°ZbmB©Z {S>{OQ>b \$mB©ëgMm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna H$aUmam dJ© Amho. øm H$m_mgmR>r
A_o[aHo$Vrb àË`oH$ _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ {d^mJmVrb H$_©Mmar, {dÚmWu d dmMH$m§Zm nma§n[aH$
J«§Wmb`mVrb gmoB© d AS>MUr d {S>{OQ>b J«§Wmb` dmnaVmZm `oUmè`m AS>MUtMr _m{hVr
d à{ejU {Xbo OmVo.
øm nwñVH$m~Ôb _w»`n¥ð>mdarb n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmè`m n[aÀN>oXmV Ago åhQ>bo Amho "Digital libraries, Policy, Planning & Practice bring together a wealth
of international experience in the planning & inplementation of digital &
hybrid library projects, providing a stimulating & information handbook
& reference for library staff & information managers."
EHy$U VrZ à_wI {d^mJm§V 14 àH$aUo {d^mJbr AmhoV. àW_ àñVmdZm d A_o[aHo$V
øm g§X^m©darb Ho$bo Jobobo g§emoYZ d Ë`mMr dmT> d A§_b~OmdUr H$er hmoV Amho øm
{df`m§da 3 àH$aUo Amho.
^mJ 1 _Ü`o - Ü`o`YmoaUo, {Z`moOZ øm g§X^m©V 5 {d{dY àmÜ`mnH$m§Mo 5 boI /
àH$aUo AmhoV.
^mJ 2 _Ü`o - A§_b~OmdUr d gamd (Implementaion & Practice) øm
{df`mdarb 5 àH$aUo AmhoV. ømM ^mJmV 1980 gmbmnmgyZÀ`m {S>{OQ>b J«W§ mb`m§gX§ ^m©Vrb
AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. g§JUH$s` OmiçmMm {dMma H$gm hmoV Jobm, ømgmR>r {deof J«W§ mb`m§Mr
AmIUr d ~m§YH$m_, gmYZgm_J«r H$moUVr bmJob ømMm gm§Jmonm§J {dMma Ho$bm Amho.
"The way Ahead" øm {Vgè`m d eodQ>À`m ^mJmV Zmdmà_mUoM {S>{OQ>b
J«§Wmb`m§À`m ^{dî`mMm doY KoVbm Amho. nwT>rb g§emoYZ d àJVr H$moUVr Agob ømMohr
{díbofU Amho.
AmH$f©H$ ~m§YUr, gw~moY AmH¥$Ë`m à{WV`e boIH$m§Mo boI, _m{hVrnyU© {ddoMZ,
^{dî`mMm doY KoUmam boI, BË`mXt_wio ho nwñVH$ g§J«hr R>odÊ`mgmaIo Amho.
(_w§~B© {dÚmnrR> J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY)
Q>rn
"{S>{OQ>b bm`~«ar' ømM {df`mda lr npãbeg© A±S> {S>pñQ´>ã`wQ>g© øm§Zr 2 ^mJm§V
EH$ g§M ZwH$VmM àH$m{eV Ho$bm Amho.
'Digital Library' Vol. I & II. Author - Shuresh Chandra Dwivedi, New
Delhi, Shree Publishers & Distributers, 2005.
gwaoeM§Ð {ÛdoXr ho H$mZnya `oWrb CSJM {dÚmnrR>mV Cn-J«§Wnmb åhUyZ H$m`©aV
AmhoV.
R>amdo.
gmoß`m B§J«Or ^mfo_wio ^maVmVrb J«§Wmb`m§gmR>r øm nwñVH$mMm Aä`mg H$aUo gmoB©Mo
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 62
do~ (gm`~a JwÝhoJmarMo J_^Z)
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H$moUË`mhr _m{hVrV§ÌmV àmdrÊ` AgUmè`m V§Ìkmbm, gm`~a JwÝhoJmar `m {df`mÀ`m A_wH$
EH$ H$jm AmhoV d Vmo `mnbrH$S>o OmV Zmhr Ago gm§JVm `oUo Ho$di AeŠ` Amho. ZdZdrZ
V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Pmbo H$s g_m§VanUo Ë`m~m~VÀ`m JwÝhoJmar gXamV _moS>Umè`m V§Ìm§MoXoIrb
{dH$gZ hmoV AgVo. _Ü`§Var _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ emIoVrb EH$ àmÜ`mnH$ gm§JV hmoVo, ""ga
H$moUVmhr Agm nmgdS>© Zmhr H$s Vmo H«°$H$ H$aVm `oV Zmhr. \$ŠV noeÝg _mÌ nm{hOo.'' _mYd
{eadiH$a `m§À`m "g§JUH$ OJV' `m J«§WmV A_o[aHo$Vrb {gAmQ>b àm§VmVrb qH$J H$mD§$Qr
J«§Wmb`mMmM nmgdS>© \$moSy>Z EH$ gVam dfm©Mm _wbJm H$gm Yw_mHy$i KmbVmo Ë`mMo EH$m
àH$aUmV dU©Z Ambo Amho.1
EImÚm _hÎdmÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m JmonZr`VogmR>r {Xbobm nmgdS>© \$moS>m`Mm (H«°$qH$J X
nmgdS>)© , g§nUy À© `m g§nUy © gm°âQ>dA
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H$ê$Z Úm`Mo, EImXr _hÎdmMr do~gmB©Q>À`m do~gmB©Q> hm`O°H$ H$am`Mr Aem EH$ Zìho Va
gVameo gmR> JwÝøm§Mm `m V§Ìk JwÝhoJmam§Zr emoY bmdbm Amho. A_wH$ EH$ B©-OZ©b gwê$
H$am`Mo Agob Va H$mhr hOma, bmI én`o IMy©Z Vo gwê$ H$amdo bmJVo. Vo AgVo nmgdS>©
àmoQ>oŠQ>oS>. hm nmgdS>© AJXr hmVmÀ`m ~moQ>mda _moOVm `oVrb BVŠ`mM bmoH$m§Zm {Xbm OmVmo;
nU Ë`mMm J¡admna hmoUma Zmhr Zm `mMr OmJê$H$Vm Ë`m B-OZ©bÀ`m H§$nZrg ¿`mdr bmJVo.
{edm` Ago _hÎdnyU© g§emoYZ _yë` AgUmao gm{hË` S>mD$ZbmoS> hmoUma Zmhr `mgmR>r V§ÌkmZmMm
dmna H$ê$Z H$mhr gmo`r H$amì`m bmJVmV.
"_m{hVr' `m KQ>H$mer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m gd© ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm gm`~a JwÝhoJmarer
g§~§{YV {df`mMm Jmofdmam Var _mhrV hdm AÝ`Wm _m{hVrMr hmVmiUr (information
handling) H$aVmZm AZdYmZmZo JwÝhm KSy> eH$Vmo. {deofV: S>mD$ZbmoS> H$aÊ`mMm _moh
Pmbm Va AmnU H$m` S>mD$ZbmoS> H$aVmo` `mMo ^mZ hdo.
B©-_obÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ìhm`ag nmR>dUo `m JwÝøm~m~V AmnU Zoh_r ~mobVmo. nU
àË`jmV H$m_ H$aVmZm, _ob MoH$ H$aVmZm øm ìhm`agMo ^mZ amhVoM Ago Zmhr d Aer
EImXr g§~§{YV ZgUmar _ob CKS>br OmVo H$s ìhm`ag {eaVmoM. A±Q>r ìhm`ag àmoJ«måg
{H$Vrhr Agbo Var Ë`m§À`mda _mV H$arV EImXm ìhm`ag àgm[aV H$aUo hmhr gm`~a OJVmVbm
JwÝhmM Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 63
`m gd© JwÝøm§Mo JwÝhoJma Vmg Z² Vmg, _{hZmo Z² _{hZo, am̧{Xdg H$m_ H$aVmV. Amnbo
{_eZ gmÜ` H$aUo `m EH$m doS>mZo Vo PnmQ>bobo AgVmV. Ago H$aÊ`mMm hoVy H$m`, Agm
^m~S>m àíZ `m§À`m ~m~VrV J¡abmJy AgVmo. "gyS> CJdÊ`mgmR>r' Vo "ghOM' Agm H$moUVmhr
hoVy `m§À`m _ZmV AgVmo; nU Ë`m_wio hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ H$ënZmVrV AgVo. M°qQ>J H$ê$Z Xya
A§Vamdarb ì`ŠVrer ~mobUo Ogo eŠ` Amho VgoM Ë`m ì`ŠVtZm dm g§ñWobm ~ZdUo hoXoIrb
eŠ` Amho. Am°ñQ´>o{b`mV ~gyZ ^maVmVë`m EH$m `wdH$mbm A_o[aHo$V Om`bm bmdUmar EH$
_{hbm d {VMo JwÝhoJmarMo Ym[aîQ>ç EdT>o H$s Vmo `wdH$ A_o[aHo$V Joë`mda JwÝhoJmam§À`m Ë`m
Q>moirZo Ë`mbm OrdZmVyZ H$go CR>dbo `mMr gË`H$Wm _Ü`§Var dmMZmV Ambr hmoVr. Aem
H$Wm dmMë`m H$s M°qQ>J H$aVmZm {H$Vr gmdY Agm`bm hdo Ë`mMr H$ënZm `oVo.
J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmÀ`m joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`mbm Amnbm `mÀ`mer g§~§Y
H$m` Agm àíZ ñdm^m{dH$nUo _ZmV `oB©b. nU _m{hVr {_iÊ`mMo J«§Wmb` ho gmYZ Agob
d J«§Wmb`mV Oa B§Q>aZoQ>gmaIr _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmar gw{dYm Agob Va J«§Wmb`mV
H$m_ H$aVmZm {H$_mZ gmdYmZVm ~miJm`bmM hdr. J«§Wmb`mVrb g§JUH$m§dê$Z {dÚmÏ`mªZm
/ Cn^moŠË`m§Zm B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm Agm`bm hdr Agm Z°H$gma»`m g§ñWm§Mm AmJ«h AgVmo.
Aem gw{dYoMm {dÚmWu J¡admnahr H$ê$ eH$VmV `mMo ^mZ Ë`m_wioM Amí`H$ R>aVo. nrgr
Mmby Ho$bm H$s, EH$ Aíbrb {MÌ CKS>m`bm bmJbo d J«§Wmb`mVrb V§ÌkmZmMr _m{hVr
ZgUmao H$_©Mmar h¡amU Pmbo Aer KQ>Zm AbrH$S>oM EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV KS>ë`mMo gXahÿ
boIH$mg _mhrV Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>Mr gw{dYm AgUmam Vmo nrgr hmoVm. ho {MÌ H$go H$mT>m`Mo Vo
J«§Wnmbmg g_OoZm. {dÚmWu Ë`m nrgrda g{\ª$J H$arV. Ago Agbo Var n«mMm`mªZr Vw_Mo bj
H$go Zmhr, hm àíZ J«§Wnmbm§Zm d H$_©Mmè`m§Zm {dMmabm. \$m`admb gmaIr `§ÌUm AgyZhr ho
KS>bo; `mMm AW© JwÝhoJmar àd¥ÎmrÀ`m Ë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ë`mda _mV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio
hmS>©doAa d gm°âQ>doAa OmUUmao V§Ìk Vwåhr J«§Wmb`mer OmoSy>Z R>odm`bm hdoV.
V§ÌkmZmMm hm J¡admna d AmnU à`ËZnyd©H$ Ë`m{df`r dmT>dV Agbobr _m{hVr hr
{dbjU Anwar R>aV Amho. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV V§ÌkmZmMo àM§S> Cn`moOZ dmT>V Amho d VgVgo
J«§WnmbZmMo àdmhhr diUo KoV AmhoV. n§Yamdrg dfmªnydu ApñVËdmVhr ZìhVr Aer ^mfm,
Aem g§H$ënZm amoO Zì`mZo {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV, Amnë`mbm dmnamì`m bmJV AmhoV. Aem
pñWVrV nmgdS>© OmoS>Uo, gmB©Q> hm`O°H$ H$aUo, A±{Q>ìhm`agda _mV H$aUo, BË`mXr gd©À`m
gd© V§Ìo Amnë`mbm AdJV hmoVrbM Ago Zmhr; nU `m gm`~a{dídmMo J_^Z {Jadbobo
Agm`bm hdo. AJXr b{bV gm{hË`mgma»`m _mÜ`_mVhr hr {MÌo {Xgm`bm bmJbr AmhoV.
Ë`m {XeoZo ZdrZ gVV dmMV amhm`bm hdo. `m gd© {df`m§Mo "E\$.E.Š`y.' (FAQ) Var
Amnë`mbm _m{hVr hdo.
AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm
J«W
§ g_yh ho Iao g_mOgwI hmo` !
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à»`mV B{VhmgH$ma Am{U ñnîQ>dŠVo ^mî`H$ma B{VhmgmMm`©
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amhmdr qH$dm Zmhr hm àíZ AmVm nwT>o Ambm Amho d Vmo J«§Wg§J«hmb`mZo gwQ>ob. Ý`m. amZS>o ho
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AgVo. Oam C{eamZo H$ibo AgVo Var haH$V ZìhVr; H$maU Vo Zmhr H$m Am_À`m nwT>o Ymdbobo
AmhoV ? Am_Mo amï´> Amho; Am_Mm g_mO Amho, Amåhm§g H$mhr H$m_ H$amd`mMo Amho, hm
A{^_mZ Yê$Z H$ënH$ nwéf {ZKmbm Va Ë`mg øm gd© Jmoï>r g_OVrb. Ë`mg Ìmg nS>b
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Zmhr. Ho$ed M§ÐgoZ, amOm am__mohZ am`, Aer _§S>ir Am_À`m XoemV ìhmdr, nU ñd^mfoV
hmoD$ Z`o ho XwX£d Zìho H$m` ? _mZ An_mZ, bhmZghmZ JaOm, øm§Mr nadm Z H$[aVm Á`m
g_mOmV AmnU CnObmo Amhmo Ë`m§Mr ^mfm Amho, ho bjmV Yê$Z {VÀ`m Ûmao AmnU Ago
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 66
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2005 … 67
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gmR> gmR> hOmaM H$m`, na§Vw bmI én`o Amnë`m AH$boÀ`m Omoamda {_i{dbobo H$moUrVar
~iH$m{dbo AmhoV. Voìhm Am_À`m ehmÊ`m _§S>irZo hr {dMma H$aÊ`mgmaIr Jmoï> Amho.
Am`Am`Q>r, _w~§ B© `m g§ñWoMo J«W
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Odinmg B©_obZ§M Mmby Pmbm`. Ë`m_wio H$mJX _wir ZmhrM ! nwÝhm ho H$mJX BH$Sy>Z
{VH$S>o Ý`m`bm, AmUm`bm CJmM bmJUmao H$_©Mmar Am{U Vr {Xa§JmB© ZoñVZm~yV !
- AÀ`wV JmoS>~mobo `m§À`m "g§JUH$-`wJ' `m nwñVH$mVyZ
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VgoM XoemÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ago Cƒ XOm©Mo à{e{jV _Zwî`~i
CnbãY ìhmdo hm `m g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`m_mJMm _yi CÔoe hmoVm.
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nrEM.S>r (Ph. D.) gmaIo nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_hr AmhoV.
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gwg‚m Aem J«§Wmb` B_maVr_Ü`o Vo ñWbm§V[aV Pmbo. gwédmVrg J«§Wmb`mg 33,000
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· J«W§ nmb (1)
· CnJ«W§ nmb (1)
· ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb (5)
· J«§Wmb` ghm`H$ (Proffessional Assist.) (14)
· à{e{jV n[aMa (15)
· {bnrH$ d àemgH$s` H$_©Mmar (gw_mao 10)
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(2) J«§WCnñH$ma {d^mJ (Technical Section)
(3) XodKod {d^mJ (Circulation Section)
(4) {Z`VH$m{bH$ {d^mJ (Journal Section)
(5) J«§WoVa gm{hË` {d^mJ (Pamphlet Section)
(6) g§X^© {d^mJ (Reference Section)
`m{edm` J«§W~m§YUr {d^mJ, à{V{bnr {d^mJ, J«§Wnmb H$m`m©b` d g§JUH$H$j
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I§S> {d^mJ (XoI^mb) ñdV§ÌnUo ApñVËdmV Amho.
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{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Technology Lending Library Aem XmoZ nwñVH$noT>çm CnbãY AmhoV.
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Issue) Mr gmo` CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV `oVo.
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ho XmoZ nmiçm§V (shift) Ho$bo OmVo.
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(UDC) hr emñÌr` J«§Wmb`mV Img H$ê$Z dmnabr OmUmar dJuH$aU nÕVr dmnabr OmVo.
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proceedings) `m§Mr _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z XodmU-KodmU hmoV.o {dÚmWu (nXdr, nXì`wÎma), àmÜ`mnH$,
g§emoYH$ (Research scholers) VgoM emñÌk d BVa H$_©Mmar `m§Zm `mo½`VoZwgma J«§W
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Know Your Library (J«§Wmb` nwpñVH$m) IIT Mumbai : Central Library,
May 2004.
www. library.iitb. ac. in
(J«§Wmb` g§Ho$V ñWi)
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