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A§H$mV nwÝhm àH$m{eV Ho$bm Amho). J«W§ nmaIr ZOaM Aer aËZo emoYy eH$Vo. Amåhr J«W§ nmbm§Zr
`mVyZ H$m` ~moY ¿`m`Mm ? Am_À`m J«W§ mb`mV AgUmar AZ_mob J«W§ m§Mr aËZohr Oa Amåhmbm
_mhrV ZgVrb Va H$moUmbm ~mob bmdUma ? JǤWnmbmMr ZOa Aer ^oXH$ hdr (XQ>mdUr `m
AWm©Zo hm eãX KoD$ Z`o). J«§WmÀ`m Amanma OmUmar gyú_ ÑîQ>rM Agm emoY KoD$ eH$Vo.
Aer X¥ï>r EH$m {XdgmV àmá hmoV Zmhr. dfmZwdf} J«§Wm§Mo n[aerbZ H$amdo, Voìhm Hw$R>o WmoS>rWmoS>r Ñï>r àmá ìhm`bm bmJVo. `mgmR>r dmMZmMr gd` Agm`bm hdr, Zgë`mg Vr OS>dyZ
¿`m`bm hdr.
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Oo dmMZ H$amdo bmJVo Vo doJio AgVo d Aem ì`mdgm{`H$ JaOoMo dmMZ H$aÊ`mMr H$bm
JǤWnmbmbm Omonmgmdr bmJVo.
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dJuH$aUmgmR>r Ho$bobo dmMZ hr `m dmMZmMr n{hbr nm`ar Agbr Var Ë`mMm àma§^ J«§W{ZdS>
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dmMZ hmoVo AgoM åhUm`bm hdo. EImXm J«W
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Agm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Ago {d{dYm§Jr Access points bjmV `oÊ`mgmR>rM ì`mdgm{`H$
dmMZmMr JmoS>r bmdyZ ¿`m`Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
ì`dgm`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ dmMZ H$am`Mo åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` H$mam`Mo ? H$m` dmMm`Mo!
`mMm àma§^ Imprint page nmgyZ hmoVmo. àH$meH$mMm B{Vhmg gmjmV C^m H$aUmao ho nmZ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 2
Amho. Vo nmZ dmMm`bm {eH$m`bm hdo. J«§Wnmbmbm Vo kmV AgVo. nwT>o àñVmdZm, nwañH$ma,
àH$meH$mMo - boIH$mMo _ZmoJV, BË`mXr n¥ð>o BVam§À`m X¥ï>rZo {~Z_hÎdmMr Agbr Var Vr
J«§Wnmbm§À`m Ñï>rZo AZ_mob AgVmV. Ë`mVyZ Or _m{hVr {_iVo Ë`mVyZM Ñï>r V`ma hmoV
OmVo. Amåhr J«W§ nmb H$m` H$aVmo, Oa _wIn¥ð>mdarb J«W§ erf©H$mVyZ Amåhmbm dJuH$aU H«$_m§H$
H$mT>Vm Ambm Zmhr, Va Amåhr AZwH«$_{UHo$H$S>o diVmo, {VWohr J«§WmMm {df` g_Obm Zmhr,
VaM Amåhr àñVmdZoH$S>o diVmo. àñVmdZoVyZ J«§W{df` Ü`mZmV Ambm H$s Am_Mm Omo
àñVmdZoer g§nH©$ VwQ>Vmo Vmo H$m`_Mm ! EH$Xm dJuH$aU Pmbo H$s Ë`m J«§WmMr {ZX}egyMr,
n[a{eï>,o AmH¥$Ë`m,AmboI, N>m`m{MÌo, aH$mZo, aoIm{MÌo, ãb~©darb _OHy$a, boIH$-àH$meH$m§À`m
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Pmë`mda Va Amåhr Ë`mbm {dgê$Zhr OmVmo.
nmaIr ZOa V`ma hmoUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVZy àñVmdZm, nwañH$ma BË`mXr _OHy$a _ZmnmgyZ
dmMm`bm hdm. AZoH$ nwñVH$m§À`m àñVmdZm `m J«W§ mMr, {df`mMr, boIH$mMr BVH$s Eo{Vhm{gH$
_m{hVr nwadVmV H$s Ë`mVyZ J«§WnmbmMm ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg hmoVmo. `mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm
`oVrb. dmZJrXmIb EH$XmoZ XoVmo. àm. am. Zm. doqbJH$a `m§Mm "kmZoœarMo eãX^m§S>ma' ZmdmMm
EH$ H$moe _amR>r g§emoYZ _§S>imZo àH$m{eV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mbm àm. A. H$m. {à`moiH$am§Zr
nwañH$ma {b{hbm Amho. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr kmZoœarÀ`m g§X^m©V {Z_m©U Pmboë`m eãXH$moem§Mm B{Vhmg
{Xbm Amho. Vmo BVH$m amoMH$ Amho H$s Ë`mVyZ EImÚmbm eãXH$moe {Z{_©VrMr àoaUmM {_imdr;
na§Vw Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr EH$ Omo C„oI Ho$bm` Vmo åhUOo emoYH$ Ñï>r V`ma hmoÊ`mMm CÎm_ nmR>M
åhUVm `oB©b. kmZoœarÀ`m H$R>rU eãXm§Mo AW© Vi{Q>noV àW_ XoÊ`mMo lo` {à`moiH$am§Zr
nm§Swa§J {dÇ>b amZS>o `m§Zm {Xbo Amho. hr kmZoœar 1886 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmë`mMo Vo gm§JVmV.
`m àVrMm C„oI XmVo `m§À`m J«§WgyMrV Zmhr Am{U S>m°. _w. J. nmZgo `m§À`m gyMrVhr Zmhr.
`m J«§WmMr EH$ n«V {à`moiH$mam§Zm \$ŠV nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV nmhm`bm {_imbr.
AmVm hm C„oI BVH$m _hÎdnyU© Amho H$s Ë`mMm emoY KoÊ`mg _Z àd¥Îm ìhmdo. Amnë`m
J«§Wmb`mV Ë`mMr Xwgar àV Amho H$m hm emoY àW_ KoVm `oVmo. Zgë`mg BVaÌ Hw$R>o Amho ?
gmnS>ë`mg Ë`m J«§WnmbmÀ`m ZOaog hr ~m~ AmUyZ XoVm `oVo. S>m°. _. n. noR>o `m§Zr "kmZXod
dmL>_`gyMr' V`ma Ho$br Amho. Vo ñdV: nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV H$m`©aV hmoVo. H$mhr
H$mi J«§Wnmbhr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m gyMrV hr ~m~ Zm|Xdbobr Amho H$m?* nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m
J«§Wmb`mbm `m~m~V OmUrd Amho H$m? Ago Ag§»` àíZ {Z_m©U hmoD$Z J«§Wnmb H$m`©VËna
hmoD$ eH$Vmo. àm. {à`moiH$am§Mo H$moUVohr gm{hË` dmMVmZm hm AZw^d `oD$ eH$Vmo.
àm. am. Zm. doqbJH$am§À`m `mM nwñVH$mVrb Xwgao CXmhaU nhm. àm. doqbJH$am§Zr `m
nwñVH$mbm _ZmoJV {b{hbo Amho. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr kmZoœarH$S>o Ë`m§Zm gr.S>r. Xoe_wI `m§Zr H$go
* S>m°. _. n. noR>o `m§À`m "kmZXod-dmL²>_`-gyMr' (Am. 1 br) 1968, `m J«§WmV àñVwV J«§WmMm
g_mdoe Zmhr, _mÌ noR>o `m§À`m "lrkmZoûda dmL²>_`-gyMr' g§{já (1994) `m nwT>rb gyMrV
gXa J«§WmMm g_mdoe S>m°. noR>o `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 3
didbo Vo gm§JyZ `m H$moemÀ`m H$m`m©~Ôb àË`oH$ ^oQ>rV Xoe_wIm§~amo~a H$er MMm© hmoV Ago
ho {b{hbo Amho. AmVm gr. S>r. Xoe_wIm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊmmè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r hr Zm|X Cn`wŠV
R>aVo, nU ho Ho$ìhm bjmV `oUma Ooìhm Vmo _OHy$a Amåhr dmMy VoìhmM.
ì`mdgm{`H$ JaOoMo dmMZ H$aVmZm àñVmdZm BË`mXr _OHy$a dmMUo Ogo AJË`mMo
AgVo, VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m gyMtMo dmMZ Amdí`H$ R>aVo. H$moUr åhUbo H$s gyMtMo H$m`
dmMZ H$am`Mo ? nU gyMtMo dmMZ EH$Xm H$am`bm {eH$bmo H$s Ë`mVrb _Om bjmV `oB©b.
EImÚm H$mX§~arnojmhr Vo A{YH$ amoMH$ AgVo. BVH$s {dnwb Am{U {dbjU {^Þ nÕVrMr
_{hVr {_iVo H$s Ë`mVyZ ZdmM AmZ§X {_iVmo. _mhrV ZgUmè`m {H$VrVar ~m~r Ü`mZmV
`oVmV. H$mhr Zdo {df` g_OVmV. Zdo boIH$ JdgVmV. OwZo dmX Zì`mZo g_moa `oVmV. OwZm
{df` Zì`mZoM g_moa CH$bV OmVmo. nwñVH$, boI, Q>rH$m, MMm©, ^m§S>Uo `m§Mr Zì`mZo AmoiI
hmoV.o _amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr gyMr Va AZoH$ ZdrZ nwñVH$m§Mo {Z{_©{VòmoVM Agë`mMo OmUdV
amhVo, Ooìhm AmnU Ë`m§Mo dmMZ H$aVmo.
{Z`VH$m{bHo$, Ë`m§Vrb boI, Om{hamVr, H$moemVrb Zm|Xr d Zm|XrÀ`m Vimer AgUmar
`mXr Aem {d{dY gmYZm§À`m Ûmam J«§Wnmb ì`dgm`m{^_wI dmMZmV {ZîUmV hmoV OmVmo
Am{U _J Ooìhm Ooìhm Vmo J«§Wmb`mV dm J«§Wm§À`m ghdmgmV AgVmo, _J Vo Ë`mMo J«§Wmb`
Agmo dm BVam§Mo, Voìhm Vmo `mM ZOaoZo gd©Ì {\$aVmo, `mVyZM Ë`mbm Zdo gmnS>y eH$Vo, ZdZdm
{dMma-_m{hVr Vmo dmMH$m§Zm XoD$Z Ë`m§Zmhr àd¥Îm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. dmMUmè`m J«§WnmbmMr ZOa
"^oXH$' hmoVo Vr hr Aer.
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goÝQ>´>b ~wH$ S>onmo_Ü`o _bm _w§~B©À`m JìhZ©aÀ`m nËZrMm - boS>r \$m°H$b§S>Mm "MmD$-MmD$' ZmdmMm 1858 gmbr à{gÕ Pmbobm àdmgdU©ZmË_H$ {ÛI§S>mË_H$ J«§W
{_imbm, Voìhm _bm ñWmZr` B{VhmgZm_H$ ñ_aUa§OZr dmMZmMr ZwH$VrM JmoS>r bmJbr
hmoVr. _w§~B© - nwUo - dmB© - _hm~ioída... Aer _w§~B© Bbm»`mVë`m EHo$H$ eham§Zm
XrS>eo dfmªnydu ^oQ>r XoUmè`m bo{IHo$Z§ Ho$bob§ agmi dU©Z _r {H$Vr AYmemgmaI§ dmMyZ
H$mT>b§ hmoV§, Vo AmOhr ñ_aV§. _mPr _m{gH$ {_iH$V n§YameoÀ`m Amgnmg AgVmZm `m
{ÛI§S>mË_H$ J«§WmgmR>r Mmaeo én`o XoVmZm öX`mMo EH$-XmoZ R>moHo$ MwH$bohr hmoVo. J«§W
dmMyZ H$mTy> Am{U n¡emMr JaO ^mgbr Va Vmo naV {dHy$Z Q>mHy$, H$moUrhr Y{ZH$ J«W§ g§Jm« hH$
Vmo KoB©b, Aer _r _ZmMr g_OyV H$mT>br Am{U Ym[aîQ>ç Ho$b§. AmOn`ªV Var Vmo J«§W
{dH$Ê`mMr nmir _mÂ`mda Ambr Zmhr.
"Aja{Zð>mM
§ r _m§{X`mir'
S>m°. AéU {Q>Ho$H$a, _w§~B©, qS>nb npãbHo$eZ, 2005. n¥. 46.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 4
n«m. Oo. EM. eoam `m§Mr VÎdàUmbr - ^mJ 1
S>m°. àXrn H${U©H$
J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ `m {df`mVbo {dMmad§V àm.
Oo. EM. eoam `m§Zr 1965 gmbr Social Epistemological
Foundatiim for Libraries ZmdmMr VÎdn«Umbr _m§S>br,
gmVË`mZo Ë`m~m~V Amnbo boIZ à{gÕ Ho$bo. 1995 gmbr
Oo. E_. ~S> `m§Zr eoam `m§À`m VÎdàUmbrH$S>o nwZ^}Q> XoÊ`mMr
Amdí`H$Vm {deX Ho$br d Ë`m§À`m {dMmamMm {M{H$ËgH$nUo
D$hmnmoh Ho$bm. eoam `m§Mo {dMma Zo_Ho$ H$go AmhoV, Ë`m§À`m
{dMmam§da Q>rH$mH$mam§Mr _Vo H$m` AmhoV Am{U BVŠ`m dfmªZ§Vahr
Vo H$go bmJy nS>VmV `m gdmªMm hm AmT>mdm.
Social Epistemology `m VÎdàUmbrda àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m§Zr gmVË`mZo ^a
{Xbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ `m emIoV AbrH$S>o `m àUmbrMm {dMma
{dñVmamZo Am{U ImobmV OmD$Z Ho$bm OmVmo`.
Social Epistemology Mm {dMma nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(1) Oo.EM.eoam `m§Zm A{^àoV AgUmar Social Epistemology Mr àUmbr
Zo_H$s H$er Amho ? Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr Zo_Ho$ H$m` _m§S>bo Amho.
(2) eoam `m§À`m SE àUmbrMm {dMmad§Vm§Zr H$gm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm ? Ë`m~m~V H$mhr
_V^oX AmhoV H$m?
(3) eoam `m§À`m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ Am{U {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vm§Zgw ma `m àUmbrMm nwZ{d©Mma
H$amdm H$m`? Ho$ë`mg Vmo H$m` Agob ?
(4) hr àUmbr dmnê$Z EImÚm J«§Wmb`mMo {díbofU H$aUo eŠ` Amho H$m`?
Agë`mg Ë`m {díbofUmMo ñdê$n H$go Agob/ Agmdo?
`m _wÚm§Mm {dñVmamZo {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 5
(1) Oo. EM. eoam `m§Mm gmoeb E°{nñQ>_o m°bm°Or ~m~VMm X¥{ï>H$moZ
1952 gmbr Social Epistemology hr g§H$ënZm Oo. EM. eoam `m§Zr àW_
dmnabr Var Ë`m g§H$ënZoMo lo` eoam `m§Zr Margaret E. Egan 1 `m§Zm {Xbo Amho. nwT>o
_mÌ Am`wî`^a eoam `m§Zr `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m {dñVmamgmR>r gmVË`mZo à`ËZ Ho$bo.
H$m` Amho eoam `m§Mr hr g§H$ënZm ? eoam `m§Zm A{^àoV AgUmar SE Mr g§H$ënZm
nwT>rbà_mUo Amho 'An Epistemological Foundation for Library Science'2 `m àH$aUmV
Oo. EM. eoam `m§Zr Social Epistemology Mm {dñVmamZo {dMma Ho$bm Amho. eoam `mMm
{dMma nwT>rb n«_mUo H$aVmV (1) Need of Information
(2) Need of New Epistemological Disicipline
(3) The Nature of knowledge
(4) The classification of knowledge
(5) Social Epistemology and the Sociology of knowledge
(6) Social Epistemolgy and the Library
darb ghm _wÚm§Mm {dMma {dñVmamZo bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho, Ë`m{edm` eoam `m§Mr
g§H$ënZm ñnï> hmoUma Zmhr.
1.1 _m{hVrMr JaO (Need of Information)
eoam _mZdmÀ`m _yb^yV JaOm§nmgyZ {dMma H$aVmV. hdm, nmUr, AÞ Am{U {Zdmam `m
_mZdmÀ`m Mma _yb^yV JaOm AmhoV. _mZdmÀ`m `m Mma JaOm§_Ü`o John Reader Platt
`m§Zr 'Information' nmMì`m JaOoMm g_mdoe Ho$bm, Ë`mMm AmYma eoam KoVmV.3
"The Fifth need of man is the need for what can be called - in
a mathematical sense- 'Information' for a continuous, novel,
unpredictable, nonredundent and surprising flow of stimuli."
Platt `m§Mo ho dmŠ` CX²Y¥V H$ê$Z eoam Ago à{VnmXZ H$aVmV H$s _m{hVr
(Information) hr _mZdmÀ`m _|XyMr JaO Amho.4
"The brain also exists in order to organise and to weave
pattenrs from information presented to it, and it becomes
seriously deranged if this essential opportunity is denied. This
activity of organising input information not only characterizes
the sane mind but is also necessary to maintenance of sanity."
_|Xybm hr JaO gmVË`mZo nS>V AgVo. ZdZdrZ _m{hVr O_m H$aUo, Ë`mMr à{H«$`m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 6
(Process) H$aUo hr {H«$`m nervous system Mm EH$ ^mJ Pmbobm AgVmo. _mZdmÀ`m
~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgm_Ü`o `m à{H«$`oMm \$ma _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. VgoM _mZdmMr {eH$Ê`mMr Or {H«$`m
AgVo Ë`mgmR>rhr `m à{H«$`oMr JaO AgVo. _|XyMm AË`§V bhmZ ^mJ OÝ_V:M _mZdm~amo~a
`oVmo, nU Ë`mÀ`m _moR>çm ^mJmMm {dH$mg _mÌ Stimulation Am{U AZw^dm_wioM hmoVmo.
_o§XyÀ`m `m JaOo~m~V eoam `m§Zr Ago _V _m§S>bo Amho H$s, _mUgmÀ`m OJÊ`mgmR>r
_m{hVrMr (Information) Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`m{edm` _mUgmMo ApñVËdM YmoŠ`mV
`oB©b.5
"A constant need of the brain for something upon which to
feed - for information - may be seen as a basic human drive,
and the power to communicate becomes not a happy and
fortuitous invention, but an inevitable essential to man's
survival."
eoam `m§Zr _|XyÀ`m `m JaOoMr Amdí`H$Vm EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m~V _m§Sy>Z hrM JaO
ì`pŠVg_yhmÀ`m åhUOo g_mOmÀ`m ~m~VrVhr Amho, `m {df`mH$S>o Vo Aä`mgH$m§Mo bj
doYVmV. eoam `m§À`m `m ^mî`mVyZ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo AZÝ`mgmYmaU _hÎd Amho.
BWyZ eoam g_mOmH$S>o diVmV Am{U ZdrZ kmZemIoÀ`m JaOoMr g§H$ënZm àñWm{nV
H$aVmV.6
For the discussion and analysis of the society's need for
information, Shera argues that there is a need for new discipline as
the then existing discipline of Epistemology considers only information
need at individual level.
1.2 ZdrZ kmZemIoMr JaO
SE àUmbrMm nm`m eoam§À`m _Vo g§àofU (Communication) Am{U _m{hVr
(Information) hm Amho d Ë`mÀ`m{edm` g_mOmMr ~m¡{ÕH$ àJVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr,
VgoM g_mOmMr Vr A§J^yV d _yb^yV JaO Amho, _m{hVr (Information) Am{U kmZ
(knowledge) `m§Vbm \$aH$ eoam `m§Zm Epistemology À`m {dMmam§H$S>o ZoVmo.
Oo. EM. eoam nwT>o _mÌ Epistemology À`m àm§VmV àdoe H$aVmV. `m emIoMo VÁk
Epistemology `m joÌmV, kmZmMm {dMma 'a body of knowldge about
knoweldge itself 'Agm H$aVmV. nU Aä`mgmZ§Va Ë`m§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s `m
kmZemIoMm Aä`mg ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m g§X^m©VM H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. "The study
of epistemology has always been seen against a background of the
intellectual processes of an individual." Am{U Ë`m~m~V AOyZ A{YH$ g§emoYZ
hmoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Vr JaO eoam `m§Zr Aer _m§S>br Amho H$s,7
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 7
"The manner in which knowledge has developed and has been
augmented has long been a subject of study, but the ways in which
knowledge is coordinated, integrated and put to work is, as yet, an
almost unrecognised field for investigation."
eoam nwT>o OmD$Z Ag§hr _m§S>VmV 8 H$s "neither epistemologists nor
psychologists have developed an ordered and comprehensive body
of knowledge about intellectual differentiation and the integration
of knowledge within a complex social organization.
BWo eoam g_mOmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgà{H«$`oÀ`m Aä`mgmMr JaO {deX H$aVmV.
ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m Am{U g_mOmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m `mV
_yb^yV \$aH$ Agë`mZo eoam `m§Zm ZdrZ kmZemIoMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo.9 hr kmZemIm
åhUOo Social Epistemology.
"The new discipline that we here envisage (and which, for
want of a better name, we have called social epistemology) should
provide a framework for the effective investigation of the entire
complex problem of the intellectual proceses of society - a study by
which society as a whole seeks a perceptive relation to its total
environment."
g_mOmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg à{H«$`oÀ`m Aä`mgmMm à_wI PmoV (focus) gwÕm H$m`
`m gm_m{OH$ ^y{_Ho$À`mhr (Role) _wimer OmÊ`mgmR>r eoam H$mhr àíZM CnpñWV
H$aVmV.11
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
How man knows ?
How society knows ?
How personal knowledge becomes social knowledge ?
How the history and philosophy of knowledge have
evolved through time and in various cultures ?
How the library mechanisms and systems are useful to
communicate the knowlege to the society ?
1.3 kmZmMo ñdê$n (The Nature of Knowledge)
Amho.
eoam `m§Zr CnpñWV Ho$boë`m àíZm§Mm {dMmahr Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ àH$maMo XmIbo XoD$Z Ho$bm
Agm`bm hdm hohr eoam `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.10
kmZ åhUOo H$m` (What knowledge is) `mMm {dMma H$aVmZm eoam Webster's
À`m {Vgè`m Amd¥ÎmrV {dMma H$aVmV. `m Dictionary Zo 12 ì`m»`m {Xë`mMo Ë`m§Zr Z_yX
Ho$bo Amho. 'Syntopicon of the Great Books of the Western World' `m
nwñVH$mMmhr XmIbm Ë`m§Zr {Xbm Amho. Karl Deutsch, Kenneth Boulding `m§À`m
Term Mm hr {dMma Ho$bm Amho.
VmpÎdH$ {dMmam§À`m MM}H$Sy>Z Vo Boulding12 `m§À`m {dMmamMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV,
H$maU J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Ë`m g§H$ënZobm _hÎd Amho.
"The focus of this new discipline will be upon the production,
flow, integration and consumption of all forms of communicated
thought throughout the entire social problem. From such a discipline
should emerge a new body of knowledge about, and a new synthesis
of the interaction between knowledge and social activity."
`m {dMmam_Ü`o {Z{_© V r (Production) , àdmh (Flow) , EH$g§ K Vm
(Integration), Am{U dmna (Consumption) `mbm _hÎd Va AmhoM; nU Ë`mM~amo~a
kmZ (Knowledge) Am{U gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m (Social activity) _Yrb XodmUKodmUrbm
(Interaction) eoam `m§Zr _hÎd {Xbo Amho.
d¡Mm[aH$VoÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo gd© àH$maMo KQ>H$ (forms) ho gm_m{OH$ àíZm§~m~VÀ`m
(Social Problem) g§àofU _mÜ`_mVyZ H$go (Communicate) hmoVmV `mH$S>o eoam
J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§X^m©V AmUIr _yb^yV {dMmamH$S>o eoam kmZ Am{U _m{hVrÀ`m g§X^m©V
Jobo AmhoV.13
`m§Zr bj nwadbo Amho. gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Am{U kmZ `m§Mo AmXmZàXmZ H$go hmoVo `m g§emoYZmda
ZdrZ kmZemIoMm ^a Agbm nm{hOo Ago eoam `m§Zm dmQ>Vo.
Ë`m_wio eoam "kmZ' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m AmUIr _wimer OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. {b{IV
ñdê$nmMo Oo kmZ Amho Ë`mÀ`m ~ÔbMr g_O AgUo BVH$sM Amdí`H$Vm nwaoer Zmhr, Va
kmZmMm g_mOmVrb ^mJ (Role) H$m` Amho Vo nmhUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo.
"The extent to which the library as an information system is
involved in the knowledge-situation is not accidental.
The use of the library and the knowledge-situation are generically
related in much as the former is one manifestation of the latter. The
knowledge situation, or knowledge process, is a unity of subject
vehicle, and object."
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 8
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 9
"We follow Boulding in distingusihing between information and
knowledge, despite Fritz Machlup's proposal " that we get rid of the
duplication 'knowledge and information' ..... we may occasionally
refer to certain kinds of knowledge as 'informatiom', but we shall
avoid, the redundant phrase 'knowledge and information'. The
present writer, however, sees, a clear distinction between the two,
probably derived from the terminology of informatiom theorists :
information is the input of knowledge and is always received through
the senses, no matter what or how many devices may intervene
betwneen transmitter and receptor."
`m ì`m»`m ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoam `m§Zr AmH¥$Vrhr (digram) gmXa Ho$br Amho.14
The Library User à The Library's Bibliographic à Intellectual
(Subject)
Apparatus
Content of the
Library Store
(vehicle)
(Object)
`m AmH¥$VrÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUmW© eoam Ago Z_yX 15 H$aVmV H$s,
"The Library is more than an important link in the communicaton
chain, as an intellectual system it is part of the total knowledgesituation. The Librarian must be concerned not only with that which
is known, but also with the intellectual condition or state of knowing.
This condition is both personal and social, and the librarian must
operate in two worlds at once, the microcosm of the individual and
the, macrocosm of the culture in which the individual resides and
with which he must work out a harmonious relationship."
kmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V eoam OmñV _hÎd _m{hVr Am{U g§àofUmbm XoV Agbo Var kmZmMo Oo
dJuH$aU AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr Ho$bo Amho Ë`mH$S>ohr Vo bj nwadVmV.
1.4 kmZmMo dJuH$aU
kmZmÀ`m dJuH$aUmMm {dMma H$aVmZmhr eoam `m§Zr AZoH$ VÎdk _§S>itMr dJuH$aU
nÕVr {dMmamV KoVbr Amho. {deof åhUOo S>m°. Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m dJuH$aUmMmhr
{dMma Ho$bm Amho.
eoam kmZmÀ`m dJuH$aUmMm {dMmahr g§àofUmÀ`m A§JmZoM H$aVmV.16
"The study of the functions of knowledge in society asks the
question, 'who knows, and why and for what purpose?' Thus, there
can be no absoultes in the classification of knowledge according to
function. Instrumental knowledge, to use Scheler's grouping, for
the professional man may be intellectual knowledge for layman : a
knowledge of thermodynamics is instrumental knowledge for the
physicist and intellectual knowledge for the librarian, while the
understanding of the principles of bibliographic organization is
instrumental to the librarian and intelletual to the physicist. To the
bibliophile, however, the lore of books is probably more spiritual
than eighter instrumental or intelectual."
Machlup À`m dJuH$aU nÕVrMmhr eoam {dMma H$aVmV. Ë`mMo H$maU "the
subjective meaning of the knonwn to the knower is the most useful
for persent purposes" Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Ë`mgmR>r Vo Ë`mMo 5 n«H$mahr gm§JmVV Am{U
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 10
"subjectively new and socially new knowledge `m_Ybm \$aH$hr Zm|XdVmV
Am{U J«§WnmR>mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Ë`mMo _hÎdhr {deX H$aVmV.17
" Investigations into the rate of obsolescence of knowledge
are still far form exetensive and would be of tremendous value to
the librarian, even through social utility is not necessarily to be
measured only in terms of its rate of decay."
`mZ§Va Vo Sociology of knowledge À`m MM}H$S>o diVmV.
1.5
Social Epistemology and the Sociology of Knowledge
Kenneth Boulding Am{U Don K. Price `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm AmT>mdm 18
KoD$Z eoam Ag Z_yX H$aVmV H$s,
Social epistemology is related to, but in a sense is the reverse
of, the sociology of knowledge. The sociology of knowledge reveals
very clearly the distinction between information and knowledge,
for the former does not admit of sociohistorical perspective.
The assertion, to cite the simplest example that two plus two
equals four gives no clue as to when, where, and by whom it was
formulated. Perspective becomes important when the validity of
the information is in doubt. We cannot here become involved with a
consideration of the nature of truth, but it is important to record that
it is at the point of validation, that information passes the barrier into
knowledge."
Sociolgy of knwoledge À`m g§X^m©V Vo g§ñH¥$VrMmhr {dMma H$aVmV; nU
Ë`mgmR>r Vo Boulding `m§MmM XmIbm XoVmV.19
"Every culture, as Boulding has shown, produces a 'transcript'
a record in more or less permanent form which cab be handed
down from generation to generation."
nwT>o Vo Z_yX H$aVmV- g_mO kmZmMr àmár XmoZ _mÜ`_m§VyZ H$ê$Z KoVmo. WoQ> AZw^d
(direct experience) Am{U {b{IV Zm|Xr (the record or transcript) d kmZr`
gÌ (areas of knowledge) Am{U {d{dY g§ñH¥$Vr (different cultures) _YyZ ho
kmZ g_mOmn`ªV OmVo.20
"The growth of public knowledge is part and parcel of the
growth and organization of society" Ag§ Z_yX H$ê$Z Margaret Mead
`m§Mm XmIbm XoVmV.
kmZmMo ñdê$n ( Nature of knowledge), kmZmMo dJuH$aU
(Classification of knowledge) Am{U Sociology of knowledge `m gdmªMm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 11
{dMma eoam `m§Zr Ho$di 5 àíZm§Mm doY KoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm Amho. _mUgmbm kmZ H$go {_iVo,
g_mOmbm H$go kmZ {_iVo, BË`mXr. Vo 5 àíZ _mJo Ambo AmhoV.
eoam `m§Zr hm Omo doY KoVbm Amho. Vmo Ho$di ñdV:À`m {díbofUmÛmao ZgyZ Ë`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr AZoH$m§Mo XmIbo {Xbo AmhoV. `m {díbofUmÛmao Vo H$m`_ g§àofUmMm _wÔm AYmooao{IV
H$aVmV.21
Social Epistemology Am{U J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma H$aVmZm Va Vmo
A{YH$M ñnï> hmoVmo.
1.6
Social Epistemology and the Librany
J«W§ mb`mMm {dMma H$aVmZm Vo àm_w»`mZo J«W§ nmb Am{U J«W§ nmbZ ì`dñmm` `m KQ>H$mMr
H$V©ì`o, hoVy Am{U O~m~Xmar XmIdyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
"Librarianship is primarily concerned with the utilization of
the social transcript by human beings it is fundamentally a
behavioristic science, but because the method and findings of the
physical and biological sciences are being increasingly applied to
the study of human behavior, librarianship must be 'scientific' even
in the classical use of the term."
nwT>o Vo Ag§hr åhUVmV-22
"The librarian's responsibility is the efficient and effective
management of the transcript, the graphic record of all that society
knows about itself and its world."
'The Library as an Agency of Social Communication' `m boImV
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ^y{_Ho${df`r Ë`m§Zr A{YH$ AMyH$ {Xem XmIdyZ {Xbr Amho.23
"The complex communication system that operates today in
the western world depends upon many instrumentalities, of which
the library is but one. One need not dwell upon the impact that the
telegraph, the telephone, the radio and television, not to mention the
newspaper and the periodical, have made upon the communication
patterns of our society. Each of these has had its effect upon the
role of the library. With them has come a new urge on the part of
the librarian to assume a vigorously active role in communication.
Librarians no longer are content to accumulate materials in
anticipation of use, but seek to engage actively in bringing their
resources to the attention of those who need them. The growing
importance of all types of graphic records to the successful operation
of contemporary society, conditioned as it is by and to science and
technology, has forced the librarian to search for and adopt new
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 12
methods and techniques for making recorded information available
not only to scholars but also to business, industry, and government.
Effective use of the library has been demanded by the educational
system, for elementary and secondary schools as well as institutions
of higher learning. In recent years the introduction of automation
into a variety of learning and teaching activities has provided the
librarian with potentially powerful tools for increasing his
effectiveness as a communicator, though the capabilities of these
developments have not yet fully realized."
eoam `m§À`m Social Epistemology Mm {dMma ZwgVm VmpÎdH$ nmVirdarb MMm©,
Agm Z amhVm, Ë`m {dMmambm Vo àmË`{jH$mMr OmoS> XoVmV. dñVwV: Epsitemolyogy hr
VÎdmkmZm_Yrb (Theory of knowledge) emIm Amho. Truth, Justification
o m {dMma Ë`mV Ho$bm OmVmo. Sociology of knowledge
for belief Aem VmpÎdH$ g§KQ>ZM
hrgwÕm VÎdkmZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌ `m {df`mMr emIm Amho. Ë`mV Va Agm {dMma
H$obm` H$s, g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m gh^mJmbm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am`wî`mbm H$moUVr
n«oaUm Amho, Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rb kmZmMm, {dMmam§Mm Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md Amho H$m, Am{U
Agë`mg Vmo à^md H$gm Amho ?
eoam Epistemology Vrb kmZmMm {gÕmÝV Am{U Social Epistemology
_Yrb g§ñH$¥VrMr àoaUm `m§Mo {_lU H$ê$Z ho XmIdyZ XoVmV H$s, J«§Wmb`mMm nm`m
(Foundation) Oa H$moUVm Agob Va Vmo Social Epistemology MmM Amho. `mMo
à_wI H$maU eoam `m§Zm {XgyZ Ambo Vo àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr hmoUmao Oo g§àofU Amho, VoM Amho.
g§àofU hr Va J«§Wmb`mMr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m Amho. Ë`m_wio eoam hr VÎdàUmbr
J«§Wmb`mbm XoD$Z J«§Wmb`mMr ^y{_H$m AYmoao{IVM H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r _mJ©hr gwMdVmV.
eoam `m§À`m VÎdàUmbrMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ§Va àíZ Agm {Z_m©U hmoVmo H$s LIS
emIoZo `m àUmbrMm H$gm ñdrH$ma H$obm ? VÁkm§Mo `m~m~V _V H$m`? Vo nmhUo Amdí`H$
R>ab
o .
(2) Oo. EM. eoam `m§Mr VÎdàUmbr Am{U BVa {dMmad§V
Oo. EM. eoam `m§À`m Social Epistemology À`m g§H$ënZoMm {dMma XmoZ ^mJm§V
H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
(1) eoam `m§À`m H$mimV ì`ŠV Pmbobo {dMma
(2) eoam `m§À`m {ZYZmoÎma ì`ŠV Ho$bobo {dMma.
`m XmoÝhr H$mim§V ì`ŠV Pmboë`m {dMmam§Mm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mnydu eoam `m§À`m~Ôb WmoS>r
_m{hVr XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 13
Oo. EM. eoam `m§Mm OÝ_ 8 {S>g|~a 1903 amoOr Pmbm.
"Over the years, he has been one of the leading commentators
and theorists on the American library science. For several years he
was a member of that outstanding team, the faculty of the Graduate
Library School at the University of Chicago. Since his appointment
as Dean of the school of Library Science at Western Reserve
University in Cleveland, Ohio, he has brought it into the very front
rank, both in its work of education for librarianship and through the
center for Documentation and Communication Research in pushing
forward the frontiers of knowledge in the development of our
professional theory." Ag§ D. J. Foskett `m§Zr {bhÿZ R>odb§`.24
Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y 8 _mM© 1982 gmbr Pmbm. eoam `m§Zr `m H$mimV AZoH$ {Z~§Y {b{hbo,
g§emoYZna nona, ^mfUo Am{U nwñVHo$ à{gÕ Ho$br. 79 dfmªÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr gmVË`mZo
Social Epistemology `m g§H$ënZoda {dMma Ho$bm. Ë`mMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMm H$gmoerZo
à`ËZ Ho$bm.
Ë`m§À`m h`mVrV d níMmV `m g§H$ënZoda J«§Wmb`emñÌmVrb VÁkm§Zr {dMma ì`ŠV
Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo g_OyZ KoUo Cn`wŠV R>aob.
2.1 eoam `m§À`m H$mimV ì`ŠV Pmbobm {dMma
Social Epistemology hr g§H$ënZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo lo` eoam `m§Zr Margaret
E. Egan `m§Zm Oar {Xbo Agbo, Var Ë`m§Zr ñdV:M Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho H$s,25
"So far as the present writer knows, Miss Egan never used
the phrase in any published writing, but she used it frequently in
class lectures and in conversation."
Social Epistemology `m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV n{hbm boI 'Foundations
of a theory of bibliograpy' hm Miss Egan Am{U Shera `m§À`m g§`wŠV ZmdmZo
1952 gmbr The Librany Quarterly (vol. 22. No. 2, pp 125-37) _Ü`o
n«H$m{eV Pmbm. nwT>o _mÌ Shera `m§Zr ñdV§ÌnUo `m {df`mda {b{hbo qH$dm ^mfUo {Xbr.
1961 gmbr 'Willson Library Bulletin' (vol. 35, June, 1961) _Ü`o
'Social Epistemology, General Semantics and Librarianship' (pp 767770) hm boI à{gÕ Ho$bm.
1965 (Am°JñQ>) _Ü`o eoam `m§Mo 'Libraries and the Organization of
Knowledge' ho nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Pmbo. `m nwñVH$mV ' In the Beginning was the
Word', 'Social Epistemology, General Semantics, and Librarianship',
Am{U 'Foundations of a Theory of Bibliography' ho boI n{hë`m ^mJmV
g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `m nwñVH$mbm D.J.Foskett `m§Mr àñVmdZm Amho.27 `m
àñVmdZoV Foskett `m§Zr Social Epistemology {df`r _V Zm|Xdbo Amho.
"In the first section he gives a lucid account of 'social
epistemology' - the function of recorded information in the actual
working of society. It may at first appear a large claim, but, it is
none the less true that the contemporary world could not exist without
effective communication; and because we live in a world order
(and not merely in a small city or nation state), in which millions of
people and vast distances are involved, most communication has to
be recorded. Librarianship has always been the profession of looking
after the records of civilization and it is therefore proper that librarians
should be involved at the centre of thinking in the modern world.
Shera's thesis is the 'documentation' - the extension of librarianship
from the world of books to the world of information - is more than
the mere preserving of information, necessary through that still is.
It means also the dissemination of information, it means taking the
initiative in creating channels along which information may pass
quickly to those who can use it.
Such a role cannot be played extempore. It has to be carefully
studied, and a technique elaborated."
1965 n`ªV Social epistemology À`m g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n AË`§V _`m©{XV
" a fuller statement of this discipline is to be found in Foundation
of a Theory of Bibliography."
hmoVo. `m g§H$ënZoMm {dñVma Am{U ImobmV OmD$Z _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ eoam `m§Zr EH$m
MMm©gÌm_Ü`o dmMboë`m nona_Ü`o Ho$bm.
28-30 Owb¡ 1965 amoOr Syracuse University _Ü`o 'The Foundaions
of Access to Knowledge' `m {df`mda Pmboë`m MMm©gÌm_Ü`o eoam `m§Zr 'An
Epistemological Foundation for Library Science' Agm nona dmMbm.
`m nonambm L. B. Heilprin `m§Zr à{VgmX {Xbm. eoam `m§Mm nona Am{U Heilprin
`m§Mm à{VgmX BVa nona~amo~a Edwared B. Montgomery `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m
'The Foundations of Access to Knowledge' `m 1968 gmbr àH$m{eV
Pmboë`m nwñVH$mV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 14
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 15
Ë`mVyZ g§H$ënZm {dñVmaV Jobr.
15 gßQ>|~a 1954 amoOr Western Reserve University _Ü`o 'In the
Beginning was the Word' `m {df`mda commencement ^mfU eoam `m§Zr
Ho$bo. Ë`mVrb H$mhr ^mJ Documentation in Action (1956) `m J«§WmV g_m{dï>hr
Pmbm. Ë`mV Social Epistemology `m g§H$ënVoÀ`m C„oIm_Ü`o ViQ>rnhr26 {Xbr
Amho.
nwT>o eoam `m§Zr `m nona_Ü`o A{YH$ ^a KmbyZ Zì`mZo nona {bhÿZ H$mT>bm. Vmo `m
nwñVH$mV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
`m ZdrZ nonaMo ñdê$n {dñVm[aV Va AmhoM; nU Ë`mV XmoZVrZ {R>H$mUr eoam `m§Zr
L.B. Heilprin `m§Zm CX²>Y¥V Ho$bo Amho.
eoam `m§À`m {dMmamb à{VgmX XoUmao Heilprin ho Ë`m§Mo n{hbo _hÎdmMo g_rjH$
R>aVmV.
L. B. Heilprin `m§Zr Social Epistemology {df`r Ago {b[hbo Amho
H$s,28
"Social epistemology is described as a new kind of
epistemology - a theory of knowledge about how society knows as
a whole. This apparently contrasts it with traditional epistemology...
based on the knowledge of individual. However, we know only as
individuals, never as a group or a society. The referent of the concept
'Society' is not a single superbeing but a set of individual... Evidently
(the intent is ) to place a new comphasis on an old area. We need to
study that part of access to knowledge which affects us all and on
which we must act together."
eoam `m§Zm Heilprin `m§Mo {dMma Am{U à{VgmX _hÎdmMm dmQ>bm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr `m
gwYm[aV boImV Heilprin `m§Zm CX²Y¥V Va Ho$bo AmhoM, nU boImMm eodQ> Heilprin
`m§Mo XrK© AdVaU XoD$Z Ho$bm Amho.
`mM boImV eoam `m§Zr XmoZ nwñVH$m§Mo XmIbo {Xbo AmhoV, H$s Or Ë`m§À`m g§H$ënZoer
g_m§Va AmhoV.
(1)
(2)
Fritz Machlup `m§Mo 'The Production and Distribution of
Knowledge in the United States'
Frederick Harbison & Charles A. Myers `m§Mo 'Eductaion,
Manpower and Economic Growth.'
`m XmoÝhr nwñVH$m§~m~V eoam `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s,29
" In recent years there have appeared two inportant books
that are aimed in the direction of providing a foundation for the kind
of discipline here indicated, neither work could properly be called
'social epistemology' as the term is here employed, but each is dealing
in certain ways with the problems with which 'social epistemology'
is concerned."
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1973 _Ü`o B.C. Brookers `m§Zr 'Journal of Librariansip'
`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV 'Jesse Shera and the Theory of Bibligraphy' Agm boI
{b{hbm, Va Goldman Alvin `m§Zr 'Foundations of Social Epistemics'
Agm boI 'Synthese' _Ü`o (Oct.1973) {bhÿZ Ë`m§À`m g§H$ënZoMm EH$m narZo ñdrH$maM
Ho$bobm {XgVmo.
2.2 {ZYZmoÎma ì`ŠV Pmbobo {dMma
'Social Epistemology' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m A§JmZo nwT>rb H$mimV {dñVma Pmbobm
{XgyZ `oVmo. `m_Ü`o Steve Fuller `m§Mm àm_w»`mZo {dMma H$am`bm hdm.
'Social Epistemology' ZmdmMo nwñVH$ Fuller `m§Zr 1988 _Ü`o àH$m{eV
Ho$bo. 1991 gmbr Ë`mMr Xwgar Amd¥Îmrhr à{gÕ Pmbr. 1996 gmbr Ë`m§Zr American
Philosophical Quarterly _Ü`o ( vol. 33 pp 149-66) 'Recent work in
social epistemology' Agm boIhr {b{hbm.
1994 gmbr F. E. Schmitt `m§Zr 'Sociallzing Epistemology. The
Social Dimensions of Knowledge' Ago EH$ nwñVH$ {b{hbo. Agm {dñVma ho eoam
`m§MoM lo` åhUm`bm hdo.
g§H$ënZoÀ`m A§JmZo Pmbobm hm {dMma Amho. `m~amo~a XmoZ boIm§Mm C„oI H$am`bm
hdm, Oo eoam `m§À`m {dMmam§da H$mhr ^mî` H$aVmV.
`m_Ü`o _hÎdmMo Zmd ¿`m`bm hdo J. M. Budd `m§Mo. `m§Zr XmoZ boI {b{hbo.
(1) The Library Quarterly (vol. 65 No.3) 1995 À`m A§H$mV Budd
`m§Zr 'An Epistemological Foundation for Library and
Information Science' Agm boI {b{hbm.
(2) The Library Quarterly (vol. 72 No.4) Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2002 _Ü`o
'Jesse Shera, Socialogist of Knowledge' Agm boI {b{hbm.
Xwgao Zmd Amho Jack Anderson `m§Mo. `m§Zr 'Journal of Documentaion,
(vol. 58 No.4) À`m 2002 À`m A§H$mV "The Role of subject literature in
scholarly communication. An interpretation based on social
epistemology" Agm boI {b{hbm Amho.
Jack Anderson `m§Zr eoam `m§À`m {dMmambm LIS _Ü`o ñdrH$mabo Jobo Zmhr Ago
åhQ>bo Amho.
hm g_mZ Xwdm IwÔ eoam `m§ZmM gmnS>bm Agë`mZo hmhr g§X^© _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
1952 Vo 1968 Agm H$mbdYr eoam `m§Zm hr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgnyU© _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r
bmJbm. nwT>o Vo `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m {dñVmamH$S>o \$mago diiobo {XgV ZmhrV.
"In LIS social epistemology is particularly known through the
writings of Egan and Shera (1952). They argued for social
epistemology in connection with the creation of a theory of
bibliography and defined social epistemology as '... the analysis of
the production, distribution and utilization of inteletctual products'
(Egan and Shera,1952, pp 33-4). Such an epistemology was needed,
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 16
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 17
they, argued, because "Cassical" epistemology was/ is centered
around ".. the intellectual processes of the individual (Egan and
Shera, 1952, p, 132). As a consequence "Classical" epistemology
cannot come up with an answer as to what the social - epistemic
function of knowledge in Society (and in scinece and scholarship)
is. However, Egan and Shera's social epistemology never received
that much attention in LIS (except for Wilson1983) which is a
dedicated work to this area. Recently, however, Warner (1993,2001)
among others, has revived social epistemology in connection with
historical analyses of copyright acts viewed as public texts.''
Anderson `m§Zr \$ŠV eoam `m§Mo 1952 _YboM boIZ {dMmamV KoVbobo {XgVo.
An Epistmological Foundation for Library Science (1968) hm boI
{dMmamV KoVbm AgVm Va H$Xm{MV Ago _V _m§S>bo ZgVo.
J§W« mb`emñÌmZo eoam `m§À`m g§H$ënZobm ñdrH$mabo Zmhr Ago Oo Anderson åhUVmV
Vohr ~amo~a Zmhr.
J. M. Budd `m§Zr 1995 gmbr boI {bhÿZ Ë`m§Mr XIb Var KoVbrM; nU
2002 _Ü`o Omo boI {b{hbm Ë`mMm CÔoe Agm hmoVm :
"Througout his career, Jesse Shera suggested that social
epistemology (SE) could provide librarianship with the intellectual
basis it needed to evolve. While he spoke of social epistemology on
a number of occasions, he did not articulate a completely clear and
consistent idea of SE. Given an empasis on knowledge today, it
may be time to revisit Shear's writing on SE what emerges is a
fuzzy conception of knowledge and an approach that is more
sociological than philosophical in nature. Shera's sociological
grounding has hepled establish a foundation for the profession, but
the foundation can be strengthened by the addition of a more strictly
epistemological component."
`m boIm_Ü`o Budd `m§Zr eoam `m§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m àË`oH$ {dYmZmMm {dMma Ho$bm
Amho. Ë`mVrb ÌwQ>r {ZXe©Zmghr AmUë`m AmhoV.
AbrH$S>M
o à{gÕ Pmbobm hm boI Agë`mZo `m boImMo _hÎd eoam `m§À`m g§H$ënZoMm
nwZ{d©Mma (revisit) H$aÊ`mg CÚwŠV R>aob Ago åhUVmV `oB©b.
(3) eoam `m§À`m VÎdàUmbrMm nwZ{d©Mma
J.H. Shera `m§À`m Social Epistemology Mm nwZ{d©Mma H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm
Amho. Budd `m§Zr Va Ë`mMr JaO {deX H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 18
"Shera's contribution in the area of SE is monumental, but the
practice and study of LIS will benefit from a close examination of
his ideas and what they imply for the field. His version of SE is, at
the end of the day, Sociological. LIS may be in a better position to
grow and develop if the implications for knowledge of Shera's writings
related to the human use of the graphic record (and graphic record
is defined broadly as information recorded in any usable format)
were explored. Specifically, LIS can build upon the foundation Shera
has provided us by incorporating epistemological grounding into his
sociological program."
Budd `m§À`m {dYmZmVrb 'Close examination of his ideas' hm g§X^©
Am{U 'human use of the graphic record' hr g§H$ënZm dmT>dyZ {dñVmabr nm{hOo
Ago Oo gm§{JVbo Amho Vo \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho.
`m ì`{V[aŠV H$mhr Jmoï>rhr Z_yX H$am`bm hì`mV.
(1) eoam `m§Zr gd© MM}_Ü`o OmñV ^a hm J«§Wnmb qH$dm J«§WnmbZ ì`dgm`mda
{Xbm Amho. hmM ^a Oa J«§Wmb` `m KQ>H$mbm S>moiçmg_moa R>oD$Z {Xbm Jobm
AgVm, Va eoam `m§Zm EImXo "_m°S>ob' {dH${gV H$aUo ZŠH$sM eŠ` Pmbo
AgVo.
(2) eoam ho ì`dgm`mZo Libray and Information Science School Mo
àmÜ`mnH$/S>rZ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm J«§Wnmb KS>dÊ`mV OmñV ag hmoVm Ago
{XgVo. Vo Oa ì`dgm`mZo J«§Wnmb (Practicing Librarian) AgVo Va
Ë`m§Zr ZŠH$sM J«§Wmb` `m KQ>H$mbm H|$X«ñWmZr AmUbo AgVo Am{U Ë`m§Mo
{ddoMZ doJiçm {XeoZo Jobo AgVo.
(3) 'Social Epistemology' `m g§H$ënZoda {dMma H$aVmZm Vo d Ë`m§Mo
{dMma (Am{U ^mî`hr) VÎdkmZmÀ`m MM}V OmñV {eabobo {XgVo.
Epistemology Mr ñdV§Ì emIm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Am{U Ë`mMo ì`mgnrR>
J«§Wmb`mbm {_idyZ XoÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ ag hmoVm Ago {XgVo d åhUyZ hr
MMm© VÎdkmZmÀ`m àm§VmVbr qH$dm gm_m{OH$emñÌmÀ`m àm§VmVbr OmñV à_mUmV
Pmbr Amho.
(4) Ë`m§Zr Communication Am{U Communicable `m g§km§Zm _hÎd
{Xbo Agbo Var Ë`mMo àË`j H$m`© H$go Agm`bm hdo ho _mÌ {dñVmamZo {deX
Ho$bo Zmhr.
(5) kmZ `m g§H$ënZoMm emoY Ë`m§Zr ImobmV OmD$Z KoVbm Amho. VÎddoÎ`m§Mo
XmIbohr {Xbo AmhoV, Varhr _m{hVrMo kmZm_Ü`o ê$nm§Va H$go hmoVo, Ho$ìhm hmoVo
d H$m hmoVo `mMm emoY KoVbm Zmhr. ho kmZ nwÝhm g_mOmV H$go OmVo `mMmhr
{dMma {dñVmamZo Ho$bm Zmhr.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 19
(6) H$mhr {R>H$mUr J«W§ nmbmZo H$m` H$amdo ho gm§{JVbo Jobo Amho. na§Vw Ë`mMm {dñVma
Ho$bm Zgë`mZo Vr VmpÎdH$ MMm©M amhVo. CXm. "Librarians no longer
are concern to accumulate material in anticipation of
use, but seek to engage actively in bringing their resources
to attention of those who need them."
hr MMm© VmpÎdH$M am{hbr. gmYZm§Mm A§Xm{OV dmna (anticipated use)
H$am`Mm åhUOo Zo_H$m H$moUVm H$m`©H«$_ ¿`m`bm hdm ? Vo {deX Pmbo Zmhr.
Ago AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Pmbo Amho.
qH$dm Ë`m§À`m Z§Vahr VÁkm§Zr eoam `m§À`m {dMmamVrb àË`j H¥$VrÀ`m
(application) ^mJmMm {dñVma H$obm Zmhr.
(7) EImÚm J«§Wmb`mMo CXmhaU KoD$Z hr g§H$ënZm Oa _m§S>br Jobr AgVr Va
H$Xm{MV `m g§H$ënZoVrb C{Udm, Xmof, ÌwQ>r {ZKyZ Joë`m AgË`m Am{U {VMm
{dñVma AMyH$ Pmbm AgVm.
darb _Vm§À`m AZwf§JmZo H$mhr R>mog MMm© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(Q>rn … Vi{Q>nm ^mJ - 2 àH$m{eV Pmë`mZ§Va gd© EH${ÌVnUo {Xë`m OmVrb.)
❏❏❏
J«W
§ nmaIr ZOa - 2
H$m`m©b`mVyZ Kar `md§ AZ² nmoñQ>mZ§ AãXw„m^mBªMr `mXr Ambobr nmhmdr, Ag§
AZoH$Xm Pmb§. Vr `mXr nm{hbr H$s WH$dm niyZ OmB©, H$Yr EH$Xm Vr ZOaoImbyZ
KmbVmo Ago hmoB©. Ë`mV Amnë`mbm hì`m Agboë`m J«§Wm§Mr Zm|X Agbr H$s Xwgè`m
{Xder bdH$amV bdH$a H$mo{H$b A±S> H§$nZrH$S>o OmD$Z Vmo J«§W hmVr KoVë`m{edm`
M¡Z nS>V Zgo. Xw_r©i J«§Wm§~m~V hrM ~oM¡Zr AgVo. EH$Xm AãXw„m^mBªÀ`m `mXrV
_bm "~m°å~o Agmo{gEeZ' `m _w§~B©Vë`m n{hë`md{hë`m amOH$s` g§ñWoZ§ {~«{Q>e
nmb©_|Q>bm gmXa Ho$bobo XmoZ AO© (1852 d 1854) EH$Ì ~m§Yboë`m AdñWoV
Agë`mMr Zm|X {_imbr. Xwgè`m {Xder _r H$m`m©b`mbm OmÊ`mnydu AãXw„m^mBªH$S>o
gH$mirM Jobmo. nU _mÂ`mhr nydu H$m`XoVÁk E. Or. ZyamUr {VW§ `oD$Z Vmo KoD$Z
Joë`mM§ H$ib§. AWm©V Xadoir {Zame hmoÊ`mM§M Xw^m©½` _mÂ`m Z{e~r Amb§ Ag§
Zmhr. BVa H$mhr J«W§ ào_tZm _rhr Ë`m§À`m AmYr XwH$mZmV nmohmoMZy {Zame Ho$bob§ AgUmaM.
Aja{Zð>m§Mr _m§{X`mir
n¥. 58
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 20
_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV J«W
§ nmbm§Mr
H$V©ì`o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
S>m°. gw. à. gmVmaH$a
àemgZmVrb H$moUVohr nX {d{eï> H$V©ì`o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
`m§Zr nyU© AgVo. ì`m`gm{`H$ Ñï>r AgUmè`m VgoM nXmdarb
H$m`m©Mr OmUrd AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrg Aem àH$maMr H$V©ì`o d
O~m~Xmè`m {b{IV ñdê$nmV XoUo Amdí`H$ ZgVo; _mÌ {b{IV
ñdê$nmV Aer _m{hVr Z R>odë`mg ì`pŠVnaËdo Ë`m_Ü`o \$aH$ nSy>
eH$Vmo. _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo
àË`oH$ nXmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m d H$V©ì`o Á`mbm " H$m`©{ddoMZ ' (Job
Description) åhQ>bo OmVo, Vo XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. J«§WnmbmÀ`m
nXmgmR>rMo H$m`©{ddoMZ H$go Amho, H$go Agmdo ho n«ñVwV boImV
ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a _hmamï´> emgZmZo 13 \o$~«wdmar 2004
amoOr {ZJ©{_V Ho$boë`m _hm{dÚmb`rZ J«W§ nmbm§À`m H$m`©{ddoMZmMr
_m{hVr {Xbr Amho. _hm{dÚmbrZ J«§Wnmbm§gmR>r XoÊ`mV Ambobo
ho H$m`©{ddoMZ H$mhrem \$aH$mZo gd©M J«§Wnmbm§Zm bmJy nS>Vo. Ë`m
Ñï>rZo `m boImMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho.
àmñVm{dH$
AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZemñÌm_Ü`o _mZdg§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmg AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd
Amho. H$moUË`mhr g§ñWoÀ`m `eñdrVo_Ü`o ho H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmè`m§Mr ^y{_H$m AË`§V
_hÎdmMr AgVo. H$_©Mmè`m§Zr _ZmnmgyZ Am{U g§ñWoer ~m§{YbH$s amIyZ Amnmnbo H$m_ Ho$bo
H$s `e h_Img {_iVo Agm AZw^d Amho. Aem ~m§{YbH$sMr OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
g§~§{YV H$_©Mmè`mg Amnbr Zo_UyH$ H$moUË`m H$m_mgmR>r Pmbr Amho, Ë`m H$m_mVrb _hÎdmMo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 21
KQ>H$ H$moUVo, Ë`m H$m_mMo ñdê$n H$go Amho, H$m_mMo _yë`_mnZ H$moU H$aUma Amho, Amnë`m
AmdS>r -{ZdS>r Am{U H$m_mMo ñdê$n OwiVo H$s Zmhr BË`mXr KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo R>aVmV. åhUyZM
AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZmV _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmg Am{U _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmV
H$m`©{ddoMZmg _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
g§ñWo_Ü`o {d{dY ñVam§darb {Za{Zamir nXo AgVmV. `mMo CXmhaU åhUOo J«W§ mb`m_Ü`o
AgUmar {Za{Zamir nXo Ogo- JǤWnmb CnJǤWnmb, ghm`H$, JǤWnmb, JǤWmb` ghm`H$,
J«§Wmb` n[aM`, godH$ BË`mXr hmoV. J«§Wmb`mMo H$m_H$mO `eñdr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm `m gdmªMm
gh^mJ Am{U ghH$m`© AgUo Amdí`H$ RaVo. Ë`mH${aVm J«§Wmb`mVrb {d{dY H$m_o H$moUVr,
Ë`m§Mm ñVa H$moUVm ho R>a{dUo åhUOo H$m`©{díbofU (Job Analysis) H$aUo hmo`. J«§Wmb`
ì`ñWmnH$mZo Aem àH$mao H$m`©{díbofU Amnë`m J«§WmH$[aVm V`ma H$obo nm{hOo. `m_Ü`o
J«§Wmb`mVrb àË`oH$ bhmZ_moR>çm H$m_mMm g_mdoe Agmdm. hr H$m_o {d{dY nXm§darb
ì`ŠVt_Ü`o {d^mJyZ ÚmdrV. Aer {d^mJUr H$aVmZm H$m_mMm XOm©, H$_©Mmè`m§Mr nmÌVm d
j_Vm Am{U H$m`©{d^mJUrV g_Vmob amIUo `m KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$amdm. Aem àH$mao
H$m`©{díbofUmVyZ àË`oH$ nXmMm, ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$m`©{ddoMZmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
H$m`©{ddoMZmMr g§H$ënZm
H$moUË`mhr nXmMo H$m`©{ddoMZ Ë`m H$_©Mmè`mg {Xbo AgVm H$m`m©À`m JwUdÎmo_Ü`o d
H$m`© doioda nyU© hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`m H$_©Mmè`mbm Amnë`mbm
H$moUH$moUVr H$m_o H$amd`mMr AmhoV, H$moUH$moUË`m O~m~Xmè`m AmnUmda AmhoV `mMr OmUrd
hmoVo. Amnë`m gmo`rZwgma Vmo H$_©Mmar H$m_m§Mm H«$_ bmdy eH$Vmo d H$m_ {Xboë`m doio_Ü`o nyU©
H$ê$ eH$Vmo. gmYmaUV: H$m`©{ddoZmgmR>r XmoZ _hÎdmMr C{Ôï>o g_Obr OmVmV Ago nr.
gwã~mamd1 `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
(1) g§ñWoÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ JaOm nyU© H$aUo … `m JaOm§_Ü`o CËnmXZmV dmT>, godoMr
JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo Am[U H$m`© VËnaVoZo nyU© H$aUo `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(2) g§~§{YV H$_©Mmè`m§À`m JaOm nyU© H$aUo … `m_Ü`o Ë`m H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m d¡`pŠVH$
AmdS>r-{ZdS>r, Ë`mÀ`mg_moarb AmìhmZo, Am{U Ë`m H$_©Mmè`m§À`m OrdZmVrb
C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©Vog _XV H$aUo `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Amnë`m bjmV `oB©b H$s H$m`©{ddoMZm_wio g§~§{YV H$_©Mmè`mg
Va \$m`Xm hmoVmoM, na§Vw øm g§ñWoMr C{Ôï>o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr _XV hmoV.o åhUyZM H$m`©{ddoMZmMo
_hÎd Amho.
ì`m»`m
H$m`©{ddoMZmÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m CnbãY AmhoV. gdmªV gmonr ì`m»`m nr. gwã~mamd2
`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m 'Essentials of Human Resource Management and
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 22
Industrial Relations' `m nwñVH$mV {Xbr Amho; Vr Imbrbà_mUoJob description is an important document which is basically
descriptive in nature and contains a statement of job analysis.... It
tells us what should be done, why it should be done and where it is
to be performed.
darb ì`m»`oMm _amR>r AZwdmX nwT>rbà_mUo Amho- H$m`©{ddoMZ hm EH$ _hÎdmMm
XñVmdoO AgyZ Vmo _ybV: {dñV¥V AgVmo, Ë`mV H$m`©{díbofUmMm Vnerb {Xbobm AgVmo.
`mÛmao AmnUmg H$moUVo H$m_ H$amd`mMo Amho, H$m H$amd`mMo Amho Am{U H$moR>o H$amd`mMo Amho
`mMr _[mhVr {_iVo.
na§Vw gd©g_mdoeH$ dmQ>Umar ì`m»`m _m`Ho$b Am_©ñQ´>m±J `m§Zr {Xbr Amho, Vr
Imbrbà_mUoJob design is defined as the process of deciding on the content
of a job in terms of its duties and responsibilities; on the method to
be used in carring out the job, in terms of techniques, systems and
procedures and in the relationship that should exist between the job
holder and his superiors, subordinates and colleagues.
H$m`©{ddoMZ åhUOo EImÚm H$m_mMo KQ>H$, (A) Ë`mVrb H$V©ì`o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
bjmV KoD$Z R>a{dUo, (~) Vo H$m`© nyU© H$aÊ`mMr nÕV bjmV KoD$Z R>a{dUo, (H$) Ë`mVrb
Vm§{ÌH$ ~mOy ñnï> H$aUo, (S>) H$m`©àUmbr VgoM V§Ì d nÕVr gm§JUo; ho H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m
H$m`© H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo d[að>m§er, Ë`mhÿZ H${Zð> H$_©Mmè`m§er Am{U ghH$mè`m§er g§~§Y H$go
AgmdoV Vo ñnï> H$aUo hmo`.
da Z_yX Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m Am{U {ddoMZmdê$Z EH$ ~m~ gwñnï>nUo {XgVo H$s Aem
àH$maMo H$m`©{ddoMZ H$moUË`mhr H$_©Mmè`mg {Xë`mg Vo Ho$di Ë`m ì`ŠVrH$[aVmM Zìho Va
g§nyU© g§ñWoÀ`m H$m_mMm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mH$[aVm Cn`wŠVM R>aVo. EImXo H$m_ AmnUmg H$m
H$amd`mMo Amho, H$go H$amd`mMo Amho Am{U Ë`mMo C{Ôï> d {díbofU H$_©Mmè`mg H$imbo H$s
gmh{OH$M JwUdÎmm dmT>Vo. ho {ddoMZ {OVHo$ gwñnï> Am{U {Z…g§{X½Y Agob VodT>o Cn`wŠV
R>aVo.
H$m`©{ddoMZmMr d¡{eï>ço
AmhoV.
AZ}ñQ> S>ob (Earnest Dale) `m§Zr Mm§Jë`m {ddoMZmMr nmM d¡{eï>ço gm§{JVbr
(1) H$m`©{ddoMZmZo H$m_mMo ñdê$n, ì`már Am{U _hÎdmMo g§~§Y Xe©{dbo nm{hOoV.
(2) H$_©Mmè`m§Mr H$V©ì`o, Am{U nXmMr H$m_o ñnï>nUo Xe©dmdrV.
(3) H$m`©{ddoMZmVrb eãX gwñnï> AgmdoV; Á`m_Ü`o(A) H$m_mMo ñdê$n, (Am) pŠbï>VM
o r _`m©Xm, (B) bmJUmao V§Ì, (B©) Ë`mVrb
àíZm§Mo à_mUrH$aU, (C) H$_©Mmè`mMr {d{eï> H$m_mVrb O~m~Xmar, Am{U
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 23
(D$) H$_©Mmè`mZo H$moUË`m H$m_mda XoIaoI H$aUo Ano{jV Amho Vo H$m`©{ddoMZmÛmao
ñnï> Pmbo nm{hOo.
(4) H$_©Mmè`mZo H$moUË`m H$m_mda XoIaoI H$aUo Ano{jV Amho Vo H$m`©{ddoMZmÛmao
ñnï> Pmbo nm{hOo.
(5) Zì`mZo éOy Pmboë`m H$_©Mmè`mg H$m`©{ddoMZ dmMë`mZ§Va Amnë`m Zo_UwH$sMo
ñdê$n H$ibo nm{hOo.
WmoS>Š`mV Z_yX H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg H$m`©{ddoMZ åhUOo àË`oH$ H$_©Mmè`mg Ë`mÀ`m
H$m_mV {Xem Xe©{dUmao Am`wY hmo`.
J«W
§« nmbm§À`m H$m`©{ddoMZmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^_y r
^maVmV J«§WnmbZmMr gwédmV S>m°. {e. am. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m à`ËZm§Zr Pmbr. {dÚmnrR>
AZwXmZ _§S>imÀ`m (1956) ñWmnZoZV§ a _hm{dÚmb`rZ d {dÚmnrR> J«W§ mb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m
XOm©_Ü`o gwYmaUm Pmbr. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Zo_Ê`mV Amboë`m {dÚmnrR>
AZwXmZ _§S>imÀ`m J«§Wmb` g{_VrZo 1958 Am{U 1969 _Ü`o J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§Mm
AmH¥${V~§Y gmXa Ho$bm. H$mhrM amÁ`m§Zr Vmo A_bmV AmUbm, Va ~è`mM amÁ`m§V Vmo A_bmV
AmUbm Jobm Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmam {ZYr g§~§{YV amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr C^m H$amd`mMm
hmoVm. 1972 _Ü`o _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr J«W§ nmb Am{U àmMm`© `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$ë`m{edm` AZwXmZ
{_iUma Zmhr Ago n[anÌH$ {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ _§S>imZo {ZJ©{_V Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ
J«W§ nmbm§À`m Zo_UwH$m hmoD$ bmJë`m. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMo gwñnï> H$m`©{ddoMZ amÁ` gaH$maÛmam
XoÊ`mV Ambo ZìhVo. H|$Ð nmVirda All India Council of Technical Education
(AICTE) Zo 1970 _Ü`o A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVrb J«§Wnmbm§gmR>r e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm
Am[U ÌmoQ>H$ H$m`©{ddoMZ àñVwV Ho$bo. (nhm àñVwV boIH$mMo nwñVH$ (Personnel
Management in College Libraries, Jaipur, Rawat Publication, 2000.)
_hmamï´> emgZmMo 06 _mM© 1985 amoOr {dÚmnrR> Am{U _hm{dÚmb`mVrb H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r
godmeVu Am{U H$m`©{ddoMZ {ZJ©{_V Ho$bo; na§Vw Ë`m_Ü`o J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m g_mdoe
ZìhVm. gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`o, {deof J«§Wmb`m§gmR>rhr Ago {ddoMZ AÚmnhr CnbãY Zmhr.
_hmamï´> emgZmZo àW_M _hm{dÚmbrZ J«§Wnmbm§Mr H$V©ì`o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m {X.13
\o$~«wdmar 2004 À`m emgZ{ZU©`mÛmao ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m Imbrbn«_mUo-
_hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§WnmbnXmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m d H$V©ì`o
J«§Wnmb hm {dÚmWu, {ejH$ d Aä`mgH$ `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m JaOoZwgma J«§W d g§X^©
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmam _hÎdmMm Xwdm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, J«§Wnmb hm {dÚmWu d {ejH$ `m§Zm
J«§Wmb` gw{dYm d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmar EH$ O~m~Xma ì`ŠVr Amho.
J«§Wnmbmbm dmMH$ godm, Vm§{ÌH$ godm d àemgZ `m {VÝhr àH$maÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m nma nmS>mì`m
bmJVmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 24
J«§WnmbmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m
(1) dmMH$ d Aä`mgH$ `m§Mr AMyH$ JaO AmoiIyZ Ë`m Ñï>rZo Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vr
gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(2) dmMH$ d Aä`mgH$mg Amdí`H$ Vr nwñVHo$, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, ÑH$lmì` gmYZo d
AmYw{ZH$ BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg gmYZm§Ûmao _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(3) dJuH$aU H$aUo, Vm{bH$sH$aU H$aUo Am{U g§K{Q>V ~m~tMm {dMma H$ê$Z _m{hVr
nwadUo.
(4) dmMH$m§Zm nwñVHo$ XoUo, KanmoM nwñVH$m§Mr d _m{hVr H$mJXnÌm§Mr godm nwadUo.
(5) g§X^©godm d _m{hVrgodm nwadUo, _m{hVrMm emoY KoUo, dmMZgm{hË` `mXr
V`ma H$aUo, g§X^©gyMr V`ma H$aUo, Ë`mMà_mUo g„mJma g{_Vrg Ahdmb
gmXa H$aUo.
(6) dmMH$m§Zm _m{hVr emoYÊ`mg, nwñVH$ ñWmZ Xe©{dUo, boIm~m~V _m{hVr nwadUo,
grS>ram°_Mm d B§Q>aZoQ> hr AmYw{ZH$ _mÜ`_o dmnê$Z A{Ve` VËnaVoZo godm
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mH$[aVm gmYZo dmnaUo.
(7) J«W§ mb`mMo ì`dñWmnZ d {Z`moOZ nmhUo, Ë`m AZwfJ§ mZo gm{hË`, gmYZo Am{U
J«§Wmb`m§Vrb H$_©Mmè`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odUo, OZg§nH©$ dmT>{dUo, AX§mOnÌH$
V`ma H$aUo Am{U J«§Wb`mMo H$m_H$mO gwairV MmbÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>r>Zo XoI^mb
H$aUo.
J«§WnmbmMr H$V©ì`o
(1) J«§Wg§J«h {ZdS> d emgH$s` {Z`_mà_mUo J«§WIaoXrgmR>r {e\$maer H$aUo.
(2) {d{dY àH$mÀ`m _m{hVròmoVm§g~§ Y§ r kmZ AgUo d Ë`mgmR>r AÚ`mdV àH$meZo,
[Z`VH$m{bHo$, g§JUH$mMm dmna H$aUo d BVa _mÜ`_m§Mo ~XbVo àdmh _m{hVr
AgUo.
(3) J«§Wg§J«h `mo½` àH$mao g§J«{hV H$aUo.
(4) dmMH$m§gmR>r JaOoZwê$n _m[hVr nÕV {dH${gV H$aUo.
(5) J«§Wg§nXm ì`dpñWV gm§^miUo, H$mb~mø nwñVHo$ {Zb}{IV H$aUo Ë`mEodOr
AÚ`mdV J«§Wg§nXm CnbãY H$ê$Z KoUo.
(6) _hm{dÚmb`mVrb J«§Wmb` g{_VrMm nX{gÕ g{Md åhUyZ H$m_ nmhUo Ë`m
Ñï>rZo g{_Vrg doimodoir Ahdmb gmXa H$aUo.
(7) J«§Wmb`mg {ZYr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r d[að> H$m`m©b`mH$S>o ({d^mJmH$S>o)
Ë`mMà_mUo {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmH$S>o Vgo àñVmd gmXa H$aUo d nmR>naw mdm
H$aUo.
(8) AmYw{ZH$ B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ kmZmMo ^m§S>ma {dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`gmR>r
H$m`© H$aUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 25
(9) dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(10) `m{edm` d[að>m§Zr doimodoir gmon{dbobr H$m_o H$aUo.
`m{edm` `m emgZ{ZU©`mMr d¡{eï>ço Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV
(1) J§«Wnmb ho nX àemgH$s` nX ZgyZ {ejH$ g§dJm©Vrb Amho ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
(2) J«W§ nmb d A{Yì`m»`mVm ho g_mZ nmVirdarb nX Amho ho _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho.
(3) emgZm§VJ©V J«§Wnmbm§Mr nXo amOn{ÌV A{YH$mar åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$br Amho.
(4) emgH$s` _hm{dÚmb`mVrb `m nXmdarb {Z`wŠË`m _hmamï´> bmoH$godm
Am`moJm_m\©$V hmoUma AmhoV.
_yë`_mnZ
Cn`w©ŠV n¥. 87
(3)
Armstrong Michael, Handbook of Personal Management,
Kogan Page Ltd, London, 1976, P. 101.
Dale Earnest, Management : Theory and Practice,
Newyork, MCGraw Hill Book Company,1965, P. 67.
Maharashtra Government, Maharashtra Non Agricultural
Universitites and affiliated Colleges Employees Education and
Employment Departemnt Bomaby, Mantralaya Annexe, dated
6th March 1985.
(4)
(5)
(6)
`m emgZ{ZU©`mMo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z `m O~m~Xmè`m Am{U H$V©ì`o `m§~m~V Imbrb
{ZîH$f© g`wpŠVH$ R>aVmV.
(1) e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoVrb J«§WnmbmMo _hÎd emgZmbm nQ>bo Amho.
(2) J«§Wmb`rZ dmMZgm{hË`mVrb ~Xb J«§Wnmbm§Zr ñdrH$mamdoV `mgmR>r emgZ
AmJ«hr Amho.
(3) {d{dY J«§Wmb`rZ godm nwa{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar J«§Wnmbm§da Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr
Amho.
(4) H$mb~mø J«§W {Zbo©{IV H$aÊ`mMo H$V©ì` J«§WnmbmMo Amho ho emgZmV\}$ n«W_M
gm§{JVbo Amho.
(5) {ZYr n«má H$aÊ`mMm nÌì`dhma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` J«§Wnmbm§Zm {_imbo Amho.
`m {ZU©`m_wio J«§Wnmbm§Zm gÝ_mZmMm XOm© n«má Pmbm Amho. _mÌ `mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
Amnbo J«§Wmb` {dÚmWu d {ejH$m{^_wI H$go H$aVm `oB©b `mH$S>o gd©M J«§Wnmbm§Zr bj XoUo
JaOoMo Amho. hm emgZ{ZU©` nmhVm Imbrb H$m_m§H$[aVm J«§Wmb` g§KQ>Zm§Zr AmJ«h YaUo
Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo.
(1) BVa àH$maÀ`m J«W§ mb`mVrb H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r H$m`©{ddoMZ H$aUo AmVm Amdí`H$
Pmbo Amho.
(2) J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§Wnmb dJiVm AÝ` H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r H$m`© {ddoMZ V`ma H$aUo
OéarMo Amho.
(3) AZwXm{ZV _hm{dÚmb`m§gmR>rXoIrb Ago H$m`©{ddoMZ XoÊ`mV `mdo.
g§X^©
(1)
(2)
Subba Rao. P., Essentials of Human Resource Management
and Industrial Relation : Text Cases and Games, Mumbai,
Himalaya Publishing House, Ed. 2, 2004, P. 69.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 26
_hmamï´> emgZ : Cƒ d V§Ì {ejU {d^mJ, emgZ {ZU©` H«$. Eggrnr -2001/
(165/01) _{e -2 {X. 13 \o$~«wdmar 2004.
❏❏❏
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§ nmaIr ZOa - 3
a_oeHw$_ma O¡Z AZ² {dO`Hw$_ma O¡Z `m XmoZ J«§Wào_r Xw_r©i J«§W{dH«o$Ë`m§Zr
_bm gd©Vmonar gmø Ho$b§, Ë`m§À`m_wioM _mÂ`m Aä`mgmMo {df` {ZpíMV hmoÊ`mg
Ia§ Va _XV Pmbr. nwT>§ a_oeHw$_ma O¡Z `m§Zr H$mhr Xw_r©i J«§Wm§M§ nwZ_w©ÐU Ho$b§,
Am{U Z§Va ñdV§ÌnUo J«§W-àH$meZ ì`dgm` gwê$ Ho$bm. AmO {X„rÀ`m Zm_d§V
àH$meH$m§_Ü`o Ë`m§À`m _Zmoha npãbHo$eÝgMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m§Mo ~§Yy {dO`Hw$_ma
O¡Z _mÌ AmOhr Xw_r©i J«§W{dH«$sMm ì`dgm` H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m à^y ~wH$ gpìh©gMm
Xw_r©i J«§Wm§Mm I{OZm hm XoemVbm gdmªV _moR>m I{OZm Amho, Agm _mPm {dídmg
Amho. AmVm Am_À`m ^oQ>r H$_r Pmë`m AmhoV. Varhr _r {X„rbm Jobmo AWdm Vo
_w§~B©bm Ambo Va AmOhr Amåhr EH$_oH$m§À`m g§nH$m©V `oVmo, AZ² OwÝ`m J«§Wm§{df`r
{_imbobr _m{hVr EH$_oH$m§V dmQy>Z KoVmo. _mÂ`m g§emoYZmgmR>r EImXm J«§W hdm
Agbm, {dO`Hw$_ma O¡Z `m§À`mH$S>o {dMmaUm Ho$br, AZ² Vmo J«§W _mÂ`m Am{W©H$
VmH$XrnbrH$S>Mm Agbm – _mÂ`m Am{W©H$ VmH$XrMr Ë`m§Zm nyU© H$ënZm Amho – Va
Vo ñdIMm©Z§ Ë`m J«§WmMr \$moQ>moH$m°nr H$mTy>Z Ë`mM§ ì`dpñWV ~mB§qS>J H$ê$Z _bm Vo Vmo
J«W§ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. Xw_r©i J«W§ m§Mm Agm J«W§ ào_r {dH«$o VmgwÕm Xw_r©i _mZmd`mMm
H$s Zmhr?
Aja{Zð>m§Mr _m§{X`mir
n¥. 35
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 27
_m{hVrMo _yë`{ZYm©aU d VXZwf{§ JH$ àíZ
àm. _mohZ nmR>H$
_m{hVr hr EH$ Cn`wŠV (dñVy) AgyZ _m{hVr Odi AgUo
hr O_oMr ~m~ Amho, Agm g_mOmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho. BVa n[a{_V,
^m¡{VH$ dñVy§à_mUoM AW©VÁkhr _m{hVrMm {dMma H$aVmV; nU
H$moUVohr kmZjoÌ _m{hVrMr hmVmiUr n{a_mU~Õ H$er H$amdr
`m~m~V gm§JVmZm {XgV Zmhr. kmZjoÌo _m{hVr `m KQ>H$mH$S>o {^Þ
àH$mao nmhVmV ho Iao Agbo Var BVa ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm§à_mUo _[mhVrMo
_mnZ H$aÊ`mMo n[a_mU {dH${gV hmoUo AdKS> Amho. _m{hVrMo
_yë`{ZYm©aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ApñVËdmV AgUmar _yë`nÕVr dmnabr
OmVo; nU Vmo CÎm_ Cnm` R>aV Zmhr. J«§Wnmb Ë`m§Zm AW©gmhmæ`
XoUmam§gmR>r AmdVr© IM© J¥hrV Yê$Z Aer EImXr _m{hVr _yë`
{ZYm©aU `moOZm XoD$ eH$VmV H$m`? `mMr MMm© AmO hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
_m{hVr - _yb^yV àíZ
_m{hVr hr AmO dm{UÁ` {df` ~Zbr Amho, {dnUZ`mo½` ~m~ ~Zbr Amho. nydu `e
dm `eñdrVm bjmV KoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$, ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm, boIZ, AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam ho {ZH$f
bjmV KoV. AmO _[mhVrdarb {Z`§ÌU, {VMm {dH$mg, n¥WŠH$aU gmXarH$aU `m {ZH$fm§Zm
_hÎd Amho. Ë`m_wioM Amnë`m dV©_mZH$mimMo dU©Z _m{hVrMo `wJ Ago Ho$bo OmVo. AmO
AmnU _m{hVr {dH$V KoVmo, {dH$Vmo. H$mhr doim _m{hVrÀ`m ~Xë`mV _m{hVr Agmhr ì`dhma
AgVmo. Ago Agbo Var OmJ{VH$ ñVamda _mÝ` hmoB©b Aer Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMr ~¡R>H$
_m{hVrÀ`m H«$`-{dH«$`mg Zmhr.
_m{hVr åhUOo H$m`, {VMr ì`m»`m H$er H$am`Mr, Vr n[a_o` H$am`Mr, {VMo _yë` H$go
R>adm`Mo, {VMo _hÎd H$go R>adm`Mo ho gm§Jy nmhUmao AZoH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©,
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 28
AW©emñÌ, boImnmbZ, g_mOemñÌ, dV©UyH$emñÌ Aem kmZemIm§Mo `mH$S>o ~KÊ`mMo _mJ©
doJio AmhoV. AW©VÁk _m{hVrMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm _mJUr Vgm nwadR>m VÎdmda AmYmaboë`m
{d{Z_` XamZo {VMo _yë`_mnZ H$aVmV d A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aUmao EH$ Zdb Aem Ñï>rZo
_m{hVrH$S>o nmhVmV. boImnmb EH$ \$m`ÚmMr ~m~ åhUyZ Va g_mOemñÌmk g_mOmÀ`m
\$m`ÚmMr ~m~ åhUyZ _m{hVrH$S>o nmhVmV. dV©ZemñÌmV _m{hVr hr kmZmZo AmH$bZr` d
dV©ZmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Umar ~m~ åhUyZ _m{hVrMm Aä`mg H$aVmV. `mdê$Z Ago
åhUVm `oVo H$s _m{hVrMo _yë` R>a{dUo hr gmYr, gai d EH$m Q>ßß`mV hmoD$ eH$Umar Jmoï>
Zmhr.
EImÚmbm _mobmMr dmQy> eH$Umar _m{hVr hr AZoH$ Q>ßß`m§VyZ n[adV©Z hmoD$Z V`ma
hmoVo. _m{hVr hr _m{hVr `m ñdê$nmV AmoiI nQ>Ê`mnydu AàH$Q> AdñWoV AgVo d CXmhaU
åhUyZ {gÕ hmoÊ`mÀ`m àVrjoV AgVo. Z§Va Aem An[anŠd, {dñH$irV AdñWoVrb `m
Jmoïr>, J¥hrV Jmoï>r Cn`moJmÀ`m R>ê$ eH$Vrb `mMo Amnë`mbm ^mZ `oVo. `m Jmoï>r AmnU Jmoim
H$aVmo, Ë`m§Mo n¥WŠH$aU H$aVmo d {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vmoo. _m{hVr d {ZîH$f© `m§Mo g§àofU H$aÊ`mnydu
AmnU _m{hVrMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z {VMo _mob R>ady eH$Vmo.
_m{hVrMo {Zìdi _yë`{ZYm©aU `m A§{V_ Q>ßß`mda eŠ` AgVo. _m{hVrV Ago _m{hVrMo
_yë` ZgVo Va {VMo AmH$bZ d nmR>monmR> `oUmao Cn`moOZ `mVyZ _yë`{Z{íMVr H$aVm `oVo. `m
eodQ>À`m AdñWoVrb AmnU Ho$bobr _yë`{ZpíMVr hr Amnbr Ano{jV d A§Xm{OV _yë`OmUrd
`m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. nbrH$S>Mm \$ŠV A§{V_ CËnmXZ dm {ZîH$f© `m§Mr qH$_V AmoiIV
AgVmo.
_m{hVr-{dnUZ
ì`mnmar OJmV _m{hVr hr Cn`wŠV dñVy AgyZ g§J¥hrV _m{hVr hr O_oMr ~m~ Amho `m
Ñï>rZo _[mhVrH$S>o nmhVo. AW©VÁk BVa ^m¡{VH$ ~m~tà_mUo EH$ Cn`wŠV _mb, dñVy åhUyZ
_m{hVrMo _hÎd OmUVmV; na§Vw _yë`{ZpíMVrMo H$moUVohr {ZîH$f©, H$moUVrhr _mÝ` à{VH¥$Vr
nwîH$i g_mZ dmQ>Umè`m dU©Zm§À`m CnbãYrZ§Vahr ApñVËdmV Zmhr.
_m{hVrMo _yë`{ZYm©aU H$mhr à_mUmV g§ñWoVrb BVa O_oÀ`m ~m~tà_mUo H$ê$Z Am{W©H$
AhdmbmV {VMm g_mdoe H$aVm `oB©b. `mXrVrb EH$ dñVy åhUyZ {dñH$mirV Jmoï>t_Ü`o
_yë`dY©Z H$ê$Z Ambobr AdñWm, {dH$mg Mmby AgUmar, {dnUZ`mo½` ~m~ åhUyZ _m[hVrMm
g_mdoe H$aVm `oB©b. _m{hVr g§H$bZ d gmXarH$aUmgmR>r ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$ d _Zwî`~imMr
JaO AgVo. _m{hVràmár hr Va _hmJ AgVoM {edm` ì`dñWmnZmMmhr IM© J¥hrV AgVmo.
BVa ^m¡{VH$ O_oÀ`m ~m~tà_mUo {dVaUmnydu _m{hVrMrhr XOm© VnmgUr H$amdr bmJVo. dñVyÀ§ `m
`mXrVrb BVa dñVy§à_mUo _m{hVr hr JaOoÀ`m doir CnbãYVm AgÊ`mer g§~§{YV Amho.
{d{eï> H$mi Joë`mZ§Va _m{hVrMo _yë` H$_r hmoVo.
àË`oH$ AdñWoV `m nmVirda _m{hVrMo {deof Ago ì`mnmar d Cn^moŠVo AgVmV.
_m{hVr hdr AgUmao Cn^moŠVo _m{hVrMo OmñV _mob XoVmV d nwadR>mXma H$_r {H$_VrV Vr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 29
XoVmV Ago hmoD$ eH$Vo; H$maU _m{hVrÀ`m nmViçm d {d{dYVm `m§Mo ì`dhma H$aVmZm doJionU
Ë`m§Zr OmUbobo ZgVo. _m{hVrÀ`m _hÎdmMr AmoiI d _m{hVrMo _moO_mn Imbrb àíZm§_wio
Ago hmoVo.
{dnUZmMo ñdê$n d _[mhVrMr d¡{eï>ço
Omogo\$ {ñQ>J{bQ>P² {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m AW©emñÌkm§À`m {dH|${ÐV _yë`
nÕVr_wio gmYZm§Mo à^mdr {d^mOZ dm dmQ>Ur hmoD$ eH$Vo; `m _VmMm XmIbm XoD$Z åhUVmV,
""AW©emñÌmÀ`m BVa emIm§à_mUo Ë`mM g_mZ VÎdm§Mo _m{hVrÀ`m AW©emñÌmgmR>r Cn`moOZ
Cn`wŠV R>aob Agm A§XmO hmoVm.'' na§Vw Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _m{hVrÀ`m AW©emñÌmMo {ZYm©aU
H$aÊ`mg Vr _yë`nÕVr Cn`wŠV ZìhVr. H$maU _m{hVrVrb g_ñ`m d BVa dñVy§nojm _m{hVrMo
AgUmao {^ÞËd `m§Mm Ë`mV {dMma ZìhVm.1
"_m{hVrdm{UÁ`' `m g§H$ënZoMm g§X^© KoD$Z Om°Z noar ~mabmoo `m§Zr g_mO _m{hVrMo
_yë`{ZYm©aU H$aVmZm AW©~mø _mJ© H$go Adb§~Vmo `m~m~V {b{hbo Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo
_m{hVr Oer dmT>V OmVo, n[a{MV hmoV OmVo Vgo {VMo _yë` dmT>Vo. CbQ> ^m¡{VH$ gmYZo Xw_r©i
Pmbr Va Ë`m§Mo _yë` dmT>Vo. H$mhr doim Xw{_©iVo_wio _m{hVrMohr _yë` dmT>Vo; CXmhaUmW©,
\$m`Xm hmoÊ`mVrb JwáVm _mhrV AgUmamH$S>o AgUmar _m{hVr. Aem doir _m{hVrà_mUoM
doi hm KQ>H$ _yë` R>a{dUmam O~m~Xma AgVmo. _m{hVr {Z{_©VrÀ`m doir {VÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV
AgUmar ì`ŠVr {VÀ`m Cn`moJm_wio \$m`ÚmV OmD$ eH$Vo. _m{hVr~m~VMr _m{hVr d {VMm
Cn`moJ `mV I§S> nS>V Jobm Va _m{hVrMo Am{W©H$ _yë` H$_r hmoVo, {VMr Cn`wŠVVmhr H$_r
hmoVo. ~mabmoZo Agohr {ZarjU Zm|Xbo Amho H$s _m{hVr H$moU nwadVmo `mdahr {VMo _yë` R>aVo.
AmnU _mÝ`Vmàmá Aem VÁkm§Zr Ho$boë`m _Vn«Xe©ZmMo _mob XoVmo. åhUOoM Ago bmoH$
Ë`m§À`m {d{eï> Jmoï>r kmV H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`m§Mr {dH«$s H$ê$Z Amnë`mbm _[mhVr XoVmV.2
CnbãY _yë`nÕVrZwgma _m{hVrMo _yë`{ZYm©aU H$aUo AdKS> Amho. {VÀ`m d¡{eï>çm§_i
w o
Vr ^m¡{VH$ dñVyà_mUo Am{U ZgVohr.
(1) _m{hVr hr `§Ìmda ~Z{dboë`m nŠŠ`m _mbmgmaIo CËnmXZ ZgVo.
(2) _m{hVr Zoh_r H$_r _mo~Xë`mV dm {dZm_yë` V`ma hmoVo.
(3) _m{hVrMm àË`oH$ KQ>H$ EH$ Xwgè`mnojm {^Þ AgVmo. Vgm Vmo Zgob Va Vr
Zdr _m{hVr hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. EImXo CËnmXZ EH$mM XwH$mZmVyZ naV naV
{dH$Vm `oVo; nU _m{hVr {dH$V KoUmè`mbm Vr _m{hVr Pmë`mZo naV {dH$Vm
`oV Zmhr.3
(4) _m{hVrMr AXbm~Xb H$aVm `oVo; nU Vr Amdí`H$ AgVoM Ago Zmhr.
_m{hVr àmá H$ê$Z KoUo hm gd©ñdr d¡`pŠVH$, ì`pŠVJV AZw^d AgVmo.
{edm` ì`ŠVr Ooìhm _mZdr ghdmgmV AgVo VoìhmM _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo.
(5) _m{hVr Xw_ui AgV Zmhr. n¥WŠH$aU Ho$bobr, ZrQ> gmXa Ho$bobr d ì`dpñWV
{dV[aV Ho$bobr _m{hVr _mÌ Zoh_rM CnbãY Agob Ago Zmhr.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 30
(6) _m{hVrMm Cn^moJ EH$m ì`ŠVrZo KoVbm Var BVam§Zm A{YH$ _yë` Z KoVm Vr
nwa{dVm `oVo.
(7) EH$M _m{hVr hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma EH$mM doir pñWa d ApñWa R>ê$
eH$Vo.
(8) _m{hVr CnbãY AgyZhr Amdí`H$ VoWo nwa{dbr OmV Zmhr Am{U nwa{dbr
Jobobr _m{hVr à^mdrnUo dmnabr OmVoM Ago Zmhr.
(9) _[mhVr hr dñVw{Zð> dm Ame`{Zð> qH$dm EH$mM doir XmoÝhr ñdê$nm§V Agy
eH$Vo.
(10) ^m¡{VH$ dñVy EH$Va ApñVËdmV AgVo dm ZgVo; _m{hVr _mÌ H$mhr {d^mJm§_Ü`o
{d^mJbobr Agy eH$Vo.
(11) _[mhVr hr nyU©V: Iar {H$§dm ImoQ>r, A§eV: Iar {H$§dm ImoQ>r qH$dm Iar qH$dm
ImoQ>r Zgbobr `m ñdê$nmV Agy eH$Vo.
(12) _m{hVr hr ImOJr dm gmd©O{ZH$ Agy eH$Vo. ImOJr AIË`m[aV Agë`mZo
Vr H$_r hmoV Zmhr qH$dm {VÀ`m BVam§Zm CnbãY Agboë`m ^mJmMo _yë` d
{H$§_V H$_r hmoV Zmhr.
J«W
§ nmbZmMm g§X^©
J«W§ nmb ho _m{hVr ì`mdgm{`H$ AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr _m{hVrH$S>o ~KÊ`mMr Ñï>r H$er AgVo?
nydu J«§Wnmb _m{hVr g§àofUà{H«$`oMo H$m_ H$arV. boIH$, H$bmd§V, àH$meH$ `m§Zr g§H$bZ d
g§KQ>Z Ho$bobr _m{hVr J«§Wnmb gmXa H$arV. Ë`m_wio Hw$R>o H$m` CnbãY hmoB©b d Vo H$moUmbm
Cn`wŠV hmoB©b ho Ë`mbm _mhrV AgUo Ano{jV Ago. _m{hVrMo gmXarH$aU, CnbãYr H$ê$Z
XoUo ho Ë`m§Mo à_wI H$m_ hmoVo, _m{hVr {Z{_©Vr Zìho !
gÜ`m _m{hVr H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV Amho d Vr H$moUË`m gmYZm§Zr CnbãY H$ê$ XoVm `oB©b
`mV J«§Wnmbm§Zm ag Amho. AZoH$ J«§Wnmb n[afXm d {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boI `mV N>mnrb
ñdê$n d BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$n `m§Mr d¡{eï>ço M{M©bobr AgVmV dm ì`mdgm{`H$ _m{hVrMo
_Ü`ñW, H$s Oo Amnë`m joÌm§da A{VH«$_U H$aVrb `mMr J«§Wnmbm§Zm ^rVr AgVo.
J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m gm{hË`mV _yë`d{Y©V _m{hVrgodoMr ~arM MMm© AgVo. J«§Wnmb
d Cn^moŠVo _m{hVrMr aobMob `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb AZmdí`H$ d ì`W© _m{hVr
dJiÊ`mMm {dMma H$aVmV. _m{hVr CnbãYr, n¥WŠH$aU d J«§Wmb` Cn^moŠË`m§Zm Cn`moOZ
`mV AZoH$ AS>Wio OmUdV AgVmV. J«§Wnmb _m{hVrV _yë`dY©Z H$aVmV Voìhm Vo Ago
AS>Wio H$_r H$aVmV. ho _yë`dY©Z åhUOo H$m` AgVo? Va `mo½` _m{hVrMo gmYZ d Cn^moŠVm
`m§Vrb A§Va gwb^VoZo H$_r H$aUo. _m{hVrMo n¥WŠH$aU d à{H«$`m H$ê$Zhr _yë`d{Y©V hmoVo d
ghO eŠ` hmoVo.
_m{hVr nwa{dUo, Mm§Jbr, _yë`d{Y©V godm XoUo `m gdmªV _m{hVr _moOVm `oV Zmhr dm
n[a_o` nÕVrZo {VMr _yë`{ZpíMVr H$aVm `oV Zmhr, `mMr J«§Wnmbm§Zm gVV d gwá OmUrd
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 31
AgVo. _m{hVr {_i{dUo, {_i{dboë`m _m{hVrMo n¥WŠH$aU H$aUo Am{U {VMo gmXarH$aU
H$aUo `m gd© _m{hVr hmVmiUrV àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mbm ñdV:Mo _yë` AgVo. _m{hVr àmá H$ê$Z
KoVmZm Ambobm IM© Am{U Ë`m _m{hVrMo _yë` `m§_Ü`o H$moUVm A§VJ©V g§~§Y Amho ? hm àíZ
AmìhmZmË_H$ Amho. ^{dî`mV J«§Wnmbm§Zm `m H$m_r AW©gmhmæ` H$aUmam§Zm `oUmè`m IMm©Mo
`moOZm~Õ nÕVrZo g_W©Z Úmdo bmJob.
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r. {b~.
{ejUH«$_mVrb ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVH$m§À`m
n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg
g§X^©
(1)
(2)
(3)
Stiglitz, J.E. "The Contribution of the Economics of Information
to Twentieth Century Economics" Quarterly Journal of
Ecomonics 115, (Nov. 2000) 1441-1475
Barlow, J.P., "The Economy of Idias, Wired 2 (March 1994)
84-90, 126-129
EH$ à_mU.o
❏❏❏
J«W
§ nmaIr ZOa - 4
J«§Wg§J«mhH$m§À`m dJm©V EH$m N>moQ>çm dJm©Mmhr g_mdoe Ho$bm nm{hOo. `m
dJm©bm "_m{O©Z°{b`m' g§J«{hV H$aUmè`m§Mm dJ© åhUVm `oB©b. "_m{O©Z°{b`m' åhUOo
nwñVH$mda Ho$boë`m IwUm, ñdhñVmjamV J«§WmÀ`m àma§^r, nmZmdarb "_m{O©Z'_Ü`o,
dm J«§WmÀ`m eodQ>r dmMH$mZ§ Ho$bob§ ^mî`! g_Om, EImÚm gwà{gÕ ì`ŠVrZ§ EImX§
JmObob§ nwñVH$ dmMVmZm nmZmnmZmda Amnbr ng§Vr-Zmng§Vr ì`ŠV Ho$br Agob,
Va Vo nwñVH$ g§emoYH$mbm _hÎdmM§ dmQ>ob H$s Zmhr? EImÚm Zm_d§V àmÜ`mnH$mZ§
EImÚm J«§WmV Amnë`m "ZmoQ²>g' Zm|Xdë`m AgVrb, Va Ë`mM§ _hÎd Ë`m§À`m J«§Wào_r
{dÚmÏ`mªZm dmQ>ob H$s Zmhr? "N>mnrb' nwñVH$mda Ag§ ñdhñVo "^mî`' {b{hboë`m
ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mbH$sM§ Agboë`m nwñVH$mM§ _hÎd g_OUmam J«§Wg§J«mhH$ Vo nwñVH$
hmVyZ gmoS>Uma Zmhr. Aem nwñVH$m§À`m g§J«hmbm "_m{O©Z°{b`m' åhUVmV. Amnë`m
_mbH$sÀ`m Zgboë`m na§Vw gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`mVZ§ AmUboë`m J«W§ m§da gm_mÝ` dmMH$
Or _Zng§V eoao~mOr H$aVmo Vrhr "_m{O©Z°{b`m' `m JQ>mVM _moS>Vo. "dm… \$maM
N>mZ!', "JMmi boIZ, gw_ma XOm©!', "^§H$g', "E, {b{hU§ Wm§~db§g Va ~a§!'...
Aem àH$maÀ`m AZm{_H$ à{V{H«$`m "_m{O©Z°{b`m'MoM bKwAdVma _mZVm `oVrb.
Aja{Zð>m§Mr _m§{X`mir
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àm. _YwH$a eodmio
àmñVm{dH$
^maVm_Ü`o ñdm§VÍ`mZ§Va Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m ñdê$nmV PnmQ>çmZo dmT> Pmbobr {XgVo.
1947 _Ü`o ^maVmV 19 {dÚmnrR>o H$m`©aV hmoVr. AmO{_Vrg 306 {dÚmnrR>o d VËg_ g§ñWm
Cƒ {ejU XoÊ`mV ì`ñV AmhoV. Ago Agbo Var nma§n[aH$ {ejU nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm Am{U
doJmZo dmT>V OmUmar bmoH$g§»`m `m_wio Cƒ {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhUmè`m§Mo à_mU Iyn _moR>o
Amho. ho gd© bjmV Amë`mda "Xya {ejU' hr g§H$ënZm nma§n[aH$ {ejU nÕVrg n`m©`
åhUyZ nwT>o Ambr. OJm_Ü`o AZoH$ Xoem§V _wŠV {dÚmnrR>o Am{U _wŠV {ejU g§ñWm§Mr
ñWmnZm Pmbr Amho. ^maVmVrb n{hbo _wŠV {dÚmnrR> gZ 1982 _Ü`oo h¡Ðm~mX `oWo ñWmnZ
Pmbo. 1985 _Ü`o amï´>r` nmVirda {X„r `oWo B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm
Pmbr. AmO ^maVmV 12 _wŠV {dÚmnrR>o H$m`©aV AmhoV. àË`oH$ amÁ`mV EH$ _wŠV {dÚmnrR>
Agmdo Ago ^maV gaH$maMo YmoaU Amho. _hmamï´> amÁ`mgmR>r gZ 1989 _Ü`o `ed§Vamd
MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. "kmZJ§Jm KamoKar' ho ~«rXdmŠ`
Agboë`m `m {dÚmnrR>mZo Joë`m 15 dfmªV e¡j{UH$ joÌmV _moR>r H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho. H¥$fr,
H$bm, dm{UÁ`, ì`mdgm{`H$, Vm§{ÌH$, `m§_Yrb nX{dH$m, nXdr, nXì`wÎma d g§emoYZ Aem
ñdê$nmMo {ejUH«$_ am~dyZ amï´>mÀ`m d amÁ`mÀ`m {dH$mg AmamIS>çmer g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMm
`m {dÚmnrR>mZo H$gmoerZo à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mV Oo {d{dY {ejUH«$_ am~{dbo
OmVmV Ë`m§n¡H$s J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmMm nXdr nmVirdaMm ~r. {b~. hm EH$ dfm©Mm
{ejUH«$_ Amho.
1. ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mMr JaO
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_ gZ 1996 nmgyZ
gwê$ H$obm Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb e¡j{UH$ d _m{hVr godm§Mo Omio ì`mnH$ à_mUmV {dñVmaÊ`mgmR>r
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 33
VgoM Ë`m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ `m {ejUH«$_mVyZ AÜ``Z Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVr§Mo
`moJXmZ _mobmMo R>aUma Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb gd© AH¥$fr {dÚmnrR>m_§ Ü`o d H$mhr _hm{dÚmb`m§_Ü`o
Ë`m Ë`m {dÚmnrR>mMm J«W§ mb`emñÌmMm {ejUH«$_ gwê$ Amho. {Z`{_V (Regular) ñdê$nmMm
hm {ejUH«$_ godVo AgUmè`m J«W§ mb` godH$m§Zm nyUd© i
o M
o m Aä`mgH«$_ Agë`mZo d CnpñWVr
AË`mdí`H$ Agë`mZo gmo`rMm Zgë`m_wio _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo Xya {ejU nÕVrZo ~r.{b~.
{ejUH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm Amho. _hmamï´>^a IoS>çmnmS>çm§VyZ Agbobr e¡j{UH$ d gmd©O{ZH$
g§ñWm§Mr J«§Wmb`o CÎm_ MmbmdrV `mgmR>r _amR>rVyZ J«§WnmbZ H$aUmao à{e{jV _Zwî`~i
CnbãY hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nma§n[aH$ {dÚmnrR>m_YyZ J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo {ejU KoÊ`mMr
g§Yr Xyada {dIwaboë`m gd© BÀNw>H$m§Zm CnbãY hmoUo H$R>rU Amho, ho bjmV KoD$Z _w»`V:
Ë`m§Zm gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo ~r.{b~ {ejUH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bobm
Amho.
2. ~r. {b~. {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o
`m {ejUH«$_mMr C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
(1) J«§Wmb`mMo emñÌr` nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo.
(2) J«§Wm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr V§Ìo d nÕVr AmË_gmV H$aUo.
(3) J«§Wmb`emñÌmVrb _mÝ` nÕVrZwgma J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU d Vm{bH$sH$aU H$aUo.
(4) g§X^© d _m{hVr gmYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo dmMH$mg AÚ`mdV d n[anyU© _m{hVr
nwa{dÊ`mMr V§Ìo AmË_gmV H$aVm `oUo.
(5) J«§Wmb`m§Mo OVZ d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar __©Ñï>r àmá
H$ê$Z XoU.o
(6) J«§Wmb`m§Mm A{YH$m{YH$ d gmjonr Cn`moJ hmoÊ`mgmR>r dmMH$m§Zm J«§Wmb`rZ
godm§Mr CnbãYVm H$ê$Z XoUo.
(7) J«§Wmb` OmñVrV-OmñV dmMH$m{^_wI H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$m`m©bm CR>md
XoU.o
`m Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r àmË`{jH$ H$m`© AgyZ Ë`mg H$m`©nwpñVH$m R>odÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
àH$ënm§VJ©V {dÚmÏ`mªZm J«§WgyMr qH$dm H$mÌUo `m§darb {df` {ZdS>yZ àH$ën nyU© H$amdm
bmJVmo. hm {ejUH«$_ EHy$U 1000 JwUm§Mm AgyZ A§VJ©V d A§{V_ narjoÛmao àH$ënmgmR>r
AgUmè`m Vm|S>r narjogh {dÚmÏ`mªMo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mV `oVo. A§VJ©V _yë`_mnZmgmR>r
J¥hnmR> XoÊ`mV `oVmV. Ë`mgmR>r EHy$U _yë`_mnZmn¡H$s 30% ^mam§e Amho, Va A§{V_ narjogmR>r
70% ^mam§e Amho.
4. AÜ``Z nÕVr
~r. {b~ {ejUH«$_mÀ`m VmpÎdH$ d àmË`{jH$ ^mJmgmR>r e{Zdma, a{ddma (gwQ>rÀ`m
{Xder) g§nH©$gÌm§Mo Am`moOZ Aä`mgH|$Ðm§da H$aÊ`mV `oVo. {dÚmÏ`m©bm XoÊ`mV Ambobr
AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ dmMyZ Ë`m§Zr g§nH©$gÌmbm CnpñWV amhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hr g§nH©$gÌo A{Zdm`©
Zgbr Var Ë`mg CnpñWV amhUo ho {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {hVmMoM Amho. àmË`{jH$ Aä`mgH«$_m§gmR>r
70% CnpñWVr A{Zdm`© Amho. `m~amo~aM EImÚm {df`mda J«§WgyMr qH$dm H$mÌU àH$ën
{dÚmÏ`mªZm g§_§ÌH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr nyU© H$amdm bmJVmo. g§JUH$mÀ`m àmË`{jH$m§_Ü`o
H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMr _m{hVr S>oQ>m~og_Ü`o ^amdr bmJVo d Ë`m _m{hVrMr à{Vàmár H$er hmoVo,
ho {eH$md`mg {_iVo.
hm {ejUH«$_ gwê$ hmoVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZm Xya {ejU nÕVrMr _m{hVr {Xbr OmVo. {deofV:
g§nH©$gÌmVyZ AS>rAS>MUtMo /e§H$m§Mo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mV `oB©b, Ho$di ì`m»`mZo {Xbr OmUma
ZmhrV Ago gm§JyZ g§_§ÌH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñd`§-AÜ``ZmMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoVmV. AV§J©V
_yë`_mnZmgmR>r {dÚmÏ`m©Zo {b{hbobo J¥hnmR> g§_§ÌH$mH$Sy>Z VnmgyZ XoÊ`mV `oVmV. Oa J¥hnmR>
g_mYmZH$maH$ Zgob Va Ë`mda g§_§ÌH$ gyMZm H$aVmV. _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ame`
n{aUm_H$maH$nUo g_OÊ`mg {dÚmÏ`mªZm _XV hmoV.o Aä`mgH|$Ðmda CnbãY H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m
4 pìhS>rAmo H°$goQ>Ûmao {dÚmÏ`mª©Zm J«§Wmb`rZ H$m_H$mOmMo emñÌr` ñdê$n XmI{dÊ`mV `oVo.
g§nH©$gÌmMo Am`moOZ VgoM pìhS>rAmo nmhUo `mÛmao {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mZdr AmYma {_iVmo d
Ame` g_OyZ KoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
3. ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mMr g§aMZm
5. g§àfo U gmYZo
~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_ EH$ dfm©Mm AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r 32 lo`m§H$ AmhoV. EH$ lo`m§H$
åhUOo 30 Vo 35 KS>çmir Vmg Aä`mg H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. hm Aä`mg åhUOo g§nH©$gÌ,
dmMZ, J¥hnmR>, àmË`{jH$ BË`mXr H$m`© nyU© H$aUo hmo`. hm {ejUH«$_ gw_mao 1000 Aä`mg
Vmgm§Mm Amho. `m {ejUH«$_mgmR>r 32 AÜ``ZnwñVHo$, 2 H$m`©nwpñVH$m, dJuH$aUmgmR>r
gamd nwpñVH$m, àH$ën _mJ©Xe©Z nwpñVH$m, 4 ldU{\$Vr EdT>o AÜ``Zgm{hË` {dÚmÏ`mªZm
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m {ejUH«$_mVrb gd© Aä`mgH«$_ A{Zdm`© AmhoV.
dJuH$aU Am{U Vm{bH$sH$aU `m Aä`mgH«$_m§gmR>r àmË`{jHo$ AmhoV. "g§JUH$mMm Cn`moJ'
_wŠV {dÚmnrR> ì`dñWoV {dÚmWu d {ejH$ Agm àË`j g§~§Y `oV Zgë`m_wio
doimodi
o r hmoUmar g§nH$©gÌo, ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$, kmZJ§JmoÌr Ì¡_m{gH$, g§dmX _m{gH$, ÑH$lmì` gmYZo, XyaXe©Z, AmH$medmUrdarb H$m`©H«$_ BË`mXtÛmao hmoUmè`m g§àofUmg A{YH$
_hÎd àmá hmoVo. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMm {dÚmWr© AÝ` H$moUË`mhr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m VwbZoV H$_r nSy>
Z`o `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {d{dY àH$mao hmoUmao g§àofU n[aUm_H$maH$ AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ago
Agbo Var hr gmYZo dmnaVmZm qH$dm {ejUH«$_ A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r g§àfo U _mÜ`_ dmnaVmZm
AZoH$ AS>Wio CX²>^dVmV, g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m_wio _w{ÐV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 34
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 35
AÜ``Zgm{hË`, g§nH©$gÌo, nÌì`dhma d EHy$UM A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Or gmYZo AmhoV Vr
g§àofUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ A{YH$ à^mdr H$aVm `oVrb. n[aUm_V: {ejUH«$_m§À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm
ñd`§-AÜ``Zmbm MmbZm {_iyZ gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYVm `oBb
© . `m Ñï>rZoM g§àfo U gmYZm§Mm
Aä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ ho `m§n¡H$s gdmªV _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho.
AÜ``Zgm{hË`m~m~V MMm© H$aVmZm gË`nmb AmZ§X åhUVmV H$s, ""AÜ``Zgm{hË` ho
nÌì`dhmamÛmao {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho.'' ho AÜ``Zgm{hË`
{dÚmÏ`m©ªZm Aä`mgmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVo. Ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm kmZJ«hU H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`
àmá hmoVo. VgoM J«hU Ho$boë`m kmZmMo Cn`moOZ H$aVm `oVo. g{dVm H$m¡eb 2 `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho
H$s, ""Xya {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm hr {dÚmÏ`m©bm nwa{dÊ`mV `oUmè`m AÜ``Zgm{hË`mda Adb§~Zy
AgVo. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV Am{W©H$ ^mJ {dMmamV KoVm ÑH$-lmì` gmYZo _moR>çm à_mUmV
dmnaUo AdKS> Amho. Aem doir CÎm_ XOm©Mr ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ hmM n`m©` Amho. Xya
{ejUmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm XoÊ`mV `oUmè`m gm{hË`mMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dë`m{edm` VgoM ~hþ{dY
_mÜ`_m§Mm dmna Ho$ë`m{edm` `m {ejUmMm XOm© CÎm_ hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr.'' ñd`§-AÜ``Z
gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V AmÅ>mo nrQ>g© 3 åhUVmV H$s, ""emídV, H$miOrnyd©H$ d n[al_ KoD$Z
V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo gm{hË` ho Xya{ejUmMm H$Um (Backbone) Amho.'' XyañW {ejU
nÕVrV {eH$Umao {dÚmWu ho {d{dY d`moJQ>mV§ rb, VgoM Amnbr ZmoH$ar, H$m_Y§Xm dm ì`dgm`
H$aUmao AgVmV. `m {dÚmÏ`mªZm XoÊ`mV `oUmao AÜ``Zgm{hË` ho Ë`m§À`m JaOm AmoiIyZ
V`ma H$aÊ`mV `oV AgVo. {df`mVrb JmT>m AZw^d Agbobo VÁk, boIH$, {ejH$ VgoM
Hw$eb {df` g§nmXH$ Am{U ^m{fH$ g§nmXH$ _moR>çm n[al_mZo AÜ``Zgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr
H$aVmV. XyañW {ejU nÕVrV {dÚmWu d {ejH$ Agm WoQ> g§~§Y `oV Zgë`m_wio {Z_m©U
H$obobo AÜ``Zgm{hË` {dÚmÏ`m©bm ñdV: dmMyZ g_Oob d {df`mMo AmH$bZ n[aUm_H$maH$
H$go hmoB©b `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AgVo.
nma§n[aH$ {ejU nÕVrVrb nwñVHo$ Am{U Xya{ejU nÕVrVrb nwñVHo$ `m§_Ü`o \$aH$
Amho. XyañW {ejU àUmbrMr nwñVHo$ ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r n[aUm_H$maH$ ìhmdrV `mgmR>r
AZwXoeZ àUmbrMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. AZwXoeZ àUmbrMm dmna Ho$ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`m©bm
{df` g_OÊ`mg gmonm OmVmo. àUmbr hr EH$ {d{eï> g§aMZm AgyZ Ë`mVrb H¥$Vr EH$m
nmR>monmR> EH$ `mà_mUo XoÊ`mV `oVmV. `m H¥$Vr VH©$g§JV AgVmV. n{hë`mZ§Va Xwgar H¥$Vr
qH$dm nm`ar VH$©ew{Õ[aË`m `oV Agë`m_wioM Aä`mgH«$_mMm AmH¥${V~§Y V`ma hmoVmo. ñd`§AÜ``Z gm{hË`mgmR>r AZwXoeZ V§ÌkmZ dmnê$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo gm{hË` {dÚmÏ`mªZm
àoaUmXm`r R>aVo. AZwXoeZmMm g§~§Y Ü`o`ào[aV d nyd©{Z`mo{OV AÜ`mnZà{H«$`oer `oVmo.
AZwXoeZm_wio Ü`o` gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~marH$gmarH$ Jmooï>r H$iVmV. AZwXoeZ nmVirda H$m_
H$aVmZm Vwåhr H$m` H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho EdT>oM {eH$dUo Ano{jV ZgyZ Ë`m Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nwñVH$m§_Ü`o àmñVm{dH$, KQ>H$m§Mr C{Ôï>o,
{df`-{ddoMZ, gmam§e, ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ d Ë`m§Mr Z_wZm CÎmao `m nÕVrZo Ame`mMr
aMZm H$aÊ`mV `oVo. `m AmH¥${V~§Ym_wio ñd`§-AÜ``Z nÕVrZo Ame` AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mg
{dÚmÏ`mªZm _XV hmoV AgVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 36
6. àñVwV emoY{Z~§YmMr C{Ôï>o
nmR>çnwñVH$m§Ûmao hmoUmè`m g§àofUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmR>çnwñVHo$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdV:
dmMyZ g_OÊ`mg `mo½` AmhoV H$m` ho Aä`mgUo, nmR>çnwñVH$m§Vrb Ame` KQ>H$m§À`m C{Ôï>mZ§ gw ma
Amho H$m` `mMr n«{MVr KoUo, ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVH$m§Mr aMZm d N>nmB©Mr nÕVr `mo½` Amho
H$m` ho Aä`mgUo d ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVH$m§Ûmao {Û_mJu g§àofU hmoVo H$m` ho VnmgUo hr àñVwV
emoY{Z~§YmMr C{Ôï>o AmhoV.
7. emoY{Z~§YmMr ì`már
gXa emoY{Z~§YmMr ì`már _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.{b~. {ejUmH«$_mnwaVr _`m©{XV
Amho. `m {ejUH«$_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r g§àfo U gmYZo dmnaÊ`mV `oVmV; Ë`m§nH¡ $s ñd`§AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ `m _mÜ`_mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo `mnwaVrM hr ì`már _`m©{XV Amho.
8. _m{hVr g§H$bZ
_m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r àíZmdbrMo {dH$gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoV.o ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m
_hmamï´>mVrb 16 Aä`mgH|$Ðm§darb {dÚmWu, g§_̧ H$ d H|$Ðg§`moOH$ à{VgmXmgmR>r {ZdS>Ê`mV
Ambo hmoVo. àË`oH$ Aä`mgH|$Ðmdarb 20 {dÚmWu, gd© g§_§ÌH$ Am{U H|$Ðg§`moOH$ `m§Zm
àíZmdbr nmR>dyZ n«{VgmX KoÊ`mV Ambm. ~r.{b~. {ejUH«$_mVrb g§àofUmMr Or {d{dY
gmYZo AmhoV Ë`m§n¡H$s "ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$' `m gmYZm~m~V à{VgmXH$m§H$Sy>Z {_imboë`m
à{VgmXmMo {díbofU àñVwV {Z~§YmV XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
9. _m{hVr {díbofU
XyañW {ejU nÕVrV {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mZdr AmYma {_imdm `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mgH|$Ðmda
g§nH©$gÌm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV `oVo. hr g§nH$©gÌo a{ddma, gwQ>rÀ`m {Xder qH$dm {dÚmWu d
g§_̧ H$m§À`m gmo`rZwgma Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV `oVmV. `m g§nH©$gÌm§Zm `oVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZr nwñVH$mMo
dmMZ H$ê$Z `oUo Ano{jV Amho. ho dmMZ gwgø ìhmdo `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nwñVH$m§_Ü`o XoÊ`mV
Amboë`m Ame`mMr gyÌ~Õ aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio {dÚmWu n[aUm_H$maH$nUo
Ame` AmË_gmV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. ñd`§-AÜ``Z H$aVmZm Ë`mg Amboë`m AS>rAS>MUr /
e§H$m§Mo {ZagZ _mJ©Xe©H$ àmÜ`mnH$ g§nH©$gÌm_Ü`o H$aVmV. am`\$m°H$ 4 `m§À`m _Vo, ""{dÚmWu
AÜ``ZmgmR>r dmMZ H$aVmV EdT>oM Z g_OVm nmR>çnwñVHo$ AÜ`mnZmgmR>r {b{hbr OmVmV
ho nU bjmV R>odUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU AÜ``Z{H«$`m g\$b hmoÊ`mgmR>r nwñVH$m_m\©$V
{dÚmÏ`m©bm MoVZm {_iyZ AÜ``Zn«{H«$`m hmoUo OéarMo AgVo.'' _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.{b~
{ejUH«$_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r "ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$' `m _mÜ`_mMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo
d nwñVH$m§À`m AmH¥${V~§Ym_wio g§àfo UmMr n[aU_H$maH$Vm gmYVm `oVo H$m` ho VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 37
{dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z àíZmdbrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àË`m^aU {_i{dÊ`mV Ambo. øm g§àofU
n[aUm_H$maH$VoÀ`m àË`m^aUmVyZ àmá hmoUmam {ZîH$f© nwT>rb {Xboë`m H$moï>mH$m§dê$Z ñnï> hmoVmo.
H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 … nmR>çnwñVH$m§Vrb Ame` KQ>H$m§À`m C{Ôï>m§Zwgma Amho H$m` ho
Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$
H$moï>H$ H«$.1 : ~r.{b~. {ejUH«$_mgmR>r _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo V`ma Ho$bobo gm{hË`
{dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdV: dmMyZ g_OÊ`mg `mo½` Amho H$m` ho Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$
H«$.
H«$. dmMZgm{hË` {dÚmÏ`m©ªZm ñdV:
dmMyZ g_OÊ`mg `mo½` Amho
H$m`?
{dÚmWu
EHy$U
eo.à.
EHy$U
eo.à.
1.
`mo½`
136
47.89
27
38.03
2.
H$mhr à_mUmV `mo½`
147
51.76
42
59.15
3.
A`mo½`
01
00.35
02
02.82
EHy$U à{VgmX
284
100.00
71
100.00
nmR>çnwñVH$m§Vrb Ame`
KQ>H$m§À`m C{Ôï>m§Zwgma
Amho H$m`?
EHy$U
eo.à.
EHy$U
eo.à.
1.
hmo`
265
94.31
72
98.63
2.
Zmhr
16
5.69
1
1.37
281
100.00
73
100.00
g§_§ÌH$
H$moï>H$ H«$. 1 dê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo ~r.{b~. {ejUH«$_mgmR>r
{dÚmÏ`mªZm {Xbobr nwñVHo$ ñdV: dmMyZ g_OÊ`mg `mo½` AmhoV Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo
à_mU 48% AgyZ g§_̧ H$m§Mo hoM à_mU 38% Amho. ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ dmMyZ g_OÊ`mg
H$mhr à_mUmV `mo½` AmhoV Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 52% AgyZ g§_§ÌH$m§Mo hoM
n«_mU 59% Amho. ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ g_OÊ`mg A`mo½` AmhoV Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmWu
d g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU AË`ën AgyZ Vo AZwH«$_o 0.35% d 3% EdT>o Amho.
darb {díbofUmVrb `mo½` Am{U H$mhr à_mUmV `mo½` `m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU Ho$ë`mg
{dÚmWu d g_§ÌH$m§À`m à{VgmXmMo à_mU AZwH«$_o 99% d 97% EdT>o hmoB©b. ~hþVm§er
{dÚmWu d g§_̧ H$ `m§Mo _Vo _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo V`ma Ho$bobo ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË` AÜ``Zmbm
àoaUmXm`r Amho.
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo ZrQ> AmH$bZ ìhmdo
`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ XoÊ`mV `oUmè`m Ame`mMr gwì`dpñWV _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV `oV.o EH$m nmR>çnwñVH$mV
gmYmaUnUo 2 Vo 5 KQ>H$ AgVmV. àË`oH$ KQ>H$mV C{Ôï>,o àmñVm{dH$, {df`-{ddMoZ, nm[a^m{fH$
eãX, eãXmW©, ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ-CÎmao, gmam§e, A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ `m H«$_mZo
_m{hVrMr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AgVo. nwñVHo$ ñdV: g_OyZ KoÊ`mg `m aMZo_wio _XV hmoV
AgVo. ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb Ame` IamoIa KQ>H$m§À`m C{Ôïm§>Zwgma
g§a{MV Pmbm Amho H$m` øm~m~Vhr WoQ> {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§H$Sy>Z à{VgmX _mJ{dÊ`mV
Ambm. `m g§X^m©V _m{hVrMo {díbofU H$moï>H$ H«$.2 dê$Z ñnï> hmoB©b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 38
EHy$U à{VgmX
{dÚmWu
g§_ÌH$
H$moï>H$ H«$.2 Mo {ZarjU Ho$ë`mg Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb KQ>H$m§Mm
Ame` C{Ôï>m§Zwgma Amho, Ago åhUUmè`m ~r. {b~. À`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 94% Amho; Va
g§_§ÌH$m§Mo ho à_mU 99% Amho. nmR>çnwñVH$m§Vrb Ame` KQ>H$m§À`m C{Ôï>m§Zwgma Zmhr Ago
åhUUmè`m {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU Aën AgyZ Vo AZwH«$_o 6% d 1% Amho.
`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, ~hþVm§e {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§À`m _Vo _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo
V`ma Ho$boë`m nmR>çnwñVH$m§Vrb KQ>H$m§À`m C{Ôï>mZ§ gw ma Ë`m Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Ame` Amho. Ë`m_wio
nmR>çnwñVH$m§Ûmao hmoUmao g§àofU n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVo Ago {XgyZ `oVo.
nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb Ame`m~amo~aM nwñVH$ N>nmB©Mr _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMr nÕVr H$er
dmQ>br `mg§~§Yr {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§Zr Zm|X{dbobm à{VgmX H$moï>H$ H«$_m§H$ 3 dê$Z ñnï>
hmoBb
© .
H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 … ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ N>mnÊ`mMr nÕVr H$er dmQ>br ho
Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$
H«$.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$
N>mnÊ`mMr nÕVr H$er dmQ>br?
{dÚmWu
EHy$U
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g§_ÌH$
EHy$U
eo.à.
1.
`mo½`
268
95.71
62
86.11
2.
A`mo½`
12
4.29
10
13.89
EHy$U à{VgmX
280
100.00
72
100.00
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 39
H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 dê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mMr ñd`§-AÜ``Z
nwñVHo$ N>mnÊ`mMr nÕVr `mo½` dmQ>br Ago åhUUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMo à_mU 96% Amho. Va
g§_§ÌH$m§Mo hoM à_mU 86% Amho. ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$ N>mnÊ`mMr nÕVr A`mo½` Amho Ago
åhUUmè`m {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU AË`ën AgyZ Vo AZwH«$_o 4% d 14% EdT>o Amho.
`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mVrb ~hþVm§e {dÚmWu d g§_§ÌH$
N>nmB©~Ôb g_mYmZr {XgVmV. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nwñVH$m§Mm AmH¥${V~§Y, Ajam§Mm Q>mB©n,
{d{eï> R>iH$ eãXm§Vrb Ajao, nwñVH$mVrb S>mì`m ~mOyg gmoS>Ê`mV Ambobm g_mg, AmH¥$Ë`m,
H$moï>Ho$, àdmhX{e©H$m `m gd© ~m~t_wio N>nmB©Mr nÕVr `mo½` dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio ñd`§-AÜ``Z
H$aVmZm n[aUm_H$maH$ g§àofU KSy>Z `oVo Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
XyañW {ejUnÕVrV nmR>çnwñVH$m§À`m AmH¥${V~§Ym_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñd`§-AÜ``Z
H$aUo gmono OmVo. {dÚmÏ`mªZm hr nwñVHo$ ñdV…M Aä`mgmd`mMr AgVmV d Ame` g_OyZ
¿`md`mMm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio nmR>çnwñVH$mVyZ {Û_mJu g§àofU KSy>Z `oUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
AÜ``ZH$Ë`m©Zo ñdV… {eH$Uo ho Xya{ejUmMo _hÎdmMo A§J Amho. ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVH$m§~amo~a
BVa AZoH$ gw{dYm§Mr {ZdS> AÜ``ZmWubm H$aVm `oVo. CXmhaUmW©, ÑH$ d lmì` Üd{Z{\$Vr,
XyaXe©Z, ao{S>Amo, B§Q>aZoQ>, g§_§ÌU gÌo, BË`mXr. Ame` AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr
AÜ``ZmWuda AgVo. Ago Agbo Var "ñd`§-AÜ``Z' H$aUmam {dÚmWu EH$Q>m ZgyZ
Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a boIH$, {ejH$, àemgH$, _mÜ`_-{Z_m©Vo, _yë`_mnH$, {ejUVÁk, BË`mXr
bmoH$m§Mm g§K AgVmo. `m gd© bmoH$m§Mo H$m`© ñd`§-AÜ``Zmbm nyaH$ Ago AgVo. ñd`§AÜ``Zgm{hË` V`ma H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªMr d¡{eîQ>ço {dMmamV KoVbr OmVmV. n`m©`mZo ñd`§AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr ^mfm ghg§dmXr AgVo d Ë`m_wio g§àofU n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVo. Ame`
AmH$bZmÀ`m g§X^m©V AÜ``ZH$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z Oo àË`m^aU {_iVo (CXmhaUmW©, J¥hnmR>, MmMUr,
àmË`{jHo$, àH$ën, Vm|S>r narjm, A§{V_ narjm, BË`mXr) Ë`mÛmao {Û_mJu g§àofU KSy>Z `oV
AgVo. ~r. {b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m nwñVH$mV {Û_mJu g§àofU hmoVo qH$dm Zmhr ho H$moï>H$ H«$. 4
dê$Z ñnï> hmoB©b.
H$moï>H$ H«$. 4 : nmR>çnwñVH$mVyZ {Û_mJu g§àofU hmoVo H$m` ho Xe©{dUmao H$moï>H$
H«$.
{Û_mJu-g§àfo U
hmoVo H$m` ?
gmam§e
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.{b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Agboë`m g§àofU
gmYZm§n¡H$s "ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVHo$' ho _hÎdnyU© gmYZ Amho. nmR>çnwñVHo$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdV:
dmMyZ g_OÊ`mg `mo½` AmhoV. nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mm AmH¥${V~§Y d N>nmB©Mr aMZm `m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm
ñd`§-AÜ``Zmg _XV hmoVo. ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVH$mVyZ {Û_mJu g§àofU (Two way
o Z àUmbrMm dmna
communication) KSy>Z `oV.o {ejUH«$_mÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$m§_Ü`o AZwXe
Ho$bobm Agë`m_wio n[aUm_H$maH$ g§àofU KSy>Z `oVo.
g§X^©
1.
Anand Satyapal, (1979), University Without Walls, New Delhi,
Vikas, P.76.
2.
Kaushal Savita, (1995), 'Making Distance Education Work' in
University News, Vol. XXX III, (48), Nov. 27, 1995
3
Peters Otto, (1997), 'Distance Eduction in a Postindustrial
Society', in Desmond Keegan (Ed), Theoretical Principles
of Distance Education, London, Routledge, P. 50.
EHy$U
g§_§ÌH$
eo. à.
4.
Deshpande P. M., (1993), Instructional System Design,
Nashik, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University,
P.64
5.
daIoS>o a_oe, (2000), ñd`§-AÜ``Z nwñVH$m§Mo boIZ d g_rjU … _mJ©Xe©H$
nwpñVH$m, Zm{eH$, `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>.
1.
hmo`
56
77.78
2.
Zmhr
16
22.22
EHy$U à{VgmX
H$moï>H$ H«$. 4 dê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, ~r. [b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mVyZ
{Û_mJu g§àofU hmoVo Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU 78% AgyZ {Û_mJu g§àofU hmoV Zmhr
Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU 22% Amho.
nwñVH$mVyZ {Û_mJu g§àofU hmoVo Ago åhUUmè`m g§_§ÌH$m§Mo à_mU bjmV KoVm _wŠV
{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.[b~. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb KQ>H$m§Mm AmH¥${V~§Y à^mdr d
`mo½` Amho Ago {XgyZ `oVo. `mMmM Xwgam AW© e¡j{UH$ AZwXoeZ V§ÌkmZmMm _wŠV {dÚmnrR>
H$arV Agbobm dmnahr `mo½` Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo.
72
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 40
100.00
❏❏❏
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 41
Am§Vaamï´>r` J«W
§ d ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$ {XZ : 23 E{àb
OJXre Hw$bH$Uu
Am§Vaamï´>r` J«§W {XZ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË`§V _hÎdmMm
{Xdg R>aVmo. Aem {Xder J«§Wmb`m§Zr Ho$di CËgdr H$m`©H«$_ Z
H$aVm dmMZ g§ñH¥$VrMr dmT>> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m` H$am`bm hdo `mMo
{X½Xe©Z H$aUmao ho {Q>nU.
OoUo hmo` CnaVr, AdJwU nmbQ>Vr !!
OoUo MwHo$ AYmoJVr, Ë`m Zmd J«§W !!
- g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r
OrdZmV ~Xb KS>{dUmao, AdJwUm§Mo gJwUm§V ê$nm§Va H$aUmao, {dZmemnmgyZ dmM{dUma
Ago Vo J«§W Ago AW©nyU© {ddoMZ g_W© am_Xmgm§Zr Ho$bo Amho. J«§W hoM Jwê$ Agohr AmnU
åhUVmo. _mZdmÀ`m OrdZmV J«§Wmg AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. `m J«§Wm§{df`r AmXa^md,
H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV H$aUo Ë`mhrnojm J«§Wm§Mo _hÎd gdmªn`ªV nmohmoM{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `m `wJmV OJ IynM Odi Ambo Amho. B§Q>aZoQ> d g§JUH$mÀ`m
gmømZo H$mJX{da{hV g_mO {Z_m©U hmoUma Aerhr MMm© hmoV Amho. ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_mMm
_mam EdT>m àM§S> Amho H$s, ^{dî`mV _w{ÐV gmYZm§H$S>o Hw$Ur nmhUma H$m Zmhr Agm àíZ nS>V
Amho. EH$sH$S>o dmMZmMr AmdS> H$_r hmoD$Z J«§Wàgma H$_r hmoV Amho Va XwgarH$S>o l_m§Zr
Ho$boë`m kmZ{Z{_©VrMr Mmoar, nm`agrhr _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Amho. gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr ~m¡{ÕH$
n[al_m§VyZ gmÜ` Pmbobr g§nXm Amho; Vr H$m°nr H$ê$Z, ñdê$n ~XbyZ Amnë`m ZmdmZo
IndÊ`mMm d Ë`mVyZ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ ñdmW© gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo Amho.
`m ~m~tMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mda Cnm` emoYÊ`mMo à`ËZ gd©Ì Mmby AmhoV. J«§WmMo
_hÎd àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ kmV Amho. ~XbË`m H$mimV Ë`mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr JaO
hmoVr Vrhr doimodoir nyU© Ho$br Jobr Amho. 1972 ho df© Am§Vaamï´>r` J«§Wdf© åhUyZ gmOao
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. dmMZm{^éMr dmT>mdr, {Q>H$mdr d {VMm àgma ìhmdm `m Ñï>rZo gd©Ì à`ËZ
Pmbo. ^maVmV Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Xadfu 14 Zmoìh|~a Vo 21
Zmoìh|~a hm H$mbmdYr J«§Wgámh åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. J«§W, J«§Wmb`o d dmMZ Midi `m
g§~§YrMo {d{dY CnH«$_ `m gámhmV am~{dÊ`mV `oVmV. ^maV gaH$maZo "gdmªgmR>r nwñVHo$' ho
KmofdmŠ` KoD$Z 2001-2002 ho df© "J«§Wdf©' åhUyZ gmOao Ho$bo. dmMZmMr AmdS> {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo `m dfm©V {d{dY ñVam§da à`ËZ Pmbo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 42
`wZoñH$moZo 1995 nmgyZ 23 E{àb hm {Xdg OmJ{VH$ J«§W{XZ åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bm.
Am§Vaamï´>r` àH$meH$ n[afXoZo J«§W{XZ gmOam H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm gd©àW_ _m§S>br. hr H$ënZm
ñnoZÀ`m emgZm_m\©$V `wZñH$monwT>o R>odÊ`mV Ambr. `wZoñH$moÀ`m Am_g^oZo 23 E{àb hm {Xdg
J«§W{XZ åhUyZ _mÝ` d Kmo{fV Ho$bm. J«§WmMo _m{hVr, kmZ àgmamVrb à^mdr ñWmZ, ñWm{ZH$
Vo OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb R>do m dmagmMo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mVrb H$m`© d nañnam§V gm_§Oñ`, g{hîUwVm
d g§dmX KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo gm_Ï`©hr bjmV KoVbo Jobo. a{e`Z \o$S>aoeZZo `mV ñdm{_Ëd
hŠH$mMr OmUrd OmoS>Ê`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br, Ë`mZwgma hm {XZ J«§W d ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$ {XZ åhUyZ
Kmo{fV Ho$bm Jobm.
EH$X§arV dmMZm{^éMr dmT>{dUo, àH$meZ CÚmoJmbm MmbZm XoUo, ~m¡{ÕH$ hŠH$m§Mo
g§ajU H$aUo `m {Vhoar hoVyZo `wZoñH$moÛmao 23 E{àb hm {Xdg OmJ{VH$ J«§W d ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$
{XZ åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
23 E{àb hm ñnoZ_Yrb g|Q> Om°O© `m§Mm ñ_¥{V{XZ. `m {Xder ñnoZ_Yrb H°$Q>bmo{Z`m
`oWo hm {Xdg doJiçm ñdê$nmV gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {Xder EH$_oH$m§Zm nwñVH$ d Jwbm~nwîn
^oQ> {Xbo OmVo. `mM~amo~a _hmZ gm{hpË`H$ {dë`_ eoŠg{n`a, S>m°Z ŠdrPmoQ>H$ma - gdm©Q>rÝg
BÝH$m Jmgubmog S>o `m§Mmhr hm ñ_¥{V{XZ. Ë`mM~amo~a H$mhr BVa OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb OJÝ_mÝ`
gm{hpË`H$m§Mm OÝ_ qH$dm ñ_¥{V{XZ 23 E[àb Amho. Ë`m§À`m ñ_¥Vrbm AmXam§Obr d AmXa^md
ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm {Xdg J«§W{XZ åhUyZ gmOam H$aVmV.
`m {XZmMo _hÎd bjmV KoD$Z g_mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr Amnmnë`m narZo {d{dY
CnH«$_ am~{dUo JaOMo Amho. boIH$, àH$meH$, {ejH$, J«§Wnmb, n«gma_mÜ`_o d gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm§Zr am~{dÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr CnH«$_ nwT>o {Xbo AmhoV.
boIH$ àH$meH$m§Zr am~dÊ`mgmaIo CnH«$_
(1) EH$ J«§W, EH$ Jwbm~ ^oQ> Úm hr {deof _mohr_ am~{dUo.
(2) OmJ{VH$ J«§W{XZr boIH$m§À`m ñdmjar Agbobo J«§W {deof gyQ> XoD$Z
dmMH$m§n`ªV OmD$Z {dH$Uo / nmohmoM{dUo.
(3) `wZoñH$moZo J«§W{XZm{Z{_Îm V`ma Ho$boë`m gm{hË`mÛmao (bmoJmo, {^{ÎmnÌHo$, P|S>o,
pñQ>H$g©, J«§WIwUnÅ>r, Q>r eQ>©g², nmoñQ>H$mS>© BË`mXr) àMma d n«gma H$aUo.
(4) ~è`mM H$mbmdYrnmgyZ Z {dH$bobr nwñVHo$ é½Umb`mMr J«§Wmb`o, Vwé§JmVrb
J«W§ mb`o, Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgboë`m {d^mJmVrb J«W§ mb`m§Zm ^oQ>ñdê$n {H$§dm
H$_r qH$_VrV XoUo.
{ejH$ d J«W
§ nmbm§Zr am~dÊ`mgmR>r CnH«$_
(1) _wbo Am{U VéU {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r dmMZñnYmªMo Am`moOZ H$aUo.
(2) ZdboIH$m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>r, bKwH$Wm, H$mX§~ar , H$mì`ñnYm© Am`moOZ
H$aUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 43
(3) J«§W d J«§W CËnmXZmMr à{H«$`m `mg§~§Yr _mJ©Xe©Zna ì`m»`mZ d àXe©Z
Am`mo{OV H$aUo.
(4) ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$ (~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm hŠH$) g§~Y§ r {dÚmWu d dmMH$m§_Ü`o OmJê$H$Vm
{Z_m©U H$aUo.
(5) EImÚm {df`mda qH$dm EImÚm boIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`mda J«§WàXe©Z Am`mo{OV
H$aUo.
(6) J«§WboIZ, dmMZ BË`mXr KmofdmŠ` ñnYm© KoUo d Ë`mÛmao J«§W d J«§W{XZmMm
àgma H$aUo.
(7) J«§Wmb`o nyU© EH$ {Xdg gdmªgmR>r Iwbr H$aUo.
(8) gm{hË` MMm©, _oimdo, OÌm§Mo Am`moOZ H$ê$Z boIH$, dmMH$, {dÚmWu, nmbH$
`m§À`mV _Z_moH$ir MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(9) dmMH$m§Zm dmMZmH$S>o AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r nÌo {b{hUo.
(10) A§Y, AmOmar, An§J, A{e{jVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m Kar OmD$Z dmMyZ XmI{dUmao
H$m`©H$V} (bmoH$dmMH$) {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(11) J«§Wmb`o, J«§WmJma d d¡`{ŠVH$ J«§Wg§J«hmH$S>o {deof bj XoUo.
(12) J«§WdmMZm_wio Pmboë`m \$m`Úm§Mr CXmhaUo XoD$Z dmMZmMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoUo.
(13) J«§W gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m OrdZmMm ^mJ hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZerb amhUo.
(14) ~mbJǤWmb`mH$S>o {deof bj nwa{dUo.
(15) {\$aVr J«§Wmb`o Mmby H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`mV Z `oUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm J«§Wgw{dYm nwa{dUo.
(16) H$ënH$ {^{ÎmnÌHo$ d KmofdmŠ`m§À`m gmømZo J«§W _hVr nQ>dyZ XoUo.
àgma_mÜ`_o d gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zr am~dÊ`mgmaIo CnH«$_
(1) dmMZ, J«§Wñdm{_Ëd hŠH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ hŠH$ g§nXm, `m§g§~§YrMo boI, dV©_mZnÌ,
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ à{gÕ H$aUo. ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$^§JmÀ`m, nm`agrÀ`m KQ>Zm
àH$memV AmUUo.
(2) Mmby KS>m_moS>r A§VJ©V _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV _w{ÐV gm{hË`{dídmMo ñWmZ
`m d J«§W ~m¡{ÕH$ hŠH$ g§nXm `m {df`mda MMm©, _wbmIVr, ñnYm© BË`mXtMo
AmH$medmUr d XyaXe©Zda Am`moOZ H$aUo.
(3) ZdboIH$, H$bmH$ma, g§JrVH$ma, {MÌnQ> {Z_m©Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
(4) nÌH$mam§À`m gO©Zerb {bImUmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo, g_mO_mÝ`Vm {_idyZ XoUo.
(5) amï´>r` ~m¡{ÕH$ {Z{_©Vrj_Voda ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$^§JmÀ`m, nm`agrÀ`m hmoUmè`m
n[aUm_m§Mo {díbofU H$aUo.
(6) Am§Vaamï´>r` amï´>r` gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmUrgmR>r ^mfm§Vamg, AZwdmXmg àmoËgmhZ
XoUo. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(7) gmjaVm, àm¡T> {ejU d gdmªgmR>r {ejU `mV J«§W d dmMZmMo _hÎd `mda
n[ag§dmX KS>dyZ AmUUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 44
(8) OmJ{VH$ {dH$mg {Z`moOZmV amï´>r` àH$meZ ì`dgm`mMr ^y{_H$m {deX H$aUo.
bmoH$emhr d g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©ZmgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mMr ^y{_H$m `mda MMm©
KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(9) à{gÕ A{^ZoV,o H«$sS>mnÌH$ma, {dídgwX§ ar `m§À`m hmVr nwñVH$ XoD$Z _r dmMVo/
dmMVmo, Vwåhrhr dmMm hm g§Xoe {d{dY _mÜ`_m§VyZ OZVon`ªV nmohmoM{dUo.
Am§Vaamï´>r` J«§W{XZmMo _hÎd bjmV KoD$Z gd©M gw{e{jV ZmJ[aH$m§Zr
{Xgm_Or H$mhr Var {bhmdo
àg§Jr AI§{S>V dmMrV Omdo !!
hr g_W© am_Xmgm§Mr CŠVr à{Vkm åhUyZ nmimdr d BVam§Zm ZdZdrZ CnH«$_m§À`m
_mÜ`_m§VyZ J«§Wm§Mo, dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMo _hÎd d ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm hŠH$mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z Úmdr.
❏❏❏
J«W
§ nmaIr ZOa - 5
{gÕoœaemñÌr {MÌmdm§Mm M[aÌ-H$moe g§emoYH$m§Mr VhmZ ^mJ{dÊ`mg nwago m Zmhr.
Ë`m§M§ H$m_ _moR>§M Amho, Varhr Zm|Xr ÌmoQ>H$ AmhoV. Ë`mVhr {~«{Q>e A{YH$mè`m§{df`r
M[aÌmË_H$ Zm|Xr {_iU§. _amR>r g§emoYH$mbm AdKS> OmV§. {~«{Q>e H$m¡pÝgbÀ`m bm`~«arV
AgUmè`m "hÿ dm°O hÿ' I§S>m§M§ _bm BVH§$ Aàyn dmQ>b§ H$s, _r Ë`m I§S>mVë`m Zm|Xr
CVê$Z H$mT>Ê`mV {H$Ë`oH$ {Xdg IMu Q>mH$bo AmhoV. AWm©V ho Ooìhm _r Ho$b§ Voìhm
goH§$XmV "ZH$bm' H$ê$Z XoUmar `§Ì§ ghOr CnbãY ZìhVr. "hÿ dm°O hÿ' Mo I§S>hr _bm
nwÝhm nwñVH$m§À`m XwH$mZmV H$Yr AmT>ibo ZmhrV.
Agm doir AMmZH$nUo EH$ {Xdg _mÂ`m hmVr {X„rÀ`m _Zmoha ~wH$ gpìh©g_Ü`o
~H$b±S> `m§Zr g§H${bV Ho$bobm "{S>ŠeZar Am°\$ B§{S>`Z ~m`m°J«m\$s' hm M[aÌH$moe
gmnS>bm. Ë`m {XdgmnmgyZ n§YadS>m Var Ë`m M[aÌ-H$moemMr nmZ§ AWnmgyZ B{Vn`ªV
H$mX§~ar dmMmdr BVŠ`m CËH§$R>VoZ§ _r Mmibr, _w§~B© Bbm»`mVë`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m
AënM[aÌm§da _r IwUm H$ê$Z R>do ë`m. AmOhr B§JO
« r eãXH$moe MmiÊ`mMr gd` OS>bb
o r
ì`ŠVr Oer doi {_iVmM Ë`m eãXH$moemM§ H$moUV§hr n¥ð> CKSy>Z eãXmW© AmË_gmV
H$aV AgVo, Vg§M _r ~H$b±S>À`m M[aÌ-H$moemVë`m Zm|Xr nwZ…nwÝhm dmMV AgVmo. `m
_mÂ`m à`ËZm§Zr _mP§ {H$Vr ^b§ Ho$b§ Amho åhUyZ gm§Jy? _mPm KaMm XyaÜdZr H«$_m§H$
H$Yr_Yr _mÂ`m {dñ_¥VrV OmVmo, nU Jìh©Za, Ý`m`mYre, boIH$, gZXr A{YH$mar
`m§À`m{df`rÀ`m M[aÌmË_H$ Zm|Xr _mÂ`m nŠŠ`m ñ_aUmV am{hë`m. Ë`m_wio EH$mo{Ugmì`m
eVH$mVë`m _hmamï´>mM§ - Ia§ Va _w~§ B© Bbm»`mM§ - ~è`mn¡H$s ^mZ _bm Amb§. ~H$b±S>À`m
M[aÌ-H$moemV {_imboë`m Zm|Xrdê$Z H$moUmMr H$moUVr nwñVH§$ Amnë`m g§J«hmV ZmhrV,
`mMr OmUrd hmoD$ bmJbr AZ² Vr {_idÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZ _r H$ê$ bmJbmo.
Aja{Zð>m§Mr _m§{X`mir, n¥. 80-81
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 45
Ah_Xm~mX bm`~«ar ZoQ>dH©$ (A°{S>ZQo >)
g§emoYZmV _m{hVrMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU AgVo. _m[hVr {Z{_©Vrda d _m{hVrÀ`m
{dVaUmda nwT>rb g§emoYZ Adb§~yZ AgVo; na§Vw _m{hVrMr {Z{_©Vr hr àM§S> à_mUmV hmoVo.
`m {Z_m©U Pmboë`m A{Và§MS> _m{hVr~ÔbMr _m{hVr àË`oH$ Aä`mgH$mbm {_iUo {VÀ`m
{dIwaboë`m ñdê$nm_wio H$R>rU hmoD$Z OmVo. `mda Cnm` åhUyZ àH$m{eV _{hVrMr gy{M~Õ
_m{hVr V`ma H$ê$Z Vr `m Aä`mgH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmMm H$m`©^mJ nwT>o
OmÊ`mg MmbZm XoU.o Aä`mgH$m§Mr hr JaO bjmV KoD$Z Aem àH$maMr gy{M~Õ _m{hVrgodm
AZoH$ _m{hVr H|$Ðm§Zr VgoM H$mhr ì`ŠVtZr Img àH$ën am~dyZ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho.
`m gy{M~Õ _m{hVrgodo_wio Aä`mgH$m§Mm {H$Vr doi dmMVmo d {H$Vr ZdrZ {df` Ë`m§À`m
nmhÊ`mV `oVmV `mMo _amR>rVrb CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo e§H$a JUoe XmVo `m§Mr "_amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$
gyMr 1800 Vo 1950'. `m gyMrV XrS>eo dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mVrb {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_Ü`o àH$m{eV
Pmboë`m boIm§Mr gyMr {df`mZwgma nmhÊ`mg {_iVo. Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _m{hVr emoYÊ`mVrb
{H$VrVar doi `m gyMr_wio dmMVmo.
V§ÌkmZmVrb àJVr_wio Aer gy{M~Õ _m{hVr N>mnrb ñdê$nm~amo~aM `§ÌdmMZr`
ñdê$nmVhr CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. ñdV§Ì {df`mbm dm{hbobo S>oQ>m~ogog² {Z_m©U Pmbo.
`mV Ë`m {d{eï> {df`mMr _m{hVr gy{M~Õ dm \w$bQ>oŠñQ²> ñdê$nmV nwa{dbr OmVo. ho S>oQ>m~ogog²
Ogo {df`m§Mo hmoVo Vgo {d{eï> J«§Wmb`m§Mohr CnbãY Pmbo. {d{eï> J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY
Agboë`m _m{hVrMr _m{hVr nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ ho S>oQ>m~ogog² H$aVmV. nwT>o {d{eï> ñWi_`m©XoV
`oUmè`m _m{hVrH|$Ð d J«§Wmb`m§Mo S>oQ>m~ogg² Ë`m gd© J«§Wmb`m§À`m g_mB©H$ Cn`moJmH$[aVm
ghH$m`m©À`m ^mdZoZo EH$Ì AmUbo Jobo. `mV {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWimVrb J«§Wmb`o Am{U
_m{hVrH|$Ðo EH$_oH$m§er OmoSy>Z (ZoQ>dH©$Ûmao) hr gy{M~Õ _[mhVrgodm nwa{dbr OmD$ bmJbr.
CXmhaUmW©, nwUZo Qo > (nwUo bm`~«ar ZoQ>dH©$), ~moZQo > (~m°å~o bm`~«ar ZoQ>dH©$), S>b
o ZoQ> (S>ìo hb[n§J
bm`~«ar ZoQ>dH$©) BË`mXr. AgoM EH$ ZoQ>dH©$ {ZgmQ>À`m ghH$m`m©Zo Ah_Xm~mX ehamV gwê$
Pmbo, Vo åhUOo 'ADINET' (Ah_Xm~mX bm`~«ar ZoQ>dH©$).
"A°{S>ZoQ>' ho Ah_Xm~mX ehamVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mo _[mhVr Omio(BÝ\$m°a_oeZ ZoQ>dH©$).
1994 _Ü`o a{OñQ>S>© Pmbobo ho _m{hVOmio {ZgmQ>À`m (Z°eZb BÝ\$m°a_oeZ {gñQ>r_ \$m°a
gm`Ýg A±S> Q>oŠZm°bm°Or) ghH$m`m©Zo gwê$ Pmbo.
J«§Wmb`o dm BÝ\$m°a_oeZ g|Q>g©_Ü`o _m{hVrMr gmR>dU Ho$bobr AgVo. hr _m{hVr
nwñVHo$, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d BVa gmYZm§À`m ñdê$nmV AgVo. V§ÌkmZmV Pmboë`m {dH$mgm_wio,
Ë`mMm dmT>Vm dmna d kmZmÀ`m àË`oH$ emIoV Pmbobr dmT> Am{U g§emoYZ `m_wio _m{hVr
àH$m[eV H$aÊ`mMr _mÜ`_o Oer N>mnrb ñdê$nmVrb hmoVr, Ver `§ÌdmMZr` ñdê$nmVhr `oD$
bmJbr. àH$m{eV _m{hVr J«§W,{Z`VH$m{bH$m~amo~a âbm°nrO², grS>rO² Ë`mM~amo~a B§Q>aZoQ>da
Am°ZbmB©Z ñdê$nmVhr àH$m{eV hmoD$ bmJbr. H$moUË`mhr J«W§ mb`mbm EImÚm {d{eï> {df`mV
àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m _mÜ`_m§Mo dm gmYZm§Mo g§H$bZ H$aUo Ë`m g§ñWoH$S>o CnbãY Agbobo Anwao
Am{W©H$ ~i, Ë`m gmYZm§{df`r {_iUmar _m{hVr, Vr {_iÊ`mVrb AS>MUr Aem AZoH$
H$maUm§Zr eŠ` ZgVo. "{agmog© eoA[a¨J' hr H$ënZm `m AS>MUtda _mV H$ê$Z H$m`©aV hmoVo.
"[agmog© eoA[a¨J' Mo _hÎd AmoiIyZ "Ah_Xm~mX bm`~«ar ZooQ>dH©$' gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
Ah_Xm~mX ehamVrb J«§Wmb`o d _m{hVr godm H|$Ðo `m§_Ü`o nañnam§À`m ghH$m`m©Mm
_mJ© {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m Cn^moŠË`m§Zm, J«§Wnmbm§Zm {d{eï> godm nwa{dUo hm
_hÎdmMm CÔoe "A°{S>ZoQ>' g_moa R>odbm Amho. A°{S>ZoQ>_Ü`o gh^mJr Agboë`m J«§Wmb`m§Mo
Omio V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gXa J«§Wmb`o ZoQ>d{Hª$JÛmao OmoS>br Jobr AmhoV. `m J«§Wmb`m§V
CnbãY AgUmè`m _m{hVr gmYZm§Mr EH$ _Ü`dVu g§K Vm{bH$m V`ma Ho$br Jobr AgyZ, `m
g§K Vm{bHo$Ûmao _m{hVrgodm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Va hmoVoM; {edm` gh^mJr J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§W VgoM
BVa _m{hVrgmYZm§À`m IaoXr_Ü`o EH$gma»`mM àVtMr IaoXr Q>miyZ J«§Wmb`mMm "g§J«h
{dH$mg'(Collection Development) gmYbm OmVmo. CXmhaUmW©, EImXm _hmJS>m J«§W
IaoXr H$aÊ`mnydu Vmo BVa gh^mJr J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY Amho H$m Vo g§K Vm{bHo$V nm{hbo OmVo.
Am{U Amdí`H$Vm Agbr VaM Vmo IaoXr Ho$bm OmVmo; AÝ`Wm Vmo J«§W gh^mJr J«§Wmb`m§H$Sy>Z
CnbãY H$ê$Z KoVm `oD$ eH$Vmo. A{S>ZoQ>Mo gy{M~Õ _m{hVrgodm XoÊ`mMo H$m`© `m _Ü`dVu
S>oQ>m~og_YyZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ah_Xm~mX ehmamVrb J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o J«§W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Am{U
J«W§ Vo a gm{hË` `m§À`m _m{hVrMm g_mdoe `m S>Qo >m~og_Ü`o Amho. doimodi
o r hm S>Qo >m~g AÚ`mdV
R>odbm OmVmo. gڅpñWVrV `m S>oQ>m~og_Ü`o J«§Wmb`mV Amboë`m ZdrZ _m{hVrMm g_mdoe
Ho$bobm Amho. OwZm _m{hVrgmR>m hm àM§S> à_mUmV AgyZ Vmo "[aQ´>moñnopŠQ>ìh H$ÝìhO©Z' Ûmam
g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mMm A°{S>ZoQ>Mm à`ËZ Mmby Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 46
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 47
g{MZ JamQ>o
Ah_Xm~mX `oWrb g§JUH$s` Omim§Ûmam {Xbr OmUmar godm
A°{S>ZoQ> (ADINET) `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Amho. `m Omim§Ûmam {Xë`m
OmUmè`m godm Hw$R>ë`m `mMr _m{hVr J«§WnmbZ ì`dgm`mVrb
gdmªZmM Cn`wŠV dmQ>ob; na§Vw ZwgVo dmMZ H$ê$Z gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mnojm
Ë`mMm àË`j dmna H$aÊ`mda ^a R>odm`bm hdm.
"A°{S>ZQo >Mr' C{Ôï>o
(1) Ah_Xm~mX ehamVrb J«§Wmb`o Am{U _m{hVrgodm H|$X«o `m§_Ü`o ghH$m`m©À`m
_mJm©Zo godm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(2) Ah_Xm~mX_Yrb àM{bV, A{W©H$, d¡km{ZH$, Vm§{ÌH$ _m{hVr EH$m {H«$`merb
_m{hVr OmiçmV EH${ÌV H$aUo.
(3) "{agmog}g eoA[a¨J ' `m \$m`Xoera `moOZoÛmao Ah_Xm~mX_Yrb J«§Wmb`o Am{U
_m{hVrgodm H|$Ðo `m§Mr Am°ZbmB©Z "_Ü`dVu g§K Vm{bH$m' V`ma H$aUo, Á`mV
CnbãY J«§W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Am{U J«§WoVa gm{hË` `m§Mr gy{M~Õ _m{hVr
Agob.
(4) BVa CnbãY Agbobo d hmoUmao ñWm{ZH$, amï´>r` Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` _m{hVr
Omio d J«§Wmb`o `m§_Ü`o _m{hVr XodmUKodmU nÕVr {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(5) gh^mJr J« § W mb`m§ Z m J« § W {ZdS> , J« § W g§ J « h , eo A [§ a § J d _m{hVrgo d m
nwa{dÊ`mg§X^m©V Vm§{ÌH$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.
(6) CnbãY _m{hVrÀ`m dmna H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V Cn^moŠË`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z d {ejU
XoU.o
(7) gh^mJr J«§Wmb`m§Mm "dmMZgm{hË` g§J«h {dH$mg' ( Collection
Development) H$aUo.
"A°{S>ZQo >'Ûmam {Xë`m OmUmè`m godm
(1) Mmby {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb boIgyMr (H$a§Q> nr[aAm°{S>H$b S>Qo >m~g)
A°{S>ZoQ>Zo Ah_Xm~mX ehamVrb Odi Odi 122 J«§Wmb`m§VyZ CnbãY hmoUmam
S>oQ>m~g V`ma Ho$bm Amho. `mV `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr gy{M~Õ _m{hVr {_iVo. hm S>oQ>m~g
N>mnrb ñdê$nmV VgoM Am°\$bmB©Z (grS>r, âbm°nrda) d Am°ZbmB©Z ñdê$nmVhr CnbãY
H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho.
(2) Am§VaJ«§Wmb`rZ XodKod
Am§VaJ«§Wmb`rZ S>m°Š`w_|Q> {S>{bìhar godm nwa{dbr OmVo. Aä`mgH$m§Zr S>oQ>m~og _YyZ
{ZdS>boë`m g§X^m©Mr \w$bQ>oŠñQ²> àV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m_ A°{S>ZoQ> H$aVo.
(3) J« § W mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb {Z`VH$m{bH$m§ À `m
AZwH$« _{UH$m§Mr godm (H§$Q>Q| > noO gpìh©g)
(4) à{V{bnr godm
A°{S>ZoQ>_Ü`o gh^mJr AgUmè`m J«§Wmb`m§VyZ `oUmè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m \$moQ>moH$m°nrO²
_mJUrZwgma nwa{dë`m OmVmV.
(5) B§Q>aZoQ> dmnamMr gw{dYm (B§Q>aZoQ> g{\ª$J godm)
"B§Q>aZoQ> g{\ª$J' godm nwadbr OmVo. A°{S>ZoQÛmao B§Q>aZoQ> A°Šgog {_i{dVm `oVmo. B©_ob, S>mD$ZbmoqS>J Am{U {à§Q>AmD$Q> godmhr `mV nwa{dë`m OmVmV.
(6) Ah_Xm~mX ehamVrb J«W
§ mb`o Am{U _m{hVrgodm H|$Ðm§V CnbãY
Agboë`m {d{dY S>Qo >m~ogg
o Mm S>Qo >m~og
Ah_Xm~mX ehamVrb {d{dY J«§Wmb`o Am{U _m{hVrH|$Ðo `m§_Ü`o CnbãY Agboë`m
{d{dY S>oQ>m~ogogMr _m{hVr Amnë`m Cn^moŠË`m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_
A°{S>ZoQ> H$aVo. `mgmR>r EH$ S>oQ>m~og V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gyMtÀ`m gyMrgmaIm hm
àH$ma Aä`mgH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV S>oQ>m~ogMr _m{hVr nwadyZ ao\$ab godm XoV Amho.
(7) J«W
§ nmb Am{U _m{hVr A{YH$mè`m§À`m ì`mdgm[§`H$ d¥ÕrH$[aVm
gmhmæ`
(A) J«W
§ nmbm§Zm ZmoH$arMr g§Yr
JOLI (Job Opportunity for Librarians) hm A°{S>ZoQ>Mm S>oQ>m~og J«§Wmb`
Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb {dÚmWu VgoM J«§Wnmbm§Zm nwT>o Mm§Jë`m Anojm R>odÊ`mgma»`m
ZmoH$è`m§Mr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmo. AZoH$ g§ñWm d J«§Wmb`o A°{S>ZoQ>Mr g^mgX Agë`mZo
"Om°br' `m S>oQ>m~ogMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Amnë`m J«§Wmb`mV Hw$eb godH$m§Mr ^aVr H$ê$Z KoVmV.
`m joÌmVrb ZdrZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$ Mm§Jbm ßb°Q>\$m°_© A°{S>ZoQ>Zo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho.
(Am) ZdrZ J«W
§ mb` godH$m§gmR>r B§Q>aZoQ> à{ejU
B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna gd©M joÌm§V CÎm_[aË`m Ho$bm OmV Agë`mZo J«W§ mb` Am{U _m{hVrgodm
joÌmV `mMm dmna nwaonya d `mo½` nÕVrZo ìhmdm `mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ> dmnaÊ`mg§~§YrMo {ejU
J«§Wnmb d J«§Wmb` godH$m§Zm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ A°{S>ZoQ> CËñ\y$V©nUo H$aVo.
(B) A°{S>ZQo > "ñQ>S>r gH©$b' Am{U g^m
A°S>{ZQ>oÀ`m gd© g^mgXm§Zm J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ {df`mVrb {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr
H§$Q>|Q> noOog² nmR>{dbr OmVmV. dmMH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma \w$b Q>oŠñQ²> _m{hVrhr CnbãY H$ê$Z
{Xbr OmVo.
J«W§ mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb ZdrZ g§H$ënZm, J«W§ mb`mMr gwYmaUm, g§JUH$rH$aU,
J«§Wnmbm§Zm `oUmè`m AS>MUr `m§da MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r A°{S>ZoQ> ñQ>S>r gH©$bMo Am`moOZ H$aVo.
Xa XmoZ _{hÝ`m§VyZ EH$Xm, Xwgè`m _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m ewH«$dmar g§Ü`mH$mir nmM dmOVm øm
g^m Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 48
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 49
(B©) à{ejUmMo H$m`©H$« _
(2) _hm{dÚmb`o, {dÚmnrRo> d BVa g§ñWm§Mr `mXr ({S>aŠo Q>ar)
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§JUH$sH$aUmgmR>r CnbãY Agboë`m àUmbtn¡H$s (CDs/ISIS,
WINSIS) `m n«UmbtÀ`m dmnaH$mH$[aVm A°{S>ZoQ> Img à{ejU {Z`{_V Am`mo{OV H$aVo.
`m à{ejUmH${aVm \$s AmH$mabr OmVo. OmñVrV OmñV Xhm à{ejUmWvZm `m H$m`©H«$_m_Ü`o
àdoe {Xbm OmVmo. àË`oH$ à{ejUmÏ`m©bm 500 én`o ewëH$ AmH$maÊ`mV `oVo.
Ah_Xm~mX d Jm§YrZJa eham§V ApñVËdmV Agboë`m {d{dY g§ñWm, _hm{dÚmb`o
VgoM JwOamV amÁ`mVrb {dÚmnrR>m§Mr {SaoŠQ>ar A°{S>ZoQ> n«H$m[eV H$aVo. Owb¡ 2004 _Ü`o
àH$m{eV Ho$boë`m {S>aoŠQ>arMr qH$_V 100 én`o Amho.
(C) S>m.° Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m O`§Vr{Z{_Îm H$m`©H$« _
A°{S>ZoQ> Xadfu a§JZmWZ `m§Mr O`§Vr gmOar H$aVo. ^maVr` J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo OZH$
S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m O`§Vr{Z{_Îm J«§Wmb`emñÌmVrb àM{bV {df`m§da go{_Zma Am`mo{OV
H$ê$Z hm H$m`©H«$_ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
(D$) J«W
§ nmbm§gmR>r BVa godm d gw{dYm
gÚ:{ñWVrV H$m`©aV Agboë`m J«W§ nmbm§Zm H$mhr g_mB©H$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.
~OoQ>Mr H$_VaVm, à{e{jV godH$m§Mm A^md `m_wio J«§Wnmbm§Mr {Z`{_V H$m_o nma nmS>Uohr
Ë`m§Zm H$R>rU hmoD$Z OmVo. Aem doir J«§Wnmbm§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z d _XVrMr Amdí`H$Vm
^mgVo. A°{S>ZoQ> Aem J«§Wnmbm§Zm AJXr Zm__mÌ ewëH$mV nwT>rb godm Amnë`m à{e{jV
A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVo.
(1) J«§Wmb`mMo g§JUH$sH$aU H$ê$Z XoUo.
(3) MMm©gÌmVrb H$m_H$mOmMm Ahdmb (n«mogo{S>§½O)
doimodoir Am`mo{OV Ho$boë`m J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmdarb go{_Zma_Ü`o gmXa
Ho$boë`m {Z~§Ym§Mo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z H$mhr nwñVHo$ A°{S>ZQo >Zo àH$m{eV Ho$br AmhoV. `m àH$meZm§Mr
qH$_V àË`oH$s e§^a én`o AgyZ J«§Wmb`m§gmR>r àË`oH$mda 15% gyQ> {Xbr Amho. Vr àH$meZo
nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV
(A) "bm`~«ar A°ÝS> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ àmo\o$eZ BZ JwOamV : àm°ãboåg², M°b|O|g A±S>
gOoñQ>oS> [a_oS>rO', Am°JñQ> 2001.
(Am) "bm`~«ar A±S> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ Q>oŠZm°bm°Or \$m°a bm`~«arO A±S> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ g|Q>g©
BZ M|{O§J BÝìhm`aÝ_|Q'>, Am°JñQ> 2002.
(B) "Q´>oS> BZ bm`~«ar`Z{en', Am°JñQ> 2003.
(B©) "B©-àmoS>°ŠQ>g² \$m°a bm`~«ar A±S> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ g|Q>g©'Am°JñQ> 2004.
(2) J«§Wm§Mo gmonñH$ma nyU© H$ê$Z XoUo.
(4) g§KVm{bH$m
(3) JǤWmb`mMr JǤW_moOUr
Ah_Xm~mX_Yrb 122 g^mgX J«§Wmb`m§_YyZ KoVë`m OmUmè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr
g§KVm{bH$m A°{S>ZoQ>H$S>o CnbãY Amho. EHy$U 4625 {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr hr `mXr Ë`m
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo CnbãYr ñWmZhr Xe©{dVo. `m `mXrMr qH$_V e§^a én`o AgyZ {VMr grS>r
XrS>eo én`m§Zm CnbãY Amho.
(4) J«§Wmb`mVrb H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU
(5) J«§Wmb` {dH$mgmMm H$m`©H«$_
(6) J«§Wmb`mÀ`m {e„H$ H$m_m§Mr nyV©Vm.
(7) A°{S>ZoQ>À`m g^mgXm§Zm H$mhr {ZdS>H$ gm`~a H°$\o$_Ü`o 20% gyQ> {Xbr OmVo.
(E) A°{S>ZQo >À`m do~gmB©Q>da J«W
§ nmbm§Mr {S>aŠo Q>ar CnbãY H$aUo
JwOamV_Yrb ì`mdgm{`H$ J«W§ nmbm§Mr _m{hVr A°{S>ZQo >À`m do~gmB©Q>da CnbãY Ho$bobr
Amho. hr _m{hVr Zm|X{dUo {Z:ewëH$ AgyZ Vr B©-_obÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZM Zm|X{dVm `oVo.
A°{S>ZQo >Mr àH$meZo
(1) A°{S>ZoQ> Ý`yOboQ>a
(5) 'CUCOLIS' \$m°a bm`~«ar A°ÝS> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ àmo\$o eZëg²
'CUCOLIS' ho A°{S>ZoQ>Mo {Z`VH$m{bH$ dfm©VyZ ghm doim àH$m{eV hmoVo. J«§Wmb`
Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb {ZdS>H$ amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr AZwH«$_{UH$m `mV
g_m{dï> AgVo. 50nojm OmñV {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm g_mdoe `mV Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMr
dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur 500 én`o AgyZ J«§Wmb`emñÌmVrb gÜ`m àM{bV {df`mda H$moUVo gm{hË`
H$moUË`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV n«H$m{eV Pmbo Amho `mMr _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mg Vo Cn`wŠV Amho.
dmMH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma {ZdS>H$ boI \w$bQ>oŠñQ²> ñdê$nmV {Xbo OmVmV.
Website : www.alibnet.org
"A°{S>ZoQ> Ý`yOboQ>a' ho Ì¡_m{gH$ {Z`{_V àH$m{eV Ho$bo OmVo. A°{S>ZoQ>À`m do~gmB©Q>da
CnbãY Agbobo ho àH$meZ gdmªgmR>r CnbãY Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 50
❏❏❏
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 51
J«W
§ n[aM`
{nT`mZ²{nT>çm J«§W, J«§Wmb`o `m§~m~VÀ`m H$moUË`mhr Om{Udm {dH${gV Z hmoVmM
AmnU OJVmo. J«§Wg§ñH$ma Pmboë`m g§dXoZmerb _Zmbm _J àíZ nS>Vmo, "" AmVm ho gmao H$m
hmoVo? Va H$moUmbm Ë`mMr {ZH$S>M dmQ>V Zmhr. {ZH$S> dmQ>br AgVr Va nmbH$m§Zr emioda dm
gaH$mada X~m~ AmUyZ J«§Wmb`o {Z_m©U H$am`bm bmdbr AgVr.'' nU Ago hmoV Zmhr H$maU
EHy$U g_mO_Z `m~m~V CXmgrZ Amho, hohr `m I§V H$aUmè`m boIH$mbm _mhrV AgVo.
Ë`mVyZM "J«§Wmb`m§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ' (n¥.142) hm boI S>m°. àXrn H${U©H$ `m§À`m
"J«§W, J«§Wmb`, J«§Wg§ñH¥$Vr' `m nwñVH$mV dmMm`bm {_iVmo. S>m°. H${U©H$m§À`m `m nwñVH$mVyZ
EHy$UM Cno{jV Agbobm J«§W OrdZmg§~§YrMm {dMma gd© boIm§VyZ CÎm_ nÕVrZo ì`ŠV
Pmbm Amho. `m boIg§J«hmVrb boI nydu {Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ (d AmH$medmUrdarb ^mfU
ñdê$nmV) `oD$Z Jobobo Agbo Var `m boIm§Vrb qMVZ, Ame` EHy$UM J«§WOJVm~Ôb
AV§_w©I hmoD$Z {dMma H$am`bm bmdob Agm Amho. `m boIg§J«hmV g_m{dï> Agboë`m
EH$moUrg boIm§Mr dJ©dmar H$moe dm>L²>_`, J«§W - Xw_ui J«§W, J«§Wmb` Am{U J«§Wg§ñH¥$Vr
Aem Mma {d^mJm§V H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
H$moedmL²>_` `m {d^mJmVrb AmR> boI g§X^m©gmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m H$moem§Mm
g_J« {dMma H$aUmao AmhoV. "H$moe ho {ejH$m§Mo {_Ì' `m n{hë`m AmH$medmUrdarb ^mfUmMr
ñdV§Ì nwpñVH$m `mnydu Ambobr hmoVr d {Vbm _mJUrhr Iyn hmoVr. na§Vw nwpñVH$m g§në`mZ§Va
`m ^mfUm§Mo nwZ_w©ÐU hmoUo ho H$moe Am{U g§X^© `m {df`mda _amR>rV Agboë`m gm{hË`mMm
Aämmd bjmV KoVm JaOoMo hmoVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo ho ^mfU g§J«hmV KoVbo Jobo ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo
R>abo Amho.
AÜ`mnZ gmW© A[mU à^mdr H$amd`mMo Agob Va {ejH$m§Zr {d{dY àH$maMo H$moe
gm{hË` dmnaUo, Vo dmnê$Z {Q>nUo V`ma H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. `m Ñï>rZo H$moe H$moUË`m n«H$maMo
AgVmV, Ë`m§Mm dmna {H$Vr H$ënH$VoZo H$aVm `oVmo `m~m~V S>m.° H${U©H$ `m§Zr AZoH$ CXmhaUm§gh
_mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo Amho. H${U©H$m§Mr hr CXmhaUo Aä`mgyZ Amnë`m {df`mZwamoYmZo {ejH$m§Zr AÝ`
CXmhaUo V`ma Ho$br Va Ë`m§À`mV d n`m©`mZo {dÚmÏ`mªVhr emoYd¥Îmr dmT>rg bmJy eHo$b d
AÜ`mnZ Am{U AÜ``Z `m à{H«$`m g¥OZmMm AmZ§X XoUmè`m R>aVrb.
H${d``© _§Je
o nmS>JmdH$am§À`m EH$m H${dVoMo erf©H$ `m ^mJmVrb ñWbdU©Z H$moem§darb
boImgmR>r dmnabo Amho. "OoWo J«§W H$m|S>bo OmVmV {VWo amï´> H$m|S>bo OmVo' hm Vmo boI hmo`.
ñWbdU©Z (qH$dm Xe©{ZH$m) H$moem§Mm {df` `oVmM Zm. Jmo. Mm\o$H$am§À`m ~Xbmnyadarb _amR>rVrb
n[hë`m ñWbdU©Z H$moemMr (J°Po{Q>`a `m eãXmÀ`m _amR>rVrb n`m©`) AmR>dU `m boImV
AmhoM; nU H$moëhmnya J°Po{Q>`a~m~V boIH$mZo ì`ŠV Ho$bobo {M§VZhr _hÎdmMo Amho. J°Po{Q>`a
eãXmMr ì`wËnVr d AWm©nmgyZ B{Vhmgmn`ªVMm YmdVm AmT>mdm `m N>moQ>oImZr boImV Amho.
`m n{hë`m ^mJmVrb gd©M boI J«§WnmbnXr H$m`©aV AgUmè`m gdmªZr d H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr
dmMm`bm hdoV. J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m nwñVH$s _m{hVrbm ì`dhmamV {H$Vr n[a_mUo Agy eH$VmV
`mMo ^mZ `oÊ`mg ho boI CÎm_ AmhoV.
{gAg© {bñQ>~m~VMm boI J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m Ñï>rZo d åhUyZM J«§Wnmbm§Zm {deof
_hÎdmMm R>amdm Agm Amho. ñdV: S>m.° H${U©H$m§Zr `m~m~V {deofËdmZo Ho$bobo qMVZ, {df`erf©H$o ,
dJmªH$m~m~V Ho$bobo à`moJ ho J«§Wmb`emñÌmV _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ R>aUmao Amho. Ë`m Ñï>rZo
n¥.101 da Ho$boë`m {e\$maer ^mfm {dMmamgmR>r CnH$maH$ R>aVrb Aem AmhoV. hm g§emoYZ
AmamIS>m boImÀ`m ñdê$nmV boIg§J«hmV Ambm ho R>rH$M Amho; nU {dñVm[aV ñdê$nmV
`mda J«§W H${U©H$m§gma»`m à`moJerb d OmUH$ma J«§WnmbmZo {b{hUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
J«§W - Xw_r©i J«§W `m ^mJmV VrZ boI AmhoV. ho boI _m{hVràX AmhoV. "àdmg
nwñVH$mMm' (n¥. 103 Vo 113) `m boImV _m¡{IH$ na§naonmgyZ J«§W{Z{_©Vr d J«§W{dídmH$Sy>Z
H$mJX{da{hV J«§Wmn`ªVMm àdmg H$gm Pmbm, `m àdmgmVrb H«$m§{VH$maH$ R>abobo Q>ßno H$moUVo
`m{df`r Cn`wŠV _m{hVr Amho.
Xw_ui J«§W `m boImV Xw{_©iVm åhUOo H$m` `mMm Ho$bobm {dMma, A. H$m. {n«`moiH$a
`m§Mm C„oI _hÎdnyU© AmhoM. J«§Wmb`mVyZ H$mb~mø Pmbobo gm{hË` ~§X H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr H$mhr
YmoaU Agmdo bmJVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo Agbobm nwT>rb boI J«§Wmb`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m§Zm {deof
Cn`wŠV Amho. `m YmoaUm~m~V AZoH$ J«§Wnmb d J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o Jm|YimMo dmVmdaU AgVo.
J«§Wmb` `m nwT>rb ^mJmVrb Mmahr boI dmMZr` AmhoV; nU Ë`mVhr "àgma _mÜ`_o
d J«§Wmb`o' Am{U "_amR>rMo _m{hVr H|$Ð' ho XmoZ boI AZoH$m§Zm ZdrZ _m{hVr XoUmao R>aVrb.
`mZ§VaMm ^mJ J«§Wg§ñH¥$Vr hm Amho. `m ^mJm_Ü`o VrZ boI Am{U EH$ H${dVm Amho.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo J«§Wào_ OJX²{d»`mV hmoVo. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr Am`wî`^a Onboë`m
J«W§ g§ñH$mam§~Ôb EH$ boI `m ^mJmV Amho. `m boImV n¥.158 da H${U©H$m§Zr S>m.° ~m~mgmoh~m§Mo
àmÜ`mnH$m§~m~V EH$ _V CX²Y¥V Ho$bo Amho. Vo _V AmO 50-60 dfmªZ§Vahr àmÜ`mnH$m§Zm
bmJy nS>ob Ago Amho. `m boImV AJXr WmoS>Š`mV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m J«§Wg§nXo{df`r
S>m°. H${U©H$ `m§Zr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.
`m ^mJmV "ñdV:À`m KamBVH§$M ñdV:M§ nwñVH$hr Agm`bm ZH$mo H$m?' hm EH$ boI
Amho. AmOÀ`m dmMZg§ñH¥$Vrg_moa C^o Ho$bobo _moR>o àíZ{MÝh `m boImVyZ Vi_irZo _m§S>bo
Amho. amÁ`m_Ü`o gw_mao ~Îmrgeo nyU©doi Am{U AR>ameo AY©doi J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmar AmhoV. Vo
Ajae: doR>{~JmamgmaIo H$m_ H$aVmV; nU Ë`mMo Hw$UmbmM H$mhr dmQ>V Zmhr. (n¥.155) ho
{ZarjU AmË`§{VH$ Vi_irZo Ambo Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 52
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 53
àm. _mohZ nmR>H$ / àm. A{dZme H$moëho / S>m°. àXrn H${U©H$
❏
J«§W, J«§Wmb`, J«§Wg§ñH¥$Vr
boIH$ … S>m°. àXrn H${U©H$
àH$meH$ … _w§~B©, ZdM¡VÝ` àH$meZ, 2005
n¥ð>o 168, _yë` é.120/-
g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$-~m¡{ÕH$ {dídmV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb` ho _hÎdmMo A§J AgVo.
AmOÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m `wJmV Va gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`m§Zm \$ma _hÎd Amho. AJXr àmMrZ H$mirgwÕm
J«W§ mb`mMo _hÎd Iyn hmoV.o ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV {MZr àdmgr `oD$Z Joë`mMo C„oI AmT>iVmV.
Ë`m§Zr VËH$mbrZ ^maVmVrb J«W§ mb`m§Mr dU©Zo Ho$bobr AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m H$mirgwÕm Amnë`m
XoemVrb J«§Wmb`o g_¥Õ hmoVr, `mMm A§XmO `oVmo.
nwñVHo$ IaoXr H$aUo, Vr OVZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Mr XoI^mb H$aUo ho EH$Q>çmXwH$Q>çm ì`ŠVrMo
H$m_ Zmhr. åhUyZM gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`o _hÎdmMr R>aVmV. `mÛmao Jar~-lr_§V, ñÌr-nwéf
Agm ^oX^md Z H$aVm kmZ-_m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU H$aVm `oVo. `mgmR>r XoemVrb gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb`o Mm§Jë`m AdñWoV Agmdr bJVmV. `mgmR>r S>m°. a_Z Zm`a `m§Mo nrnëg bm`~«ar
_wìh_|Q> ho nwñVH$ Aä`mgUo JaOoMo R>aVo. S>m.° Zm`a `m§Mo ho nwñVH$ {X„rÀ`m H$m°ÝgoßQ> n{ãbqeJ
H§$nZrZo 2000 gmbr àH$m{eV Ho$bo Amho. "gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`' `m {df`mda nwñVH$ {b{hÊ`mMm
S>m°. Zm`a `m§Mm A{YH$ma dmXmVrV Amho. J«§Wmb` øm {df`mda S>m°. Zm`a `m§Zr AmOn`ªV 14
nwñVHo$ {b{hbr AmhoV. "npãbH$ bm`~«ar S>oìhbn_o§Q>', "B§Q>aZoQ> \$m°a bm`~«ar' dJ¡ao Ë`m§Mr
nwñVHo$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr dmImUbobr AmhoV. S>m°. Zm`a gÜ`m Ho$ai H$¥{f {dÚmnrR>mMo J«§Wnmb
AmhoV. `m nwñVH$mbm boIH$mMr N>moQ>rer àñVmdZm Amho. Ë`mV Vo åhUVmV H$s, _m{hVr{edm`
{ZU©` KoVm `oV Zmhr. `mo½` doir `mo½` _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`mg amï´>r` {dH$mg gmYVm
`oVmo (n¥. 5). Ë`m§Mo Agohr _V Amho, H$s gwOmU, OmJê$H$ ZmJ[aH$ åhUOo bmoH$emhr ~iH$Q>
H$aÊ`mMr EH$ _hÎdmMr nyd© AQ> hmo`. `m g§X^m©VgwÕm gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`m§Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr
R>aVo. S>m°. Zm`a Agohr XmIdyZ XoVmV, H$s AmO Amnë`m XoemV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m
g§X^m©V EImXo amï´>r` YmoaU Zmhr H$s `mgmR>r EImXm H$m`Xm Zmhr.
`m nwñVH$mgmR>r S>m°. Zm`a `m§Zr X{jU ^maVmVrb H$oai amÁ`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.
Ho$ai amÁ`mbm gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mr ^ì` na§nam Amho. {edm` `m amÁ`mZo gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§X^m©V H$m`Xmhr Ho$bobm Amho. åhUyZM Ho$ai amÁ`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo {ZH$S>rMo
R>aVo. `m amÁ`mV gmjaVoMo à_mU Iyn Amho. [edm` amÁ` gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§gmR>r
Mm§Jbm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVo, `mMmhr boIH$mZo C„oI Ho$bm Amho.
{Vgè`m àH$aUmV S>m.° Zm`a `m§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`m§À`m CËH«$m§VrMm B{Vhmg Vnmgbm
Amho. {¼ñVnyd© VrZ hOma dfmªnydr© {Vgè`m gw_o[a`Z g§ñH¥$VrV, Ë`mMà_mUo qgYy g§ñH¥$VrV
(n¥.25) Ë`m H$mirgwÕm gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mr O~m~Xmar amOmda Ago, {¼ñVnyd© eVH$mV
AboŠPm§{S´>`m `oWrb J«§Wmb`mV gmV bmI J«§W hmoVo. H°${b_°Myg `m J«§Wmb`mÀ`m à_wImZo
`m nwñVH$m§Mr boI, erf©H$, {df` `m§À`m AZwfJm§Zo dJ©dmar Ho$br hmoVr. ^maVmV Ë`m H$mir
Zmb§Xm, Vj{ebm, nmQ>brnwÌ dJ¡ao {R>H$mUÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mMr H$sVr© hmoVr.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mMm C„oI EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrbm
AmT>iVmo. S>m°. Zm`a `m§À`m _Vo, H$oai amÁ`mMm {dMma Ho$bm Va dmT>Ë`m {ZajaVoMm gm_Zm
H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo `mV bj Kmbmdbm gwédmV Ho$br. `mMo lo` amUrgmho~ Jm¡ar nmd©Vr~mB©
`m§Zm Úmdo bmJVo. Ë`m§Zr H$Z©b _Ýamo `m§À`m _XVrZo B.g. 1817 _Ü`o gŠVrMo d _mo\$V
{ejU gwê$ Ho$bo (n¥.35). Ë`mZ§Va _hmamO {Vê$Zb (1829-47) `m§Zr `m H$m`©H«$_mV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 54
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 55
`m ^mJmV d nwñVH$mV gdmªV eodQ>r Ambobr H${dVm _mÜ`{_H$ emim {ejH$nmbH$m§gmR>r {deofËdmZo _hÎdmMr Amho. _mÜ`{_H$ emioÀ`m d`mV nyd© nm¡J§S> (Hw$_ma) d
nm¡J§S>mdñWoVrb _wbm§Zr H$moUVo gm{hË` dmMm`bm hdo Ë`m gm{hË`mMr hr H${dVmê$nmV `oUmar
`mXr Amho. "Ia§M gm§JVmo, Vr dmMZmoËgwH$ JmoS> _wb§ AmhoV' ho H${dVoMo erf©H$hr AmH¥$ï> H$aob
Ago Amho. A~«mh_ qbH$ZZo hoS>_mñVam§Zm {b{hbobo nÌ Ogo nmoñQ>aê$nmZo Ag§»`$ emim§VyZ
nmohmoMbo Amho, Ë`mM YVuda `m H${dVoMo nmoñQ>a gd© J«§Wmb`m§VyZ nmohmoMUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo.
Amnbo _yb IamoIaM {dH${gV ìhmd`mMo Agob Va nmbH$m§Zr `m {àpñH«$ßeZ_Ü`o gwM{dbobr
nwñVHo$ _wbm§H$Sy>Z dmMyZ ¿`m`bm hdrV. Ë`m{df`r _wbm§er ~mobmd`mg hdo.
`m nwñVH$mMm dmMH$
`m nwñVH$mÀ`m erf©H$ n¥ð>mda ho nwñVH$ J«§Wmb` à_mUnÌ narjoMo d J«§Wmb` d
_m{hVremñÌmÀ`m nXdr narjm§Mo {dÚmWu Am{U J«§W g§ñH¥$VrMo MmhVo `m§Zm Cn`moJr Agë`mMo
åhQ>bo Amho. `m~m~VM Zmhr, na§Vw nyU© nwñVH$ dmMë`mda J«§Wg§ñH¥$VrMo MmhVo ZgUmao
_w»`mÜ`mnH$, àmMm`©, {ejH$ Am{U J«§WmnmbgwÕm `m nwñVH$mMo dmMH$ R>aVrb Va Ë`m§À`m
ì`mdgm{`H$VoV A{YH$ àJVr hmoB©b. {edm` H$moUË`mhr d`moJQ>mVrb nmë`m§Mo nmbH$,
J«§W{dYmVrb gd© bhmZ_moR>o KQ>H$ `m§Zm ho nwñVH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ R>ê$ eHo$b. _hmamï´> emgZmZo Va
J«§Wmb` à_mUnÌ narjoV ho nwñVH$ A{Zdm`© H$amd`mg hdo.
`m boIm§Mr ^mfm _m{hVr gmXa H$aUmar Agbr Var AmoK {Q>H$dyZ R>odUmar Amho. `m
{df`m§Mr boIH$mÀ`m _ZmVrb Vi_i ho Ë`m_mJrb H$maU Amho.
_mÌ `mVrb boI `mnydu H$moUË`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV d _w»` åhUOo H$Yr Ambo hmoVo
`mMm Vnerb Ë`m Ë`m boImImbrM `md`mg hdm hmoVm. gXa boIm§gmR>r S>m°. H${U©H$ `m§Zr
AZoH$ J«§W dmMbo AmhoV. g§X^© emoYbo AmhoV. `m J«§Wm§Mr AH$ma{dëho gyMr \$ŠV EH$m
boImMm AndmX dJiVm ({g`g© {bñQ>Mm _amR>r AdVma : àH$ën AmamIS>m n¥.74) H$moUË`mhr
boImImbr {Xbr Zmhr. Vr XooUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. ZdM¡VÝ` n«H$meZ hr g§ñWm d {VMo àH$meZ
joÌmVrb `moJXmZ _hÎdmMo Amho. `m J«§WmMr nwT>rb Amd¥Îmr H$mT>VmZm Ë`m§Zr S>m°. H${U©H$m§er
~mobyZ `m ÌwQtMo {ZamH$aU H$amd`mg hdo, hr Anojm !
❏
nrnëg bm`~«ar _wìh_|Q>
boIH$ … S>m°. Ama. a_U Zm`a
àH$meH$ … {X„r … H$m°ÝgoßQ> npãbHo$eZ H§$nZr, 2000
n¥ð>o 151, _yë` é. 200/-
_mobmMr ^a KmVbr. Ë`m§À`mM H$ma{H$XuV Ho$aimVrb AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMm nm`m aMbm Jobm.
Ë`m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo 1836 _Ü`o ÌmdUH$moa_Ü`o nm{hbr B§J«Or emim gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`m§À`mM
H$mimV Ho$ai amÁ`mV nm{hbo gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb` 1829 gmbr {Ìd|Ð_ `oWo gwê$ Pmbo.
Ë`mZ§Va EZm©Hw$b_ `oWo 1869 gmbr, {ÌMya `oWo 1873 gmbr Va H$moÅ>m`_ `oWo 1881 gmbr
gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`o gwê$ Pmbr. J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb Amnë`m O~m~XmarMo gaH$mabm ^mZ
hmoVo. ÌmdUH$moaÀ`m _hmamOm§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Zm emgZmZo XoÊ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ _XVrMr
{Z`_mdbr V`ma Ho$br Am{U 1918 gmbr àH$m{eV Ho$br. `mV gaH$maMr _XV KoUmar
J«§Wmb`o g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§gmR>r CnbãY Agm`bm hdr dJ¡ao {Z`_ hmoVo.
nwT>À`m àH$aUmV boIH$mZo Ho$ai amÁ`mVrb gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb bmoH$
MidirMr MMm© Ho$br Amho. emgZmZo nwañH$¥V Ho$bobr gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb` Midi Am{U
bmoH$m§Zr Mmbdbobr gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb` Midi EH$_oH$m§Zm g_m§Va OmV hmoË`m, Ago boIH$mMo
{ZarjU Amho (n¥. 43). EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V B§JO« r {e{jV ^maVr`m§Zr gm_m{OH$/
amOH$s` gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. boIH$ XmIdyZ XoVmo Ë`mà_mUo Ho$ai amÁ`mVrb g§ñWm{ZH$
nwamoJm_r X¥{ï>H$moZm§Mo hmoVo.
ÌmdUH$moaÀ`m _hmamOm§Zr 1888 gmbr Amnë`m amÁ`mV ^maVmVrb n{hbo {d{Y_§S>i
ñWmnZ Ho$bo (n¥. 44). Ë`m H$mir ^maVmMm ñdmV§Í` bT>m AmH$ma KoV hmoVm. bmoH$m§Zm ZdZì`m
KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr hdr hmoVr. `mVyZM JmdmoJmd gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`o {ZKmbr. Ho$aimVrb gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb`m§Mr dmT> Am[U amï´>r` bT>m `m§À`mV WoQ> g§~§Y XmIdVm `oVmo. `m àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>r
boIH$mZo H$mT>bobm {ZîH$f© _hÎdmMm Amho. S>m°. Zm`a åhUVmV, _Ü``wJrZ H$mimV H$oai
amÁ`mV JmdmJmdmV _§{Xam§Mo Oo ñWmZ hmoVo, VoM AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mo Amho
(n¥.47). Odinmg AgoM {dMma àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ `m§Zr bmoH${hVdmXr `m§À`m H$m`m©À`m
g§X^m©V H$mT>bo hmoVo. gmoimì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamîQ´>mV g§V am_Xmgm§Zr Oem JmdmoJmd Vmb_r
H$mT>ë`m, Ë`mMà_mUo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV bmoH${hVdmXtZr JmdmoJmd gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb`o
H$mT>br.
bmoH$m§Zr Mmbdboë`m gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`m§À`m MidirMm Omoa Amogê$ bmJbm, H$mhr
J«§Wmb`o ~§X nSy> bmJbr. `m g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1925 gmbr gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb`m§À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr EH$ amÁ`ì`mnr _oimdm KoVbm (n¥. 49). nwT>o 1931 gmbr g_ñV
"Ho$ai nwñVH$mb` g{_Vr' ñWmnZ Pmbr. nU ho à`ËZ ÌmdUH$moa, _b~ma dJ¡ao ^mJmV
_`m©{XV hmoVo. {S>g|~a 1943 _Ü`o Ho$aiÀ`m gd© ^mJmMr EH$ ~¡R>H$ Pmbr Am{U `mV " Ho$ai
J«§Wmb` g§K' ñWmnZ Pmbm. S>m°. Zm`a XmIdyZ XoVmV Ë`mà_mUo `m g§KmZo Ho$bobo _hÎdmMo
H$m_ åhUOo 1945 gmbr S>m°. Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ (1892-1972) `m§Zm nmMmaU Ho$bo. S>m°.
Zm`a `m§Zr `oWo WmoS>Š`mV S>m°. a§JZmWZ `mMm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm`bm hdm hmoVm. S>m°. a§JZmWZ
åhUOo ^maVmVrb J«§Wmb` emñÌmMo {nVm_h hmo`. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr Ho$ai ^mJmVrb
J«§Wmb`m§Mm Xm¡am Ho$bm, ^mfUo {Xbr Am{U H$mhr Cn`wŠV gyMZm Ho$ë`m. g§KmMr gwédmV 47
J«§Wmb` g^mgXm§nmgyZ Pmbr. bdH$aM gw_mao XmoZ hOma J«§Wmb`o g§KmMr g^mgX Pmbr.
EH$m àH$aUmV S>m°. Zm`a `m§Zr Ho$ai amÁ`mV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m joÌmV bmoH$
Midi H$m `eñdr R>abr, `mMm D$hmnmoh Ho$bm Amho. EH$ åhUOo dmT>Ë`m gmjaVo_wio J«§W
dmMÊ`mMr ^yH$ dmT>br. Xwgao åhUOo amOH$s`/gm_m{OH$ joÌmV Ii~i CS>mbr hmoVr. hr
g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr dmMH$m§Zm JaO dmQ>V hmoVr. BË`mXr KQ>H$m§_wio `m Midir `eñdr Pmë`m.
(n¥.58) `mZ§VaMm _hÎdmMm Qßnm åhUOo 1930 gmbr ~Zmag `oWo ^aboë`m n{hë`m Am°b
E{e`m EÁ`wHo$eZb H$m°Ý\$aÝgÀ`m A{YdoeZmV gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmXe© {dYo`H$!
Ë`m_mJo S>m°. Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ `m§Mr àoaUm, ~wÕr, H$ï> hmoVo. `m {dYo`H$mZwgma ñWm{ZH$
ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Zr "J«§Wmb` H$a' AmH$mamdm Am{U emgZmZo AZwXmZ Úmdo. S>m°. Zm`a `m§À`m _Vo
OJmV H$moR>ho r BVHo$ AmXe© {dYo`H$ Ë`m H$mir ZìhVo (n¥.69) S>m.° a§JZmWZ `m§À`m {dYo`H$mnmgyZ
àoaUm KoD$Z "_Ðmg npãbH$ bm`~«ar H$m`Xm' Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va h¡X«m~mX àm§V (1955), Am§Y«
n«Xoe(1960), H$Zm©Q>H$ (1965), _hmamï´> (1967), BË`mXr amÁ`m§Zr AgmM H$m`Xm Ho$bm.
H|$Ð gaH$maZo 1976 gmbr Z°eZb bm`~«ar Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$m`Xm Ho$bm.
Oar Ho$ai amÁ`mV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mr Midi OmoamV hmoVr Var Ho$ai amÁ`mZo `m
g§X^m©Vrb H$m`Xm 1989 gmbr Ho$bm. boIH$mZo `m_mJMo amOH$maU d H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV doimodi
o r
An`e H$m Ambo `mgmR>r EH$ àH$aU IMu KmVbo Amho. `mVrb n{hbm à`ËZ ÌmdUH$moaÀ`m
{XdmUm§Zr 1947 gmbr Ho$bm. _mÌ `m H$mÚm_wio Ho$ai J«§Wmb` g§KmMo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo
AgVo. nwT>o doimodoir Aem àH$maMo H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mÀ`m Pmboë`m à`ËZmZm J«§Wmb` g§KmZo
{damoY Ho$bm (n¥. 89) gaVoeodQ>r 1989 _Ü`o H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Ambm.
S>m.° Zm`a `m§Zr nwT>À`m EH$m àH$aUmV J«W§ mb` H$m`ÚmMo _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo Amho. boIH$mÀ`m
_Vo, ^maVmgma»`m Jar~ Xoembm amï´>r` J«§Wmb` YmoaU AgUo JaOoMo Amho. (n¥.116) S>m°.
Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ `m§À`m _m°S>b
o H$m`ÚmZwgma AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr H$m`Xo Ho$bo. `m H$m`ÚmV "amÁ`
J«§Wmb` A{YH$mar'ho _hÎdmMo nX AgVo. boIH$mÀ`m _Vo, \$ŠV H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mV `m nXr
amÁ`mMo {ejU_§Ìr AgVmV. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma amÁ`mÀ`m nmVirda "J«W§ mb` g§MmbH$' Agmdo.
Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amÁ`mVrb gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§da XoIaoI H$amdr. _w»` åhUOo J«§Wmb`
hm {df` amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m AIË`marV `oV Agë`m_wio amÁ` gaH$maZo nwaogm {ZYr CnbãY
H$ê$Z Úmdm. `m _wÚmdê$Z boIH$mMo à{VnmXZ g§nVo.
"gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`' `mgma»`m A{V_hÎdmÀ`m nU {VVŠ`mM Xwb©{jV {df`mda
J«§W {b{hë`m~Ôb S>m°. Zm`a A{^Z§XZmg nmÌ AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm `m {df`mVrb A{YH$ma _moR>m
Amho. VWm{n, àñVwV nwñVH$ dmMH$m§À`m _Zmda Imobda n[aUm_ H$aV Zmhr. Zm`a `m§À`m
nwñVH$mV _m{hVr, Vnerb ^anya Amho; nU hr gd© _m{hVr ì`dpñWV VH©$ewÕ nÕVrZo Z
_m§S>ë`m_wio nwñVH$mV EH$ àH$mamMm {dñH$irVnUm Ambm Amho. `m nwñVH$mV B§JO
« rÀ`m Ajå`
MwH$m AmhoV. `m Q>miÊ`mgmR>r `m nwñVH$mda EImÚm Á`oð> g§nmXH$mMm hmV {\$abm AgVm Va
~ao Pmbo AgVo, Ago amhÿZ amhÿZ dmQ>Vo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 56
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 57
❏
lr kmZoœar … AmodrgyMr (Hw§$Q>o àV)
g§nmXZ … gw{à`m Xoenm§S>o
àH$meH$ … lr dm_ZamO àH$meZ, nwUo
n¥ð>o 316, _yë` é. 150/-
_hmamï´>mMo Wmoa g§V lrkmZoœa_hmamOm§À`m dmL²>_`mbm Am{U Abm¡{H$H$ H$m`m©bm 700
dfmªhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi bmoQ>bm Varhr Ë`mda {d{dY àH$maMo g§emoYZ hmoV Amho. ZdZdo J«§W
{Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. Ago ^m½` _amR>r dmL²>_`mV Var Ho$di lrkmZoœa_hmamOm§À`mM dmQ>çmbm
Ambo Amho.
kmZXodm§À`m gm{hË`mMm AJXr dada Oar AmT>mdm KoVbm Var ho H$moUmÀ`mhr bjmV
`oBb
© H$s, BVŠ`m {d{dY nÕVrZo J«W§ /boI {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV H$s Ë`m§Mr _moOXmXhr EImÚmbm
KoUo AeŠ` hmoD$Z ~gmdo. gd©gmYmaUnUo RiH$ àH$ma {XgVmV Vo Ago H$s, _yi g§{hVm
Am{U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo `oUmè`m {Q>nm, AW© BË`mXr _OHy$a XoUmao gm{hË`, AZwdmX-^mdmW© XoUmao
gm[hË`, nmR>^oX {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmao gm{hË`, g§emoYZna gm{hË`, M{aÌmË_H$ gm[hË` BË`mXr
AZoH$ àH$ma AmhoV. `m gd© àH$mam§V EH$ gm{hË`àH$ma Amho Vmo gmYZJ«§Wm§Mm. gmYZgm{hË`
àm_w»`mZo Aä`mgH$m§Zm _XVZrg R>amdo, gmhmæ`^yV R>amdo, _mJ©Xe©H$ ìhmdo `mgmR>r V`ma
Ho$bo Jobo Amho. Aem gmYZgm{hË`m_wio Aä`mgH$m§Mm doi, l_ d H$ï> dmMVmV Am{U
åhUyZ Aem gmYZgm{hË`mbm H$_mbrMo _hÎd àmá hmoVo.
kmZoœarÀ`m Aä`mgmMr {Xem-{X½Xe©Z H$aUmao {dnwb gm{hË` Amho. (CXm.dmMmdr
kmZoœar & S>moim nhmdr n§Tar && `m OZm~mBªÀ`m A^§JmMo {ddoMZ, BË`mXr) na§Vw gmYZgm{hË`
Ë`mhÿZ {^Þ Amho. Ë`mV kmZoœa_hmamOm§À`m gm{hË`mMr gyMr XoUmao gm{hË` Amho, VgoM
kmZoœarV `oUmè`m eãXm§Mm AW© gm§JUmao eãXH$moehr AmhoV. VgoM nXH$moehr g_m{dï>
AmhoV Am{U ho àH$ma à{gÕhr AmhoV; na§Vw "AmodrgyMr' hm àH$ma gmYZgm{hË` AgyZhr
H$_mbrMm Xwb©{jV àH$ma åhUyZ ApñVËdmV Amho. `mMr H$mhr H$maUohr g§^dVmV.
AmOn`ªV kmZoœarV Amboë`m AmodrÀ`m àW_ MaUm§Mr gyMr kmZoœarÀ`m _yi g§{hVoV,
J«§WmV gdmªV eodQ>r XoÊ`mMr àWm nS>br Agë`mZo Ë`mH$S>o åhUmdo Vgo bj Jobobo Zmhr.
Xwgao Ago H$s MaUgyMrMm Cn`moJ Ho$di EImXm A^§J emoYm`Mm Agbm VaM H$am`Mm
AgVmo Ago R>m_ _V Pmbobo Amho. {Vgao H$maU Ago H$s kmZoœarMm nXH$moe hmVmer AgVmZm
MaUgyMr H$embm dmnam`Mr Agm J«h Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$ê$Z KoVbm AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.
Mm¡Wo H$maU Ago H$s kmZoœarÀ`m {d{dY àVr N>mnrb Am{U hñV{b{IV ñdê$nmV Agë`mZo
AmodtMo H«$_m§H$ doJdoJio AmhoV. Ë`m_wio EH$m J«§Wmbm AgUmar MaUgyMr Xwgè`m J«§WmÀ`m
dmnamÀ`mdoir Cn`moJr R>aV Zmhr. Aem H$mhr H$maUm§Zr MaUgyMrH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo Agbo Var
MaUgyMr XoÊ`mMm àKmV AZoH$ g§nmXH$m§Zr H$ï>nyd©H$ nmibobm {XgVmo, Vmo H$m d H$emgmR>r
`mda _mÌ gImob {dMma Pmbobm Zmhr.
kmZoœar qH$dm BVa g§Vgm{hË`mbm MaUgyMr XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgbr `mMm {dMma
Ho$bm Va EH$M CÎma `oVo H$s Aä`mgH$m§Mr gmo` H$aÊ`mMr Vi_i g§nmXH$m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVr.
{edmOramd ^mdo `m§À`m "lr kmZoœar eãXmW© H$moem'Mr àñVmdZm d àm.A.H$m. {à`moiH$am§Zr
àm.am.Zm. doqbJH$a `m§À`m "kmZoœarMo eãX^m§S>ma' `m H$moembm OmoS>bobm nwañH$ma dmMbm Va
EH$ ~m~ bjmV `oVo H$s, _wÐU H$boÀ`m dmnamZ§Va MaUgyMr XoÊ`mMm àKmV nS>bm Agmdm.
hñV{b{IVmV eãXmW©H$moe OmoS>Ê`mMr nÕV _mÌ ApñVËdmV hmoVr.
kmZoœarÀ`m g§X^m©V emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Ago {XgVo H$s, 1927 gmbr
ì`§H$Q>ñdm_r `m§Zr Or "gmW© kmZoœar' g§nm{XV Ho$br hmoVr, Ë`m àVrbm Amoì`m§Mr gyMr Ë`m§Zr
OmoS>br hmoVr. nwT>o AZoH$ g§nmXH$m§Zr hr àWm kmZoœar~m~V CMbbr Am{U dmnabr. AWm©V
`mMo Zo_Ho$ lo` H$moUmbm `mMm emoY gd© g§V gm[hË` VnmgyZM Úmdo bmJob. kmZoœarÀ`m
MaUgyMrÀ`m g§X^m©V AmUIrhr H$mhr àH$ma Pmbobo {XgZy `oVmV. CXm. {df`mn«_mUo MaUgyMr.
H¥$îUmZ§X ñdm_r `m§Zr 1943 gmbr _w_wj§yÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r AÜ`m`dma gyMr V`ma Ho$br.
XÎmmÌ` JUVamd Imnao `m§Zr {df`mdma gyMr V`ma Ho$br Am{U Vr Z. {M§. Ho$iH$aH¥$V
"kmZoœar gd©ñd' `m J«§WmV OmoS>br. {edmOramd ^mdo `m§Zr 1953 gmbr "kmZoœar Xe©Z' `m
J«§WmV JrVoÀ`m nXm§Mo kmZoœarVrb Amoì`m§_Yrb Xe©Z gm§JUmar gyMr OmoS>br Amho.
AmOn`ªV Amoì`m§Mr MaUgyMr kmZoœarÀ`m _yi g§{hVo~amo~a OmoS>m`Mr na§nam hmoVr.
AndmX \$ŠV H¥$îUmZ§Xñdm_tÀ`m gyMrMm. _mÌ hr gyMr {df`dma Amho. gm¡. gw{à`m Xoenm§S>o
`m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m "kmZoœar : AmodrgyMr' `m J«§WmZo ZdrZ nm`§S>m nmS>bm Amho. "Amodr
gyMr'Mo ñdV§Ì nwñVH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMo lo` `m J«W§ mbm àmá Pmbo Amho Am{U Ë`m_wio gm¡. Xoenm§S>o
`m§Zm hr ZdrZ nÕV ê$T> Ho$ë`m~Ôbhr lo` Úm`bm hdo.
{edmOramd ^mdo `m§Zr kmZoœarMm nXH$moe V`ma Ho$bm Amho d Vmo n«{gÕhr Amho. AmVm
Agm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo H$s nXH$moemgmaIo gmYZ AgVmZm Ho$di àW_ MaUgyMrMm
Cn`moJ H$m`? kmZoœarVrb H$moUVmhr eãX KoD$Z nXH$moemÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m Amodrn`ªV OmVm
`oVo, _J n{hë`m MaUgyMrMm Cn`moJ H$moU H$aob? `mMo CÎma Á`m§Zm nXH$moemMr nyU© H$ënZm
Amho Ë`m§À`m ghO bjmV `oB©b. EImXm eãX AmodrV AZoH$Xm dmnabm Jobm Agob Va Ë`m
Aä`mgH$mbm Ë`m gd©M Amoì`m _yi J«§WmV OmD$Z nmhmì`m bmJVmV. nXg§X^©H$moe Agob
Va Ë`m eãXmMm MaUhr {VWoM àmá hmoVmo; na§Vw Vmo MaU Xwgam, {Vgam AWdm Mm¡Wm Agob Va
Ë`mMm n{hbm MaU emoYmdmM bmJVmo. Iao Va n{hë`m MaUgyMrMr Am{U nXH$moemMr VwbZmM
A`mo½` R>aVo.XmoÝhr gmYZm§Mo hoVy nyU©V: {^Þ AmhoV. nXH$moe hm Ë`m gm{hË`mVrb H$moUË`mhr
eãXmÛmao _yi AmodrMm _mJ© XmIdVmV, Va n{hbr MaUgyMr n{hbm MaU AmR>dUmè`m
Aä`mgH$mbm _yi gm{hË`mVrb AmodrMr {Xem XmIdVmV.
gdmªV _hÎdmMm \$aH$ nS>Vmo Vmo g§{hVoMm. {edmOramd ^mdo `m§Zr nXH$moe Am{U
eãXmW©H$moe `m XmoÝhr H$moem§gmR>r amOdmS>o àV à_mU _mZbr. Ë`m§À`m eãXmW©H$moemVhr
AmodrMo ñWmZ Xe©{dbobo Agbo Var Ë`mV gd© eãX g_m{dï> Pmbobo ZmhrV. am. Zm. doqbJH$a
`m§À`m "eãX^m§S>mam'Vhr AmodrMo ñWmZ XmIdbo Agbo Varhr Ë`mVhr gmono eãX gmoS>bobo
AmhoV. {edm` Ë`m§Zrhr amOdmS>o àV à_mU _mZbr Amho. S>m°. _w. J. nmZgo `m§Zr Linguis-
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 58
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 59
tic Pecularities of Jnanesvari `m J«§WmV eãXgyMr (Index Verbrum of
Jnanesvari) {Xbr Amho; na§Vw Ë`m§Zr Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVr àV dmnabr Ë`mMm C„oI Ho$bobm
Zmhr. kmZoœarÀ`m ~m~VrV g§nmXH$ H$moUVr àV AmYma^yV R>adVmV `mda Ë`m J«W§ mMm eãXH$moe
d eãXgyMrMm dmna R>aV AgVmo. _J Vmo nXH$moe Agmo dm n«W_MaU gyMr Agmo.
gm¡.Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr àñVwV "AmodrgyMr'gmR>r Hw§$Q>o àV à_mU _mZbr Amho. Oo Aä`mgH$
Hw§$Q>o àVrbm à_mU^yV _mZVmV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r gXa gyMr AË`mdí`H$ R>aVo. Hw$§Q>o àVrbm
Aä`mH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho, Vo {VÀ`m aMZo_wio.
H¡$. Hw§$Q>o `m§Mr AmOÀ`m {nT>rbm \$maer _m{hVr ZgUma. AÊUm _moaoœa Hw$§Q>o ho
"amOm{edN>ÌnVr' H$mì` {b{hUmè`m _hmXod _moaoœa Hw$§Q>o `m§Mo dS>rb ~§Yy. 1847 gmbr
Ë`m§Zr E_. S>r. nXdr àmá H$obr. d¡ÚH$emñÌmVhr Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$ à»`mV AmhoV (CXm. dm½^Q>
qH$dm ñÌramoJ {dkmZ BË`mXr). nwT>o Ë`m§Zm g§Vgm{hË`mV JmoS>r dmQy> bmJbr Am{U Vo kmZXodm§À`m
dmL²>_`mH$S>o dibo. A_¥VmZw^dmMo {ddaU Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Z§Va hr kmZoœar g§nm{XV Ho$br. hr
àV ~adm àV åhUyZ à{gÕ Amho. AmVm ~adm àV åhUOo H$m`? am_Xmgm§À`m Z§Va JmoqdX ~d}
ZmdmMo gmYy hmoD$Z Jobo. Ë`m§Zr kmZoœarÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§gmR>r nXnÕVrMr kmZoœar V`ma Ho$br.
nXnÕVr åhUOo lr_X²^JdX²>JrVoÀ`m ûcmoH$m§M nXo nmSy>Z, Ë`m nXmbm lrkmZoœarÀ`m Amoì`m
H$em ~gVmV Vo AmoirZo Ë`m§Zr XmIdbo Agm C„oI Hw$§Q>o àVrÀ`m n«mŠH$WZmV Amho.
H¡$. AÊUmgmho~ Hw§$Q>o `m§Zr nmR>m§Vao, Vi{Q>nm, eãXmW©, g§nH$ Amoì`m BË`mXr Vnerb XoD$Z
gXa ~d} àV g§nm{XV Ho$br. 1984 nmgyZ `m J«§WmÀ`m AZoH$ Amd¥Î`m {ZKmë`m AmhoV.
lram_ZamO n«H$meZmZo H¡$. Hw§$Q>o g§nm{XV àV à{gÕ Ho$br Amho. `m àVrMo gwb^ JÚ
ê$nm§Va Ho$edamO _hmamO Xoe_wI (bmoH${hVdmXtMo ZmVy) `m§Zr Ho$bo hmoVo. Vmo J«§Whr `mM
g§ñWoZo àH$m{eV Ho$bm. AmVm `m Hw§$Q>o àVrMr Amodr gyMrhr àH$m{eV Ho$br Amho. EH$m Qßß`mZo
nÕVeranUo `m g§ñWoZo gXa g§M nyU©Ëdmg Zobm Amho. `mnwT>o Hw§$Q>o àVrMm nXH$moehr Ë`m§Zr
V`ma Ho$ë`mg gd©M Aä`mgH$m§Mr gmo` hmoB©b. VgoM Ë`m nXH$moem~amo~a gd© eãXm§Mm AW©hr
{Xë`mg A{YH$M gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
gm¡. Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m gyMrbm na^UrMo àmMm`© am_Xmg S>m§Jo `m§Mm nwañH$ma Amho Va
n[a{eï>mV àmMm`© S>m§Jo `m§Zr emoYboë`m H$mhr ZdrZ Amoì`mhr {Xë`m AmhoV (`m Amoì`m§Mm
g_mdoe gyMrV _mÌ Zmhr). kmZoœa_hmamOm§À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm Am{U Ë`mVhr Hw$§Q>o àVrMm dmna
H$aUmè`m§Zm gXa g§X^©J«§W \$maM Cn`wŠV Amho.
AmodrgyMrMm Cn`moJ Ho$di Vr Amodr _mhrV AgUmè`m§Zm dm Vr nmR> AgUmè`m§ZmM
H$ê$Z KoVm `oVmo Ago Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr gmYZJ«§WmMm dmna hm dmnaH$Ë`m©À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda
Adb§~yZ AgVmo. àW_ MaUgyMrVyZ "OÝ_' `m eãXmnmgyZ gwédmV H$aÊ`mÀ`m {H$Vr Amoì`m
_mD$br {b{hVmV."OÝ_' hm eãX àW_ `moOVmZm Ë`m§Zm H$m` Zo_Ho$ gmYm`Mo Amho. "Voìhm',
"H$m', "Eog§ 'o , "Vo', "Oo', "Var' Aem AZoH$ eãXm§Zr gwédmV H$ê$Z lrkmZoœa_hmamO H$m` gmYy
nmhVmV. Aem ^mfmemñÌr` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aUmè`mbm Aem gyMrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
Xwgao Ago H$s {d{dY àVtÀ`m n{hë`m MaUgyMtMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Zo_H$s Amodr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 60
Hw$R>ë`m àVrV Amho (AWdm Zmhr) `mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r MaUgyMr Amdí`H$ R>aVo. _mÌ
Amnë`mH$S>o AOyZ {d{dY àVt_Ü`o nSy>Z am{hboë`m MaUgyMtMr gyMr AOyZ H$moUrhr V`ma
Ho$bobr Zmhr. qH$dm gd© àVtVrb MaUm§Mr EH$Ì gyMr Zmhr. BVa Aä`mgH$m§Zr nwT>o `oD$Z ho
H$m`© hmVr ¿`m`bm hdo.
❏❏❏
J«W
§ nmaIr ZOa - 6
nwÊ`mV T>_T>oao `m§M§ OwÝ`m nwñVH$m§M§ à{gÕ XwH$mZ hmoV§. Ë`m~Ôb S>m°. g. J§.
_mbeo Am{U S>m°. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z doimodoir _m{hVr H$ibr. T>_T>oao `m§Zm
g§emoYH$m§~Ôb àM§S> AmñWm, Va g§emoYH$m§Zm T>_T>oao `m§M§ Iyn Aàyn. Ë`m {Xder
T>_T>oao `m§Zm n¡emMr {H$Vr Amdí`H$Vm Amho, `mda EImÚm OwÝ`m J«§WmMr qH$_V T>_T>oao
gm§JV, Ag§hr EH$m g§emoYH$mZ§ gm§{JVb§ hmoV§. S>m°. _mbeo `m§Zr Vo ImoSy>Z H$mT>b§.
g§emoYH$mMr Am{W©H$ AdñWm, Ë`mMr Ë`m J«§Wm~Ôb {ZH$S> `mda T>_T>oao qH$_V R>adV,
Ag§ S>m°. _mbeo `m§M§ åhUU§. nwT>o T>_T>oaohr dmabo. Ë`m§Mm J«§Wg§Jh S>m°. am. qM. T>oao
`m§À`mgma»`m J«§Wào_r Am{U à{V^mdmZ Aä`mgH$-g§emoYH$mbm {_imbm, ho _amR>r
gmañdVmM§ ^m½`M åhQ>b§ nm{hOo. Ë`m§À`m J«§Wào_mMm Am{U à{V^oMm dmagm Ë`m§Mr
H$Ý`m AéUm {hÀ`mH$S>o Ambm, hohr _hÎdmM§.
nwÊ`mVë`m BVahr H$mhr OwÝ`m J«§W{dH«o$Ë`m§Mr AmR>dU hmoVo. "àmM{dÚo'
(BÊS>m°bm°Or, Amo[aEÝQ>m°bm°Or) À`m àgmamgmR>r J«§W à{gÕ H$aUmao Am{U g§emoYH$m§Zm
Ago J«§W {_idyZ XoUmao gaXogmB©, ZmJZmW nmamOdiÀ`m "AmZ§X' _m{gH$mÀ`m
H$m`m©b`mÀ`m OdiM amhUmao Am{U KamVyZM J«§W{dH«$s H$aUmao Jm|YioH$a, B§Q>aZ°eZb
~wH$ gpìh©g_Ü`o AmR>dS>çmMo ghm {Xdg J«§W{dH«$s H$ê$Z gmVì`m {Xder åhUOo
a{ddmar Ë`mM ~§X XwH$mZmÀ`m nm`è`m§da ñdV… {_idbobo OwZo J«§W {dH$Umao namS>H$a...
`m gdmªH$Sy>Z _bm H$mhr Zm H$mhr {_imb§ Amho. gaXogmB© `m§Zr "àmÀ`{dÚm{d^y{fV'
nmümÎ` g§emoYH$m§À`m N>m`m{MÌm§M§ EH$ gwaoI nwñVH$ H$mT>b§ hmoV§. Vo _mÂ`m g§J«hr
Amho. Jm|YioH$am§H$S>o EH$ Ag§M Xw_r©i nwñVH$ {_imb§. `mbm nÞmg én`o qH$_V
nS>ob, Ag§ Ë`m§Zr åhUVmM, _r åhUmbmo, e§^a én`o {Xbo Va Mmbob? Vo hgbo. _r
e§^a én`o {Xbo, VoìhmnmgyZ Ë`m§À`mer ñZohM Owibm. namS>H$am§ZrgwÕm añË`mda Z
_m§S>bobo, naXoer g§emoYH$ A{YH$ qH$_V XoD$ eH$VmV, `m g_OwVrZ§ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r
"amIyZ' R>odbobo, H$mhr _hmJS>o Xw_ui J«§W _bm AmZ§XmZ§ XoD$ Ho$bo. "Vwåhmbm Agm
EImXm Xw_r©i J«§W XoB©Z H$s OÝ_^a Vwåhmbm _mPr AmR>dU amhrb', Aer Y_H$s Vo
_bm {H$Ë`oH$ dfmªnmgyZ XoV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z EImXm Xw_r©i J«§WamO {_iob, `m
àVrjoV _r AOyZhr Amho. namS>H$a qOH$VmV H$s haVmV, ho H$miM R>adrb.
Aja{Zð>m§Mr _m§{X`mir
n¥. 78-79.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 61
do~
B§Q>aZoQ> dmnamMr Xhm df} d J«W
§ nmbZmMo ~XbVo Am`m_
n«m. _mohZ nmR>H$
B§Q>aZoQ>À`m dmnambm ^maVmV Xhm df} hmoV AmhoV. Xhm dfmªnydu AmíM`© R>abobm hm
"BÝ\$_}eZ gwna hm`do' (_m{hVrMm _hm_mJ©) AmO AZoH$ "g{d©g amoS²>g'er OUy OmoS>bm
Jobm Amho d `m OmiçmMm AmH$ma H$ënZmVrV dmT>bm Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌrMo ho ghmdo df©.
{dÚmnrR>mZo ghm dfmªndy u ho gXa Mmby Ho$bo Voìhm J«W§ nmbm§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aVrb Aem do~gmB©Q>²gMr
_m{hVr XoÊ`mMm CÔoe hmoVm. AmO do~gmB©Q²>gMr _m{hVr AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§VyZ d _moR>çm à_mUmV
{_im`bm bmJë`mda `m gXamV `m B§Q>aZoQ> _mÜ`_m~m~V doJù`m {df`m§da boI gmXa
H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna dmT>bm Vgo J«§WnmbZmMo Am`m_hr ~XbV Jobo. Amon°H$ d {deofV
do~ ~og²S> Amon°H$_wio AZoH$ J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§J«hm~Ôb _m{hVr {_iUo ghO Pmbo Agob Va
Vm{bH$sH$aUmÀ`m CËH«$m§VrVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm nma Ho$bm Jobm Ago åhUmdo bmJob.
J«§WnmbZmMo Am`m_ \$ŠV Vm{bH$sH$aU, J«§Wg§J«h, BË`mXr H$m_m§nwaVoM ~Xbbo Ago Zmhr Va
_m{hVr à{Vàmár, {dVaU, BË`mXr godm{Y{ð>V H$m_m§Mo ñdê$nhr ~XbV Jobo.
`m Xhm dfmªV J«§Wnmbm§Zm {deof _hÎdmMo dmQ>mdoV Ago ~Xb åhUOo do~gmB©Q²>gÀ`m
{ZdS>r~m~V d EImÚm do~gmB©Q>dê$Z _m{hVr S>mD$ZbmoS> H$aÊ`m~m~V ho AmhoV. EImÚm
dmMH$mg (Cn^moŠË`mg) Zo_H$s _m{hVr hdr Agob Va Vr {ZdSy>Z, VrM Zo_H$s gmB©Q> AmoiIUo
`m~Ôb Anojm dmT>ë`m. "B©-J«§Wnmbm§'Mo Va gd© H$m_ `m OJ^amVyZ AnbmoS> hmoUmè`m
_m{hVrda AmYm[aV Agm`bm bmJbo. nyduÀ`m nma§n[aH$ g§X^©gmYZm§Mo _hÎd {Q>Hy$Z Agbo
Var Ë`mMr »`mVr H$_r hmoV Mmbbr Amho. Ë`m_wio _m{hVrgodoV B§Q>aZoQ>Mo _hÎd {dbjU
dmT>b.o
`mM Xhm dfmªV Oo ~Xb KS>V Jobo Ë`mV AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm ~Xb g§JUH$mÀ`m dm
B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ CnbãY AgUmè`m _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mam{df`r. ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm h¸$
qH$dm H$m°nramB©Q>~Ôb OmJê$H$ AgÊ`mMr JaO nydu H$Yr Zmhr BVH$s dmT>br. {edm` B§Q>aZoQ>
g§~§YmVrb AZoH$ B§J«Or qH$dm A{YH$ AMyH$ gm§Jm`Mo Va Vm{bH$ g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoUo,
`mMrhr JaO dmT>br. AJXr gd©À`m gd© g§H$ënZm Xya, nU _yb^yV kmZ Amdí`H$ R>aV Jobo.
Ë`m_wio J«§Wnmbm§Zm `m~m~V Zì`mZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m JaOm dmT>ë`m. ZoQ>d{Hª$J, b°Z-d°Z,
_moS>o_, brO² bmB©Z, EMQ>rQ>rnr, BË`mXt~m~V {H$_mZ kmZ Va hdoM; nU `mì`{V[aŠV do~noO
{S>Pm`qZJ, gìh©a, Šbm`§Q> gìh©a [aboeZ{en, BË`mXt~m~Vhr _yb^yV _m{hVr JaOoMr R>aV
Jobr.
B§Q>aZoQ>À`m `m Xedm{f©H$ dmnamV J«§Wnmbm§Zm AmUIr Cn`wŠV R>aVrb Ago ~Xb
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 62
KS>V Jobo. CXmhaUmW©, gd© dV©_mZnÌm§À`m Amd¥Î`m CnbãY Pmë`m, AZoH$ àH$maMo H$moe,
AZoH$ J«§W{dVaH$ `m§À`mer g§nH$m©V `oÊ`mÀ`m eŠ`Vm dmT>ë`m. B§Q>aZoQ>_wio OJ Odi Ambo
Ago AmnU åhUVmo Voìhm J«§WnmbZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$m` Pmbo ho AmnU OmUyZ ¿`m`bm hdo. B©{Z`VH$m{bHo$, B©-nwñVHo$, B©-nÌ (qH$dm Q>nmb) `m§~m~V _m{hVr Oer hdr VerM BVa AZoH$
Cn`wŠV Jmoï>r _mhrV hì`mV.
nma§n[aH$ J«§WnmbZ, A{^OmV J«§WnmbZ `m§~amo~aM B©-~og²S> J«§WnmbZ (BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$
~og²S>) `m Xhm dfmªV OJ^a Ano{jV Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio AmO Zì`mZo J«§Wnmb hmoD$
nmhUmè`m§Zr Va `m JVrer _oi KmbyZ ¿`m`bm hdm AmhoM. nU {edm` "gmdY, EoH$m nwT>ë`m
hmH$m' `m AmoirVrb ^{dî`mMm doYhr KoV amhm`bm hdm Amho.
❏❏❏
J«W
§ nmaIr ZOa - 7
EH$m AO~ AZ² {d{já J«§Wg§J«mhH$mÀ`m M[aÌmZ§ _bm {ZIi AmZ§X {Xbm. Ë`m
lr_§V J«W§ g§Jm« hH$mMm ñd^md {MS>Imoa, _Vb~r, g§e`r, VmnQ> hmoVm. Ë`mMo nmZmnmZmda
nwamdo {_iyZgwÕm _bm _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m~Ôb H$m H$moUmg R>mD$H$, AWnmgyZ B{Vn`ªV
AmnwbH$sM dmQ>V Jobr. "nmoQ´>}Q> Am°\$ A°Z Am°ãgoeZ' ho M[aÌ (à{gÕr - 1967)
Amho ga Wm°_g {\${bßg `m J«§Wg§J«mhH$mM§, E. EZ. Eb. _Ý~r `m H|${~«OÀ`m qH$½O
H$m°boO_Ü`o J«§Wnmb Agboë`m J«§Wào_rZ§ {b{hbob§. ga Wm°_g {\${bßg (OÝ_
1792 - _¥Ë`y … 1872) `m J«§Wg§J«mhH$mÀ`m {d{jánUmMo AZoH$ {H$ñgo `m M[aÌJ«§WmV
AmhoV. Ë`mZ§ Amnë`m Omd`mdaM J«§WMm¡`m©Mm Amamon Ho$bm. _wbrZ§ ga Wm°_gbm
g_OmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm, Va Ë`mZ§ {VÀ`merhr Amnbo g§~§Y VmoSy>Z Q>mH$bo. ga
Wm°_g {\${bßg hm _wimV AZm¡ag nwÌ hmoVm, Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmVbr H$Qw>Vm BVam§er
Agboë`m Ë`mÀ`m g§~Y§ m_Ü`o doimodi
o r àH$Q> hmoB.© Hw$Qw>~§ r`, ñZohr, ghH$mar, ì`dgm`~§Yy... Ë`mÀ`mer AmoiI Pmboë`m gdmªerM Ë`mMm IQ>H$m CS>V Ago. nU Vmo EH$mM
doS>mZ§ PnmQ>bm hmoVm, hñV{b{IV§ Jmoim H$aV gwQ>Ê`mÀ`m. Ë`mMà_mUo OJmV "qàQ>'
Pmbob§ àË`oH$ nwñVH$ dmÅ>ob Vr qH$_V XoD$Z Amnë`m g§J«hr R>odÊ`mÀ`m. _wimV Vmo
~è`mn¡H$s lr_§V AZ² O_rZOw_bm ^anya Agbobm hmoVm, åhUyZM hm N>§X Ë`mbm
OmonmgV Ambm.
{_idbob§ nwñVH$ Vmo \$ma gwa{jV R>odr, Ag§hr Zmhr. eoVmdaÀ`m KamV OmJm
{_iob {VW§, AJXr ImoŠ`mVgwÕm Vmo Vo nwñVH$ ~§X H$ê$Z R>odV Ago. _mÌ H$moUrhr
J«§Wào_r, g§emoYH$ d Aä`mgH$ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Ambm, Va {H$Vrhr Xw_r©i nwñVH$ Agb§
Var Vo Ë`mbm hmVmiy XoV Ago. qH$~hþZm Vg§ H$aÊ`mV Ë`mMm Ah§ gwImdV Ago. AZoH$
g_H$m{bZm§Zr ga Wm°_g {\${bßgÀ`m ga~amB©Mm bm^ KoVë`mMo C„oI Ë`mÀ`m M[aÌmV
AmT>iVmV. Ë`mZ§ BVa J«§Wào_ter, AJXr J«§W{dH«o$Ë`m§ergwÕm Ho$boë`m ^m§S>UmMr dU©Z§
dmMVmZm Iyn J§_V dmQ>Vo.
åhUyZM H$moUV§hr J«§WnwamU ga Wm°_g {\${bßgMm C„oI Ho$ë`m{edm` g§ny
eH$Uma Zmhr.
Aja{Zð>mM
§ r _m§{X`mir, n¥. 126-127.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 63
AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm
Ah_XZJaMm Aà{gÕ nU A{ÛVr` H$moeH$ma
(qhXwñWmZr _amR>r H$moe)
n«m. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma
J«W§ nmaIr ZOa H$er AgVo Am{U Aem emoYH$ ZOam H$er
Xw_r©i aËZo emoYyZ H$mT>rV AgVmV `mMm CËH¥$ï> Z_wZm åhUOo
H¡$. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma `m§Mm hm boI ! J«§Wnmbm§Mr ZOahr AerM
V`ma ìhm`bm hdr ho H$moUmghr H$~yb hmoB©b.
H¡$. nmoVXmam§Zm H$moeH$mamMr _m{hVr {_imbr H$s Zmhr ho
H$im`bm _mJ© Zmhr. gÜ`m `m hñV{b{IVmMo ñdê$n H$go Amho ?
nwñVH$ê$nmV hm H$moe à{gÕ Pmbm H$m? Ah_XZJaÀ`m J«W§ nmbm§Zm
`mMm emoY KoVm `oB©b H$m? 1935 gmbr EH$m _m¡ë`dmZ aËZmMm
emoY nmoVXmam§Zr _. gm. n. Ûmam nwT>o AmUbm hmoVm. 70 dfmªZ§Va
Ë`mMm emoY KoÊ`mg H$moUr CÚwŠV hmoB©b H$m?
gm{hË`g§_obZà§gJr ~S>moÚmg OmUo Pmbo AgVmZm VoWrb Amo[aE§Q>b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>_Ü`o,
BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>Mo à_wI S>m°. ^Å>mMm`© `m§À`m H¥$noZo Amåhm§g EH$ hñV{b{IV H$moe nmhÊ`mg
{_ibm. gXahÿ H$moe gw_mao 55 dfmªnydr© aMÊ`m_Ü`o Ambobm Amho. {deof H$m¡VwH$mMr Jmoï>
Aer- gXahÿ H$moe Ho$di EH$m J¥hñWmZo Amnë`m ÑT>{Zð>oZo d n[al_mZo {gÕrg Zobobm Amho.
AbrH$S>rb H$mimV H¡$. am. AZ§Vamd H$miobo qH$dm H¡$. dmgwXdo amdOr AmnQ>o `m§Zr EH$EH$Q>çm§Zr
EH$ EH$ H$moe hmVr KoD$Z g§nUy © Ho$ë`mMr CXmhaUo AmnUm§g _mhrV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m CXmhaUmdê$Z
Ë`m§g Amnbo H$m_ nwao H$aÊ`mg {H$Vr l_ nS>bo AgVrb `mMr Mm§Jbr H$ënZm hmoVo.
h„r eãXH$moe_§S>imV\}$ _amR>r {dñV¥V H$moe à{gÕ hmoV Amho. Ë`mÀ`m n{hë`m
^mJmÀ`m àñVmdZoV AZoH$ n«{gÕ H$moem§Mm C„oI Ambm Amho. Ë`mV Amåhr Á`mMm AmO `oWo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 64
Aëngm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo `mo{Obo Amho Vmo H$moe Ambobm Zmhr. VWm{n EH$dma hm H$mooe
{dÛmZm§g n[a{MV AgUo Amåhmg Amdí`H$ dmQ>ë`mdê$Z Amåhr nwT>rb _m{hVr XoV AmhmoV.
hm H$moe B. g. 1878 V nwam Pmbm Ago {XgVo. `mMm H$Vm© ê$nqgh gw§Xaqgh ZmdmMm
ZJaÀ`m H$boŠQ>a H$MoarVrb EH$ ì`mg§Jr H$maHy$Z hm hmoVm. ì`mg§JmZo Ag_mZ pñWVrVhr
_mUgmg {H$Vr _moR>o H$m`© H$[aVm `oVo `mMo hm H$moe ho EH$ CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. B§J«Or ^mfoMm
H$moe EH$Q>çmÀ`m ~imda aMUmam S>m°. Om°ÝgZ² hm EH$ hmoD$Z Jobm. S>m°. Om°ÝgZ²À`m M[aÌmMo
ahñ` _hmamï´> g_mOmg g_OmD$Z gm§JUmao {Z~§Y_mbmH$ma {dîUwemñÌr {MniyUH$a ho d
Ë`m§Mr {Z~§Y_mbm hr XmoÝhr hm H$moe nwam Pmbm Ë`m doir JmOV hmoVr. na§Vw `m H$moemÀ`m
à{gÕrMm ^m½`moX` Ë`m doir Ambm Zmhr. Am{U AmVmhr `mnwT>o `oB©b Ago dmQ>V Zmhr.
S>m°. ^Å>mMm`© `m§Zr hm H$moe Jm`H$dmS> gaH$mamgmR>r 200 én`o {H$_Vrg {dH$V
KoVbm. H$mhr gmdH$mar ì`dhmamV aÔrV Omd`mÀ`m EodOr ho aÔrVrb aËZ àmMrZ J«§Wmnmbm§H$S>o
OmD$Z ~gbo. S>m°. ^Å>mMm`mªÀ`mgmaIm aËZnmaIr Jm`H$dmS> gaH$mam§À`m nXar hmoVm åhUyZM
hr Jmoï> KSy>Z Ambr.
gXahÿ H$moe gwdmÀ` AjamZo {b{hbobm AgyZ _O~yV H$mVS>r nwÇ>çmZo _T>{dbobm
Amho. hm \$magr qH$dm CXy© _amR>r H$moe Amho d Ë`mMr AH$ma{dëhohr Ë`mM ^mfoVrb H«$_mH«$_mZo
Amho. _yi eãXmMm _amR>r Cƒma XoD$Z d Ë`mMr _yi OmV gm§JyZ _J Ë`mMo CXy© {bnrV
dU©boIZ Ho$bo Amho. eodQ>r Ë`mMm AW© {Xbm AgyZ Ë`mMr gm{YVohr {Xbr AmhoV d Ë`m§Mohr
AW© gm§{JVbo AmhoV. _YyZ _YyZ AmYmamXmIb _wgb_mZr ~`Vhr {Xbobo AmhoV ho {deof
Amho. BVH$s _ohZV J«§WH$Ë`m©Zo hm H$moe aMVmZm KoVbr Amho.
Xoe^mfoMm A{^_mZ d {VMr godm H$aÊ`mMr bmbgm hr `m H$moeH$Ë`m©Mo {R>H$mUr
CËH$Q>ËdmZo dgV Agbobr {XgV Amho. J«§WH$mamZo Amnbo öX²>JV Amnë`m àñVmdZoV
_moH$ionUmZo gm§{JVbo Amho. ñd^mfoH$S>o Xwbj© Ho$ë`m_wio AmnU _¥Vàm` hmoD$Z Amnbo Zmdhr
CaUma Zmhr Ago ^` amOdmS>o `m§Zr Cƒmê$Z XmI{dÊ`mnydu 50 df} `m H$moeH$Ë`m©Zo ~mobyZ
XmI{dbo Amho.
Xoe gwYmaÊ`mg {dÚmd¥Õr hoM H$maU Ago hm H$moeH$Vm© gm§JVmo. Aem {dÚmd¥Õrg
_moR>_moR>o nJmaXma {H$Vr gmhmæ` H$[aVmV Vo AmnUm§ghr `m H$moeH$mamà_mUo AmO {dMm[aVm
`oB©b. EH$m EH$m eãXmH$[aVm H$moeH$Ë`m©Zo àhamMo n«ha _moS>bobo AmhoV. J«§WH$Ë`m©Zo hm H$moe
Amnbo dS>rb gw§Xaqgh d ~§Yy bN>_Zqgh `m§À`m _XVrZo {b{hbm. XwX£dmZo Vo XmoKohr 1878
gmbr _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§VamZo dmabo. `m H$moemMr V`mar 1870 gmbr gwê$ hmoD$Z 1878 gmbr
nwar Pmbr. åhUOo `m H$moemgmR>r AmR> df} J«§WH$ma gVV à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo Ago {XgVo. _amR>r
hr J«§WH$Ë`m©Mr ñd^mfm ZgVmZmXoIrb Ë`mZo {VMr BVH$s ~hþ_mob godm Ho$br ho IamoIaM
Ë`mg ^yfUmdh hmo`. Amnë`m ^mfoZo g§ñH¥$VmMr ~amo~ar H$amdr Am{U B§J«Ornojm {VZo _mJo amhÿ
Z`o Aer J«§WH$Ë`m©Mo _ZmV \$maM Vi_i Agmdr Ago {XgVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 65
`m H$moemV 40/45 hOma eãXm§Mm g§J«h Pmbobm Amho Ago S>m°. ^Å>mMm`© `m§Mo åhUUo
Amho. H$moU Oar N>mnbm Zmhr, Var Ë`mMm Cn`moJ ZdrZ H$moeH$mam§g I{MV nwîH$i hmoB©b.
am. ê$nqgh `m§Mr àñVmdZm {dMmam§Mo Ñï>rZo \$ma bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr dmQ>br åhUyZM
Amåhr Vr n{ÌHo$V N>mnbr Amho. J«§WH$Ë`m©Mr nwT>rb {dYmZo {deof _ZZr` AmhoV Ago
Amåhmg dmQ>Vo.
(1) Or Xoe^mfm Zìho, {VMm Ë`m Xoem_Ü`o {H$Vrhr \¡$bmd Pmbm d {H$Vrhr bmoH$m§Zr
OÝ_Mo OÝ_ {VÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o d àgmam_Ü`o Kmb{dbo, VWm{n Xoe^mfoH$S>o
Ë`m§Zr bj {Xë`mdm§MyZ ì`W© Amho.
(2) Á`m§Zm IamoIar B§J«OrMo Mm§Jbo kmZ Amho Ë`mVrb ~hþVoH$m§Zm ñd^mfoÀ`m
AkmZm_wio Ë`m {eH$Ê`mMm H$mhrM ñVwË` Cn`moJ H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
(3) bhmZWmoa H$m_Jma gw_mao VrZ hOma AgVrb nU Ë`m§À`m _moR>çm nJmamÀ`m
_mZmZo qH$dm XoegwYmaUoÀ`m _mZmZo nm{hbo AgVm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {dÚmd¥ÕrÀ`m
H$m_mH$[aVm {H$Vr gmhmæ` {_iVo ho Am~mbd¥Õm§g _mhrV AmhoM.
(4) `m XoemV lr_§Vm§nojm J[a~m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Amho Am{U {dÚm {eH$Ê`mg
gmYmaUV: J[a~m§MrM _wbo \$ma PQ>VmV. `mñVd hr AS>MU Xya ìhmdr Am{U
AÝ` ^mfoMo kmZ g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ gdmªg EH$gmaIo {_imdo hmhr EH$
_mPm hoVy Amho.
ZJa dmL²>_` _§S>imZo `m H$m_r Adí` bj nwadyZ H¡$.ê$nqgh `m§Mr _m{hVr emoYyZ
H$mTy>Z AmåhmH$S>o nmR>dmdr. Ë`m§Mo {MÌ {_imë`mghr nmR>dmdo Aer Am_Mr {dZ§Vr Amho.
_moR>_moR>çm {dÛmZm§ghr CXmhaU KmbyZ XoÊ`mOmoJo Oo H$m_ ê$nqghOr `m§Zr Amnë`m qhXwñWmZr
_amR>r H$moemÀ`m ê$nmZo H$ê$Z R>odbo Amho Vo AmnUm gdmªg AË`§V A{^_mZmñnX AgyZ Aem
ì`mg§Jr nwéfmMo AmnU ñ_aU R>o{dbo nm{hOo Ago dmQ>ë`mdê$Z Amåhr hr hH$sH$V dmMH$m§g
gmXa Ho$br Amho. ~S>moXo gm{hË`g§_obZmMo doir hm J«§W gdmªg nmhÊ`mMr gmo` Pmbr AgVr
Va ~ao Pmbo AgVo. S>m°.^Å>mMm`© `m§À`m H$¥noZo Amåhmg `m Anyd© J«§WmMo Xe©Z KS>bo `m~Ôb
Ë`m§Mo Amåhr Am^mar Amhmo. Am_Mo gmhmÜ`m`r lr_§V aKwZmWamd am`arH$a, ~r. E. `m§Zr
Am_MogmR>r `m H$m_r \$maM VgXr gmogbr ho `oWo Z_yX H$aUo ^mJ Amho. Am_À`m ZŠH$bH$mamg
_wim§Vrb eãX H$moR>o H$moR> bmJbo ZmhrV VWm{n Am_Mo H$m_ Ë`mdmMyZ \$mago AS>Ê`mgmaIo
Zmhr.
(_amR>r gm{hË` n{ÌH$m, df© 7 - A§H$ 5, OmZo 1935 n¥. 75-77)
❏❏❏
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 66
àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mg g§ñWm, R>mUo
`m§Mo J«W
§ mb`
AM©Zm JamQ>o
Joë`m H$mhr A§H$m§nmgyZ ^maVmVrb d¡{eï>çnyU© J«§Wmb`m§Mr
AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmao boI Amåhr à{gÕ H$obo. doJdoJir J«§Wmb`o
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mn`ªV OmdrV hm CÔoe Ë`m_mJo Amho. ^maVm~amo~aM
OJmVë`m H$mhr à_wI J«W§ mb`m§Mrhr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úm`Mm _mZg
Amho.
nwÊ`mÀ`m ^m§S>maH$a àmÀ`{dÚm g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo Ho$bobo H$m`©
_hZr` Amho. R>mÊ`mgma»`m ehamV (Oo _w§~B©_wio PmH$moiyZ Jobo
Amho) AerM EH$ g§ñWm C^r am{hbr Amho. {VMm hm n[aM`.
hñV{b{IVm§Mo J«§Wmb`, VoWrb g§J«h `m§Mr AmoiI Va
`m_wio hmoB©bM, na§Vw Or hñV{b{IVo {dÚmÏ`mªZm \$maer nmhm`bm
{_iV Zmhr, Ë`m§Mo H$mhr Zw_Zohr Ë`m§Zm BWo nmhVm `oVrb. `m_wio
OwÝ`m àmÀ`{dÚogma»`m {df`mMr AmdS> {Z_m©U hmoB©b Agm
{dídmg dmQ>Vmo. 2001 n`ªVMm hm nmhUr Ahdmb àW_ _w~§ B©
H|$ÐmVyZ M. Lib. Sc. Mm àH$ën åhUyZ àm. _mohZ nmR>H$ `m§À`m
_mJ©Xe©ZmImbr gmXa Pmbm.
àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgg§ñWoMm B{Vhmg
B.g. 1982 _Ü`o R>mÊ`mVrb S>m°. {dO` ~oS>oH$a `m§Zr àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgg§ñWoMr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZoVrb ~rOo B.g.1979 _Ü`o Q>m{o H$`mo `oWo ^aboë`m Am§Vaamï´>r`
nmVirdarb ñÌramoJVkm§À`m MMm©gÌmV amodë`mMo AmT>iVo.
àmMrZ ^maVr` d¡ÚH$emñÌ {df`mdarb `m MMm©gÌmV AZoH$ Xoem§Vrb ñÌramoJVkm§Zr
gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm, {dO` ~oS>oH$a VoWo ^maVmMo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ CnpñWV hmoVo. MMm©gÌmVrb
MM}V gXa {df`mda gd© à{V{ZYt_Ü`o A_o[aH$Z Vkm§Mo à^wËd OmñV Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 67
AmT>iZy Ambo. Amnë`mM XoemVrb àmMrZ d¡ÚH$emñÌmVrb _[mhVr AmnUm§g naXoer`m§H$Sy>Z
EoH$mdr bmJVo Amho `mMr I§V dmQ>br. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr àmMrZ ^maVr` {dÚm,
emñÌo d _mZì` g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXr {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.
`m {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwñVH$m§Mr CnbãYr A{Ve` _hÎdmMr AgVo.
B.g. 1979 À`m Xaå`mZ _mÌ R>mÊ`mV `m {df`m§darb nwñVH$m§Mm g§J«h AgUmao g_¥Õ
J«W§ mb` ZìhVo. VgoM ~oS>Ho $am§Zm Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda ^maVmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$amd`mMo Agë`mZo
{díZgZr` _m{hVr CnbãY hmoUo hr Ë`m§Mr g_ñ`m ~Zbr hmoVr. `m {df`mdarb Aä`mgmgmR>r
Vo g§nyU©nUo _w§~B©Vrb J«§Wmb`m§da Adb§~yZ hmoVo. ì`dgm` gm§^miyZ Ooìhm XaamoO _w§~B©V
OmD$Z hm Aä`mg H$aUo Ë`m§Zm H$R>rU OmD$ bmJbo Voìhm R>mUo ehamVrb `m {df`mbm
dm{hbobo EImXo J«§Wmb` Agmdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQy> bmJbo. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr R>mÊ`mVrb JS>H$ar
a§Jm`VZ `oWo 26 OyZ 1982 amoOr qhXy g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb emñÌ d {dkmZ `m {df`mda _wŠV
MMm©gÌ Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m Ago bjmV Ambo H$s, `m {df`mda gImob dmMZ
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g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m doir g§ñWog H$m`m©b`mgmR>r OmJm CnbãY Zgë`mZo gd© H$m_H$mO
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H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo emgH$s` AZwXmZ {_iV Zgë`mZo g§ñWoÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m
{ZYr~m~V àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm.
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{_idyZ {Xbr. Ë`m§Zr ~oS>oH$a d R>mUo _hmZJanm{bH$m `m§_Ü`o 1984 _Ü`o H$ama KS>dyZ
g§ñWog Zm¡nmS>m `oWrb emhÿ _mH}$Q> `m B_maVrÀ`m nm{hë`m _Oë`mda 2500 Mm¡.$\y$Q> OmJm
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àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgg§ñWoÀ`m J«W
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åhUOo R>mUo `oWrb àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgg§ñWm hmo`.
g§ñWoMo g§X^©J«§Wmb` d nwamUdñVwg§J«hmb` Ago XmoZ {d^mJ AmhoV. g§ñWoÀ`m
ñWmnZoÀ`mdoir J«§Wmb`mV Ho$di 3000 J«§W d 800 hñV[b{IVo hmoVr. gßQ>|~a 2001
AIoa g§ñWoH$S>o 19,650 J«§W, 3000 hñV{b{IVo d 500 N>mnrb nmoÏ`m AmhoV. ho gd©
dmMZgm{hË` g§ñWog XoUJrXmIb {_imbobo Amho. amOmnya `oWrb gw~moY nmQ>UH$a `m§Zr
B.g. 1985 _Ü`o 1500 nwñVH$m§Mm g§J«h g§ñWog XoUJrXmIb {Xbm. g§ñWog {_imbobr hr
gdmªV n{hbr XoUJr hmo`. B.g. 1988 _Ü`o _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m B{Vhmg {d^mJmMo VËH$mbrZ
S>rZ Om°O© _moamB©g `m§Zr B{Vhmg, Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, VÎdkmZ, BË`mXr {df`m§darb (B.g.1850
nmgyZ N>mnbobo ) 5,800 J«§W d {Z`VH$m{bHo$ g§ñWog {Xbo.1 B. g. 1995 _Ü`o {dO`
~oS>oH$a `m§Zr ñdV:Mm ImOJr 3,000 J«§Wm§Mm g§J«h g§ñWog {Xbm. R>mÊ`mVrb n§T>arZmW
Xoe_wI `m§Zr g§ñWog 4,000 J«§Wm§Mr _aUmoÎma XoJUr {Xbr. B.g. 1996 _Ü`o H$O©V
Odirb H$moB©i JmdmMo {Xd§JV d¡{XH$ Jm§Jb `m§Mm gw_mao 50 nmoÏ`m§Mm g§J«h d B.g. 2001
_Ü`o nwÊ`mMo g§ñH¥$V ì`mH$aU n§{S>V JUoeemñÌr eo§S>ço `m§Mm 302 Xw_ui nmoÏ`m§Mm g§J«h
g§ñWog XoUJrXmIb {_imbm. VgoM B.g. 2001 _Ü`oM Ho$ed Omoer `m§Zr 2,350 J«§W
g§ñWog {Xbo. JwOamV [agM© gmogm`Q>rZo {ejU{df`H$ J«§W d à~§Y g§ñWog XoUJrXmIb {Xbo
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1815 gmbMo B§{S>`m J°Po{Q>`a ho J«§W \$ma OwZo AmhoV. g§ñWoÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV AgUmè`m
J«§Wg§J«hmV Y_©, JrVm, Á`mo{Vf, Cn{ZfX, VÎdkmZ, B{Vhmg, H$moedmL²>_`, g§^mfUH$bm,
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H$moe, àm`píMV, d¡ÚH$, V§Ì d g§H$sU© Aem {Za{Zamiçm {df`m§Mm AV§^m©d Amho.
g§ñWoZo am~{dbobo CnH«$_
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d H$mbmZwH«$_mZo Zm|Xrg B{Vhmg åhQ>bo OmVo. B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMo EH$ à_wI gmYZ
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n[apñWVr~m~V _m{hVr {_iVo. Ë`mVyZ {_iUmar _m{hVr {dídgZr` g_Obr OmVo. hñV{b{IVo
àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgg§ñWoÛmao J«W§ mb`mg B. g. 2001 n`ªV e§^ahÿZ A{YH$ Xoer{dXoer
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 68
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 69
1984 gmbr {\$bmoS>opë\$`m (A_o[aH$m) `oWo ^aboë`m d 1987 gmbr boS> (hm°b§S>)
`oWo ^aboë`m OmJ{VH$ g§ñH¥$V n[afXoV g§ñWoÀ`m 25 à{V{ZYtZr ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. Am°pñQ´>`m
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1986 gmbr 15 Aä`mgH$m§Zr g§ñWoV\}$ MrZMm Xm¡am Ho$bm. Ë`mMdfu Am{e`mB© B{Vhmg
n[afXobm {dO` ~oS>oH$a d Eg. dm`. JmoIbo qgJmnya_Ü`o CnpñWV hmoVo. B. g. 1988 _Ü`o
{dO` ~oS>Ho $am§Zr nm{H$ñVmZMm Xm¡am H$ê$Z _mohm|OmoXS>m,o hS>ßnm, bmhmoa, H$amMr, BË`mXr ñWim§Zm
^oQ>r {Xë`m. `m{edm` g§ñWoZo àXe©Zo d {e{~aohr ^a{dbr AmhoV.
g§ñWoÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV 1985 gmbr R>mUo ehamMm XmoZ hOma dfmªMm B{Vhmg XmIdUmao
J«§W, d¥ÎmnÌ H$mÌUo d dñVy, N>m`m{MÌo `m§Mo àXe©Z Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. 1986
gmbr H$moedmL²>_`mMo àXe©Z d 1990 gmbr _w~§ B©À`m {àÝg Am°\$ doëg å`w{P`_À`m gh`moJmZo
n`m©daUmda àXe©Z ^adbo hmoVo. 2000 gmbr Ý`y B§p½be ñHy$b, R>mUo `oWo emioÀ`m
A_¥V_hmoËgdmV B{Vhmg àXe©Z g§ñWoZo Am`mo{OV Ho$bo hmoVo.
eof{Jaramd `m§À`m g§nmXH$ËdmImbr V`ma hmoUmè`m {h§XwËdm{df`rÀ`m {dídH$moemMr
npíM_ {d^mJr` ~¡R>H$ B.g. 1988 _Ü`o g§ñWoV ^adbr hmoVr. Ë`mg 50 Aä`mgH$ hOa
hmoV.o 1989 _Ü`o _{Unya d ZmJmb°S§ >À`m `wdH$m§H$[aVm ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm n[aM` `m {df`mda
VrZ gßVmhm§Mo {e{~a Am`mo{OV Ho$bo hmoVo. B.g. 1990 nmgyZ g§ñWoZo `moJ-Am`wd}X hm EH$
dfm©Mm nX{dH$m Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm Amho. 1991 gmbr ^maV gaH$maÀ`m {MÌnQ> {d^mJmÀ`m
gh`moJmZo "na§nam' hm _m{hVrnQ>m§Mm EH$ gámhmMm _hmoËgd Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
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_amR>rVrb 07 Va Vm{_i ^mfoVrb Ho$di 01 hñV{b{IV {XgyZ Ambo. _amR>r hñV{b{IVm§nH¡ $s
H$mhr {ZdS>H$ hñV{b{IVm§Mr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUoA.
Zmd
boIH$
df©
nmZo Amoir nyU/© AmH$ma
H«$.
AnyU© (go_r)
1. O¡{_Zr Aíd_oY
\${H$am nmogÊ`m
-- 96 -- nyU© 29 X118
2. J^©JrVm
-1871 -- 8 nyU© 20 X 10
3. am_Xmg J«W§
AmË_mam_
-- 25 9 nyU© 21 X 9
4. A§V^m©d
--- 17 -- AnyU© 20 X 9
5. OwZmQ> nwéf
am_Xmg
-- 8 -- nyU© 20 X 10
(_amR>r ^mfoVrb hñV{b{IVm§~m~V _m{hVr XoUmam VŠVm, VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 5)
hñV{b{IV H«$. 4 … OrU© hñV{b{IVmMm Z_wZm
Zmd … EoVao` ~«m÷U
boIH$ … am_M§Ð AZ§V OmoJ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 76
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 77
(7) nyU© d AnyU© hñV{b{IVo
J«§Wmb`mVrb hñV{b{IVm§n¡H$s 2,289 hñV{b{IVo nyU© AmhoV Va 673 hñV{b{IVo
AnyU© AmhoV.
(8) {bnr
àñVwV J«§Wmb`mV XodZmJar d _moS>r {bnrVrb hñV{b{IVo AmT>ibr. _moS>r {bnrVrb
hñV{b{IVm§Mr Zm|X XmIbZm|XdhrV Ho$bobr Zmhr. _moS>r {bnrVrb Ho$di EH$M hñV{b{IV
Amho. am_XmgM[aÌ `m {df`mdarb gXa hñV{b{IV AgyZ Vo AnyU© Amho.
(9) àVboIZ H$mimMm C„oI AgUmar / ZgUmar hñV{b{IVo
àñVwV g§Jh« mVrb hñV{b{IVo Á`m H$mimV {b{hbr Jobr Ë`m H$mimMm C„oI AgUmar
EHy$U 1164 hñV{b{IVo Va H$mimMm C„oI ZgUmar EHy$U 1798 hñV{b{IVo AmhoV.
(10) gdmªV OwZo hñV{b{IV
g§ñWoÀ`m g§J«hmV bú_rYa `mZo {b{hbobr B.g. 1551 _Ü`o {b{hbobr AÛ¡V _H$a§X
hr gdmªV OwZr nmoWr Amho.
A.
H«$.
Zmd
boIH$
1. AÛ¡V _H$a§X
bú_rYa
df©
nmZo
1551 24
Amoir nyU/© AmH$ma
AnyU©
--
nyU©
25X 10
(g§ñWoÀ`m g§J«hmVrb gdmªV OwÝ`m hñV{b{IVm~m~V _m{hVr XoUmam VŠVm, VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 6)
(11) g§J«hmVrb gdmªV AbrH$S>o {b{hbobo hñV{b{IV
gXa g§J«hmV B.g. 1959 _Ü`o {b{hbobo Mbà{Vð>m ho gdmªV AbrH$S>o {b{hbobo
hñV{b{IV Amho.
A.
H«$.
Zmd
boIH$
1. Mbà{Vð>m gImam_ Ho$ed ^Q>
df©
1959
nmZo
--
Amoir nyU/© AmH$ma
AnyU©
11
nyU© 25 X 10
d¡e§nm`Z
hñV{b{IV H«$. 5 … _amR>r hñV{b{IVmMm Z_wZm
Zmd … O¡{_Zr Aíd_oY
(g§ñWoÀ`m g§J«hmVrb gdmªV AbrH$S>o {b{hboë`m hñVm{b{IVm~m~V _m{hVr XoUmam VŠVm,
VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 7)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 78
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 79
hñV{b{IV H«$. 6 … g§ñWoÀ`m gdmªV OwÝ`m hñV{b{IVmMm Z_wZm
hñV{b{IV H«$. - … _moS>r {bnrVrb hñV{b{IVmMm Z_wZm
Zmd
Zmd … AX²dV¡ _H$a§X
boIH$ … bú_rYa, boIZ H$mb … 1551 (B.g.)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 80
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 81
g_mamon
Joë`m 30-32 dfmªV gwê$ Pmbobr R>mÊ`mVrb hr EH$_od g§ñWm. AënmdYrV `m
g§ñWoMm {dñVma \$ma _moR>m Zgbm Var _hÎdnyU© Amho. {d{dY àH$maMr J«§Wmb`o ehamV AgUo
hr Ë`m ehamVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mr \$ma _moR>r gmo` AgVo. _w§~B©, nwUo hr ehao Ë`m _mZmZo ^m½`dmZ
AmhoV. nwÊ`mMr ^m§S>maH$a àmÀ` g§emoYZ g§ñWm OJà{gÕ Amho. R>mUo ehamZo Ë`m§À`m nmdbmda
nmD$b Q>mHy$Z EH$ doJioM J«W§ mb` {Z_m©U Ho$bo hr _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm. J«W§ mb`mV hñV{b{IVm§Mm
g§J«h AgUo hr Xw_ui Jmoï> AgVo. na§Vw Á`m J«§Wmb`mV Xw_ui hñV{b{IVm§MmM Ho$di g§J«h
Ho$bm OmVmo, Aem J«Wmb`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ, godm `m {deof AgVmV. Oo Aä`mgy {VWo `oVmV
Ë`m§Zm godm XoÊ`mgR>r ho J«§Wmb` VËna AgVo ho gm§Jm`Mr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. nwT>o hr g§ñWm
R>mÊ`mVrb _hÎdmMr g§ñWm R>aob Agm {dídmg g§ñWoZo {Z_m©U Ho$bm Amho.
(g§ñWoÀ`m J«W§ mb`mVrb hñV{b{IVm§Mm Ë`m§À`m boIZH$mbmZwgma VŠVm, VŠVm H«$.8)
nwT>rb VŠË`mV B.g. 1951 Vo 1960, B.g. 1961 Vo B.g. 1970 Aem àH$mao
H$mimMo XeH$mZwgma JQ> nmS>bobo AmhoV.
hñV{b{IV H«$. 7 … g§ñWoÀ`m g§Jh« mVrb gdm©Vª AbrH$S>o {b{hboë`m
hñV{b{IVmMm Z_wZm
Zmd … Mbà{Vð>m
boIH$ … gImam_ Ho$ed ^Q> d¡en§ m`Z
boIZH$mb … B. g. 1959
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 82
A.
H«$.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
boIZH$mb
(B. g. _Ü`o)
1551 - 1560
1561 - 1570
1571 - 1580
1581 - 1590
1591 - 1600
1601 - 1610
1611 - 1620
1621 - 1630
1631 - 1640
1641 - 1650
1651 - 1660
1661 - 1670
1671 - 1680
1681 - 1690
1691 - 1700
1701 - 1710
AmboImVrb
g§km
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
CnbãY hñV{b{IVm§Mr
g§»`m
1
1
1
2
2
-1
5
-1
2
2
2
-3
1
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 83
X
1
1
3
5
7
23
32
25
34
46
55
75
75
74
Year of Manuscripts
P
O
N
M
L
K
G
F
C
A
B
D
E
1
1
150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
1
2
2
0
5
H
I
J
2
0
1
2
2
0
3
1
8
Q
13
R
S
23
T
21
50
U
71
V
90
W
X
146
99
Y
69
92
Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO
Scale
on Y Axis
1 cm = 5 Manuscripts
Y
A.
H«$.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
boIZH$mb
(B. g. _Ü`o)
1711 - 1720
1721 - 1730
1731 - 1740
1741 - 1750
1751 - 1760
1761 - 1770
1771 - 1780
1781 - 1790
1791 - 1800
1801 - 1810
1811 - 1820
1821 -1830
1831 - 1840
1841 - 1850
1851 - 1860
1861 - 1870
1871 - 1880
1881 - 1890
1891 - 1900
1901 - 1910
1911 - 1920
1921 - 1930
1931 - 1940
1941 - 1950
1951 - 1960
AmboImVrb
g§km
R
CnbãY hñV{b{IVm§Mr
g§»`m
8
13
S
23
T
21
50
71
90«
146
99
69
92
74
75
75
55
34
46
25
32
23
7
5
3
1
1
1162
Q
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
AA
AB
AC
AD
AE
AF
AD
AH
AI
AJ
AK
AL
AM
AN
AO
EHy$U
No. of Manuscripts
AmboI H«$. 1 … hñV{b{IVm§Mm Ë`m§À`m boIZH$mbmZwgma _m{hVr XoUmam AmboI
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 84
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 85
g§km-g§H$ënZm n[aM`
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw$§^ma
\$m°a²_°Q> åhUOo PDF \$m°a²_°Q> hmo`. PDF \$m°a²_°Q>_Yrb \$mB©b dmMÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr qàQ>
H$mT>Ê`gmR>rMr Amkmdbr (Adobe Acrobat Reader) `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo. hr
Amkmdbr.
http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/main.html `m
do~gmB©Q>dê$Z Amnë`m g§JUH$mda _mo\$V g§J¥hrV (Download) H$aVm `oVo.
(Am) àboI àXmZ godm (Document Delivery Service)
Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm AZoH$ Vm§{ÌH$, nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
`oVmV, g§km `oVmV. Ë`m§Mm Zo_H$m AW© bjmV Amë`m{edm` Vmo
eãX d Vmo Á`m g§X^m©V dmnabm Amho Vmo {dMma ZrQ> AmH$bZ hmoV
Zmhr Am{U åhUyZM {d{dY àH$maMo nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe V`ma
Ho$bo OmVmV. J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ `m {df`mgmR>r `.M._.
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo Oo dmMZgm{hË` V`ma Ho$bo Amho, Ë`mV AmdOy©Z
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX XoÊ`mMm gmVË`mZo n«`ËZ Ho$bm Amho, `m~amo~aM
J«§Wmb`memñÌmMm nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe hm CnbãY AmhoM.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§ n o j mhr AZo H $Xm AS> M U `o V o Vr g§ k m
(Concepts) g_OyZ KoVmZm. g§km§_Yrb Zo_H$m AW© g_OyZ Úmdm
bmJVmo. PDF, ao\$ab gpìh©g BË`mXr g§km AmnU Zoh_r ghO
dmnaVmo; na§Vw Ë`mMm Zo_Ho$nUm Ë`mV `oVmoM Ago Zmhr. `mdaMm
Cnm` åhUyZ Amåhr ho ZdrZ gXa gwê$ H$arV AmhmoV. `m {df`mVbo
Vk S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma ho Xa A§H$mV g§km n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUma AmhoV.
(A) nmoQ>}~b S>mŠ`w_o§Q> \$m°a²_°Q> (P.D.F)
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmVrb \$mB©ëgMr B§Q>aZoQ>da XodKod H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm hm \$m°a²_°Q> Amho.
hm \$m°a²_°Q> åhUOoM EH$ Amkmdbr Amho Vr AS>mo~ {gñQ>råg `m H§$nZrZo V`ma Ho$br Amho.
OJmVrb doJdoJio g§JUH$ Cn^moŠVo g§JUH$m_Ü`o _m{hVr gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJiçm
Amkmdbr dmnaVmV. VgoM àË`oH$ Cn^moŠVm doJiçm àH$mamMr \$mB©b g§aMZm dmnaVmo. àË`oH$
Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m \$mB©bVrb Ajam§Mm àH$ma, AmH$ma, a§Jhr doJdoJim Agy eH$Vmo. àË`oH$mÀ`m
g§JUH$mda doJdoJir Am°naoqQ>J {gñQ>r_ Agy eH$Vo. Aem {d{dYVm Agboë`m \$mB©ëgMm
EH$ g§JUH$mdê$Z Xwgè`m g§JUH$mda emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r, qàQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 86
J«§Wmb`mVrb {d{eï> àboImMr Poam°Šg àV (eŠ`Vmo {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boImMr
àV) Cn^moŠË`mbm Ë`mÀ`m Kar, H$m`m©b`m_Ü`o nmohmoMVr H$aUmar godm åhUOo àboI àXmZ
godm. Ë`mbm {_imboë`m àboImMr hr àV Cn^moŠVm H$m`_Mr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o R>ody eH$Vmo. hr àV
Ë`mbm J«§Wmb`mV naV H$amdr bmJV Zmhr. åhUyZM `m godoMr _mJUr {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V
Amho. hr godm ~hþVm§eH$ê$Z ewëH$mYm[aV AgVo.
AbrH$S>À`m H$mim_Ü`o ~aoM àboI g§JUH$m_Ü`o {S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmV gmR>{dbo OmV
AmhoV. {S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmVrb àboI J«W§ mb`o AmVm B©-_ob gmo~VÀ`m \$mB©b_Ü`o (Attatched
File) Cn^moŠË`mg nmR>drV AmhoV. `m godobm BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg àboI àXmZ godm Ago åhUVmV.
_w{ÐV àboImMr àV nmR>{dÊ`mnojm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ àboI àXmZ godm ñdñV Amho.
(B) ao\$ab godm (Referral Service)
Cn^moŠVo {d{eï> _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r J«W§ mb`mV `oVmV. na§Vw H$mhr doim Cn^moŠË`mg
nm{hOo Agbobr _m{hVr J«W§ mb`mH$S>o ZgVo. Aem "Cn^moŠË`mg _m{hVrÀ`m g§^mì` òmoVmH$S>o
`mo½` Ë`m _mJ©Xe©Zmgh nmR>{dUo åhUOo ao\$ab godm hmo`.' hm g§^mì` òmoV Xwgao EImXo
J«§Wmb`, g§ñWm qH$dm ì`ŠVrhr Agy eH$Vo.
H$moUVohr J«§Wmb` ñd`§nyU© Zmhr `m g§H$ënZoVyZ ao\$ab godoMm CJ_ Pmbm Amho. VgoM
Cn^moŠË`mg nm{hOo Agbobr _m{hVr Amnë`m J«W§ mb`mV CnbãY Zgbr Var Zmhr åhUmd`mMo
Zmhr. Ë`mbm _m{hVrÀ`m òmoVmn`ªV nmohmoMdm`MoM `m VÎdkmZmVyZhr ao\$ab godm CJ_ nmdbr
Amho.
ao\$ab godm XoÊ`mgmR>r J«W§ mb`o, g§ñWm, ì`ŠVr `m§À`m~ÔbMr _m{hVr AgUmao "ao\$ab
S>oQ>m~ogog' d "{ZX}{eH$m' (Directories) `m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
g§X^©
(1) {hñQ>mo[a`Z S>moZoQ²>g `w{Zìh{g©Q>r Am°\$ ~wŠg Qw> R>mUo BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>, X S>obr, 18 Owb¡
1988 … n¥. 6.
❏❏❏
kmZJ§JmoÌr … gßQ>|~a-Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a 2005 … 87
nÌì`dhma
H«$.
í`m_ OZmX©Z XmB§JS>o
"kmZJ§JmoÌr' À`m df© 5 A§H$ 2 _Ü`o S>m°. ~r. E. gÞmgo `m§Mm "amOm am__mohZ am°`
J«§Wmb` à{Vð>mZ ' hm boI à{gÕ Ho$bm hmoVm. gXa boI S>m°. gÞmgo `m§À`m E_. {b~. gmR>r
gmXa Ho$boë`m à~§YmVrb (2000) {ZdS>H$ ^mJ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mV ZdrZ `moOZm, `moOZoVrb
Zdo ~Xb, XwéñË`m g_m{dï> hmoD$ eH$bo ZìhVo.
nwUo `oWo amhUmÀ`m Am{U H$mooH$U ^dZ, _w§~B© `oWrb ghm`H$ J«§Wmb` g§MmbH$m§À`m
H$MoarVyZ "à^mar ghm`H$ J«W§ mb` g§MmbH$' nXmdê$Z 31 _o 2003 amoOr {Zd¥V Pmboë`m lr.
í`m_ OZm©XZ XmB§JS>o `m§Zr gXa boI dmMyZ A{YH$ _m{hVrMr ^a KmbUmao EH$ nÌ nmR>dbo.
gXa nÌmgmo~V AMyH$ d AÚ`mdV _m{hVrMm VŠVmhr nmR>dbm Amho. Vmo Vgm BWo Amåhr
à{gÕ H$arV AmhoV.
Books for the millions at their Doorsteps `m amOm am__mohZ am°` J«W
§ mb`
à{Vð>mZÀ`m nwpñVHo$Mo "gdmªgmR>r nwñVHo$' ho _amR>r ^mfm§Va Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo AgyZ Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>
V\}$ Vo àH$m{eV Pmbo Amho.
Ama.Ama. Eb.E\$. {df`rMr AÚ`mdV _m{hVr gXa boImV `oV ZìhVr `mMr éIéI
Amåhmg Ë`m doir \$ma dmQ>V hmoVr. lr. XmB§JS>o `m§À`m n«ñVwV nÌmZo Vr CUrd ^ê$Z {ZKmbr
Amho. Ë`m§À`m `m {deof ghmH$m`m©~Ôb Ë`m§Zm YÝ`dmX ÚmdoV VodT>o WmoS>oM AmhoV. dmMH$m§Zr
`m AÚ`mdV _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`mdm hr {dZ§Vr.
n¥ð> H«$_m§H$
Amoi H«$_m§H$
XoÊ`mV Ambobm
_OHy$a
2. 47/(A) (5) gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Zm
e¡j{UH$ CnH$«_mgmR>r Q>r.
ìhr. H$_ ìhr. gr. nr.
g§ M mgmR> r g_Vw ë `
AW©gmhæ`.
`moOZoV ~Xb - gwYm[aV `moOZm
""amÁ` _Ü`dVu J«§Wmb` ñVamImbrb gmd© O {ZH$ J« § W mb`m§ Z m
e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§gmR>r Q>r. ìhr., ìhr.
gr. nr. g§M qH$dm J«§Wmb`mVrb
X¡ Z § { XZ H$m_H$mOmgmR> r g§ J UH$
àmárH$[aVm g_mO {ZYr `moOZo_YyZ
AW©gmhmæ`''.
3. 47/(A) (6) {Oëhm ñVamImbrb
gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Zm
B_maV {dñVma
H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©gmhmæ`
`moOZm ZmdmV ~Xb. Zm|XUrH¥$V
{Oëhm J«§Wmb`m§Mm b^mWu åhUyZ
Zì`mZo g_mdoe. gwYm[aV `moOZm Zmd
""emgZmMr {Oëhm J«§Wmb`o dJiyZ
(B© e mÝ`o H $Srb amÁ`o gmo S y > Z )
H$mo U Ë`mhr dJm© À `m gmd© O {ZH$
J« § W mb`m§ Z m B_maV {dñVma
H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mZ {ZYr `moOZo_YyZ
AW©ghmæ`''.
4
47/(~)(2)
H|$X«emgZ nwañH¥$V
J«§Wmb`m§Zm gmhmæ`
`moOZm ZmdmV ~Xb. gwYm[aV `moOZm
Zmd ""Ho$Ч /amÁ` emgZ nwañH¥$V g§ñWm
Am{U J«m_rU ^mJmV gmd©O{ZH$
J«W§ mb` godm nwa{dUmè`m {dÚmnrR>mZ§ m
AW©gmhæ`''
5.
48 (7)
7 dr `moOZm XoÊ`mV
Ambobr Zmhr
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1.
n¥ð> H«$_m§H$
Amoi H«$_m§H$
40/9
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Cng§MmbH$, AZoH$ df} ghm`H$ J«§Wmb` g§MmbH$, à^mar
Cng§MmbH$.
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AMyH$ d AÚ`mdV _OHy$a
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6.
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Amoi H«$_m§H$
XoÊ`mV Ambobm
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53/AW©
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56/5, 6
2 d 3 gmR>r OmñVrV gwYm[aV AW©gmhmæ` é.25,000/
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9.
58/8
10.
59/A- 5
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é. 6,000/AZwH$« _m§H$ - 2 Zwgma
gwYm[aV AW©gmhmæ` é.10,000/
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11.
60/A-6
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AZwH«$_m§H$ - 3 - Zwgma
12.
61/13
J« § W mb`mV {H$_mZ J«§Wmb`mV {H$_mZ J«§W AgmdoV
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13.
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76/4
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ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb åhUyZ H$m`©aV. {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r. {b~. d E_. {b~.
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J«§Wnmb åhUyZ H$m`©aV. "kmZJ§JmoÌr' _Ü`o boIZ g_m{dï>.
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