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_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVrH|$Ðm§_Ü`o hmoUmè`m dmnam_wio
dmMH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV `oUmè`m godm§Mo ê$n nmbQ>bo Amho. J«§WnmbZmMo VÎdkmZ
Am{U _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMr {d{dY H$m¡eë`o, b¥ßË`m, àUmbr `m_wio _m{hVrMo
g§KQ>Z H$aUo VgoM `mo½` Ë`m doir {dVaU H$aUo A{YH$ J{V_mZ d {eñV~Õ
Pmbobo Amho. XaamoO ZdZdrZ _m{hVr àH$m{eV hmoV AgVo. dmMZgm{hË`
àH$meZmbm _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS> {_imë`mZo hr _m{hVr Iyn _moR>çm
à_mUmda CnbãY Pmbr Amho. J«W§ mb`m§_Ü`o CnbãY hmoUmè`m _m{hVrMo Am{U
_m{hVr-gmYZm§Mo `mo½` VèhoZo {Z`moOZ ìhmdo `mgmR>r _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMr _XV
A{Zdm`© Pmbr Amho. J«W§ mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmVrb `m dV©_mZ KS>m_moS>r
J«§Wmb` ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm kmV hmoD$Z ì`dhmamV Ë`m§Mo Cn`moOZ H$aVm Ambo
nm{hOo. `mH$[aVm _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmYm[aV boI àñVwV A§H$mV XoÊ`mMo `mo{Obo
Amho.
B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna AmnU gd©M joÌm§_Ü`o H$aVmo AmhmoV. J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`ohr
doJdoJiçm godm XoÊ`mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ>Mm Cn`moJ hmoV AgVmo. B§Q>aZoQ> Am{U do~ ho
eãX AmnU ghOJË`m dmnaV AmhmoV. ho XmoÝhr eãX dmnamVrb ~m~r, g§H$ënZm
S>m°. am_Xmgr `m§À`m "B§Q>aZoQ> Am{U do~' `m boImV ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
gÜ`m do~ 2.0 V§ÌkmZmMm ~mob~mbm Mmby Amho. `m AZwf§JmZo ho V§ÌkmZ H$m`
Amho Am{U Ë`mMm J«§Wmb`mV H$gm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV `oVmo `m g§X^m©Vrb
S>m°. \$S>Ho$ `m§À`m "bm`~«ar 2.0 V§ÌkmZmMm J«§Wmb`mV Cn`moJ : do~ 2.0
V§ÌkmZmMr AmoiI' `m boImVyZ ZmdrÝ`nyU© _m{hVr {_iUma Amho. {S>{OQ>b
`wJm_Ü`o "_m{hVr gmR>dU' `mbm A{YH$ _hÎd àmá Pmbobo Amho. doJdoJiçm
àH$maMo S>oQ>m~ogog _m{hVr {dVaUmgmR>r CnbãY AmhoV. `m g§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr
àm. XodYa `m§À`m "_m{hVr JmoXm_o Am{U _m{hVr CËIZZ' `m boImV g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m à^mdm_wio J«W§ mb`m§Mo ñdê$n ~XbV
Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. `m ~Xbm§Mm {dMma J«§Wmb` B_maV ~m§YVmZm H$aUo
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
2
Amdí`H$ R>aV Amho. {deofV: J«§Wg§J«hmÀ`m ~XbË`m ñdê$nm_wio nma§n[aH$
_m{hVr-gmYZm§Mr OmJm _m{hVr A°gogZo KoVbr Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>, B©-_ob, B©OZ©b, grS>ram°_ Q>oZm°bm°Or, S>oQ>m~ogog, bm`~«ar ZoQ>dg©, H$Ýgmo{e©`m, `m§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ CnbãY hmoUmar _m{hVr Am{U {VMr CnbãYr H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr OmJm
d gmYZo `mgmR>r B_maV ~m§YVmZm `mo½` Vo {Z`moOZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
gd©gmYmaUnUo _w{ÐV d A_w{ÐV gmYZm§Mm g§J«h J«§Wmb`m§Zm H$amdm bmJVmo.
Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVr H|$Ðm§Mo ñdê$n ho g§H$[aV Pmbobo Amho.
àm. nmoVXma `m§Zr "J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ' `m boImV J«§Wmb` B_maVrMr
_yb^yV VÎdo, J«§Wmb` B_maVrMr ^maVr` à_mUHo$, `mda MMm© Ho$bobr Amho.
`m{edm` Zì`mZoM à{gÕ Pmboë`m nwñVH$m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambm
Amho. `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m _m{hVremñÌ {ZîUmV
{ejUH«$_mÀ`m 2008-09 À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr gmXa Ho$boë`m àH$ënm§Mr `mXrhr
`m A§H$mV N>mnbr Amho. E_.{b~. À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm àH$ën{df` {ZdS>rgmR>r
gXa `mXr Cn`wV R>aob Agm {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.
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kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
3
B§Q>aZoQ> d do~
S>m°. ZmJZmW am. am_Xmgr, gr.S>°H$, nwUo
(1) Ñí` AWdm ~mø ñVa (Physical Layer)
`m ñVam_YyZ gm§Ho${VH$
g§Xoe (Signals) nmR>{dbo OmVmV.
(2) AÑí` Agm Vm{H©$H$ ñVa (Logical Layer)
`m ñVam_YyZ _OHy$a
qH$dm Vnerb (Data) nmR>{dbm OmVmo.
2.1 ~mø ñVa
1. àñVmdZm
"B§Q>aZoQ>' d "do~' `m XmoZ g§km g§JUH$mÀ`m dmnam_Yrb AË`§V àM{bV Aem
g§H$ënZm AmhoV. g§JUH$VÁkm§Zm `m§_Yrb \$aH$ gwñnï>nUo _mhrV AgVmo. VWm{n,
~mobVmZm qH$dm X¡Z§{XZ dmnam_Ü`o `m g§km§_Yrb \$aH$ OmUrdnyd©H$ bjmV KoVbm
OmV Zmhr. qH$~hþZm, hm \$aH$ Zoh_rM g§{X½YnUo AYmoao{IV hmoVmo. ~hþVm§er B§J«Or
boIm§_YyZhr 'The Net' (g§JUH$s` Omio) qH$dm 'The Web" (_m{hVrMo g§JUH$s`
_hmOmb) `m XmoZ gwQgwQ>rV eãXm§Mm dmna AmbQy>Z-nmbQy>Z Ho$bm OmVmo. gm_mÝ`V:
g§^mfUm§_YyZhr Ë`m§Mm g_mZmWu dmna Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. Holmes, Neville `m§Zr
'IEEE Computer' `m à{gÕ {Z`VH$m{bH$mV (gßQ>~
| a 2005, noO 106-109)
`m XmoZ g§H$ënZm§~m~V Vnerbdma {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. `m {ddoMZmVyZ darb XmoZ
g§H$ënZm§_Yrb gr_maofm ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
2. B§Q>aZoQ>Mr g§aMZm
'Net' qH$dm 'Web' ho eãX gwQ>gwQ>rV Agë`mZo {b{hVmZm g§^mfUmVyZ dmnabo
OmV Agbo Varhr Ë`mgmR>r "B§Q>aZoQ>' Agm eãXM dmnaUo `mo½` hmo`, Ago hmoëåg
åhUVmV. EH§$Xa A§H$s` d¡pídH$ _hmOmb (Digital Networking World) {dMmamV
KoVm d Ë`mA§VJ©V KQ>H$m§Zm g_OyZ KoVë`mg `m XmoZ g§km§_Ybm {ZpíMV \$aH$ g_OÊ`mg
_XV hmoVo. g§JUH$s` Omiçm§darb _m{hVrMr AmXmZ-àXmZ qH$dm _m{hVrMo g§àofU
(Information Communication) ho {deofV: A§H$s` _OHw$amÛmao (Digital
Data) hmoVo. Ago g§àofU "B§Q>aZoQ>' åhUOo g§JUH$s` OmoS>Ur g§aMZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
hmoV.o "B§Q>aZoQ>' eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr d ì`már Xmohm|Mm {dMma H$aVm, A§H$s` g§Xe
o (_m{hVr)
dhZmgmR>rMo XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ g§JUH$m§Zm OmoS>Umao Omio Aer g§aMZm Ü`mZmV `oVo.
`m g§JUH$s` g§aMZoMo _w»`V: XmoZ ñVa AgVmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
4
B§Q>aZoQ>À`m ~mø ñVam~m~V g{dñVa g_OmdyZ KoVm hm ñVa {d{dY Aem
g§JUH$s` OmoS>UrMm ~Zbobm AgVmo. Aem g§JUH$ OmoS>UrgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m
Vma V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo. Ogo, Fiber, Coaxial cable, dJ¡a.o AmOH$mb
Aer OmoS>Ur Vma{da{hV qH$dm {~ZVmar ñdê$nmVhr AgVo. `m Vmam§Ûmao AWdm {~ZVmar
nÕVrZo g§Xoem§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ago g§XoedhZ qH$dm g§XoemMo àjonU
Vmam§_YyZ {dÚw{VH$s (Electronics) ñdê$nmV hmoV;o Va V§VVw maoVZy (Fiber) \$moQ>m{ZH$
ñdê$nmV hmoVo. {~ZVmar OmoS>Ur Xaå`mZ A§VamimVyZ Ago g§XoedhZ hmoVo. àjo{nV
Ho$bobo g§Xoe Mw§~H$s` V§ÌkmZmZo g§M{`V Ho$bo OmVmV. `mgmR>r {Za{Zamir à_mUHo$
ApñVËdmV AmhoV. g§~§{YV V§ÌkmZ VgoM Ë`m§À`m à_mUH$m§_Ü`o gVVÀ`m g§emoYZmVyZ
gmaIo ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ gwYm[aV Aem ZdZdrZ ~m~r `m joÌmV `oV amhVmV.
darb g§Xoe g§M{`V H$aÊ`mgmR>r _m{J©H$m (Routers) qH$dm g§JUH$m§Mm dmna
Ho$bm OmVmo. Aem g§JUH$m§Zm "H|$ÐH$' (Node) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. 1990 À`m
Amgnmg g§JUH$s` OmoS>Ut_Ü`o 'Mainframe Computer' Mm H|$ÐH$ åhUyZ dmna
Ho$bm OmV Ago. XmoZ H|$ÐH$m§À`m Xaå`mZ _m{J©H$m§Mo H$m`© MmbVo. dhZg§Xoem§Zm
_m{J©Ho$_Ü`o VmËnwaVo gmR>dyZ nwT>o àjo{nV Ho$bo OmVo. Q>moH$m§H$S>o H$m`©aV AgUmè`m
g§JUH$m§Zm "gìh©g©' (Servers) Ago Zmd Amho. _amR>r_Ü`o Ë`m§Zm "godH$ g§JUH$'
åhUVm `oB©b. ho godH$ g§JUH$ g§Ho$V g§Xoem§Mr XodKod H$aVmV. g§JUH$s` Omiçm§da
OmoS>bobo Ago g§JUH$ H|$ÐH$mMo H$m`© H$aVmV. nr.gr., b°nQ>m°n, nm_Q>m°n, gwYm[aV
^«_UÜdZr, BË`mXr gmYZo AmOH$mb H|$ÐH$ (Nodes) åhUyZ dmnabr OmVmV.
hr gd© gmYZo _OHy$a g§M{`V H$aVmV. Aem g§M{`V _OHw$amMr gwajm H$aVmV.
Aem g§M{`V _OHw$amg ñWmZXe©H$ AmoiInÌ Identification Location {Xbo
OmVo. Aem AmoiInÌm_wio H|$ÐH$m§Mo qH$dm Ë`m§À`m dmnaH$Ë`m©Mo gmYmaU ñWmZ
g_OVo. `mgmR>r g§Ho$VñWim§Zm Z§~a d nÎmm {Xbm OmVmo. Aem àH$mao ~mø ñVam_Ü`o
g§Ho$V g§Xoem§Mr XodKod (Signal Transmission) qH$dm AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$bo OmVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
5
2.2 AÑí` Vm{H©$H$ ñVa
Ñí` ñVamV dU©Z Ho$bobo gm§Ho${VH$ g§Xoe Ë`mgmo~V _OHw$amMr AmXmZ-àXmZ
H$aVmV. Agm _OHy$a H«$_mJV nÕVrZo do{ï>V (Wrappings) ñdê$nmV H|$ÐH$m§H$S>o
àjo{nV Ho$bm OmVmo. Aem do{ï>V _OHy$a g§Mmbm "n°Ho$O' Ago Zmd Amho. Aem AZoH$
n°Ho$O ñdê$nmVrb _OHy$a g§Mm§n¡H$s EH$mda gm§p»`H$ AmoiI nmR>{dbr OmVo. `mdê$Z
H|$ÐH$mMo J§Vì` ñWmZ g_OyZ `oVo. ho J§Vì` ñWmZ åhUOoM B§Q>aZoQ>darb g§Ho$V-ñWi
(Internet Protocal Address) hmo`. `mg J§Vì` ñWmZmMm nÎmm Agohr åhUVm
`oBb
© .
Aem àH$mao B§Q>aZoQ> V§ÌkmZm_Ü`o ~mø OmoS>UtMm dmna H$ê$Z _OHy$a AmXmZàXmZmMo H$m`© MmbVo. da {ddoMZ Ho$ë`mà_mUo Agm _OHy$a H«$_mJV g§M ñdê$nmV
(Packeges) g§Ho$VñWimÀ`m nÎ`mÀ`m (IP Adddress) CoIm§gh àjo{nV Ho$bm
OmVmo. Ago g§Ho$VñWmZmMo nÎmoM B§Q>aZoQ> g§aMZo_Yrb AÑí` (Logical) ñVamMo
ApñVËd ñnï> H$aVmV. Aem àH$mao J§Vì` ñWmZ nÎmm (IP Address) d H«$_mJV
g§M ñdê$nmVrb _OHy$a àjonU `m XmoZ Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m à{H«$`m `m ñVam_Ü`o g_m{dï>
AgVmV.
g§Ho$VñWi nÎ`mÀ`m (gm§p»`H$ nÕVrÀ`m) bm§~rdê$Z OmoS>UrVrb H|$ÐH$m§À`m
g§»`oMr _`m©Xm R>abr OmVo. B§Q>aZoQ> àmoQ>moH$mobÀ`m àM{bV (Amd¥Îmr 4 qH$dm 6)
à_mUH$ ({Z`_mdbr) Zwgma hr _`m©Xm AË`§V H$_r Amho. gwYm[aV V§ÌkmZm_Ü`o hr
_`m©Xm dmT>{dbr OmD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio g§XoedhZ gwH$a d AmUIr doJdmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
ømMm n[aUm_ ÑH²$lmì` _OHy$a àjonUmgmR>r hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H$maU Aem _OHw$amMm
AmH$ma IynM OmñV AgVmo.
B§Q>aZoQ> A§VJ©V OmoS>UrVrb g§JUH$mg IP Address Mo ñdê$n `m àH$mao
AgVo. Ogo, 127.0.0.1
253.16.44.22 BË`mXr.
S>m°Q>Zo OmoS>boë`m g§»`og "S>m°Q>oS> ¹$mS>' (Dotted Quad) Ago åhUVmV. da
dU©Z Ho$ë`mà_mUo `m§Mr bm§~r 256 nojm OmñV ZgVo. `mA§VJ©V IPH à_mUH$mAZwgma
doJdoJio 4.3 billion (_hmnÙ) IP Address Mr _`m©Xm Amho. IP 6 `m gwYm[aV
à_mUH$mAZwgma hr _`m©Xm 34 namY© (18 eyÝ`o) Billion (_hmnÙ) BVH$s dmT>ob.
g§ J UH$s` do ~ no O {MÝhm§ { H$V ( www.domain name address )
AmoiIrnojm IP AmoiI doJir AgVo d hrM Iar do~ gìh©aMr AmoiI qH$dm nÎmm
AgVo. àË`jm_Ü`o dmnaH$Ë`m©À`m emoYgw{dYogmR>r B§J«Or Zmd dmnabo OmVo. Ogo,
72.246.51.15 = www.nasa.gov. dJ¡ao. {d^mJr` B§Q>aZoQ> godm nwa{dUmè`m
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
6
àdV©H$mg (ISP Agency) bm B§Q>aZoQ>Mm A{YH¥$V IP Address {_iVmo. Agm
àdV©H$ àË`oH$ godH$ g§JUH$ d dmnaH$Ë`m©bm IP Address XoVmV. `mÀ`m `§ÌUoMo
gmYå`© XyaÜdZr H«$_m§H$mÀ`m `§ÌUoer Ho$ë`mg ho bjmV `mdo. IP Address bm gwajm
AmdaU (Masking or Password) XoUo e` AgVo. OJm_Yrb Hw$R>ë`mhr
dmnaH$Ë`m©Mo ñWmZ IP Address _wio gmYmaUnUo g_OVo.
3. do~ g§aMZm
eãXe: AW© H$moiçmMo Omio. H$moiçmÀ`m Omiçmer ê$nH$mË_H$ gmYå`©
Agë`mZo 'The web' hr g§km dmnabr OmVo. da dU©Z Ho$ë`mà_mUo B§Q>aZoQ> g§H$ënZm
aoëdoÀ`m B§{OZmgmaIo H$m`© H$aVo. B§Q>aZoQ> A§VJ©V FTP, e-mail, www, chat,
Telnet, Gopher, P2P, TCP/IP, BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m CnOmoS>Ur `oVmV. 1960
nmgyZ H$m`©aV Agboë`m bjmdYr Ho$~b (Vmam) d g§JUH$m§Zm OmoS>Umar nm`m^yV
gw{dYm B§Q>aZoQ> Mo web ho EH$ AË`§V bmoH${à` CnOmio Amho. ho Omio HTTP
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocal) `m d¡`mH$aUH$s` g§JUH$s` ^mfoda AmYm[aV
AgVo. àmoQ>moH$moëg åhUOo CnOmiçm§À`m d¡`mH$aUrH$ ^mfmM hmoV. àË`oH$ Aem
^mfoMo doJio Ago EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo. Ogo, HTTP do~noOgmR>r, (~°H$ AH$mD§$Q>bm
Login H$aÊ`mgmR>r, BË`mXr)
SMTP/POP ® e-mail gmR>r
FTP - File download gmR>r
da Co { IV {d{dY CnOmo S > Ê `m§ g mR> r {d{eï> g§ J UH$ AmkmdbrMr
(Software) Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. (Ogo, www gmR>r HTTP, web Browsers
(Netscape, MS Internet Explorer). HTTP Mm Cn`moJ da dU©Z Ho$bm Vgo
do~Mr (AZw^d) g¡a H$aÊ`mgmR>r Web Browsers Cn`moJr nS>VmV. `m àH$mao
àË`oH$ CnOmoS>Ur qH$dm CnOmiçm§gmR>r doJdoJiçm Amkmdbr Amdí`H$ AgVmV.
Ë`mVyZ _m{hVrÀ`m AmXmZ-àXmZmMr Vm{H©$H$ (Logical Network) e¥§Ibm
ApñVËdmV `oVo. qH$~hþZm `m {d{dY CnOmiçm§VyZ EH${ÌV Agm AZw^d åhUOo
B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVrMr ghb hmo`. Ogo, g§JrV, {MÌ\$sV nmhÊ`mgmR>r P2P Mm
Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
1995 gmbmV Tim Berners-Lee `m www À`m OZH$mZo HTML `m
à_mUH$mMm qH$dm {Z`_mdbrMm dmna H$ê$Z Z¡g{J©H$ ^mfoVrb _OHw$ambm g§JUH$s`
nS>Úmda (B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _hmOmbmdarb) gm§Ho${VH$ ñdê$nmV ê$nm§V[aV Ho$bo
(Encoded). `m {Z`_mdbr_wio _OHw$amMo g§JUH$s` nQ>bmdarb gmXarH$aU,
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
7
(g§aMZm qH$dm {bImU) e` Pmbo. _OHy$a boIZmgmR>r Ajam§Mm AmH$ma, a§J,
AZwH«$_ gmaUr, à{V_m, BË`mXr gmXarH$aUmgmR>rÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo {Z`_Z VgoM
{ZpíMVr Ë`mVyZ e` Pmbr. `mgmR>r `mda AmYm[aV g§nmXH$ Amkmdbr hr CnbãY
Amho. `mgmR>r URL hr g§H$ënZm Cn`moJr nS>Vo. URL åhUOo Universal
Resource Locator (OmJ{VH$ AmoiInÌ). àma§^r `mg URI-Universal
Resource Identifier Agohr Zm_H$aU hmoVo. `m_mJrb H$ënZm Aer hmoVr H$s,
XyaÜdZrà_mUo g§JUH$ `§Ì d do~noObm AmoiI {Z_m©U H$aUo qH$dm nÎmm XoU.o AmOn`ªV
31 _hmnÙ (billion) nojm OmñV (web page) _m{hVrÀ`m g§Ho$VñWim§Zm VgoM
g§JUH$s` _hmOmiçm§_Yrb àjonH$m§Zm (Internet Transmitters) URL Zmdo
{Xbr AmhoV.
Ogo, http://www.unipune.ernet.in
http://www.cdac.in
gopher://804.170.108
ftp://ftp.download.com/pull, BË`mXr.
CXmhaUmV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo URL Mr d¡{eîQ>ço Aer (1) URL d IP Address Xmohm|_Ü`o gmYå`© AgyZ AmbQy>Z-nmbQy>Z EH$-
AmoiI H$ê$Z XoV.o àM{bV See/See also à_mUo hr g§X^©e¥§Ibm H$m`© H$aVo. g§X^©
àboIm§Mr gyMr d CoIZmMo ho gm_mÝ` ñdê$n åhUVm `oVo. Aem g§X^©e¥§Ibm
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kmZJ§JmoÌr
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5.3
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5.5
5.6
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kmZJ§JmoÌr
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do~ 1.0 A§VJ©V B§Q>aZoQ> godm V§ÌkmZ
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AmoiI H$ê$Z KoV AmhoV. ho ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ J«§Wmb`mV H$go dmnaVm `oB©b `m~Ôb
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dmnaÊ`mMo Vo EH$ ñdê$n Amho. do~ 2.0 A§VJ©V V§ÌkmZ g§km Á`mMm `mAmYr CoI
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O°H$ E_. _°Zog (Jack M. Maness) `m§Zr {Xboë`m ì`m»`o_i
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2.0 hmo`.''
"Application of interactive, collaborative and multimedia web
based technologies to web based library services and collection."
darb n[aÀN>oXmVyZ do~ 2.0 Am{U Library 2.0 `m§Mm nañna g§~Y g_OyZ
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AmoiI H$aÊ`mH$S>o diy `m.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
17
(5) do~ 2.0 V§ÌkmZ g_yhmMr AmoiI
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kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
18
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J«W§ mb`mZo Amnë`m godmgw{dYm§~Ôb ñdV: ãbm°J V`ma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ãbm°JÀ`m
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ZdrZ CnbãY _m{hVròmoVm§{df`r Vnerb, J«§Wmb`mH$Sy>Z gmXa hmoUmao H$m`©H«$_,
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gwYm[aV d AÚ`mdV R>odÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
19
5.3 {d{H$O (Wikis)
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VgoM _m{hVr à{Vàmár H$m¡eë` àmá H$aUo `mda OmñV ^a {Xbm OmVmo.
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5.7 gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J (Social Networking) / gmoeb ~wH$_m{Hª$J
(Social Bookmarking)
5.8 pâbH$a (Flicker)
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g§X^© `mXr
(1) Bradlay, Phil, How to use web 2.0 in your library, London :
Fecet Publishing, 2007.
(2) Maness, Jack, M., Library 2.0 theory : web 2.0 and its
implications for Libraries, Webology vol.3, No. 2, June 2006,
(Accessede in July 2009).
(3) O'Reilly, T. "What is Web 2.0, Published on O'Reilly http://
www. oreilly.com/(Accessed in July, 2009)
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Amd¥Îmr, nwZ_©wÐU 2009, nwUo, `w{Zìhg©b àH$meZ, 2009.
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_moO_mn H$amd`mMo Va n¥Ïdr Vo gy`© Aem bm§~rMr åhUOo 93 Xebj _¡b bm§~rMr
12 nwñVHo$ ^aVrb EdT>r _m{hVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho Am{U hr _m{hVr gwa{jV R>odUo
Am{U Ë`mVrb _m{hVrMo bmJob Voìhm nwZJ«©hU JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r n`m©` Amho Vmo
_m{hVr JmoXm_m§Mm. `m à`mgmMm _yi CÔoe {deof _m{hVrgmR>çmV gwb^ àdoe XoD$Z
{ZU©` AmYma Cnm``moOZ Ogo, ì`dñWmnH$s` Ahdmb emoY àíZmdbr, {ZU©` AmYma
ì`dñWm Am{U ì`dñWmnH$s` _m{hVr ì`dñWm. _m{hVr JmoXm_ `mMm AmdmH$m {dñV¥V
AgyZ Ë`mV H$m`©aV ì`dñWo_Yrb _m{hVrMm _mJmodm Am{U BVa ~mø òmoV, _m{hVrV
gwYmaUm, Zo_Ho$nUm, {ZU©`à{H«$`ogmR>r _m{hVr V`ma H$aUo, gw`mo½` Aem _m{hVr
g§M{`Ho$V _m{hVr gmR>{dUo, _m{hVrMm _mJmodm Am{U {díbofU Cn^moË`m§À`m
JaOoZwgma H$aUo, H$maUnaËdo _m{hVrMo CËIZZ H$aUo `mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$, H$m`©H$maUr`
(Am°naoeZb) Am{U Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.
nma§n[aH$ _mJUrZwgma g§nH$m©nojm _m{hVr JmoXm_ øm g§H$ënZoMo ~aoM \$m`Xo
AmhoV.
· _yi _m{hVròmoVmH$S>o Z OmVm _m{hVrMr JaO ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda ^mJ{dVm
`oV.o `mVyZ JwV§ mJwV§ rÀ`m (A°Jr« JoeZ) àíZm§da CñVamMr àíZm§Zm g_mYmZH$maH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
26
_m{hVr g§M{`H$m ì`dñWmnZmMm nma§n[aH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm ì`dhma à{H«$`ogmR>r
bmJUmè`m AmYma^yV _m{hVrÀ`m JaOoda AmYm[aV Amho. gw`mo½` {ZUm©`H$VogmR>r
{díbofUmË_H$ à{H«$`VoÀ`m AmYmamÀ`m JaOonmoQ>r _m{hVr JmoXm_mMr {Z{_©Vr ho CÎma
Amho. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo _m{hVr JmoXm_ hr EH$ _m{hVr g§M{`H$m, AZoH$ _m{hVr
g§M{`Ho$Vrb _m{hVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU _m{hVr-{díbofUmgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. _m{hVr
JmoXm_Vrb _m{hVr hr XmoZ A_yi òmoVmVyZ Jmoim Ho$bobr Amho. `mVrb gmVË`mZo
dmnabm OmUmam òmoV Amho VmËH$mi ì`dhma à{H«$`oVrb _m{hVrMo {Z`{_VnUo hmoUmao
hñVm§Va/ñWmZm§Va; Xwgam òmoV Amho ~mhoê$Z {dH$V KoVboë`m _m{hVr g§M{`H$m
(CXmhaUmW©, CËnÞ Am{U bmoH$g§»`oMr _m{hVr, AmdH$, Va ~m§YH$m_ ì`dgm`mgmR>r
~m§YH$m_ gm{hË` _yë`n{ÌH$m) `m§À`m A§VJ©V _m{hVrer OmoS>Ur Ho$br OmVo. _m{hVr
JmoXm_mV gd© _m{hVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr g§H${bV Ho$br OmVo. `m _m{hVrda g§ñH$aU
H$ê$Z Ë`mMr gmR>dU Aem àH$mao H$aVo H$s, Ë`m _m{hVrV gmVË`, dmMZmg ghOVm,
OwZr _m{hVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ {díbofUmgmR>r doJir R>odbr OmVo. Ë`mg àdoe dmna
H$aÊ`mÀ`m gwb^Vo_wio Cn^moË`mg Ë`mMm dmna H$aVm `oB©b.
n[aUm_H$maH$ _m{hVr JmoXm_mV nwT>rb gmYZo Amdí`H$ AmhoV
· _m{hVr ñdÀN>Vm, hñVm§VaUr`Vm Am{U EH$ÌrH$aUmMr CnbãYr.
· _m{hVr JmoXm_mV gVV ZdrZ _m{hVr MT>{dUo.
· {Z`{_VnUo _m{hVr JmoXm_mMr XoI^mb OoUoH$ê$Z AÚ`mdV _m{hVrMm òmoVmV
g_mdoe H$aVmZm OwZr _m{hVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVròmoVmV gmR>{dUo.
_m{hVr JmoXm_ {déÕ H$m`©aV _m{hVr g§M{`H$m
H$m`©aV ì`dñWm AmamIS>m Am{U H$m`©nyVugmR>r _m{hVr g§M{`Ho$Mr {Z{_©Vr
`mV _yb^yV \$aH$ Amho. _m{hVr JmoXm_ AmamIS>çmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§nojm hm \$aH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
27
Imbrbà_mUo Amho.
_m{hVr JmoXm_
Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ
H$m`©aV _m{hVr
g§M{`H$m (Am°naoeZb S>oQ>m~og)
amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamgmR>r Mmby _m{hVrMm
Cn`moJ.
{Z`mo{OV doimnÌH$mà_mUo
_m{hVr AÚ`mdV Ho$br OmVo.
_m{hVr gVV AÚ`mdV R>odbr OmVo.
àË`j H$mbmVrV _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ.
_m{hVrÀ`m doJdoJiçm VË`m§V
gm_mÝ`rH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.
_m{hVrMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU Amdí`H$.
_m{hVr JmoXm_mVrb _m{hVrMo àH$ma
_m{hVr JmoXm_mV doJdoJiç VèhoMr _m{hVr gmR>{dbobr AgVo. Ë`mVrb
CXmhaUmXmIb H$mhr _m{hVrMo àH$ma Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
(1) AmH$S>odmar KQ>ZmYm[aV àË`j _m{hVrZo KQ>ZoMo ê$n ñnï> H$aVo. CXmhaUmW©,
nwñVH$m§Mr qH$_V, EHy$U IM©, _m{gH$m§Mr dJ©Ur AgUmar AmH$S>odmar
(2) AmH$ma_mZ _m{hVr - ì`dhmamÀ`m {díbofUmgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUë`m OmUmè`m
KQ>H$m~ÔbMr. CXmhaUmW©, doi, àH$ma, dmMH$ àH$ma Agbobo.
(3) H$mb~§{YV Eo{Vhm{gH$ Zm|X AgUmè`m H$m`©àdU ì`dñWoVZy XodKod/ì`dhmamMr
_m{hVr CVadyZ KoUmao.
(4) gyú_ EH$H$ (_oQ>m S>mQ>m) Oo _m{hVr~ÔbMr _m{hVr XoVo. `m àH$mamV JmoXm_mVrb
_m{hVr, à{V_m {Z{_©Vr {Z`_mdbr, `oUmè`m _m{hVrMo àH$ma Am{U {Z`_mdbr,
gmam§emMr CnbãYr, gwa{jVVm Am{U {Z`§ÌU, ewÕrH$aUmMo {ZH$f, VmpÎdH$
Am{U àË`j _m{hVrMo AmaoIZ.
(5) ~mhoarb godm§H$Sy>Z KoVbobr H$m`©j_ _m{hVr. CXmhaUmW©, bmoH$g§»`o~ÔbMr
^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmà_mUo EH${ÌV _m{hVr, Á`m {R>H$mUr hr g§ñWm H$m`©aV Amho.
(6) KQ>ZmYm[aV _m{hVr Am{U {Ûn[aUm_mË_H$ _m{hVr ho XmoZ _m{hVr JmoXm_mMo
_w»` AmYma AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
28
_m{hVr JmoXm_mVrb H$m`©nÕVr àdmh
_m{hVr JmoXm_mVrb H$m`©nÕVr àdmhmV nwT>rb {H«$`m KS>V AgVmV
(1) AZoH$ _m{hVr g§M{`H$m Am{U _m{hVròmoVm§VyZ _m{hVrMm emoY KoD$Z Vr doJir
H$aUo. JmoXm_mV ^aVr H$aUo.
(2) _m{hVrMr g\$mB© H$ê$Z àM§S> _m{hVr g§J«hmV gmR>{dÊ`m`mo½` ~Z{dUo VgoM
gmonr emoYà{H«$`m XoU.o _m{hVr JmoXm_mZo gmVË`mZo _m{hVrV AÚ`mdVVm R>do VmZm
OwZr _m{hVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ åhUyZ OVZ H$aUo.
(3) Amboë`m àíZm§Zm `mo½` CÎmao CnbãY AgUmè`m _m{hVròmoVm§H$S>o {ZX©o{eV
H$aUo.
_m{hVr emoYZ Am{U gmR>dU
_m{hVr gmR>dU ì`dñWmnH$mMo (bmoS> _°ZoOa) H$m`© åhUOo _m{hVrMo emoYZ
Am{U Ë`mMr gmR>dU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gd© {H«$`m§Mo g§`moOZ H$aUo ho Amho.
hr EH$ g§JUH$ àUmbr AgyZ Ë`mMo H$m`© AmdaU g§{hVm (eob pñH«$ßQ>) Am{U ~mø
gmYZ (Am°\$ X eoë\$ Qy>ëg) `m§À`m EH$ÌrH$aUmV MmbVo. `mV _m{hVrMo emoYZ
Am{U Ë`mMr _m{hVr JmoXm_mV gmR>dU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ~Xb Ho$bo OmVmV. Ym[aH$m
(\$mB©b) aMZoV VmËnwaVr _m{hVr gmR>dU Am{U Z§Va Ë`mMo JmoXm_mV gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r
ê$nm§Va `m à{H«$`oV Ho$bo OmVo. `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo nwñVH$m§À`m {H$_VrMr
àH$meH$m§À`m ñWmZmdê$Z Ë`mMr _m{hVr emoYUo, Z§Va Ë`mV `mo½` Vo ~Xb H$ê$Z
JmoXm_mV gmR>{dUo. naXoer MbZmVrb _yë`, àM{bV {d{Z_` Xamà_mUo Ë`mMo én`mV
ê$nm§Va H$aUo.
_m{hVrV ê$nm§Va Am{U à{V_m {Z{_©Vr (~°H$ An)
_m{hVr JmoXm_mVrb JmoXm_ ì`dñWmnH$ (doAa hmD$g _°ZoOa) `mMo H$m`© åhUOo
{_imboë`m _m{hVrV `mo½` Vo ~Xb H$ê$Z Ë`mMr à{V_m V`ma H$aUo. `mV JmoXm_
ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`m Oer _m{hVrV gw`mo½` ~Xb Am{U _m{hVrMo ì`dñWmnZ, à{V_m
{Z{_©Vr Am{U OwZr _m{hVr gmR>dU (Eo{Vhm{gH$) VmËnwaË`m _m{hVròmoVmVrb _m{hVrV
~Xb H$ê$Z Ë`mMo gmaê$n VVo V`ma H$aUo. `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gd© à{H«$`m
JmoXm_ ì`dñWmnH$ H$aVmo. `mMo CXmhaU åhUOo nwñVH$m§À`m Zm|XrVyZ {Z{_©V hmoUmar
nwñVH$m§À`m XodKodrMr _m{hVr.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
29
Mm¡H$er ì`dñWmnZ (¹o$ar _°ZO
o _|Q>)
Mm¡H$er ì`dñWmnH$ hm Mm¡H$er ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`ogmR>r bmJUmè`m gd© {H«$`m
H$arV AgVmo. Ë`mMr _w»` H$m`©o gw`mo½` _m{hVròmoVm§H$S>o àíZ nmR>{dUo Am{U
Cn^moË`m§H$Sy>Z Amboë`m àíZm§Mr H«$_dmar bmdUo d Ë`m H«$_mZo àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoUo.
J«§Wmb`godoVrb CXmhaU åhUOo J«§Wmb`mV `oUmè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb H$moUVo
{Z`VH$m{bH$ R>amdrH$ H$mimV {H$Vr doim dmMbo Jobo, EImXo nwñVH$ AmVmn`ªV
{H$Vr doim Am{U H$moUË`m dmMH$m§Zr Kar Zobo hmoVo dJ¡ao.
_m{hVr JmoXm_mMr aMZm
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
àmYmÝ`mZo _m{hVr JmoXm_ aMZoV Mma _hÎdmMo Q>ßno AmhoV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo KQ>Zm Am{U {VMm AmdmH$m `mMm CbJS>m H$aUo.
KQ>Zm VË`m§Mr aMZm R>a{dUo.
AmH$ma_mZ AmdmH$m VË`m§Mr aMZm
_m{hVr g§M{`Ho$Mr ê$naoIm, gmam§e, AmH¥${V~§Y R>a{dUo.
_m{hVr g§M{`Ho$Mr ê$naoIm
gd© CnbãY VË`mVrb nañna g§~Y§ Xe©{dUmao Am{U Ë`m_mJMo Vm{H©$H$ AmYma
Agbobr _m{hVr g§M{`Ho$Mr aMZm åhUOo ê$naoIm (ñHo$_m) hmo`. `mMo {Za{Zamio
àH$ma AmhoV. Vo Mm§XUr ê$naoIm, {h_nÌr ê$naoIm, VmaH$mnÌr ê$naoIm.
_m{hVrMo CËIZZ
_m{hVrMo CËIZZ hr EH$ {H«$`m/`§ÌUm AgyZ Ë`mV A§H$s` ñdê$nmVrb
_m{hVrÀ`m _hmgmJamV XS>bobr Cn`wV _m{hVr emoYVm `oVo. ho EH$ _moR>çm j_VoMo
V§ÌkmZ ho g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`©C{Ôï>mg nmofH$, Cn`wV Ago _m{hVrMo JmoXm_ {dH${gV
H$aVo. _m{hVr JmoXm_mMr gmYZo, ^mdr {Xem Am{U _mJ©H«$_U `m§Mm AMyH$ A§XmO,
ì`dgm`mg kmZm{Y{ð>V {ZU©` KoÊ`mg gmhmæ`^yV Amho. {ZU©` AmYma ì`dñWoV
A{^àoV _mJrb KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU H$aUmè`m nydm©Zwbjr gmYZm§nojm _m{hVr JmoXm_mMr
AmnmoAmn ^mdr {díbofU Cnm` OmñV _m{hVr nwa{dVo. ì`dgm`mgmR>rÀ`m g_ñ`m§Zm
CÎmao/Cnm` nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo emoYUmè`m nÕVr H$mbhaU H$aUmè`m AmhoV. `mCbQ>
_m{hVr CËIZZ {H$_mZ doimV gw`mo½` Ago CÎma/Cnm` gwM{dVo. XrK© H$mb Mmbboë`m
g§emoYZ Am{U dñVw-CËnmXZ {dH$mgmMo \$bñdê$n åhUOo _m{hVr CËIZZ V§ÌkmZ.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
30
øm CËH«$m§Vrg gwédmV Pmbr Ooìhm ì`mdgm{`H$ _m{hVrMr gmR>dU àW_M g§JUH$mda
H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. hiyhiy Ë`mÀ`m àdoemV, emoYZmV gwYmaUm Pmë`m Am{U
AJXr ZOrH$À`m H$mimV Aem V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg Pmbm. Á`m_wio Cn^moË`mg
àË`j doimV ([aAb Q>mB©_) _m{hVrÀ`m _hmgmJamV g\$a H$aVm `oD$ bmJbr. _m{hVr
CËIZZmMr hr CËH«$m§Vr{df`H$ à{H«$`m nyd©bjr _m{hVrV àdoe Am{U ^mdr d nwT>mH$ma
KoUmè`mg _m{hVrÀ`m dmnamgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. {ZU©` AmYmaì`dñWm Am{U _m{hVr
JmoXm_ ì`dñWoMr gwédmV 1990 _Ü`o Pmbr. Vr H$mhr {dH«$s{df`H$ àíZm§Mr _m{hVr
CÎmao {_i{dVmZm CXmhaUmW©, Joë`m _mM© _{hÝ`mV Mma MmH$s dmhZm§Mr _w§~B©V {H$Vr
{dH«$s Pmbr? gÜ`m {dH${gV Pmbobr _m{hVr CËIZZmMr gmYZo AmJm_r H$mimV
{dH«$sV H$gm ~Xb hmoB©b Am{U H$m ? Aem àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoÊ`mMr j_Vm AgUmar
AgVrb.
ì`mdgm{`H$ Cn`moOZmgmR>r nwT>rb _m{hVr CËIZZ V§Ìo dmnabr OmV AmhoV
(1) àM§S> à_mUmVrb _m{hVr g§M{`H$,
(2) àM§S> VmH$XrMo AZoH$ à{H«$`H$ g§JUH$,
(3) _m{hVr CËIZZ à{H«$`m {Z`_
_m{hVr CËIZZ V§ÌkmZmVrb H|$Ðr` KQ>H$m§da Jobr AZoH$ XeHo$ g§emoYZ Mmby
Amho. Vo KQ>H$ AmhoV AmH$S>odmar, H¥${Ì_ ~w{Õ_Îmm Am{U `m§{ÌH$ {ejU. _m{hVr
CËIZZ ho àm_w»`mZo (AY© ñd`§M{bV Aer) AmH¥${V~§Y emoY, g§ñWm g§KQ>Z, ~Xb,
H$_VaVm, ÌwQ>r, {Z`_, AW©nyU© gm§p»`H$s aMZm Am{U _m{hVrVrb KQ>Zm `m§Mm emoY
KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Amho. WmoS>`mV, _m{hVr CËIZZ åhUOo _m{hVrgmR>çmVyZ kmZ
g§nmXZ H$aUo. CXmhaUmW©, nVg§ñWoVrb H$O©ì`dhmamMm emoY H$Om©À`m WH$~mH$sXmam§Mr
_m{hVr emoYë`mZo WH$~mH$sXmam§Mr gyMr H$aVo.
_m{hVr CËIZZ Am{U OmoS> CËIZZ
_m{hVr CËIZZ ho gmoBñH$anUo _m{hVr g§M{`Ho$Vrb KQ>H$ _m{hVrer OmoS>bo
AmhoV. gÜ`mMm H$b Amho Vmo AmH¥${V~§Y (n°Q>Z©) hþS>H$Uo. Ogo, bmoH$ _m{hVr emoY
_OHw$amVrb _m{hVr KQ>H$m§da H$aVmV. _OHw$amMo CËIZZ ho EH$ AmKmS>rMo gmYZ
åhUyZ gaH$ma _yë`m§H$Z g§~§YmMm _mJ KoÊ`mg dmnaV Amho. {dímof Aer emoY`§Ìo
({dñH$irV) Ag§K{Q>V _OHw$amÀ`m àM§S> {T>Jmè`mVyZ Cn`wV _m{hVrMm emoY KoVmV.
Vr emoY`§Ìo _m{hVrVrb Añnï> g§~Y§ m§dê$Zhr AZw_mZ H$mTy> eH$VmV. JwJb `m emoY`§ÌmZo
"noO a°H$' `m emoYH$mMo EH$ñd KoVbo Amho, Oo _OHw$amVrb AmH¥${V~§YmMm _mJmodm
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
31
KoV.o Amamo½` godm, {dÎmr` Am{U {H$aH$moi {dH«$o Ë`m g§ñWm `m H¥${Ì_ ~w{Õ_Îmm gmYZmMm
Cn`moJ _m{hVrÀ`m _hmgmJamMm emoY KoD$Z g§e`mñnX Ago ì`dhma hþS>Hy$Z H$mT>VmV.
àM§S> _m{hVrMo {díbofU H$_r doimV H$ê$Z XoVo. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm g§M{`H$m§VyZ Cn`wV
_m{hVr H$_r doimV hmVr {_iUma Amho.
_m{hVr CËIZZ AmdmH$m
_m{hVr CËIZZmVrb OmñV dmnabr OmUmar V§Ìo
_hÎdmÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ _m{hVrgmR>r _hmH$m` _m{hVr g§M{`Ho$VyZ _m{hVr
CËIZZ H$aUo ho g§~§{YVmoËnmXZ àM§S> gmR>çmVyZ emoYUo dm Am{U WmoS>ogo I{ZO
{_iÊ`mgmR>r S>m|Ja CngUo `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`oV àM§S> gmR>çmVyZ emoY KoD$Z _yë`dmZ
KQ>H$ H$moR>o XS>bo AmhoV Vo MmUmjnUo hþS>H$Uo. Mm§Jë`m JwUdÎmoMo Am{U `mo½` Aem
AmH$mamMo _m{hVrgmR>çmVrb _m{hVr CËIZZ hr EH$ ì`dgm`mMr g§Yr CnbãY
H$ê$Z XoVmV.
_m{hVrÀ`m _moR>çm g§M{`Ho$VyZ {XemXe©H$ _m{hVr emoY KoVm `oVmo. hr à{H«$`m
ñd`§M{bV _m{hVr CËIZZm_wio gwb^ hmoVo. nma§n[aH$ nÕVrV g_ñ`m§À`m CÎmam§gmR>r
IS>Va n[al_ H$amdo bmJV hmoVo. Vo àíZ _m{hVr CËIZZmZo ghO àmá hmoVmV. `mMo
CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUyZ bpú`V {dVaUmVrb (Q>maJoQ>So > _mH©$o qQ>J) {XemXe©H$ ^{dî`H$mbrZ
g_ñ`m _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ _mJrb nÌì`dhma/g§nH$m©Mr nÌmoÎmao nmhÿZ Ë`mVrb
Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Mr `mXr H$aVm `oVo. BVa ^{dî`H$mbrZ g_ñ`m AmhoV Ë`m åhUOo
{XdmiImoarMo ^mH$sV H$aUo Am{U BVa J¡aì`dhma.
(1) H¥${Ì_ _ÁOmV§Vy Omio (Am{Q>©{\${eAb Ý`yab ZoQ>dH©$) : Aao{IV
^{dî`H$mimVrb Z_wZm Á`mMo {ejU à{ejUmVyZ hmoUmao Am{U _mZdr
_ÁOmg§ñWm Omiçmer gmYå`© AgUmao Ago ho V§Ì Amho.
(2) d¥jgÑe {ZU©` aMZm ({S>{gOZ Q´>r) : d¥jgÑe aMZm hr {ZU©`g§MmMo
à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo. `m {ZU©`mVyZ _m{hVrg§MmMo dJr©H$aU H$aÊ`mMr {Z`_mdbr
V`ma hmoVo. {d{eï> d¥jgÑe gmYZo gmYZmV dJuH$aU Am{U namJVrV
([aJ«o{gìh) d¥j Am{U Mm¡ag ñd`§M{bV nañna à{H«$`m emoYZ.
(3) OZwH$s` {Z`_g§M (OoZ{o Q>H$ AëJmo[aWåg) : n[aUm_H$maH$ V§Ìo Or dmnaVmV,
à{H«$`m - Oem OZwH$s`, g§`moJ, CËn[adV©Z (å`wQ>oeZ) Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ {ZdS>
AmamIS>çmV Omo CËH«$m§{VdmXmMo CËH«$m§Vr H$ënZoda AmYm[aV Amho.
(4) OdiÀ`m Amág§~Y
§ r ({ZAaoñQ> Zo~a _oWS>) : àË`oH$ Zm|XrMo dJuH$aU
dJm©À`m g§`moJmVyZ H$aVmZm Vo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aem _m{hVrg§Mmer {_iVoOwiVo
AgUmao.
(5) {Z`_ {dJ_Z nÕVr (ê$b B§S>eZ) : Cn`wV Oa Va {Z`_mZwgma gm§p»`H$s
_hÎdmZwgma _m{hVrÀ`m gmR>çmVyZ H$mTy>Z KoUo.
nydu _mhrV Zgboë`m AmH¥${V~§Y AmaoIZmMm ñd`§M{bV emoY
_m{hVr CËIZZ H$go hmoVo ?
_m{hVr CËIZZmMr gmYZ _m{hVr g§M{`H$m MmiyZ nyduMo XS>bb
o o AmaoIZ
EH$mM Q>ßß`mV emoYVmV. AmH¥${V~§YmÀ`m emoYmMo CXmhaU Amho {H$aH$moi {dH«$sÀ`m
_m{hVrMo {díbofUmVyZ Ag§~{§ YV dñVyM
§ r J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z Pmbobr IaoXr. BVa AmH¥${V~§Y
emoY g_ñ`m§V nVnÌm§Mm (H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©) Pmbobm J¡admna Am{U _m{hVrÀ`m ^aVodoir
Pmboë`m MwH$m§_wio _m{hVrMm emoY.
_m{hVr CËIZZmÀ`m V§Ìm_wio ñd`§MbZmMo bm^ gÜ`m CnbãY gm°âQ>doAa
Am{U hmS>©doAa_Ü`o {_iVmZmM ZdrZ àUmbrVhr hm bm^ hmoUma Amho. H$maU
g§JUH$ V§ÌkmZmV gmVË`mZo {dH$mg hmoV Amho. _{hVr CËIZZmMr gmYZo Ooìhm C
H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m g_m§Va à{H«$`m ì`dñWoV dmnabr Voìhm àM§S> à_mUmVrb _m{hVrMm
H$mhr jUm§V emoY KoD$Z g_ñ`oMo CÎma {_iVo. A{VdoJdmZ àUmbr Cn^moË`m§Zm
AmnUmg kmV ZgUmao dm nwT>o H$m` hmoUma `mMr _m{hVr XoUmao _hÎdmMo H$m`©
_m{hVr CËIZZ H$aVo. `mgmR>r Or V§Ìo dmnabr OmVmV Ë`mg Z_wZrH$aU (_m°S>oqbJ)
Ago åhUVmV. WmoS>`mV, Z_wZrH$aU åhUOo EH$m n[apñWVrV V`ma Ho$bobm Z_wZm
Á`mV AmnUmg CÎmao kmV ZmhrV. Xyag§Mma {d^mJmMm gmonm Z_wZm Agm Amho 98%
J«mhH$m§Mm dm{f©H$ IM© é. 60,000/- BVH$m åhUOo én`o 5000/- Xa_hm Am{U
Ë`mVrb é. 2000/- BVHo$ Xya A§VamdaÀ`m g§nH$m©gmR>r IM© hmoVmV. `m AmH¥${V~§Y
Z_wÝ`mMm dmna ^mdr KQ>Zm§Mm A§XmO H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$Z _mbH$sÀ`m _m{hVrVyZ
H$mhr ^ard CÎma, R>mog CÎma H$mT>Uo {OWo Xyag§Mma g§ñWog àdoe Zmhr; `m Z_wÝ`mÀ`m
gmhmæ`mZo ZdrZ J«mhH$m§da bj H|${Ð^yV H$aVm `oB©b. _m{hVr CËIZZmÀ`m `m à^mdr
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$ dmnamgmR>r _m{hVrMr JmoXm_o Am{U bdMrH$ nañna
kmZJ§JmoÌr
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kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
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ñd`§M{bV ~Xb Am{U [aVr~Ôb ñd`§M{bV ^mH$sV
n[aUm_H$maH$ ì`dgm` {díbofU gmYZ `mV EH$gyÌVm hdr. _m{hVrÀ`m `m n[añ\$moQ>mV
gd©g_mdoeH$ _m{hVr JmoXm_o dmnamg `mo½` Aer _m{hVr, Cn^moVo J«mhH$, nwadR>mXma
Am{U ~mOmam~ÔbMr _m{hVr EH$Ì H$aVmV. gÜ`mÀ`m `m ñnYm©`wJmV doioda Am{U
CÀMXOm©Mo {díbofU _m{hVrÀ`m EH$mË_Vo~ÔbMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amdí`H$ Amho. OmñV
n[aUm_H$maH$ gmR>dU V§Ì, nwZJ©«hU ì`dñWm Am{U dmnaH$Ë`mªMr {díbofUj_Vm d
{_imboë`m _m{hVrda AMyH$ {ZU©` KoUo `mVrb A§Va dmT>V Amho. g§~§{YV Am{U
VmËH$mi {díbofU à{H«$`m (Am°ZbmB©Z A°Zm{b{Q>H$b àmogqo gJ) `m§À`mV àM§S> à_mUmV
Aer j_Vm Amho ho _m{hVr _hmgmJamVyZ _§WZ H$ê$Z KoVbo Var Aer ^aH$Q>bobr
{XemXe©Z nÕVr nwaoer Zmhr. `mgmR>r JaO Amho Vr Zì`m V§Ìkm{ZH$ PonoMr Or
ì`pV{Zð> g_ñ`m Cn^moË`m§À`m g_ñ`m§da CnbãY _m{hVrMo AJ«H$« _ Am{U Ë`mà_mUo
aMZm H$aUo. _m{hVr CËIZZ gmYZ Aem àH$maMr Pon KoÊ`mÀ`m j_VoMr AmhoV.
J«§Wmb` {ZU©`à{H«$`ogmR>r _m{hVr JmoXm_ Am{U _m{hVr CËIZZ gyMr` CËIZZ à{H«$`m
J«§Wmb` ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm gVV ^oS>gmdUmam àíZ Amho Vmo dmMH$m§À`m Anojm,
JaOm `m§~Ôb nwaogo kmZ g§nmXZmMo à`ËZ. J«§Wmb` _yë`m§H$Z V§ÌmMm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho Vmo
dma§dm[aVm Am{U EH§$Xa Cnm``moOZm. `m AmH$S>odmarV nm`m^yV AmH¥${V~§Y hm
PmH$bobm amhVmo. `m AmH¥${V~§YmMm emoY hoM gyÌ Amho. dmMH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m JaOoZwgma
godm XoÊ`mgmR>r, J«§Wmb` {ZU©`m{YH$mar gyMr` _m{hVr CËIZZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo _m{hVr
g§M{`V gmYZ Cn`moJmMm AmH¥${V~§Y nmhÿ eH$VmV. gyMr` CËIZZ à{H«$`oV _m{hVr
JmoXm_ Am{U _m{hVr CËIZZ A§V^yV© Amho. gyMr` CËIZZ ({~pãbAmo_m`qZJ) hr
g§km {ZH$mobgZ Am{U ñQ>°ZQ>Z `m§Zr 2003 _Ü`o J«§Wmb`m§gmR>r _m{hVr CËIZZ `m
g§H$ënZoMr MMm© H$aVmZm dmnabr. g§emoYZ{df`H$ gm{hË`mV J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVr
CËIZZ `m g§km§À`m dmnamV nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVrMm {dMma Ho$bobm ZgyZ
g§JUH$ Amkmdbr J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§X^m©V dmnabm Jobm Amho. _m{hVr CËIZZ ho V§Ì
Cn`moOZmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. ""gyMr` CËIZZ'' `m g§koMr {Z{_©Vr hr
J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVr CËIZZmÀ`m ~m~VrV OmñV OmJê$H$ AgUmao g§X^©emoY, BVa
g§emoYH$m§À`m H$m`m©Mm _mJmodm KoÊ`mg Cn`moJr nS>mdo åhUyZ `m g§koMm dmna Ho$bm
Amho. {dkmZ~moYZ AmH¥${V~§YmMm _mJmodm KoUmao ({~pãbAmo_o{Q´>g) gyMr` _mnZ
`m g§kog AmXa`wV d§XZ H$arV Amho. gyMr` CËIZZ ho J«§Wmb`mVrb àM§S> Aem
_m{hVr gmR>çmÀ`m gmJamVrb gm§p»`H$s Am{U AmH¥${V~§Y emoYZmMo EH$ gmYZ
kmZJ§JmoÌr
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Á`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {ZU©`j_VoV _hÎd VgoM J«§Wmb`mVrb godm§À`m n¥îR>çW© dmnabo
Omdo.
gyMr` CËIZZmV Imbrb Q>ßno `oVmV
(1) H|$Ðq~XyÀ`m ì`márMm AmdmH$m R>a{dUo.
(2) A§VJ©V Am{U ~mø _m{hVròmoVm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo.
(3) g§H$bZ, gm\$g\$mB© Ho$bobr _m{hVr JmoXm_mV g§Ho$V~Õ H$ê$Z (AZm{_H$b
ñdê$nmV) R>odUo.
(4) gw`mo½` Aem {díbofUnÕVrMr {ZdS>
(5) _m{hVr CËIZZmVyZ AmH¥${V~§YmMm emoY KoUo d Ë`mda nma§nm[aH$ {díbofU
gmYZm§Ûmao Ahdmb V`ma H$aUo.
(6) CnbãY Pmboë`m {ZH$mbmMo {díbofU Am{U Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr
OgOgo AmH¥${V~§Y g_moa `oVrb Vo Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ àíZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr KoD$Z naV
Ë`m§À`m CÎmam§Mm emoY `m nÕVrV MH«$mH$ma ñdê$nmMr Aer à{H«$`mnÕVr Agë`mZo
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m AmUIr H$m`m©Mr ì`mßVr dmT>rd emoY, g_ÝdofU Pmë`mZo _m{hVr JmoXm_
ho nyU©VoH$S>o OmB©b. Ë`m_wio AÝ` g_ñ`m§Mm emoY KoUo gwb^ hmoUma Amho.
H|$Ðq~XyMr ì`már R>a{dUo
gyMr` CËIZZmMr n{hbr nm`ar åhUOo H|$Ðq~Xy ì`márMr {ZpíMVr H$aUo.
J«W§ mb`mVrb EImXr {d{eï> g_ñ`m dm EImÚm gd©gm_mÝ` àíZmÀ`m CH$brgmR>r
emoYH$, Vnmg Am{U {ZU©`à{H«$`oMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. n{hbm {ZU©` hm {XemX{e©V
qH$dm {Xem{d{ZX{e©V _m{hVr CËIZZ H$aUo, {X½X{e©V _m{hVr CËIZZ ho g_ñ`m
H|${Ð^yV AgVo. EImXr {d{eï> g_ñ`m g_moa `oVo Or _m{hVr emoYZmg CÚwV H$aVo.
AZwXmZH$nmVr_wio dmMH$m§H$S>o XrK© H$mi Agbobo dmMZgm{hË` g§X^m©V g§nH©$
gmYÊ`mÀ`m doiVo H$nmV H$amdr bmJVo. `m g_ñ`oMr CH$b H$aVmZm EH$ AmR>dS>çmhÿZ
OmñV H$mi Agbobo dmMZgm{hË` naV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñ_aUnÌ H$m`©H«$_mV g_mdoe
H$aVm `oB©b H$m ? EImÚm gm_mÝ` Z¡{_{ÎmH$ Jmoï>r~ÔbMr _m{hVr CXmhaUmW©,
J«§Wmb`mMo dmMH$ Am{U g§ñWoVrb {d^mJ, B©-OZ©ëg²Mm dmna H$gm, {H$VnV H$aVmV,
`m~ÔbÀ`m _m{hVr emoYZmMm à`mg hm A{X½X{e©V _m{hVr CËIZZ `m àH$mamV
`oVmo. AWm©V `m àH$maÀ`m _m{hVr CËIZZmV AZoH$ YmoHo$ AmhoV. H$maU AZoH$
gmYZm§Mm AZoH$ doim H$amdm bmJUmam dmna. _m{hVr CËIZZmMo V§Ì ho g§^mì`Voda
AmYm[aV Agë`mZo emoYZmVrb àË`oH$ AmH¥${V~§Y hm MwH$sMm AgÊ`mMr e`Vm
kmZJ§JmoÌr
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H$_r AgVo. VgoM gVV ho gmYZ dmnaë`mg AJ«mø AmH¥${V~§Y {_iÊ`mMr _moR>çm
à_mUmV e`Vm H$_r AgVo. _m{hVr CËIZZ gmYZmVrb AmUIr EH$ àíZ åhUOo
dma§dma AmT>iUmam AmH¥${Vg§M. Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m _m{hVrg§MmV Agm hm dma§dmaMm
AmH¥${V~§Y H$mhr doiogM {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio emoYZmV Ambobo gd©M AmH¥${Vg§M J«mø
AmhoV H$m ? J«§Wnmbm§Zm Ë`mVyZ AW©nyU© ~moY hmoVmo H$m ? Am{U Oo ewH$ ñdê$nmMo
ZmhrV Zm ? A{ZX©o{eV _m{hVr CËIZZmV àM§S> à_mUmV emoYZg_ AmH¥${Vg§M
{_imë`mZo A{ZX©o{eV _m{hVr CËIZZmMm {dMma gwÑT> _m{hVr JmoXm_ Agob VoìhmM
_m{hVr g§H$bZ Am{U _m{hVrMr g\$mB© Ho$br OmVo.
_m{hVròmoVm§Mr AmoiI
H|$Ðq~Xy ì`márMr {ZpíMVr Ho$ë`mda nwT>bo nmD$b åhUOo `mo½` Aem _m{hVròmoVm§Mm emoY. gyMr` CËIZZ à{H«$`oV hñVm§VaUr`, {dñH$irV Am{U ViÀ`m
nmVirÀ`m _m{hVrMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. dmMH$mMr JmonZr`Vm amIÊ`mgmR>r
"H$m`©àdU (Am°naoeZb) _m{hVr' Jmibr Va ho H$m_ AmUIrZM H$R>rU hmoUma
Amho. `mMo CXmhaU gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mVrb godH$m§H$Sy>Z XaamoO Zï> hmoUmè`m
J«§Wmb`mVrb Zm|Xr Á`m§Mr JaO ZgVo Agm g_O Am{U OmJoMr AS>MU. `mgmR>r
_m{hVr JmoXm_mMm dmna Ho$ë`mg J«W§ mb`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ _mJmodm KoÊ`mgmR>rMr
Amdí`H$ _m{hVr R>odÊ`m~amo~aM dmMH$m§Mr JmonZr`Vm nU amIbr OmB©b. _m{hVrMo
XmoZ òmoV - EH$ A§VJ©V _m{hVròmoV Omo J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY Amho H$maU J«§Wmb`
ì`dñWoMm Vmo EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho, Á`mV dmMH$ _m{hVr g§M{`H$m, XodKod _m{hVr
g§M{`H$m, J«§Wg§J«h _m{hVr g§M{`H$m, BË`mXtVyZ _m{hVrMm emoY KoUo H$mhr doim
H$R>rU hmoVo. Xwgam Amho ~mø _m{hVròmoV, åhUOo J«§Wmb`mV ZgUmao _m{hVròmoV.
e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§X^m©V EImÚm {d{eï> n[aM`nÌ H«$_m§H$m~ÔbMr gd© _m{hVr
Or J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§JUH$mV gmR>{dbobr Amho Va gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ~m~VrV
{eaJUVr~ÔbÀ`m _m{hVrMm A§V^m©d H$aVm `oB©b.
_m{hVr JmoXm_mMr {Z{_©Vr
ñdê$nmV Oo {díbofUmgmR>r dmnabo OmB©b. _m{hVr JmoXm_ {Z{_©VrV J«§Wnmb n[a{MV
_m{hVròmoVmVyZ _m{hVrMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r àíZmdbr V`ma H$aVmo. gd©gm_mÝ`
KQ>H$m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo `m _m{hVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU, _m{hVrMr g\$mB© Am{U Ë`mZ§Va àmá
Pmboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m Zm|Xr {díbofUmgmR>r V`ma Ho$booë`m g§~§{YV _m{hVr g§M{`Ho$_Ü`o
qH$dm gab Ym[aH$m gmR>dyZ R>odVmo. EH$Xm H$m `m nÕVrMr MmMUr Pmbr H$s Vr
H$m`©àdU nÕVrVrb _m{hVr ñd`§M{bV V§ÌmZo Jmoim H$ê$Z _m{hVr JmoXm_mV {Z`{_VnUo
O_m H$aVo.
Cn^moË`m~Ôb JmonZr`Vm
dada nmhVm _m{hVr JmoXm_ {Za{Zamiçm J«§Wmb` ì`dñWoVyZ _m{hVr emoYyZ
Vr EH$Ì H$arV AgVmZm Cn^moË`mMr JmonZr`Vm amIbr OmV Zmhr. `mgmR>r J«§Wmb`
XodKodrMr gd© _m{hVr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vo; nU Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb` godm§Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$aUo
e` hmoUma Zmhr. Va H$mhtÀ`m _Vo `mda H$moUVrM H$madmB© H$ê$ Z`o. Ë`m_wio
H$m`©àdU ì`dñWoV Am{U amIrd OmJr _m{hVr amhUma Amho. _m{hVr JmoXm_
ì`dñWogmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Zm Amnë`m _m{hVròmoVm§Mr MmMUr KoD$Z H$m` R>odm`Mo Am{U
H$m` R>odm`Mo Zmhr `mda dmMH$m§À`m JQ>m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmMH$g§»`o~ÔbMr
_m{hVr R>odë`mZo Ë`mË`m JQ>mVrb dmMH$m§Mr d¡`pVH$ _m{hVr doJir R>odÊ`mMr JaO
Zmhr. Aem nÕVrZo _m{hVr H$mT>Uo, Vr gm\$ H$aUo `m à{H«$`o_wio _m{hVr JmoXm_mV
_m{hVr R>odyZhr dmMH$m§Mr JmonZr`Vm amIbr OmVo. hr d¡`pVH$ _m{hVr JmoXm_mV
H$YrM R>ody Z`o VgoM Ë`mMr àV, Eo{Vhm{gH$ åhUyZ R>ody Z`o. EH$Xm H$m _m{hVr
JmoXm_mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr H$s _yi _m{hVròmoV H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`mZo àM{bV _mJ©Xe©H$
VÎdmZwgma dmMH$mMr JmonZr`Vm amIbr OmB©b. _m{hVr JmoXm_mMo C{Ôï> ho _m{hVrMm
òmoV Á`mV {ZU©`j_ _m{hVr AgVo Am{U {OMm Cn`moJ naV _yi _m{hVrV ê$nm§Va Z
H$aVm `oUmam Agob.
_m{hVr JmoXm_mMr C^maUr
_m{hVrMr CnbãYr J¥hrV Yabr Var {Za{Zamio _m{hVròmoV qnOyZ Ë`mMo EH$m
_m{hVròmoVmV ê$nm§Va H$aUo Á`mV gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm AmoiIVm `oUmar _m{hVr AgUma
Zmhr. _m{hVr JmoXm_ åhUOo EH$ _m{hVr g§M{`H$m Or H$m`©àdU nÕVrnmgyZ {d^V
Am{U Á`mV gm\$gy\$ Ho$bobr _m{hVr Am{U H$m`©àdU _m{hVrMo ê$nm§Va AZm{_H$
_m{hVr CËIZZmnojm _m{hVr JmoXm_mÀ`m C^maUrg OmñV doi bmJVmo Am{U
Vr EH$ gVV MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho. `mgmR>r `m à{H«$`oV gh^mJr Pmboë`m§Zr EH$
Jmoï> bjmV R>odbr nm{hOo Vr åhUOo à{H«$`oMm hm ^mJ åhUOo Jw§VdUyH$ Amho. EH$Xm
H$m _m{hVr g§H$bZ, _m{hVr g\$mB© `m~m~VMo H$m`©H«$_ {b{IV ñdê$nmV Zm|Xbo Jobo
H$s ^mdr H$mimV {H$aH$moi ~Xb H$ê$Z `m _m{hVr JmoXm_mV _m{hVrMr gmR>dU hmoV
kmZJ§JmoÌr
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kmZJ§JmoÌr
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amhrb. gyMr` CËIZZmgmR>r {H$_mZ emoYg§km§Mm dmna H$ê$Z àm`mo{JH$ ñdê$nmV
_m{hVr emoY KoVbm OmB©b, Va gwédmVrbm IMu nS>bobm doi H$maUr bmJob. `mMm
XrK©H$mbrZ \$m`Xm åhUOo _m{hVr JmoXm_ {dH${gV hmoVmZm Amnë`m gm{hË`mV gwYmaUm
Am{U _m{hVr g\$mB©À`m {d{dY nÕVtMm dmna gwédmVrgM Pmë`mZo EH$ JwUdÎmmnyd©H$
XO©oXma Aem _m{hVr JmoXm_mMr C^maUr hmoUma Amho.
_m{hVr CËIZZ Am{U J«W§ mb` ì`dñWmnZmVrb nañna g§~Y§ nwT>rb nÕVrZo
_m§S>Vm `oVrb.
ZdrZ _m{hVrMr ^a
H$m` {dH$V ¿`mdo
_m{hVr XodKod
emoYH$ H$moU Amho
{dVaU / ì`dhma
\$m`Xo H$moR>o AmhoV
_m{hVr CËIZZ
gw`mo½` {díbofU gmYZ {ZdS>
EH$Xm H$m _m{hVr JmoXm_mMr C^maUr aMZm nyU© Pmbr H$s nwT>rb Q>ßnm Amho
Vmo {díbofUmMm. gwadmVrg {deX Ho$ë`mà_mUo nma§n[aH$ g_yh Am{U JwUmoÎma `m§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo nma§nm[aH$ Ahdmb V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw `mV EH$ ÌwQ>r AmT>iVo, Vr
åhUOo Cn`wV Am{U AmdS>rMo AmH¥${V~§Y darb g_yh nÕVrV PmH$bobo AgVmV. ho
AmH¥${V~§Y J«W§ mb` ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm d¡`pVH$ dmMH$ g_yhmMr _m{hVr/AmoiI hmoÊ`mg
gmhmæ`^yV AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, J«W§ mb` g§Jh« {dH$mgmgmR>r Am§VaJ«W§ mb` XodKodrMr
AmH$S>odmar _m{hVr AS>MUrMr R>ê$ eH$Vo. H$maU H$mhr _mJÊ`m øm VmËH$m{bH$
n[apñWVrZwgma Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Vr g§»`m \$ma AgVo. gyMr` CËIZZmZo Am§VaJ«§Wmb`
XodKodrÀ`m AmH¥${V~§YmMm Cn`moJ VmËH$m{bH$ _mJÊ`m§~ÔbMr _m{hVr dJiyZ
g§J«hmVrb gwgJ§V ÌwQ>r OmUyZ KoVm `oVmV.
ì`dñWmnZ _m{hVr nÕVr (_°ZO
o _|Q> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ {gñQ>r_ E_.Am`.Eg.)
`m ñdV§Ì Am{U _m{hVrgmR>çmer OmoS>boë`m ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio _m{hVr JmoXm_mVrb
"ì`dñWmnZ _m{hVr nÕVr' à^mdrnUo J«§Wmb`mg bmJUmar _m{hVr JmoXm_mVyZ emoYyZ
XoVo. ì`dñWmnZ _m{hVr nÕVrV ì`dñWmnH$mg doimodoir AmnmoAmn Bemao XoD$Z
Jm§^r`m©Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Agë`mZo, J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm `mo½` Vo
~Xb H$ê$Z XO©oXma godm XoVm `oVmV. XodKod {d^mJmV hmoUmar XodKod hr {H$_mZ
nmVirhÿZ Imbr Agob Va Ë`mMr gyMZm J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnH$mg doirM {_iVo d
Ë`mZwgma ì`dñWmnH$ `mo½` Ë`m gwYmaUm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m {R>H$mUr dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z
gyMZm `oÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhmdr bmJV Zmhr.
VmËH$mi {díbofU à{H«$`m (Am°ZbmB©Z A°Z{° b{Q>H$b àmogqo gJ
- AmoEbEnr)
{ZU©`j_ A{YH$mè`m§Zm OmJodaM CnbãY Ho$br Jobobr _m{hVr VmËH$mi
{díbofUà{H«$`oH$Sy>Z hmoVo. ho gmYZ hOmamo g§M{`H$m àíZmdbrVyZ {d{dY KQ>H$ ~Xb
Am{U {ZdS>H$ _mnX§S>H$ dmnê$Z g§H${bV Ho$bobo _m{hVr EH$Ì H$aVo. ho {ZîH$f©
ghO g_OVrb Aem ^mfoV ~oVboë`m nÕVrV {Xbo OmVmV. dmMH$ `mVrb EH$m
KQ>H$mdê$Z `mXrMo narjU H$ê$Z CXmhaUmW©, B©-_m{gH$, _yb^yV KQ>H$ Ogo g_`,
{df` ^mfm, BË`mXr `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z CÎma _`m©{XV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mZ§Va VmËH$mi
{díbofUà{H«$`m VË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV {M{H$ËgH$ nÕVrZo _m{hVrMo gmXarH$aU H$aVo.
CXmhaUmW©, dmMH$dJ© hm KQ>H$ {ZdS>bm Va Ë`mMo {dñVmarH$aU {V_mhr, ghm_mhr,
_m{gH$ Aem H$mbI§S>mV H$aVm `oVo. `mZ§Va àË`j _m{hVr CËIZZ Ho$bo OmVo. hr
gmYZo _m{hVr JmoXm_mZo gj_ Ho$bobr Agë`mZo Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ KQ>H$ AmYrM R>a{dbobm
AgyZ Ë`mda AZoH$ àH$mao emoY KoVbobm AgVmo. `m_wio `m gmYZm§À`m dmnamZo
ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm VmËH$mi à{VgmX {_iVmo Am{U Ë`m_wio emoYà{H«$`og MmbZm {_iVo.
ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm H$moUVrhr _m{hVr nmhÿZ Ë`mda {Z`{_V Ahdmb V`ma H$aVm `oVmo.
_m{hVr CËIZZ
hr nÕVr ì`dñWmnH$mg _m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r _yb^yV àíZmdbr V`ma H$aÊ`mg
gj_ H$aVo. ~è`mM EH${ÌV J«§Wmb` nÕVrV Aer _yb^yV gw{dYm Amho. nU `m
nÕVrV _m{hVr gj_rH$aU hmoVo. H$m`©àdU nÕVrVyZ Am{U Vo ~mhoarb _m{hVrer
OwiUmao d gm\$ Ho$bobo ZgVo. `m{edm` OmñV H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVr g§M{`H$m
_m{hVr{díbofUmMm Xwgam àH$ma Omo gyMr` CËIZZmMm, `mVrb EH$ àmoËgmhZmMm
^mJ åhUOo _m{hVr CËIZZ. _m{hVr CËIZZmMo C{Ôï> Amho Cn`wV, ZmdrÝ`nyU©,
{H«$`màUd _m{hVr H¥${Ì_ ~w{Õ_Îmm Am{U AmH$S>odmar nÕVrZo emoYyZ H$mT>Uo. _m{hVr
CËIZZmMr gwédmV 1990À`m gw_mamg Ooìhm _m{hVr JmoXm_o hr g§H$ënZm àË`jmV
Ambr Am{U bmoH${à` Pmbr Voìhm Pmbr. AmñWmnZm§Zr Amnbr àM§S> à_mUmVrb
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
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_m{hVr gmR>dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr JmoXm_m§H$S>o Ymd KoVbr. _m{hVr CËIZZmMo XmoZ
àH$ma AmhoV. dU©ZmË_H$ Am{U A§XmOmË_H$. dU©Z àH$mamV ^yVH$mbrZ Am{U
^{dî`mVrb _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo hm hoVy. `mVrb emoYboë`m AmH¥${V~§YmZo gmÑí` JQ>/
{ZH$Q> g§~§Y JQ>m§Mm emoY, ~XbVo gmÜ`, doJdoJio AmH¥${V~§Y `m nw§OHo$ `m§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© OZJUZm JQ>mà_mUo bmdVo. hmoam / A§XmO hm àH$ma kmV
Jmoï>rYm[aV AkmVm~m~V {dYmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabm OmVmo. `mMm Cn`moJ
gÚ
pñWVr~ÔbMo {dYmZ dm ^mdr KQ>H$m§À`m _mJmoì`m~Ôb Ho$bm OmVmo. `mÀ`m H$m`©
H$aÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr AmhoV. EH$ dJuH$aU, Á`mV {d{eï> JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$ê$Z
dJ©dma aMZm H$aUo. Va Xwgè`m A§XmOàH$mamV AkmV ~XbmMo _yë` H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r,
AmnU {ZdS>bobr H¥$Vr gmYZmg `mo½` Ë`m gyMZm XoD$Z H$m`© H$ê$Z KoVo. gyMr`
CËIZZ nÕVrVrb _m{hVr CËIZZmH$Sy>Z Á`m àíZm§~Ôb CÎmao Ano{jV AmhoV Vo àíZ
AmhoV - H$moU H$m` dmMVmo ? J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$moUË`m godm H$moU dmnaVmo ? H$moUVo
dmMH$gm{hË` AmVmn`ªV H$moUr H$moUr dmnabo Amho ? dmMZgm{hË`mMm dmna, àH$ma?
H$mbmZwê$n ho àíZ A§H$s` J«W§ mb` ì`dñWoVhr àñVwV R>aVmV. H$maU XodKodrMm _mJmodm
R>odUo ho H$R>rU Amho. gyMr` CËIZZmÀ`m ~m~VrV ñH$m°Q> {ZH$mobgZ `m§Mo `moJXmZ ho
_yb^yV Am{U bjUr` Amho.
AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. AZ{^k Cn^moVm `m gmYZmMm dmna H$aob Am{U
gmYZ Ë`mg Am¡Îma nwadob Oo AW©hrZ Agy eH$Vo. H$maU {H$_mZ {ZH$fmMm dmna
Ho$bobm Zmhr.
g§X^©gM
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(1) Omoer, eaX Eb. (S>m°.) - S>mQ>m doAahm¡qgJ A±S> S>mQ>m _mBqZJ \$m°a
bm`~«arO-H$m°Ý\$aÝg nona
(2) {_lm amHo$e Hw$_ma - `wP Am°\$ S>mQ>m _mBqZJ BZ A bm`~«ar - B§{S>`Z OZ©b
Am°\$ bm`~«ar A±S> BÝ\$m°a_oeZ gm`Ýg 2008, I§S> 2, A§H$ 2, nmZ 9197.
ooo
_m{hVr CËIZZ Amkmdbr
AmO ~mOmamV _m{hVr CËIZZ gmYZm§À`m hmVmiUrgmR>r ~è`mM Amkmdbr
CnbãY AmhoV. `mVrb ~è`mM Amkmdbr _m{hVrMr Am`mV gai Ym[aHo$V (âb°Q>
\$mB©b) qH$dm gd©_mÝ` _m{hVr AmamIS>çmV H$aVmV. EH$Xm H$m hr _m{hVr g§H${bV
Pmbr H$s {díbofH$ {d{dY gmYZo dmnê$Z {ZîH$fm©àV nmohmoMVmo. Amoa°H$b øm
AmkmdbrV _m{hVr CËIZZ gw{dYm Amho. Eg.E.Eg. (ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>H$b A°Z°{b{Q>H$b
{gpñQ>_) Am{U Eg.nr.Eg.Eg. (ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>H$b n°Ho$O \$m°a gmoeb gm`Ýg) `m
AmH$S>e
o mñÌr` AmkmdbrVhr _m{hVr CËIZZmÀ`m gw{dYm AmhoV. `m gd© Amkmdbr
A{YH¥$V Am{U _yë`Xo` Amkmdbr AmhoV. AmVm _wVòmoV Amkmdbr doH$m (Weka)
(Witten and Frank 1999) darb gd© n`m©` gw{dYm XoVo Am{U Vohr {H$_mZ
_yë`mV. AWm©V hr Amkmdbr Cn^moVmgÝ_wI Zmhr. Z_wÝ`m_mJyZ Z_wZo nS>VmiUo
YmoH$mXm`H$ R>ê$ eH$Vo. `mVrb ~arMer gmYZo hr A§Xm{OV AmH$S>odmar nÕVrZo
H$m_ H$aVmV. `mgmR>r {d{eï> àH$maMr _m{hVr Oer Zoh_rMo dmQ>n OoUoH$ê$Z {~ZMyH$
{ZH$mb {_iy eH$VmV. gmYZm§À`m ~m§YUrV VnmgUr ì`dñWm Zgë`mg YmoH$mXm`H$
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
40
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
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J«W
§ mb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ
àm. lr. nm§. nmoVXma
{Zd¥Îm J«W§ nmb, g§V JmS>J~o m~m A_amdVr {dÚmnrR>, A_amdVr
gma : J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ ho à_mUH$mda AmYm[aV Agmdo.
J«§Wmb` B_maV e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoÀ`m n[agamÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Agmdr.
g§JUH$, _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm J«§Wmb`mda à^md nS>bm AgyZ
Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mV Pmboë`m ~Xbm§Mm B_maV {Z`moOZmÀ`m doir
{dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho . B_maVrMo {Z`mo O Z H$aVmZm
Ë`m~m~VMr _yb^yV VÎdo {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ^maVr`
à_mUH$ 1553.1963 à_mUo {dÚm{W© g § » `o À `m 1/10
{dÚmÏ`mªMr d 1/5 {ejH$m§Mr EH$m doir dmMZ H$jmV dmMZmMr
gmo` Agmdr. VgoM EH$m Mm¡. \y$Q> OmJoV gmV J«§W R>odVm `oVmV.
`m à_mUmV J«§WXmbZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m OmJoMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo.
`mà_mUo àË`oH$ H$jmH$[aVm bmJUmè`m OmJoH$[aVm à_mUH$mZwgma
{Z`moOZ H$amdo. `mH$[aVm J«§Wnmbmbm J«§Wmb`mg§~§YrÀ`m {d{dY
à_mUH$m§Mm Aä`mg, _m{hVr Agmdr.
J«§Wmb`mMr B_maV H$er, Hw$R>o Agmdr `m~m~V àË`oH$ J«§Wnmbmbm _m{hVr
AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«§Wmb`mMr B_maV åhQ>bo H$s Vr ñdV§ÌM hdr Ago Zmhr. Oa
g§ñWm bhmZ Agob Va J«§Wmb` ho _w»` B_maVrMm EH$ ^mJhr Agob. nU àm_w»`mZo
J«§Wmb`mMr ñdV§Ì B_maV Agmdr Ago _mZbo OmVo. {deofV: g§ñWoMm n[aga Oa _moR>m
Agob Va J«W§ mb` B_maV hr ñdV§ÌM AgVo. {dÚmnrR> J«W§ mb`mMr B_maV, ì`mdgm{`H$
{ejUg§ñWm Ogo A{^`m§{ÌH$s, d¡ÚH$s` {ejU g§ñWm, g§emoYZ g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$
J«W§ mb`, _Ü`dVu J«W§ mb` `m§Mr J«W§ mb`mMr B_maV ñdV§ÌM AgVo. J«W§ mb` B_maVrMm
{dMma H$aVmZm g§ñWoÀ`m n[agamÀ`m _Ü`^mJrM J«§Wmb`mMr B_maV Agmdr. H$maU
dmMH$m§Zm J«§Wmb`mV OmUo ghO, gwb^ Agmdo. VgoM gd©M {d^mJm§Zm J«§Wmb`mMm
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
42
Cn`moJ ghO {dZm`mgm` KoVm `mdm hmM Ë`m_mJMm CÔoe AgVmo. bhmZ J«W§ mb`m~m~V
J«§Wmb` B_maVrMm {dMma H$aVmZm _w»` B_maVrÀ`m _Ü`^mJr J«§Wmb` Agmdo.
CXmhaUmW©, embo` J«§Wmb`, d¥ÎmnÌ, Am¡Úmo{JH$, à{Vð>mZm§Mr J«§Wmb`o, bhmZ
_hm{dÚmb`mMo J«§Wmb` ho ~aoMXm g§ñWoÀ`m _w»` B_maVrVM AgVo.
J«W
§ mb` Am{U _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ
AmO J«§Wmb`mda _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm à^md àm_w»`mZo {XgyZ `oVmo. Ë`m_wio
J«§Wmb`mMo ñdê$n ~XbV Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. `m ~Xbm§Mm {dMma J«§Wmb` B_maVrMm
{dMma H$aVmZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Pmbo Amho. àm_w»`mZo J«§Wg§J«hmMo ñdê$n, J«§Wmb`mMm
dmMH$mH$Sy>Z Cn`moJ `mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJob. AmOMo `wJ {S>{OQ>b bm`~«arO,
ìhÀ`wA
© b bm`~«arOMo Amho. àm_w»`mZo AmOÀ`m J«W§ mb`mV {S>{OQ>b [agmoggo© CnbãY
hmoV AmhoV. VgoM Amnë`m ñdV:À`m _m{hVr gmYZm§Mr OmJm AmVm _m{hVr A°gogZo
KoVbr Amho. Voìhm dmMH$m§Zm bmJUmar gd© _m{hVrMr gmYZo Amnë`m J«§Wmb`mVM
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr H$ënZm AmVm H$mb~mø Pmbr Amho.
grS>ram°_ Q>oZm°bm°Or_wio, J«§Wmb`mVrb g§JUH$mÀ`m dmT>Ë`m Cn`moJm_wio
J«§Wg§J«hmMo ñdê$n, AmH$ma, bmJUmar OmJm, `mV H$_mbrMm ~Xb Pmbm Amho.
VgoM J«W§ mb`mV B§Q>aZoQ>À`m dmT>Ë`m Cn`moJm_wio BVa J«W§ mb`m§Vrb d AÝ` _mÜ`_m§À`m
Cn`moJm_wio CXmhaUmW©, H$Ýgmo{e©`m BVa S>mQ>m~ogog, bm`~«ar ZoQ>dH©$, S>mQ>m ~±H$ d
AÝ` _mÜ`_m§À`m Cn`moJm_wio J«§Wg§J«hmMr g§H$ënZm ~XbV Amho. `mMm {dMma
J«§WXmbZmgmR>r OmJm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm H$aUo H«$_àmá Amho. AmO J«§Wmb`mV N>mnrb
_m{hVrÀ`m gmYZm§~amo~aM {S>{OQ>b _m{hVrMr gmYZo CnbãY Pmbr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
AmOMr J«W§ mb`o hr ""hm`~«rS> bm`~«arO'' Pmbr AmhoV.
`m{edm` J«W§ mb`mMm, J«W§ g§Jh« mMm, dmMZH$jmMm dmMH$mH$Sy>Z hmoUmam Cn`moJ
~XbV Amho. AmO ~aoM dmMH$ J«§Wmb`mMm Cn`moJ Amnë`m H$m_mÀ`m OmJodê$ZM
KoV AmhoV. H$maU _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Cn`moJm_wio AmVm ho e` Amho. Ë`m_wio
J«§Wmb`mV àË`j `oUmè`m dmMH$m§Mr g§»`m Oar H$_r Agbr Var J«§Wmb`mMm Cn`moJ
KoUmè`m EHy$U dmMH$m§Mr g§»`m {H$VrVar OmñV Agob. Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb` B_maVrMm
{dMma H$aVmZm `m ~Xbm§Mm AmVm àË`oH$mbm {dMma H$amdm bmJob.
J«W
§ mb` B_maVrMr _yb^yV VÎdo
J«§Wmb` B_maVrMm {dMma H$aVmZm nwT>rb _yb^yV VÎdm§Mm {dMma H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
43
(1) J«§Wmb` B_maVrMm {dMma H$aVmZm J«§Wmb`mMm àH$ma, J«§Wmb`mMo dmMH$
H$moU, AmnU Ë`m§Zm H$moUH$moUË`m godmgw{dYm XoUma AmhmoV `mMm àW_ {dMma
H$amdm.
(2) J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm {d{dY {d^mJm§Mr A§VJ©V aMZm H$er
amhrb `mMm àW_ {dMma H$amdm d Z§VaM B_maVrÀ`m ~mø ñdê$nmMo {Z`moOZ
H$amdo.
(3) dmMH$m§Mr, J«§Wmb`godH$m§Mr gmo`gw{dYm {Z`§ÌU, `mMm àW_ {dMma H$amdm.
dmñVwaMZm (Architectural Design) H$aVmZm Ë`m§À`mer VS>OmoS> H$ê$
Z`o.
(4) J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm, AmamIS>m ~Z{dVmZm g§^mì` dmT> H$er
d {H$Vr amhrb `mMm Oê$a {dMma H$amdm. B_maVrMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm
nwT>rb n§Mdrg dfmªVrb g§^mì` dmT> H$er, {H$Vr amhrb Ë`mZwgma B_maVrÀ`m
AmamIS>çmMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo. VgoM _moR>çm eham§_Ü`o OmJoH$[aVm ~arM qH$_V
_moOmdr bmJVo. `m Ñï>rZo B_maVrÀ`m {Z`moOZmV H$miOr KoVbobr Agmdr.
H$maU J«W§ mb` d{Y©îUw Amho. J«W§ mb` B_maVrVrb ^{dî`mVrb VaVwXtMm {dMma
H$aVmZm J«§Wmb`mÀ`m _mJrb gm§{IH$s` AmH$S>odmarMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
^{dî`mMr B_maVr_Ü`o VaVyX H$amdr.
(5) J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ, {d^mJm§Mr A§VJ©V aMZm hr J«§Wmb` àemgZmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo gmo`rMr Agmdr. H$_rVH$_r J«§Wmb` godH$m§À`m _XVrZo `mo½` godm,
{Z`§ÌU H$aVm `oB©b AerM B_maVrMr A§VJ©V aMZm Agmdr.
(6) J«§Wmb`mV `oUmè`m d ~mhoa OmUmè`m dmMH$m§Mm dmMZH$jmVrb dmMH$m§Zm
H$moUVmM CnÐd hmoUma Zmhr, dmMZmVrb, Aä`mgmVrb bj {dMbrV hmoUma
Zmhr AerM {d{dY H$jm§Mr aMZm Agmdr.
(7) AmYw{ZH$ J«§Wmb` B_maVrMr H$ënZm Aer Amho H$s, J«§WXmbZ H$jmVM EH$
MVwWmªe OmJm hr dmMH$m§Zm dmMZmH$[aVm CnbãY Agmdr. J«§WXmbZmVrb
dmMZgm{hË` dmMH$m§Zm VoWoM dmMÊ`mMr, MmiÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Agmdr.
(8) ^{dî`mV Amdí`H$VoZwgma J«§Wmb` B_maVr_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Vo Layout,
§ mb` B_maVrMo
Structure, Services _Ü`o ~Xb ghO H$aVm `mdoV `m Ñï>rZo J«W
{Z`moOZ bdMrH$VoÀ`m (Flexible) YmoaUmda AmYm[aV Agmdo.
(9) J« § W , dmMH$, J« § W mb`go d H$, `m gdmª Z mM ghO, gw b ^ hmbMmb
(movements) H$aVm `mdr Aer A§VJ©V ì`dñWm Agmdr.
(10) J«W§ mb` B_maVrV àdoe Ho$ë`mZ§Va qH$dm J«W§ mb`mVyZ ~mhoa OmVmZm J«W§ mb`mÀ`m
{d{dY H$jm§V ghO OmVm `mdo (Accessible) Aer {d{dY H$jm§Mr aMZm
Agmdr.
(11) J«W§ R>do Ê`mH$[aVm, dmMH$m§Zm dmMZmgmR>r bmJUmar OmJm hr doJiçm (varied)
ñdê$nmMr AgVo. `mMm B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZmM {dMma H$amdm. Ë`m Ñï>rZo
B_maV {Z`moOZm_Ü`o H$miOr KoD$Z J«§Wmb` B_maV ~m§Ymdr.
(12) dmMH$ Am{U dmMZr` gm{hË` `mgmR>r OmJoMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm ghOnUo
Ë`mMm Cn`moJ dmT>ob `mMm {dMma H$amdm. (To promote efficiency)
(13) J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVròmoVm§Mo (`mV N>mnrb d BboQ´>m°{Zg _m{hVrÀ`mòmoVm§Mm
nU g_mdoe Agob) g§ajU (preservation) hmoBb
© Ago J«W§ mb`mVrb Vmn_mZ
amhrb d gd© F$Vy§_Ü`o Vo gmaIo amhrb `mMm {dMma H$amdm.
(14) dmMH$m§À`m ì`dhmam§da `mo½` ZOa amhrb d _m{hVròmoVm§Mo `mo½` OVZ, Jhmi
hmoÊ`mda {Z`§ÌU ghO R>odVm `oB©b `mMr J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm
I~aXmar ¿`mdr.
(15) B_maVrMo ~m§YH$m_ H$_r IMm©V (Economic) hmoB©b d H$_rV H$_r J«§Wmb`
godH$m§À`m gmømZo gd© H$jm§_Ü`o {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oB©b Ago Agmdo.
(16) J«§Wmb` B_maVrV `oÊ`mgmR>r d J«§Wmb`mVyZ ~mhoa OmÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di EH$M
àdoeÛma Agmdo. Ë`m_wio H$_rV H$_r J«§Wmb`godH$m§À`m _XVrZo `mo½` {Z`§ÌU
R>odVm `oB©b. _wVÛma (Open Access System) nÕVr_Ü`o J«§W hady Z`oV
`mgmR>r Va ho Amdí`H$M Amho.
(17) J«W§ mb`mV Aä`mg, g§emoYZmÀ`m hoVZy o dmMH$ dmMZ H$aVmV. Ë`m Ñï>rZo {deofV:
dmMZH$jmV Zoh_r em§VVm amhrb (Noise Control) AgoM dmVmdaU Agmdo.
(18) J«§Wmb` B_maVrV Zoh_rM nwaogm gy`©àH$me Agmdm. {edm` Ooìhm d {OWo
{dÚwV{Xì`m§Mr JaO AgVo Voìhm Ë`mMr ì`dñWm Agmdr. dmMZ H$aVmZm
dmMH$mÀ`m _mJyZ S>mì`m ~mOyZo àH$me Amë`mg dmMVmZm S>moiçm§da H$_r
VmU nS>Vmo `mH$[aVm {deof H$miOr ¿`mdr.
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J«W
§ mb` B_maVrMr ^maVr` à_mUHo$
J§«Wmb`mÀ`m B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm doJdoJiçm àH$maÀ`m J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o
H$moUH$moUVo H$j Amdí`H$ AmhoV, H$moUË`m H$jmH$[aVm {H$Vr OmJm Amdí`H$ Amho
hr ~m~ H$moUmÀ`m _OuZwgma amhVm H$m_m Z`o. Am{H©$Q>oQ>, dmñVw{demaX, g§ñWoMo
ì`dñWmnZ _§S>i, g§ñWmà_wI, J«§Wnmb `m§À`m Hw$UmÀ`m _OuZwgma J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo
{Z`moOZ Ho$ë`mg Vo n[anyU© hmoUma Zmhr. J«§Wmb` B_maVrÀ`m {Z`moOZm~m~V Hw$Umbm
H$m` dmQ>Vo `mnojm `mg§~§Yr ^maVr` à_mUHo$ H$moUVr AmhoV ? Ë`mV H$m` {Xbo Amho?
`mMm Aä`mg àW_ J«§WnmbmZoM H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUOo J«§Wmb` B_maVrÀ`m
à_mUH$m§da B_maVrMm àñVmd AmYm[aV Agë`mg Vo Hw$Ur ZmH$mê$ eH$V Zmhr d
Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZhr `mo½` hmoB©b. àË`oH$ J«§WnmbmZo Aem à_mUH$m§Mm
Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«W§ mb` B_maVrÀ`m {Z`moOZmV gh^mJ KoVë`mg AmXe© J«W§ mb` B_maV
V`ma hmoB©b `mV e§H$m Zmhr.
J«§Wmb` B_maVr~m~VMr ^maVr` à_mUHo$ Ver OwZrM AmhoV. S>m°. Eg.Ama.
a§JZmWZ `m§À`mM AÜ`jVoImbrb J{R>V g{_VrZo Vr V`ma Ho$br AmhoV. H$mbmZwê$n
Ë`m§V H$mhr ~Xbhr Amdí`H$ AmhoV. nU EH$ _w»`òmoV åhUyZ AmOhr Ë`mMo _hÎd
H$_r Pmbobo Zmhr. `m_Ü`o Imbrb à_mUHo$ _hÎdmMr AmhoV.
(1) UGC Report on University and College Libraries 1965
Chairman Dr. S. R. Ranganathan.
(2) Indian Standard IS-1553; 1963 Code of practice relating to
primary elements in the design of Library building.
Ë`m{edm` `y.Or.gr. Zo H$mhr dfmªnydu I§S>mim `oWo EH$ H$m`©emim Am`mo{OV
Ho $ br hmo V r. Vgo M Eg.EZ.S> r .Q> r . {dÚmnrR> m Zo h r Library Building
Architecture da EH$ H$m`©emim Am`mo{OV Ho$br hmoVr. `m H$m`©emioV OJà{gÕ
bm`~«ar Am{H©$Q>oQ> Jm°S>\«o$ Wm_gZ `m§Zr _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo hmoVo. Voìhm `m XmoÝhr
H$m`©emim§À`m {e\$maer J«§Wmb` B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm {ZpíMVM Cn`moJr
AmhoV.
Indian Standard 1553; 1963 _Ü`o gd©M àH$maÀ`m J«§Wmb` B_maVr_Ü`o
H$moUH$moUVo H$j (Sections) Amdí`H$ AmhoV `mMm VVm {Xbm Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s `m
boImV _hm{dÚmb`rZ J«W§ mb`m~m~VMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.
(1) J«W
§ XmbZ
J«§WXmbZmH$[aVm OmJoMm {dMma H$aVmZm J«§Wmb`mV AmOn`ªV CnbãY dmMZgm{hË`mMm {dMma H$amdm. dmMZgm{hË`mMo {d{dY àH$ma, AmH$ma `mMmhr {dMma
H$amdm d nwT>rb n§Mdrg dfmªV Ë`mV {H$Vr ^a nS>ob ho bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mH$[aVm
bmJUmè`m OmJoMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo bmJob.
(2) J«W
§ mb` Vm{bHo$H$[aVm OmJm
Vm{bH$m H$jmH$[aVm à_mUH$mZwgma Vrg Mm¡. \y$Q> OmJm bmJob. Vm{bHo$Mr
ì`dñWm J«W§ XmbZmÀ`m àdoemOdi amhrb d dmMZH$jmÀ`m _mJm©da Vm{bH$m Agmdr.
(3) dmMZH$j
à_mUH$mZwgma EHy$U {dÚm{W©g§»`oÀ`m Xhm Q>¸o$ d àmÜ`mnH$g§»`oÀ`m drg
Q>¸o$ dmMH$m§Zm EH$m doir dmMZH$jmV dmMZ H$aVm `oB©b `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z
dmMZH$jmÀ`m OmJoMo B_maVr_Ü`o {Z`moOZ H$amdo bmJob. EH$m nXdrn`ªV {ejU
KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªH$[aVm n§Mdrg Mm¡. \y$Q>, nXì`wÎma {dÚmÏ`mªH$[aVm Vrg Mm¡. \y$Q> d
EH$m àmÜ`mnH$mH$[aVm Mmirg Mm¡. \y$Q> à_mUH$mZwgma dmMZH$jmV OmJm bmJob ho
à_mU bjmV KoD$Z dmMZH$jmÀ`m OmJoMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo.
dmMZH$jm§Mr é§Xr Xhm _rQ>a amhrb. 2 _r. x 0.7 _r. dmMZH$jmVrb Q>~o bMm
AmH$ma amhrb d EH$m AmoirV Mma Q>o~bo amhVrb d Mma Q>o~bÀ`m _Ü`^mJr XmoZ
_rQ>aMm _mJ© amhrb. Q>o~bÀ`m XmoZ AmoitVrb A§Va 1.5 _rQ>a amhrb d Q>o~bÀ`m
Ho$di EH$m ~mOyZoM IwÀ`m© amhVrb.
Aem àH$mao J«§Wmb` B_maVr_Ü`o dmMZH$jmH$[aVm bmJUmè`m OmJoMo {Z`moOZ
H$amdo bmJob.
(4) {Z`VH$m{bH$ dmMZH$j
da Z_yX à_mUH$m§Zwgma gmV nwñVH$m§H$[aVm EH$ Mm¡ag\y$Q> OmJm bmJVo. `mà_mUo
g§nyU© J«§WXmbZmH$[aVm {H$Vr OmJm bmJob ho H$mT>Vm `oB©b. J«§WXmbZmMr C§Mr 2350
E_.E_. (åhUOo gmV \y$Q> Xhm B§M) amhrb d é§Xr Xhm _rQ>a (33 \y$Q> 4 B§M)
amhrb. `m§n¡H$s AmR> _rQ>a OmJoda ñQ>rb S>~b\o$ñS> bm`~«ar ñQ>°H$ amhVrb d XmoÝhr
~mOyZo OmÊ`m`oÊ`mH$[aVm EH$ EH$ _rQ>a OmJm amhrb. XmoZ ñQ>°H$À`m Amoit_Yrb
A§Va ho 1350 E_.E_. (4 \y$Q> 8 B§M) amhrb.
{Z`VH$m{bH$ dmMZH$j hm gm_mÝ` dmMZH$jmnojm doJim Agob. `m
H$jmH$[aVm ñdV§Ì àdoe Agmdm. EH$m {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m a°H$da gmYmaUV: gmoim
{Z`VH$m{bHo $ àX{e© V H$aVm `o V mV. Ë`mà_mUo J« § W mb`mV Ko Ê `mV `o U mè`m
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m g§»`oZwgma d da Z_yX dmMH$m§À`m g§»`oZwgma d Ë`m§À`mH$[aVm
{ZYm©[aV à_mUH$mà_mUo {Z`VH$m{bH$ H$jmÀ`m OmJoMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo bmJob. `m
H$jmV `oUmao dmMH$ ho Aä`mg, g§emoYZmH$[aVm dmMZ H$aUmao AgVmV, ho {Z`moOZ
H$aVmZm Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo. AmO H$mhr {Z`VH$m{bHo$hr Online KoÊ`mV `oVmV. Voìhm
Ë`m§À`m dmMZmMrhr ì`dñWm `m H$jmV H$amdr bmJob.
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(5) Aä`m{gH$m
gm_mÝ` dmMZH$jm{edm` doJir Aä`m{gH$m Agmdr. Ë`m {R>H$mUr {dÚmÏ`mªZm
Aä`mgmMr gmo` Agmdr. ~aoMXm {dÚmÏ`mªZm EImÚm {df`mda AmnmngmV MMm©
H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mH$[aVm 15 ñHo$._r.Mr ñdV§Ì Aä`m{gH$m Agmdr.
(6) go{_Zma H$j
J«W§ mb`mÀ`m {dñVma godm, {d{dY CnH«$_, H$m`©H$« _, _m{hVr gmjaVm H$m`©H$« _,
MMm©gÌ, n[ag§dmX, ì`pV_Îd {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_, ì`m»`mZo Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
àË`oH$ J«§Wmb`mV go{_Zma H$j à_mUH$mZwgma Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm J«§Wmb`
B_maVrV 20 Mm¡._r. Mm go{_Zma H$j Agmdm.
(7) J«W
§ nmbmMr Imobr
J«§Wmb`mV `oUmè`m dmMH$mbm J«§Wnmbmer ghO g§nH©$ gmYVm `mdm `m Ñï>rZo
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamOdiM J«§WnmbmMr Imobr Agmdr. J«§Wmb`mV `oUmè`m àË`oH$
dmMH$mda ghO bj OmB©b Aem {R>H$mUr Vr Agmdr. {deofV: dmMZH$jmOdiM
Vr Agmdr. `m Imobrbm bmJyZM ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb d J«§WnmbmMo H$m`m©b` Agmdo.
J«§WnmbmÀ`m ImobrH$[aVm 30 Mm¡._r. OmJoMr B_maVr_Ü`o VaVyX Agmdr.
(8) Vm§{ÌH$ godH$ H$j
hm H$j J«§WnmbmÀ`m H$jmbm bmJyZM Agmdm. `m H$jm_Ü`o J«§WIaoXr,
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr Zm|XUr, J«§WmonñH$a, dJuH$aU, S>mQ>m E§Q´>r, Aer {d{dY Vm§{ÌH$
H$m_o MmbVmV. `m gd© H$m_m§Mm g§~§Y J«§Wnmb, ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb d J«§Wmb`mMo
àemgH$s` H$m`m©b` `m§À`mer `oVmo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo ho gd© H$j EH$_oH$m§Zm bmJyZM AgmdoV.
àË`oH$ Vm§{ÌH$ godH$mH$[aVm à_mUH$mZwgma 09 Mm¡._r. `m à_mUmV OmJoMr ì`dñWm
`m {d^mJmH$[aVm H$amdr. øm H$jmVyZ J«§WXmbZ H$jm_Ü`o àdoemMr ì`dñWm Agmdr.
H$maU `m {d^mJmMm g§~§Y Zoh_rM J«§WXmbZmer `oVmo.
(9) J«W
§ mb`mMo H$m`m©b` (Administrative Room)
J«§Wmb`mMr gd© àemgH$s` H$m_o `mM H$jmVyZ MmbVmV. Voìhm hm H$jXoIrb
J«W§ mb`mÀ`m àdoemOdi d J«W§ nmb, ghm`H$ J«W§ nmb `m§À`m H$jmbm bmJyZM Agmdm.
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à_mUH$mZwgma `m {d^mJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m àË`oH$ godH$mH$[aVm 0.5 Mm¡. _r. `mà_mUo
OmJoMr ì`dñWm H$amdr.
(10) J«W
§ àXe©ZmMr OmJm (Book Display Space)
J«§Wmb`mV Amboë`m ZdrZ dmMZr` gm{hË`mda J«§Wmb`mV `oUmè`m àË`oH$M
dmMH$mMr ghOVoZo `oVm OmVm ZOa nS>mdr `m hoVyZo J«§Wmb`mÀ`m àdoemÛmamOdiM
`m H$jmMr `moOZm Agmdr. à_mUH$mZwgma Ë`mH$[aVm 30 Mm¡. _r. OmJoMr ì`dñWm
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m B_maVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm H$amdr.
(11) g§JUH$ H$j (Computer Unit)
à_mUH$m_Ü`o `m H$jmMm CoI Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr Ë`m_Ü`o Microfilm
Reading Room Mm CoI d VaVyX Amho. ho à_mUH$ gohoMmirg dfmªnydu V`ma
Pmbo Agë`mZo g§JUH$ H$jmMm CoI ZgUo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. Microfilm hr
g§H$ënZm AmVm H$mb~mø Pmbr Amho. Ë`mEodOr AmVm ñH°$qZJ H$ê$Z g§JUH$mÀ`m
gmømZo _m{hVr gmR>{dbr OmVo. VgoM AmVm J«§Wmb`mV g§JUH$mMm Cn`moJ dmT>bm
Amho. åhUyZ J«§Wmb`mV g§JUH$ H$j Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm J«§Wmb`mÀ`m OmJoMo
{Z`moOZ H$aVmZm g§JUH$ H$jmH$[aVm 30 Mm¡._r. OmJoMr VaVyX H$amdr.
(12)
BVa Cn`moJmH$[aVm bmJUmar OmJm (Space for other
purposes)
darb H$m_m§{edm` J«§Wmb`mÀ`m B_maVr_Ü`o BVa Cn`moJmH$[aVm OmJoMr VaVyX
H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mV àm_w»`mZo J«§W XodKod, ìham§S>m, nm`è`m, ñdÀN>VmJ¥h,
bm°~rO, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo à_mUH$mZwgma EHy$U OmJoÀ`m 40%
OmJm hr `m H$m_m§À`m Cn`moJmH$[aVm bmJUma Amho. Ë`mMr VaVyX J«§Wmb` B_maVrÀ`m
{Z`moOZmMo doir H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
H$moUVohr à_mUH$ Ë`m~m~VMr AmXe© n[apñWVr XmI{dVo. åhUyZ à_mUH$mZwgma
OodT>o e` Amho, Vo H$aÊ`mMm àË`oH$ J«§WnmbmZo à`ËZ H$amdm. J«§Wmb` B_maVrMm
àñVmd V`ma H$aVmZm `m à_mUH$mMm AmYma KoVbm Va ghgm Vo ImoSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mMo,
ZmH$maÊ`mMo YmS>g Hw$Ur H$aUma Zmhr. åhUyZ _hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§Wmb` B_maVrÀ`m
{Z`moOZmH$[aVm `m _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ hmoB©b `mMr ImÌr dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>o Hw$UmMo
kmZJ§JmoÌr
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H$m` _V Amho, `mnojm à_mUH$mZwgma H$go hdo ho gm§{JVë`mg J«§Wmb`mMr AmXe©
B_maV ~Zy eH$Vo.
Bibliography
1
Gupta O. P. (1992) : Concepts in Communication Informatics
and Librarianship 31, Development of University Libraries
in India after Independence, New Delhi : Concept p. 227.
2
IS : 1553-1963 Code of Practice relating to primary elements
in the design of library building.
3
Iyengar Sreenidhi (1996) : Library Standards, New Delhi :
Anmol p. 330.
4
Kaula, P. N. (1965) : Ranganathan Series in Library Science
14. Library Science Today : Ranganathan Festschrift Vol.
1, Bombay : Asia.
5
Khanna, J. K. : Fundamentals of Library Organization,
New Delhi : Ess Ess P. 560.
6
Krishan Kumar (1985) : Library Administration and
Management, New Delhi : Vikas, p. 200.
7
Potdar S.P. (2002) : Library Standards, Proceeding of the
Conference Organised by Nagpur University College
Librarians Association, Wardha.
8
Pranjale, Pravina K. (1998) : A Critical Study of Library
Standards for Academic Libraries, Unpublished Dissertation,
Amravati University, Amravati.
9
Rastogi Umesh C. (1989) : Changing Dimensions in
Academic Libraries, Lucknow, Lucknow Christian College,
P. 179.
11
Thompson, Godfrey (1989) : Butterworth Architecture
library of Planning and Design. Planning and Design of
Library Buildings. London : Butterworth Architecture. p.
224.
12 Trehan, G. L. (1985) : College Library Management :
Academic Library System, Services and Use. New Delhi :
Sterling.p. 414.
ooo
10 Sharma ChandraKant (1977) : University Library : It's
Management and Organization, New Delhi : Metropolitan
Book, P. 172.
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`moJXmZ : EH$ Aä`mg
dmer `oWrb H$_©dra _m_mgmho~ OJXmio
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb`mVrb H$bm {dÚm
emIo À `m Aä`mgH« $ _mZw g ma J« § W m§ M r
CnbãYVm d dmna : EH$ Aä`mg
Am¡gm ehamVrb {dYrkm§À`m _m{hVr{df`H$
JaOm Am{U nyV©Vm : EH$ Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
68
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
15 bmio _hmdra {dbmgamd
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
bmVya `oWrb E_.Eg. {~S>do A{^`m§{ÌH$s
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb`mVrb BboQ´>m°{ZH$
g§gmYZmMr CnbãYVm d dmna : EH$
Aä`mg
Aä`mgH|$Ð : X`mZ§X H$bm d emñÌ _hm{dÚmb`, gmobmnya
1
amOJwê$ E. ~r.
2
Zd{Jao EZ. Eg.
3
Q>m§H$ E_. Ho$.
4
{Ibmao E. ìhr.
5
CX{Jar Eg. EZ.
6
hmobrH$Å>r nr. gr.
7
lrJmXr Ho$. nr.
8
amD$V E_. Eg.
9
ZmJao Eg. Ama.
_§ J ido T > m `o W rb lr. g§ V Xm_mOr
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb`mMo ^{dî`H$mbrZ
{Z`moOZ
gmo b mny a ehamVrb amÌ _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb`mVrb dmMZgd`r : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb V§Ì{ZHo$VZ _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb`mVrb dmMZgm{hË`mMr CnbãYVm
d dmna : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb "A' dJ© gmd©O{ZH$
J«W§ mb`mMo {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZ : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`
J«W§ mb`mVrb dmMZgm{hË` g§Jh« mMm {dH$mg
: EH$ Aä`mg
_hmË_m \w$bo H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m gmobmnya
`o W rb {d^mJr` H¥ $ fr g§ e mo Y Z H| $ Ð
J«W§ mb`mMo g§emoYZ H$m`m©Vrb `moJXmZ : EH$
Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb ghH$mar é½Umb`o Am{U
g§emoYZ H|$ÐmVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`
J« § W mb`mVrb Bbo Q´ > m ° { ZH$ g§ g mYZm§ M r
CnbãYVm d dmna : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya `oWrb X`mZ§X {ejU g§ñWoÀ`m
g§Hw$bmVrb _hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§WYmb`m§Mm
Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
69
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
10 H$ma§S>o Eg. Eg.
11 ^mboamd E. nr.
12 H$nS>oH$a Ama. Eb.
13 Amg~o S>r. ~r.
14 ~ZgmoS>o `w.gr.
15 gæ`X E\$. EZ. Eg.
16 Im§S>oH$a nr. Eg.
17 _mir EZ. E_.
18 nR>mU Eg. E_.
19 Zm{eJa Eg. Am`.
20 ZXm\$ Ho$. ~r.
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
n§T>anya ehamVrb _hm{dÚmb` J«W§ mb`mVrb
_Zwî`~i ì`dñWmnZ : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ mb`mVrb
_{hbm dmMH$m§Mr dmMZm{^éMr : EH$
Aä`mg
gmo b mny a `o W rb ^maVr {dÚmnrR> m À`m
A{^OrV H$X_ BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ _°ZoO_|Q>
J«§Wmb`mMo Z°H$à{UV _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmZwgma
_yë`_mnZ : EH$ Aä`mg
_§ J ido T > m ehamVrb _hm{dÚmb`rZ
{ejH$m§À`m boIZH$m`m©V J«W§ mb`mMo `moJXmZ
: EH$ Aä`mg
{^JdU `o W rb H$bm _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb`mVrb {dÚmnrR>mZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$boë`m
H«${_H$ d g§X^©J«§Wm§Mr CnbãYVm d dmna :
EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb CXy© ^m{fH$ gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
_§ J ido T > m Vmbw `mVrb gmd© O {ZH$
J«§Wmb`m§Mo {Za§Va {ejUmVrb `moJXmZ :
EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb ì`dñWmnZ _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb`mVrb AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZ V§ÌmMo
Cn`moOZ : EH$ Aä`mg
gmo b mny a {OëømVrb A{^`m§ { ÌH$s
_hm{dÚmb` J« § W mb`mVrb AmYw { ZH$
ì`dñWmnZ V§ÌmMo Cn`moOZ : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya {dÚmnrR>mVrb {ejH$m§À`m _m{hVr
emoYm§Mo dV©Z : EH$ Aä`mg
gmobmnya ehamVrb Z°H$ à_m{UV _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb`mVrb godm§Mo _yë`_mnZ : EH$
Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
70
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
21 {~amOXma Q>r. E. E_.
gmobmnya gmoeb Agmo{eEeÝg AmQ²>©g A°ÊS>
H$m°_g© H$m°boO J«§Wmb`mVrb {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m
Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma {ZYm©[aV Ho$bobr CXy©
^mfoÀ`m J«§Wm§Mr CnbãYVm d dmna : EH$
Aä`mg
A¸$bH$mo Q > `o W rb gr. ~r. Io S > J rO
~gdoída gm`Ýg, amOm {dO`qgh H$m°_g© d
amOm O`qgh AmQ²>©g H$m°boO J«§Wmb`mMo
"ñdm°Q>' (SWOT) V§ÌmYmao {díbofUmË_H$
AÜ``Z
gm§Jmobm _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$m§À`m
_m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm d nyVV© m : EH$ Aä`mg
-
22 gmR>o Eg. ~r.
23 ñdm_r Eb. E_.
24 ZbdS>o E_. ìhr.
25 Mm¡Jwbo `w. E.
Aä`mgH|$Ð : gmVmam
1
~ZgmoS>o AnUm© M§ÐH$m§V
2
^moB©Q>o bVm M§ÐH$m§V
3
~mo^mQ>o g§Vmof àëhmX
4
MìhmU {OV|Ð VmZmOramd
5
Xoe_wI g{MZ H$m|{S>~m
gmVmam ehamVrb a`V {ejU g§ñWoVrb
_hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§Wmb`mMo àmÜ`mnH$m§À`m
g§emoYZ H$m`m©V `moJXmZ
_mU Vmbw`mVrb a`V {ejU g§ñWoÀ`m
_mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb`mVrb J« § W mb`mMm
Aä`mg
H$mo n aJmd `o W rb Eg.Eg.Or.E_.
_hm{dÚmb`mÀ`m J«W§ mb`mVrb {dÚmnrR>mZo
{ZYm©[aV Ho$boë`m ^yJmob {df`mVrb J«§WmMr
CnbãYVm d dmna : EH$ Aä`mg
H$mo a o J md Vmbw `mÀ`m gmd© O {ZH$
J«§Wmb`mVrb {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm Aä`mg
doUwVmB© _{hbm {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`,
gmVmam `o W rb à{ejUmWvÀ`m
dmMZgd`rMm Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
71
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
6 JmoS>go {dZm`H$ lrH¥$îU
7
B§Jmobo {dÚm _moaío da
8
OmYd ^mJ©d em_amd
9
H$Ugo _m{UH$m A_mob
10 ImS>o gr_m CÎm_
11 ImS>o g§JrVm {_qbX
12 b|^o _Zmo_ _YwgwYZ
13 _hm_wZr h[anmb Ho$edamd
14 _mZo _h|Ð H$m{eZmW
15 _wio gw{ZVm AVwb
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
~id§V _hm{dÚmb`, {dQ>m J«§Wmb` d
ehmOramd _hm{dÚmb`, IQ>md J«§Wmb`
Vm¡bm{ZH$ Aä`mg
am_Xmg gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb` {eadi : EH$
Aä`mg
~mnwOr gm§iI
w o _hm{dÚmb`, H$amS> J«W§ mb`
: EH$ Aä`mg
nwUo `oWrb gH$mi d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb` : EH$
Aä`mg
a`V {ejU g§ñWoÀ`m N>ÌnVr {edmOr
H$m°boO, gmVmam `oWrb H$_dm d {eH$m
`moOZoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m dmMZgd`rMm
Aä`mg
H$amS> ehamVrb _hm{dÚmb`rZ
J«§Wmb`mVrb _Zwî`~i d V§ÌkmZ `m§À`m
ghg§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg
Jm¡are§H$a EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r, gmVmam
g§M{bV H$m°boO Am°\$ \$m_©gr, XoJmd d
Or.B©.Eg. H$m°boO Am°\$ \$m_©gr, qb~ `m
Am¡fY{Z_m©UemñÌ nX{dH$m _hm{dÚmb`mÀ`m
J«§Wmb`m§Mm Vm¡bm{ZH$ Aä`mg
\$bQ>U ehamVrb {dYrkmZm~Ôb An[a{MV
AgUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§ À `m {dYr{df`H$
_m{hVrÀ`m JaOm§Mm Aä`mg : EH$ gd©ojU
gmVmam Vmbw `mVrb J« m _rU d dJ©
ñVamdarb gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mm gdmªJrU
Aä`mg
H$bm d dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmb` gmVmam
J«§Wmb`mVrb g§X^©gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm d
Cn`moOZ : EH$ Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
72
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
16 ZbdS>o VoOpñdZr ~~Zamd
17 nmQ>rb gr_m B©ída
18 qeXo AM©Zm hUw_§V
19 qeXo _rZmjr ~Oa§J
20 Vmdao ê$nmbr JmoHw$i
21 `mXd àdrUHw$_ma CÎm_amd
22 Hw$bH$Uu {MÌm gw^mf
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
AÊUmgmho~ H$ë`mUr {dÚmb` gmVmam,
embo` J«§Wmb`mMm gdmªJrU Aä`mg
gmVmam {OëømVrb _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`rZ
J«§Wmb`mMo {dÚm{W©ZtÀ`m ñnYm© narjoVrb
`moJXmZ : EH$ Aä`mg
S>r. nr. ^mogbo _hm{dÚmb`, H$moaoJmd
J«§Wmb`mVrb _amR>r dmL²>_`mMr CnbãYVm
d dmna
H$amS> `oWrb emgH$s` Am¡fY{Z_m©UemñÌ
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb`mVrb ~r. \$m_© d E_.
\$m_© H$aUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm XoÊ`mV `oUmè`m
g§X^©gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm Am{U dmna : EH$
Aä`mg
gX²Jwé JmS>Jo _hmamO _hm{dÚmb`, H$amS>
`oWrb J«§Wmb`mV {dÚmnrR>mZo {ZYm©[aV
Ho$boë`m AW©emñÌ `m {df`mVrb H«${_H$ d
g§X^©J«§Wm§Mr CnbãYr Am{U dmna : EH$
Aä`mg
gmVmam nm°{bQ>opZH$ gmVmam J«§Wmb` : EH$
Aä`mg
`ed§Vamd MìhmU BpÝñQ>Q>çQy > Am°\$ gm`Ýg,
gmVmam `m J«W§ mb`m_Ü`o {dÚmnrR>mZo {ZYm©[aV
Ho$boë`m agm`ZemñÌ {df`mÀ`m J«§Wm§Mr
CnbãYVm d dmna : EH$ Aä`mg
Aä`mgH|$Ð : Am¡aJ§ m~mX
1
Amï>rH$a Á`moVr ~~Zamd
2
XmnwaH$a ho_m§Jr àëhmX
Am¡ a § J m~mX `o W rb emgH$s` {d^mJr`
J«§Wmb`mVrb g§X^©gmYZm§Mm Aä`mg
Am¡ a § J m~mX `o W rb _hm{dÚmb`rZ
J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ gmjaVm
CnH«$_m§Mm Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
73
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
3
Xm^mS>o g§JrVm am_H¥$îU
4
{H$gdo `mXd CÎm_amd
5
J§JmdUo Am_«nmbr H$mH$mgmho~
6
Km`mi _Zmoha J§JmYa
7
H$g~o gwaoe ~m~wamd
8
_ohoao AéU ^mD$gmho~
9
_wio g§nXm gVre
10 nmQ>rb gwZrb AmË_mam_
11 nmQ>rb em_Hw$_ma XJSy>
12 ndma {XZmZmW Zm_Xod
13 amOnyV gm[aH$m ZmZmbmb
14 gmiwH§ $o n§H$OHw$_ma H$Mê$
15 gobHw $a _§Ofy m em_amd
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
Am¡a§Jm~mX ehamVrb emgZ_mÝ` "A' dJ©
gmd©O{ZH$ J«W§ kmmb`mZo am~{dboë`m {dñVma
godm§Mm Aä`mg
A§~mOmoJmB© `oWrb AÜ`mnH$ _hm{dÚmb`rZ
J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWrb emgH$s` V§Ì{ZHo$VZ
J«W§ mb`mVrb _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna : EH$
Aä`mg
n¡R>U `oWrb à{Vð>mZ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb
AÜ`mnH$m§Mr dmMZ A{^éMr : EH$ Aä`mg
nmQ>moXm ehamVrb O`^dmZr H$bm d {dkmZ
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
_amR>dmS>m H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>, na^Ur g§b{¾V
_hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
Am¡a§Jm~mX ehamVrb V§Ì{ZHo$VZ J«§Wmb`
ì`dñWmnZmV ""SWOT'' V§ÌmMm dmna
S>{o gS>mH° $ ~wb{o Q>Z Am°\$ BÝ\$a_oeZ Q>o Zm°bm°Or
`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMo {~pãbAmo_{° Q>H$ {díbofU
Am¡ a § J m~mX ehamVrb A{^`m§ { ÌH$s
_hm{dÚmb`m§À`m J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
OmbZm Vmbw `mVrb "~' XOm© àmá
gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§À`m {dH$mgmV amOm
am__mohZ am°` J«§Wmb` à{Vð>mZMo `moJXmZ
Am¡a§Jm~X ehamVrb CBSE Board
A§VJ©V embo` J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
{dZm`H$amd nmQ>rb _hm{dÚmb`, d¡Omnya
Am{U lr_wVmZ§X _hm{dÚmb`, J§Jmnya
J«§Wmb`m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg
Am¡aJ§ m~mX `oWrb B§S>mO
o _©Z Qw>bê$_ à{ejU
H|$ÐmVrb J«§Wmb`mMm Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
74
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
16 qeXo Á`moVr {XJ§~aamd
17 gmoZdUo _Zrfm g§^mOr
18 dmhþio AéU {H$gZamd
19 doVmi ~miy Xm_moYa
20 IS>Ho$ lwVr lrH$m§V
21 eoiHo$ emaXm H$m{eZmW
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
lr g§V EH$ZmW _hmamO ì`Vr d H$m`© :
Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWrb lr EH$ZmW g§emoYZ _§{Xa
J«§Wmb`mVrb _m{hVròmoVm§Mm Aä`mg
bmoH$gÎmm dV©_mZnÌmVrb à{gÕ Pmboë`m
J«§WnarjUm§Mm {díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg
Am¡ a § J m~mX ehamVrb Z° H $ à_m{UV
_hm{dÚmb`rZ J«§Wmb`m§Mm Aä`mg
"OZ©b Am°\$ ñQ´>Mab B§{OZrA[a¨J' `m
{Z`VH$m{bH$mMm Ame`-{díbofUmË_H$
Aä`mg
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ì`Vr d H$m`© :
S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$a g§emoYZ H|$ÐmVrb
_m{hVròmoVm§Mm Aä`mg
Am¡a§Jm~mX ehamVrb "~' dJ© gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
Aä`mgH|$Ð : Zmam`Uamd MìhmU {dYr _hm{dÚmb`, Zm§XSo >
1
Zabmdma lrhar ~mbmOr
_w I o S > Vmbw `mVrb J« m _rU gm_m{OH$
n[adV©ZmV gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mMo `moJXmZ :
EH$ Aä`mg
2
H$aZodma A_mob {dO`amd
X¡. gH$mi _Yrb "_wVnrR>' `m gmám{hH$
nwadUrMm Ame`{díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg
3
T>mobo XmXmamd M§§nVamd
hXJmd `o W rb lrXÎm _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
4
H$X_ nmd©Vr nm§Sw>a§J
Zm§XoS> `oWrb gm`Ýg H$m°boO J«§Wmb`mVrb
dmMZgm{hË` g§Jh« : {dH$mg Am{U dmQ>Mmb
5
nQ>dmar {Vê$nVr em_gwX§ a
d¡. YwS§ >m _hmamO _hm{dÚmb`, XoJbya `oWrb
dmMH$m§À`m dmMZ{df`H$ JaOm : EH$ Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
75
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
6
amR>moS> d{ZVm Jwbm~amd
7
8
\w$bo ~o~r Aßnmamd
^dmZH$a Xrn_mbm Xo{dXmg
9
H$ë`mUH$a gmho~amd M§nVamd
10 gy`©d§er g{dVm {^_amd
11 dmHw$S>o CÎm_ bmbmoOramd
12 AmdMa g{dVm gXm{ed
13 Jmoao n§{S>V _mYdamd
14 H$ë`mUH$a {dO`Hw$_ma am_amd
15 dmK_mao amhþb am_amd
16 Hw$bH$Uu gVre gwYmH$aamd
17 ZamoS> gm`by am_by
18 Mm¡Yar nwZ_ gwaoe
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
Zm§XoS> `oWrb godm^mdr g§ñWoMo AÜ`mnH$
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
dg_V ehamVrb {d{Ykm§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$
_m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm§Mm Aä`mg
dg§Vamd ZmB©H$ _hm{dÚmb`, dgaUr Zm§XSo >
J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
emgH$s` V§Ì{ZHo$VZ Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWrb
A{Yì`m»`mË`m§À`m _m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm :
EH$ Aä`mg
J«m_rU _hm{dÚmb`, dg§VZJa "H$moQ>½`mi'
JǤWmb` {dH$mg Am{U dmQ>Mmb
dg_V `o W rb hþ V mË_m ~{hOu ñ_maH$
_hm{dÚmb` J« § W mb` dmMH$m§ À `m
_m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm§Mm Aä`mg
X¡{ZH$ bmoH$gÎmm_Yrb "MVwa§J' gmám{hH$
nwadUrMm Ame`{díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg
X¡{ZH$ bmoH$_V_Yrb "_§WZ' gmám{hH$
nwadUrMm Ame`{díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg
Zm§ X o S > `o W rb Zmam`U MìhmU {dYr
_hm{dÚmb` J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
AOm©nya `oWrb hþVmË_ JmoqdXamd nmZgao
_hm{dÚmb`, {dÚmÏ`mªMr dmMZ A{^éMr
: EH$ Aä`mg
Zm§ X o S > `o W rb `ed§ V _hm{dÚmb`
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m {dH$mgmV {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ
Am`moJmÀ`m `moJXmZmMm {díbofUmË_H$
Aä`mg
kmZJ§JmoÌr
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2009
76
A.H«$.
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo Zmd
19 eoiHo$ ^mñH$a Í`§~H$amd
20 Xoe_wI JUoe ào_amO
21 Ym|S> OJXre {XJ§~aamd
22 _mbH$mobrH$a Á`wbr OrdZqgJ
àH$ën{df`mMo Zmd
Zm§XSo > `oWrb {dMma {dH$mg _§{Xa gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb` : EH$ Aä`mg
X¡ { ZH$ bmo H $gÎmm_Yrb H$[aAa A° Ê S>
H$mCÝgo b a gmám{hH$ nw a dUrMo
Ame`{díbofU
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