Irv]P.';Ef: Y
PJ HENRY A. DAMS , DEMOCRACY
by Nancy ZirnrnerrnRn
for ID 499
Senior Honors ProjPct
Dr. Robert Newcomb, Adviser
\\
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I recommend this theRis for acceptance by the
Honors Program of Ball State University for
graduation with honors.
Department of
11{lt_i"
.J
-.:l y
Il~l / C; 7 /
I
nAn:
IMAGERY TN H]-<;N RY ADAIlrlS ';iEMOCRACY
f8molls wri tinf:s, 'The Education of Henry
Adcnn~
first of on:J two pytendpd worK"'. of fic:tion.
does not. cl
~:,-im
his fiction
~s
8nd Mont Sclint
1'h is wri tpr
th8t thf> novel is ::<n ()verlon"ked cJ 8ssir n"Y'
we]] for whatpve r
im~Eery
it m8Y yie]d.
"0
IHpnr" Ad::lmr:, De1'Y1ocracy (New York, 1961), p. 177,
hereinc~-rt:er cited hy r~g(~ nmnber ~~lor18 in texT. (,f P;lYH,?T'.
,rh;
1 •
0
f
n8 t; tpY'n.
systems.
f{owFver, vehicl p qn81 ysi!";--t118t: is, stlldy 8C':cordirii?: to
ih-;elf to thE' discovery of im8P"f' p8tterns
bAsis of
thi~
~'1nd
is
thpr'(;~Oi"P
t}lP
paper.
the work nf HenJ"Y
.Ad;:;l"'c:.
Tn the Histor,'l,
Ad8rnS ':!::::ttjriZPrj
.TI:>ffpr~~rm's
T'ronpness tn miy: rnpt::ly,hor c ; 1'1 his
8nmnl mess:::<>::es to 8r)1)PTe"'~,"? 81thouEh ~ciC=Hn8 hhnf'f~lf W:l:C~ ;:lpt to
Chn rle:~
F':r8.n(~
is Ad8ms,
ITr.
?Ernest Samuels, Henry 'd~ms: The Middle Ye8rS (~arnhrirlFe,
Mass., 19:;8), n.
30n.
flowers of lit~p.r·8ture,'
found in
Dem()cr~l cy
rTj
~n lir. j-IolynRS I~, f~P10u:-:::rlln. ,,1
ig-ht shr:>d 1 i
~ht
on
the
f;R(~ond
Tf
nov!": 1 ,
the Ch8 rt.res.
------
the worst. c',rrllpti n 'l in thR e'e -j
~ ~
,
(je~.
_
"
tin P~
_.
L
•
,_
""1
~ It::
r·t i e" ,,4
_"
)
_
,,' _ "
By the ti Y1P
r.;
th . -
DemocY',J ey.
Dcrllocr::J('V
--------'-
I
4V8T! Wvck Rrll(~1ks,
(i':':~w York,
19 40 ), r.
Npw Enp'18nd:
267.-
J ncl 1.<" n Su !i1 rrI8 r ,
dr~
vr
lH6S-1QJS
-_&-~
f>~(>t.,
Dprn0r:Y'8(:v
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .........
(I'AJPc]
itc:
>~"Y'l\T
'"
r>I1,,,,1f1riT'f
tr)
.L....
.•
-it,~
Thii'ly
_
rlif-':<':':l!,-'P(j
___
T):; ,'"
;Jnl itj(':11
m;nr
'v
hp
St',py'
In
1 n de t8:i 1 :
6 BrooKs, p. 3S4.
c· () (:
nf'
1 ('1 1
• •L
,
I,
~ j
~l
rns
dP-I'P-ndence on
irn~ t'"ps
-en
d Y'V
Corlvf~y ITlP8
Why will
and
Cqs~ 8
sh8dow?'"
(~r.
]6- 1 7)
Washington in SP-:lY'ch of men who
,
ning-.
not
qnri
(~8.8t
s(l'~!~hodye:-row
to bp-
wondp-rcrl whether the
;"1
Sh~ldow.
8nd
W8S
8.
he~ris
not
Pe:d'18pS
q
tt,8 rhed tn hi.m.
7Hochfip]d, p. ?5.
trpp
6.
with
spver~]
friends.
A~cnrdjn~
tn Skye,
"'Your Yl<ltinn::ll mind.
sh:::ldows whirh you can cut out wi_th a knife,. "'(p.
Perh8.!18 i mpatj
sHbtlp.
ch~rqcter
into the haJlmarKs
and
aP"8
eYlCP
or ] :::>_ck of di
is :impJiert.
71)
f~~rir~in::ltion
1t W:::lS
:i n trw
Here for the firsL time 8n
of h:is socipty, ::1 dpvelopment
nrwinll::~
::1p";:,jn
in through ima .crery in lJemocracy'.
Be~::11)p,e Ad8m~~
"}180
~r()wn
111'
in t.he sh~'ldow of rrer=ddents,,,8
S8tire in
l)pmo~r~rv
The Ch8r:::lcter of
(p. 9]) ~
slur on tha.t flotnr'jnl)S
.. vetp.,-
n8 1
8Brooks,
r. 266.
°Ern es t Samup] s, "Intrnduction," DEfvl0CRACY and ESTHEf~ by
J{p-nry Ada'118
(Gl()l.lcpster, Mas"'., ]?6~),
r.
xiiL
'f
the
'7
~'
11·-
.
,,;.-,1
~.p
R~R~hing
the
-+
1
(~
rph, •.~
.-f'
.-J .•. ..J
the skulls
(hlP
n.
Xl.l 1.
of
8.
•
1
lSS11AC,
"hp.r OrdAY'S wit.h 8S mllch
Sybi 1.
.Shp went. nut 8nd 8::1t. fnr
tn cnunt nn thp rAadpY"
8
TIlPrnr)rv
of the e8.("1 ;pr QpPp8r8ncp of it,
in nrcjpr t" create lYJ::lximum cnntr8::o.t between the c81mness nf tlv'
thi s
m~nmpr,
the diffr>rencA b('tween the (:omp(lsecl l\.iadele ine and
q.
A08ms
h~q
ima~ery,
very artfull y
and
The more
inte.rrr~rted
the pJ err\(::mts nf spt.ti np",
rhar~ctpr.
spd~ tp
sh::Hlow
0
f
GeorF~'
W,qsh in::;to n 1 nnmenf:ven
r)f Democr;=lCV, 81thnup"h ind1reC'l.l'.r.
~~"-'----''''''
-'
"
bl)t t ..h!lt.
(deducj '01 p fTorn
cem8rkf~
di ffercn-t;
rnernber~:
inF.~·p
\'11:;
_.
n;..H·t
.
of thE" lV[nunt Vprnnn
President:.
whi(~h
fJ"rti!:<11y
Wash i,lP't0n 1'[oJ
Vln ~~ hi
d~;
hP~H>f'
[01"
out thf" :=cicnifiC'8nc:e
D(~P.lncr8.c-v:
'G(.;i'l
c.O'e
nC'i;nnr,p ,-; ~, r"im8ry, 01", j f ViJ"f in i ~ n;-~
liken i t better, :F! ult:irn2te r(-"l!3.tion tf) t,l:p
Fol eSt:::", c!nd 8['lic.! the en(n e~~:~ r~':::·tlef'.';
tr]0t.inn "f evnry v~s'jble '·y,i'lt in c~nr-JC'f~, he
81 flY! e rf;,(18 it 1(," d <.:; t.e a d v, in th l~ Tn i rIC] ,!:f J-i (.' n ry
A(h.rn'~ f to the ('Dr!.' 11
I
11 Robe~'t T. Ed~:nb8u[1l, "TI,E'': Hovp·1 c :. of henry .t\d~lrns: Wby h;"'n
P::]ilc:ri," T'ex.8~' S-r:w:iies J.n T,i.tci·~d;llrp ~('i(i T.:lnp'l)~l.::rP, VT],T::')
(C; W:lr e r, 1 (60), ?!'/7.
i ().
if'
Tf
of thp
S
t"1r! ,,,
rOLf(
rs
in the
w;:mtecl t.:--.
(p. ., 80 )
,"1
k:ind
l~vpp
of the
ch~r~ctprs
nf Democracy.
1,
~,
.
'l'hus -I-:11e
Sh0
her henrt (p. 138),
h~d
.J...
Cr.
140).
surely lost most of her
~,'
Tndepd,
c~n~('itv
he mnre llenr]y out of imrnnlntinn nr sRcrifjce th:::lY1 nllt
As Sybil 88;d, "'T don't think she will
of
which emnlnv not
imi'l-:,:es--th nsp
wnuld b(? "'~ wretr[)ed self-immo18T.ion'"
\.ro.
"f
for
Jove.
pver Jet hE'Y'''"eJf love
.She :is mllch yY1nre likely to GO in fa:!" ambjtinn,
or d n tv J
0r
Thi:::; i
s elf - S n c::r i fi c (~.
dp~
r"
(p • 1:3 4 )
th,lt rviadeleine was
~
sel
f-s~v~rifi('in{'
person also
1
nver
nnt sit"
his very
:l1oof. "'lik(O;1 S::linl: nn
re~listir
8.
soli.t8 Y 'Y enil;rnn'"
tentienrjPR tnward dishnnesty.
Sybil
ineense
~t
j
rliOllnt;
Vernon
iF~
'..
(n
.....
h~lf
"'fVlnr8.1ity, ,Tl]st.ire, l)uty, rrrllth;
77), C'lcc:ordinrr tn stat.PRrn;1rl
~nrl
()1l~ht
8
:0~lrty
f~y~~tern
fi8
( n.
'.
~
GO) •
P,1]t
i f~ nne of your thefts from
t;j (ln81 C()nventi nn is Oll r'
C011tlCj 1: ~rOll qlilli (;8te ('pnsnn 8R Wf'
do, hpfnre i t,~ opci sj nn~:; ::lnd you ynurRPl f, Mr.
R8. tel if:·" P, Yn 11 8 r (' 8 C;:) r di 1'18 1 . ' (I' • hIS)
(E Cl)men:'c'
dn7en
tn he deIfied'"
trl j ffe:
our Churt;h; your
8.
hj c:tnr:l8.n Al bert. Gorp, ;1
'Rudel})!']"
'Yol;r
for
7n) •
.he
R8
rlr0ssin~
thp shrine" (r. 1 c:;?).
(:., l' -'-'.T"
L.~
1;0
•
~~rrj.nrrtnn.
~ih()ulrl
(r-
~
nerh8 nR
] J.
A]l
~Y)
p"overnment
lint
~.
nper:-~l.i
Esthor;
':nr-;.
fri vnlolls Clnf> 8 t
t118 t.
They were 8t
they weY'P flpithe r
nVJkwnrd nor urHlJieldy"
were turned r.llt like dr p ::;sesjR8.tr:l i ffe
(r. 1()()).
"h80 hi::=: own orinirns jn
( n. 1 ()() ) •
•
Nlrs. lJee herself.
"
I
,
whieh js ql::"')
('h~r?l'tvri7;::1-rinn
t:hp
of Mal'lolpinp.
in confuc;in]l (T). 17).
mind"
W8S
cr"l1l':l:-tlln
i.
I '-1'.
to
M~deleinp
W~R
to midnicht, until
i-'-"
(n
Cll),
L
~..\.
the
c18~or
of offjce-sepkers to the new
hi.F: br::Jin repled with Lhe efforl-, tn fnllnw
,
onE' slJddE'ill;\! fpll
Rel~ted
throllEh" (pn.
to the dance
143-14L~).
im8P"f-'S
8re thp.8tric;::11
fi~lJrp.;::
by Ad811lS.
Historv:
------''I'he l i tE~r~ry artj ;:::t in
OTlpnrt.linity t.o exploit.
11"1"
- 1'.]_ ddl
.e Y ears
t
r. 76.
nee:J pctpd nn
dcam8tir. rnisp. en
t ,d8ms
~l
employed
1. ~.
sr,),n'9 ushered :in wi th sueh nhr8.ses q;::, the
'i-lr:t)"rs i1': the orc-nn8 a<~~;f-'rnhi pel t() pl?y 8noi-,her
'l,ct in ~ tr<:;,cri-r:()mpdv of incre:1sin.cyinteref~t'
• • • or 'thP' cl1ri:8i~ ;V;:-I~::; ~lbon-t. L,-, rise unon
~ ne'N tr8>:::edy.' lL~
•
'T'hp :'>t8JJ'P WAS bnfnre her, the r.lJrt::1,in WAS
r'ir, j i'l-':, '- ~:h"-' ::1 r:tors Wf-'re :reB dy -to entpl"; shp
h8d ()nlv to P'O nldetl v nn :::nnonp' t/v.> ~~url(~rn1jm­
er::n'ips' ::lnd S8P ~hnw -r.hp T'l::lY W8C:: "1('h-'1~ ;:H;d
how the stafe effects wpr p producpd, how the
,,,rPR t tr::-lfTed i;:Hi8 rnouth8 d q rid the s -t;:1: 0 -m8n8,ger
s wo rl~ •
(
18)
r.
i.n the bO'JK.
(~\.
-thQ
176).
tYl
r)pr·'locr"("~.c\.! •
..
C" "
+-~
.-
8
'f]n i...-r·
..1.
~
"
"
()
·'·'1
.
1 f'-'
1 ,.,
r'·",
Y 1 ,',
, Y'''\'
I
It-:
~'(""v~rl
., 1
.1 n
r· l
C'
D"
tr.'
;
.
.
~."
t
f
. _
l :',
.. '
l·:()n(:,··~lpd
.
. n
.:
1-)/~
( n. 16 t:)), :md Sybil
(
l
I
1 ()q i
'vp~n()n"
.,
thE"
".hi: ci i
r:Y'llCl:-"l
R
1 (: r~ +
i c.
l
,
rJ
/
.
Ratc:l,i ffe (p. 17?).
rV:rp.
Tt
i
:'.="
n0
thp np. on]
.
p
'·'lift"
~
i~
" n 1 ~r t-h ," i n ,~ Tit 11'1; i nn 8nri wP8pnn CO nf
W8P~
it,
Lh'=! t
Sf"PfT1pd
tn
Ad~)rn~
\"'~
",
dp.c:r5(~8bl
p
hll t
(or: ()
'il
1.I,,:eh
So
18.
dr8.;rons'
teeth" (1'.117).
Bro nnJv the
~
.f\()J i tiC'81
t::lbl
~omjr
.
8SDPCt of W8rR.
8ctivities ;1re r:Ldi culecl by the use ()f
i-ff]8G~ery.
p"
when he tripd to "pin his 09.f\0YiPYlt to thp w81 1 "
AdarJs'
:"~nTncjtp
(1'. 178), 8nd
P"8rne iITI8r>:es, however, were clr8wn from c:::1rds.
Tn t.bp novel,
r:nrrin~ton
1 o.
which surh ...Y'lb V'~ ""es
In
8 S
dppict rQurtship mnnpuvprs.
-;CP'~0rl
'-'
-."'\'1
nptT~na. _
8nd
8T
-t-.h0
no~n e'\-·~
r"l-!
. . . . , -,
-------"'.
+~~n~jn"
..l. J.
'-_
""' f")Yj-()
(:t,......
+".~
•
It ,
C,;
\.)
1 t;HEnr'~i
I'\dnms, ·2~',·i;hc:r hl DEMOC:RA8Y and ESTHER (Glolle,;ster',
D. 31Q, h(~rf';i\8ftpr rjtpd. 0'1 D8P"P numhpr nnly in
"b0rlV of T.pyt. - Dp.mOCl'8Cv D.3>'"P rll1!'T1bprs ."1['e' !~)-rC)l ::l'icl Esthp~.
20~':'371
nn cor) ilJ:~~i on ~h.n1·)1;1 rp:-:1l1-L.
.._-_.TVi88S.,
1965),
hi
tt
th P
(r.
,.
~
3Pt):.c1
6(;),
rn:
~11'l rl
tnr
to
pYnn~~n
hlC~
irrnnr;:n)('p nf
r;1l1tur~ll
~
The
Pn;2id~:nt'~
hiQtr~rv.
R8 t~ 1 i ffp •
intention tn "'corr::Jl 'tt
The
1 7S) •
nost to
(~8rrinf"ton
7] •
n new thread ..lrl tlw T]f't. t,h8t Mr. Ra i.el i fff>
fl :::.tter,:d himself }1P. w:::.;~ Y'2nid 1 v w~ndin-5!
About tht-~ ~1ffp,ction~ '1nd :::.mhi ti~)nH of
I.eC"'.
Yet he h8d reAsons of hi~ own fnr
-IJ1.inl<i no: th;::lt C8rrinJ~trnl, morp c8si 1,IT thAn
W8.S
Mrs.
mesh(~s
8nv otrler m8Y1, cou ld cu"i. thf';
net i.f rHO'! chose to do S'l
of t.h is
(p. 1?7)
to. "'tAnrrle'"
This
~
(p.l]G).
Tf
1• Tn:l
o-e
fjshi,v~
is :) ki 1 lri of trap-rin.o:, thpYl thy, H:-081rYlOn"
-+,-,0
of others,
V-ls ~~
to r,!" P 11 i
( n
.c
"
r't
,,'
1 hG)
8 ne rnV81 tv' "
..l
•
'J
'-'
indiviou81
H,i ::
"f,
r.
:
(jY-'
-~
'")
, " .-- 1 , . .
t' ';
Svr.:i
VII':::=-'S
"b-~:(l
~':':-:l
li_n,,(\f~S~"
~-"
•. l~.
1 rc
(li. l-::r:).
i'l
. ,,~,
1 GT_."Y" 1,1•
':, Y' C"
J i l .....
J7'f'h!
,
.U',(1.
l-r n'lve , pn 1 i ti e,:
~~
('
rill 1 y
ch~r~
': b:,Y' nf
j)ef1I(-'Cr~l ,~,;.
-------'-
8.ttr~eti()n nf vi1J~iny."lq
rnSF
t(~
this .o-8.lJd'/ f1" J ikp.
A
hun.' ,
two-hundred-
Dour,r] ;3~1Jm()nj~h:ic/v.fh'i'::L0 w:::dstc()n~ fY8Ve nut A mild
~
~
he !=<l0l."l;T r:pme to thp SlJY'f'~lCP
~nd ~~'ny':~'pci the lln(jK.
H(; i!j~J(" nnt. PVAn.8 Y'l11n,~'C>,
nnt even nn0 l'eY'cepti hl p p ffn.'t 'h) t,ngY' ont the
hArbed we~n('r)t bni~ rlo~Jif1:: ['pntly to lIP}:' feAt,
? 11 ;',wer1 hirn,:::p 1 f t.rl bp. 1 Rndpr) "1'" i:hnll.0'h it, wpre 8
ple~Sllrp. (fl. 3 0 ) silvPY' ,~pflp.(~ti()nr
:::18
1q
?OIb'~
' .. l u . ,
:r~J.
101.
, -l.c,)?
(j.
n
( .:.'
:rPY)lj.(Tr,~nt
to
llP)~,
r~nt';
.'=I\Cnl
.
dpd hi
!) '\ ) •
-
fO~
..
'!'
t.f111.r'h
";:1r!
thnl]0"h hp wPY'P 8
rontiJe" ('!'. JP,?).
tnp rln[1"kny wit.h
~,
n,'rtic~11'!:c~r
nnlitic81
Even
'~():lr;:;
'=l
blllld()r-"
rdr:-hfC)st rrlust
-
'hP
lnYl.o"i-,"p
-
.in
nn1is~pd
~
~
hi~
~~nnprs
~nri
nYl{"
{
n'tl,lrk
"h';
+......,
d n ,'T to
tr
n-f'
( I' .
in
Ir
,-.r
hi~
~n0
(r • 1 0 q ) •
( .~'. 1 H?) •
dinp
+h"'~n
h,..,p·' "
~
wi t~
"nl,v
hounds'"
(::>. 172).
Esther.
8nd Civil WRr
~omb~t
re~orrl.
Her more refined older sister,
?7.
'Phis
t.') 1YIP.'" (p.
8.re l"iKP wj np
187),
j s
~l
flJrih0r tri.oll-l.0
~iY\
'YOlI
w;:rnL :;,p;-]r:hr)s i n
t-.ht)w:::~'(\(J
j.f "\Tnlt
8
c~
yr~;ors
th:=tt
(r' • 73).
-nlpS'lr~f~,
y/) U r S
I
;~~Ji'i
()ur~
ne~ch
~
llprnn8ra tov,
__
Givp. t.w nnY'
n:::,- •
of ,::;1}[rJliler, :::1jvl th >' n
en 1''1 l' 1 ::] if),
i,' not
;:~c:
I.n
''lP}10W
II
(~
1•-,-,
-!,n
th(~
,)C'
T,l
..L
•
~,,!pd
OJ
\y
--
i :(i
('
'it'r!] nt
, i r:"1
tr :::~ ;;:;~
•
.!.
1 f-)r\"{'('l)~-'"
-r,hr,ml" :
rp ;-; h,'O>r
lJnnrl
.I.
~
n8 YO;" 1
,
"r~, ~ ".~
.t
~
: , ,"
" 'If
(
, "Y'
(
\
Ent nnt"
th n1.: p'h ~'hp
~() 1.f1::l-r ~~hf~
~:;t,et}-l(~l~·(··ol)P.,
;\l nH1
~~:1:("~""
::) n
~ ~::~t.
'l'!',
i
(0
if-'ll')
...
h~i
d
0(:l.:lo,
l·ik(··~
rr:p:3S1)}~I:-'
~~rH·-l
1 ~:""r"pr:YuJ
~-h i"",."
L.t1 (
P
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List of Works Consulted
Ad8ms,
H'~nry.
DemocTacy.
Forpword by Henrv D. Aiken.
New
York: 'rhe New Ampric:-m I,i br3 ry of World Litera ture, Inc.,
lq61.
____ 0
DEMOCRACY and ESTHER.
Introd. FrneRt Samuels.
Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Swith, 1965.
Bell, Mil1jcent.
"Adams' Esthpr: The Moranty of Taste,"
New England Quarterl.y'. XXXV: 2 (.Tune, 1962), 147-161.
Blackmur, R. P.
"The Novels of Henry Adams," Sewanee
Review, L1 (lQ43), 281-104.
Brooks, Van Wyck.
New. England: Indian Summer, ]865-1915.
New Yorkl Eo P. Dutton & Co., Tnc., 1940.
ColarcuTcio II Michae 1.
"Democracy and Esther: Henry Adams'
Flirtation with Pragmatjsm," American Quarterly, XIX:l
(Spring, 1967), 53-70.
Edenbaum, Robert I.
"The Nove]s of Henry Adams: Why Man
Failed," rrexas Studies in Ljterature and IJanguae-e, VIIT:2
(Summer, 1966), 245-25'5.
Hochfield, George.
Interpretatio~.
Henry' Adams. An Introduction and
New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., lQ62.
Howe, Irving.
Politics and the Novel.
New York: Horizon
Press, 1957.
TJevenson, J. C.
~ind
The
and Art of Henry
~dam.§_.
Boston:
Houghton W[ifflin Company, 1957.
Quinn, Arthur Hobson.
Critical §urvey.
American Fiction: An Historical and
Students' pdition.
New York and London:
D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1936.
S8mue]s, Ernest.
Mass.
I
Henry Adams: The Middle Years.
Belknap Press of Harvard
SpeRre, Morris Edmund.
'rhe Poli tic8 \
Oxford University Press,
Vande~see,
Charles.
Univer~ity
~ovel.
Cambridp;e,
Press, J958.
New York:
19~4.
"The Pursuit of Culture in Adams'
Democracy I'" American Quarterly, XIX: 2 (Summer, 1 q67) •
239-248.