Chief Executive’s Statement I am pleased to welcome you to our Quality Accounts 2015. Now in their sixth year, Quality Accounts continue to provide a truly objective metric for us, and others, to gauge the quality of our 59 hospitals and the services they provide against a broad range of criteria. The past year has seen another step change in the way healthcare providers are externally challenged on the quality they provide. Following a spate of high profile controversies around patient safety, the Care Quality Commission, the UK’s health regulator, has introduced a new inspection regime designed to raise standards. No healthcare provider can afford to be complacent and whilst I believe BMI’s hospitals provide safe and effective care, we should always be striving for improvement. To this end we recently introduced a new Quality Strategy, which articulates how we will provide the best possible care and strive for continual improvement, and live up to our brand promise to be “serious about health, passionate about care”. Its four core themes – safety, clinical effectiveness, patient experience and quality assurance – provide our staff with the platform to consistently deliver the care patients, their insurers, and commissioners expect and deserve. BMI hospitals have been enthusiastic participants in the pilot programme of the new CQC inspection regime for private providers, and to ensure our facilities are prepared we have developed a selfassessment tool to enable hospitals to compare their perceptions of themselves with those of the external inspectors. The rigorous inspection process itself also underpins the sharing of best practice between hospitals which further drives improvement and consistency. BMI Healthcare strives to provide the best care but the ultimate arbiters of whether we succeed are our patients. We are committed to monitoring every aspect of the care we provide, and the results of the detailed questionnaires we ask patients to complete inform improvement. We aim to provide a consistent, high quality patient experience and an environment that empowers our consultants to excel. Providing a dependably high quality of care requires constant focus on improvement; the most recent independent research conducted for BMI shows that over 98% of our patients rate their care as excellent or very good. The information available here has been reviewed by the Clinical Governance Board and I declare that as far as I am aware the information contained in these reports is accurate. Finally I would like to thank all the staff whose application, professionalism and ceaseless commitment to improvement is recognized here and in the positive experiences of the patients we care for. Since I joined BMI late last year, I have witnessed this firsthand on my many visits to our hospitals and I am committed to ensuring we build on that success. Jill Watts, Group Chief Executive 1 Hospital Information BMI The Hampshire Clinic in Basingstoke, Hampshire is part of BMI Healthcare, Britain's leading provider of independent healthcare with a nationwide network of hospitals & clinics performing more complex surgery than any other private healthcare provider in the country. Our commitment is to quality and value, providing facilities for advanced surgical procedures together with friendly, professional care. Our Vision is to be part of a Group that creates a world of consumer led care, where individuals choose our extensive health and well-being services throughout their lives, to help improve the health of the nation. BMI The Hampshire Clinic has 65 beds all with the comfort of en-suite facilities, satellite TV and telephone. The hospital has 4 operating theatres, 2 of which are laminar air flow, as well as an outpatient theatre and a dedicated endoscopy suite. Further to this we have a 3 bedded Intensive Care Unit, 2 of which are level 3, with appropriately qualified intensive care nurses and on-site dedicated anaesthetists. In addition to the inpatient facilities, there is a comprehensive outpatient department including health screening, physiotherapy, a hydrotherapy complex and radiology with an on-site 1.5T MRI scanner and 64 slice CT scanner. These facilities combined with the latest in technology and on-site support services enable our consultants to undertake a wide range of procedures from routine investigations to complex surgery. These specialist teams together with our Resident Medical Officers, who are on duty 24 hours a day, provide care within a friendly, comfortable and clean environment. Our latest figures show that 30% of our patient group is NHS - specialties include Orthopaedics, Colorectal, Pain Management, ENT, Gastroenterology, General Surgery, Ophthalmology, Oral Surgery, and Urology. BMI Healthcare is registered as a provider with the Care Quality Commission (CQC) under the Health & Social Care Act 2008. BMI The Hampshire Clinic is registered as a location for the following regulated services:• • • • Treatment of disease, disorder and injury Surgical procedures Diagnostic and screening Family Planning 2 th The CQC carried out an unannounced inspection on 28 January 2014. During the visit the CQC assessed 5 key areas. Part of the inspection involved iinspectors meeting and talking with patients. People who used the Hampshire Clinic told inspectors they were well informed by staff about the treatments or procedures they were undergoing. Patients said they were required to sign consent forms prior to receiving any treatment and said that staff were friendly and professional and treated them with respect. Patients were positive about their care and treatment. The hospital requires all staff to be trained in adult and child protection to ensure that a safe environment is promoted. The CQC found that there were safe systems and procedures in place for the storing and administering of medication and that patients were provided with appropriate information about their medication by the hospital staff. Inspectors were satisfied that the hospital had systems in place to monitor and manage risks and also monitor the quality of care and treatment provided. Regular feedback was sought from patients and the information circulated to the staff. Patients were made aware of how to raise a concern or make a complaint and the hospital responded promptly to complaints that were made. Findings from the latest CQC: 1. Consent to Care and Treatment Met this standard 2. Care and Welfare of People who use Services Met this standard 3. Safeguarding people who use services from abuse Met this standard 4. Management of medicines Met this standard 5. Assessing and monitoring the quality of service provision Met this standard The Hampshire Clinic has a local framework through which clinical effectiveness, clinical incidents and clinical quality is monitored and assessed. Where appropriate, action is taken to continuously improve the quality of care. This is through the work of governance groups, multidisciplinary teams and the Medical Advisory Committee. Regional Clinical Quality Assurance Groups monitor and analyse trends and ensure that the quality improvements are implemented. There has been development of shared learnings across hospitals and Regions. At a corporate level the Clinical Governance Board has an overview and provides the strategic leadership for corporate learning and quality improvement. There has been ongoing robust reporting of all incidents, near misses and outcomes. Data quality has been improved by ongoing training and database improvements. New reporting modules have increased the speed at which reports are available and the range of fields for analysis. This ensures the availability of information for effective clinical governance with implementation of appropriate actions to prevent recurrences in order to improve quality and safety for patients, visitors and staff. 3 At present we provide full, standardised information to the NHS, including coding of procedures, diagnoses and co-morbidities and PROMs for NHS patients.There are additional external reporting requirements for CQC, Public Health England (Previously HPA) CCGs and Insurers BMI is a founding member of the Private Healthcare Information Network (PHIN) UK – where we produce a data set of all patient episodes approaching HES-equivalency and submit this to PHIN for publication. The data is made available to common standards for inclusion in comparative metrics, and is published on the PHIN website http://www.phin.org.uk. This website gives patients information to help them choose or find out more about an independent hospital including the ability to search by location and procedure. 4 1. Safety 1.1 Infection prevention and control The focus on infection prevention and control continues under the leadership of the Group Head of Infection Prevention and Control, in liaison with the Specialist Practitioner in Infection Prevention and Control based at The Hampshire Clinic one day a week. The hospital has an Infection Control Committee that meets quarterly and includes representation from all clinical areas, pharmacy and an Infection and Control Microbiologist from the local NHS Trust. We have had: • Zero cases of MRSA and MSSA in the last year (NHS 1.17cases/100,000 bed days). • Zero cases of hospital apportioned Clostridium difficile in the last 12 months. Infection Control Environmental Audits are completed throughout the year with findings reported back to the relevant team/department with recommendations for improvement. - Mattress audit – Checking of all mattresses within the wards was completed in July 2014. - Sharps audit – Completed November 2014. Annual check by Daniels Representative for all clinical areas to assess compliance in the use of sharps containers. Areas for improvement included the removal of containers being stored on the floor in some departments and the need for a blue pharmi container for contrast bottles. - Ten patient rooms have had carpets removed and replacement vinyl laid down. There is an ongoing programme of painting works to improve general décor. - High Impact Care Bundles are completed monthly in appropriate clinical areas for urinary catheter/peripheral cannula insertion/ CVP care and ongoing management and for prevention of surgical site infection. The Care Bundle audit for taking of blood cultures is to be commenced but this procedure is also not regularly completed at Hampshire Clinic. Results are fed back to the department’s monthly. - For all staff with direct patient contact, hand hygiene workshops are held at regular intervals with a hand hygiene competency document included. This is ongoing and compliance audits have been commenced in clinical areas by department IP&C Links. The compliance audit includes checks on the “bare below the elbows” (BBE) policy. - All clinical departments are involved in IPS audits on an annual basis. The audits cover general IP&C management as well as cleanliness, hand hygiene, PPE, waste, sharps, and linen 5 management, standard precautions etc. Each section is given a percentage score and then an overall score is calculated. Action plans are requested for areas where improvement is required. Care Bundles The Hampshire Clinic has implemented care bundles for Peripheral Cannulas, Urinary Catheters and Central Lines. These are subject to regular audit the results of which are provided below: Saving Lives Audits April 2014 – March 2015 Hampshire Clinic Central Line Insertion April 2014-March 2015 Percentage compliant 100 80 60 40 20 0 * Dec 2014 – nil central lines inserted Percentage Compliant Hampshire Clinic Central Line Ongoing Care April 14 - March 15 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Apr- May- Jun- Jul-14 Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 * Nov 2014 – nil central lines requiring ongoing care 6 Hampshire Clinic Peripheral Cannula Ongoing Care April 2014 - March 2015 100 90 Percentage achieved 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Apr-14 May- Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar14 15 * N.B It is important to note that the areas of non-compliance in the audit results relate to the lack of or incomplete care bundle documentation as opposed to practice failures. 7 Percentage compliant Hampshire Clinic Urinary Catheter Insertion April 2014 -March 2015 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No urinary catheters in situ Hampshire Clinic Urinary Catheter Ongoing Care April 2014-March 2015 100 Percentage compliant 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 No urinary catheters in situ 0 8 Environmental cleanliness is also an important factor in infection prevention and our patients rate the cleanliness of our facilities highly. Patient satisfaction with the cleanliness of patient rooms and bathrooms are collected and reported on a monthly basis via the patient satisfaction questionnaires. 9 1.2 Patient Led Assessment of the Care Environment (PLACE) We believe all patients should be cared for with compassion and dignity in a clean, safe environment. Where standards fall short, they should be able to draw it to the attention of managers and hold the service to account. PLACE assessments provide motivation for improvement by providing a clear message, directly from patients, about how the environment or services might be enhanced. th On March 24 2015 The Hampshire Clinic carried out the annual PLACE assessment aimed at assessing the quality of the patient environment from the patient’s perspective. The assessments involve both patients and staff assessing the hospital and how the environment supports patient’s privacy and dignity, food, cleanliness and general building maintenance. It focuses entirely on the care environment. The results show how hospitals are performing nationally and locally. The results for 2015 were as follows: Patient feedback is used to address staff attitudes and behaviours as reported in the monthly patient satisfaction reports and weekly snapshots reports. Commendations as well as criticisms are reviewed by the Heads of Department, shared and discussed with their teams. Where necessary an action plan is developed to improve staff attitudes and behaviours. A similar process is followed with regards to the patient complaints process if related to attitude or behavioural concerns of staff. In addition to this staff are provided with customer care training during annual development days. 10 1.3 Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) BMI Healthcare, holds VTE Exemplar Centre status by the Department of Health across its whole network of hospitals including, The Hampshire Clinic. BMI Healthcare was awarded the Best VTE Education Initiative Award category by Lifeblood in February 2013 and were the Runners up in the Best VTE Patient Information category. We see this as an important initiative to further assure patient safety and care. We audit our compliance with our requirement to VTE risk assessment every patient who is admitted to our facility and the results of our audit on this has shown that the hospital consistently achieves 100% compliance with VTE assessment. The Hampshire Clinic reports the incidence of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) through the corporate clinical incident system. It is acknowledged that the challenge is receiving information for patients who may return to their GPs or other hospitals for diagnosis and/or treatment of VTE post discharge from the Hospital. As such we may not be made aware of some cases. We continue to work with our Consultants and referrers in order to ensure that we have as much data as possible. st st 2 incidents of VTE were reported at The Hampshire Clinic between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015. 11 2. Effectiveness 2.1 Patient reported Outcomes (PROMS) Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are a means of collecting information on the effectiveness of care delivered to NHS patients as perceived by the patients themselves. PROMs is a Department of Health led programme. PROMs participation rates are improving at The Hampshire Clinic and participation is driven by the preassessment nurses however there is currently insufficient data to provide statistically significant health gain data between pre-operative and post-operative questionnaires for patients undergoing hip and knee replacements. The chart below illustrates the number of completed and submitted PROMs questionnaires from April 2014 to March 2015 which is continually increasing. 12 2.2 Enhanced Recovery Programme (ERP) The ERP is designed to improve patient outcomes and speed up a patient’s recovery after surgery. ERP focuses on making sure patients are active participants in their own recovery and always receive evidence based care at the right time. It is often referred to as rapid recovery, is a new, evidence-based model of care that creates fitter patients who recover faster from major surgery. It is the modern way for treating patients where day surgery is not appropriate. ERP is based on the following principles:1. All Patients are on a pathway of care a. Following best practice models of evidenced based care b. Reduced length of stay 2. Patient Preparation a. Pre Admission assessment undertaken b. Group Education sessions c. Optimizing the patient prior to admission – i.e HB optimisation, control co-morbidities, medication assessment – stopping medication plan. d. Commencement of discharge planning 3. Proactive patient management a. Maintaining good pre-operative hydration b. Minimising the risk of post-operative nausea and vomiting c. Maintaining normothermia pre and post operatively d. Early mobilisation 4. Encouraging patients have an active role in their recovery a. Participate in the decision making process prior to surgery b. Education of patient and family c. Setting own goals daily d. Participate in their discharge planning At the Hampshire Clinic we have launched the Enhanced Recovery programme in Orthopaedics, to be closely followed by colorectal & general surgery. Our systems and processes have required very little change and we have been achieving LOS times inline with national averages and the goals set by the ERP. We have acceptance of the formalised programme by all our Consultant Surgeons and Anaesthetists, allowing us to begin optimising the patient’s outcomes. Monitoring and maintaining excellence has always been part of our clinical governance process. We have adopted the national ERP audit tool allowing us to measure multiple variables within one simple tool. An independent provider is also engaged with BMI in analysing PROMS data for our NHS funded patient group; giving us the opportunity to objectively assess outcomes for our patients as a holistic measure. A common misconception is that ERP is a programme aimed at simply reducing patient’s LOS. This programme actually delivers a complete service aimed at optimising the overall outcome for the patient which does often include a reduction in ‘hospitalisation’. 13 2.3 Unplanned Readmissions within 31 days and Unplanned Returns to Theatre. Unplanned readmissions and unplanned returns to theatre are normally due to a clinical complication related to the original surgery. From the graphs below, BMI The Hampshire Clinic rates remain very low. All incidents are reviewed by the Clinical Governance Forum and investigated where necessary. 14 3. Patient experience 3.1 Patient satisfaction BMI Healthcare is committed to providing the highest levels of quality of care to all of our patients. We continually monitor how we are performing by asking patients to complete a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Patient satisfaction surveys are administered by an independent third party who provide the hospital with monthly detailed reports. Year 2013 2014 2015 353 527 254 Nursing Care 93.7% 97.6% 97.9% Arrival process 89.4% 91.4% 97.0% Accommodation 90.9% 92.2% 94.6% Catering 81.4% 88.5% 95.2% Discharge procedure 87.8% 90.9% 95.4% Quality of Care 97.1% 97.3% 100% Responses Patient survey results from Quality Health Reports published in March 2013, 2014 & 2015. 15 The table above shows we have improved in all areas of the patient experience year on year. The response rate to the longform questionnaire has declined in line with the introduction of the new friends and family postcard which in turn has been a success with patients. The 6C’s launched by Jane Cummings, Chief Nursing Officer for England in late 2012, are a fundamental part to the provision of Healthcare and we use these principles to meet and maintain high standards and is underpinned by BMI’s tagline “ Serious about Health. Passionate about care”. The Hampshire Clinic continually reviews patient feedback and looks at ways in which the patient experience can be improved. Some local improvements and focus throughout 2014/15 included: • • • Provision of customer care training focusing on key BMI behaviours around welcoming and engaging customers Increased Pharmacy resource Refurbishing of areas where patients have commented about the state of disprepair e.g. car park, carpets and patient bedrooms Provision of single sex waiting areas for walk-in-walk-out patients Implementation • Provision of pain management lectures during staff clinical development days Implementation of a patient pain flow chart and a laminated prompt card on each inpatients bed table to improve patient awareness of pain management Pain information and leaflets produced for Pre-Operative Assessment Clinic • • • • 16 3.2 Complaints In addition to providing all patients with an opportunity to complete a satisfaction survey BMI The Hampshire Clinic actively encourages feedback both informally and formally. Patients are supported through a robust complaints procedure, operated over three stages: Stage 1: Hospital resolution Stage 2: Corporate resolution Stage 3: Patients can refer their complaint to independent adjudication if they are not satisfied with the outcome at the other 2 stages. Between 1st April 2014 and 31st March 2015 the hospital received a total of 27 complaints. All complaints are discussed at Heads of Department meetings and Clinical Governance Forums in order to identify any trends and ensure appropriate action is taken. Examples of action taken include: • • • • • • Establishment of a new single sex waiting room for “walk in walk out” patients Introduction of a more frequent cleaning schedule in new waiting area following a complaint regarding the state of the room. Signage more visible in consultation rooms following complaints about charges Call bell response time raised at Senior Nurse Group and improvements now shown in patient satisfaction scores Catering – in addition to Esteem meals catering have reintroduced a Chefs special of offer more choice Introduction of weekly ward rounds by members of the leadership team to ensure satisfaction with the patient journey and where necessary address any issues raised. 17 4. CQUINS The CQUINS completed successfully at The Hampshire Clinic between April 2014 and March 2015 were as follows: Unit Nationally Req'd Target Mar 15 Friends & Family Question Participation % N 15.0 45.4 Friends & Family Recommend % N 75.0 95.0 Friends & Family Not Recommend % N 0.0 5.0 VTE Assessment Compliance % Y 95.0 100.0 Measure In addition to the above the hospital participated in a local CQUIN involving Surgical Site Infection st st Surveillance. All patients attending for a hip replacement between 1 January and 31 March were included in the programme and data submitted to Public Health England for continued surveillance. None of the patients included in this first wave of SSIS reported a surgical site infection. 5. National Clinical Audits BMI The Hampshire Clinic was only eligible to participate in National Joint Registry audit and all joint th replacements are submitted to this. The following table is an extract from the 11 Annual Report 2014 for th data relating to The Hampshire Clinic (ref. National Joint Registry 11 Annual Report – Trust, Local Health Board- and unit-level activity and outcomes 2013). No. of procedures 2013 232 No. of consultants 2013 10 Consent Rate (%) 2013 98% Linkability (%) 2013 95% Average ASA Grade 2013 % Male Patients 2013 2.1 36% Average Age At Operation 2013 68.0 % of 10A Rated Acetabular Implant Hip Primary Procedures 2013 3% % of 10A Rated Femoral Implant Hip Primary Procedures 2013 82% 6. Research No NHS patients were recruited to take part in research. 18 7. Priorities for service development and improvement • • • • • • • • • • • • Continue to develop and monitor outcomes relating to the Enhanced Recovery Programme Develop peritoneal malignancy centre of excellence Develop urology prostate mapping and diagnostic and focal therapy services Develop liver resection capability Develop cervical spine proposition Develop efficient ambulatory care model for Walk In Walk Out and Daycase patients Improve utilisation of theatres and minor ops Further capital investment in the estate – room refurbishment Invest capital in new endoscopy suite and full field digital mammography Expand role and training of HCA’s with NVQ programmes Work closely with Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital on key strategic partnerships (e.g. pathology and infection control) Further develop pre-assessment proposition 19 8. Mandatory Quality Indicators 8.1 The value and banding of the summary hospital-level mortality indicator (SHMI) for The Hampshire Clinic for the reporting period. Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Oct 12 – Jun 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 0.9987 1.1849 0.58345 8.2 The Hampshire Clinic patient reported outcome measures scores for (i) Groin hernia surgery Unit * Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 14 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 0.0786 0.278 -0.112 * Less than 30 patients going through the process, site cannot be scored (ii) Varicose vein surgery Unit * Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 14 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score -7.395 -1.957 -12.571 * Less than 30 patients going through the process, site cannot be scored (iii) Hip replacement surgery Unit * Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 14 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 21.542 28.6 9.714 * Less than 30 patients going through the process, site cannot be scored (iv) Knee replacement surgery during the reporting period. Unit * Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 14 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 16.641 24.429 5.833 * Less than 30 patients going through the process, site cannot be scored 20 8.3 (i) The percentage of patients aged 0-14 readmitted to a hospital which forms part of The Hampshire Clinic within 28 days of being discharged from a hospital which forms part of The Hampshire Clinic during the reporting period. Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 11 - Mar 12 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 11.45 14.35 7.96 8.3.(ii)The percentage of patients aged 15 or over readmitted to a hospital which forms part of The Hampshire Clinic within 28 days of being discharged from a hospital which forms part of the hospital during the reporting period. Unit 0.17207473 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 11 - Mar 12 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 10.01 14.51 5.54 8.4 The Hampshire Clinic’s responsiveness to the personal needs of its patients during the reporting period. Unit 94% Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) 2013-2014 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 68.7 85 54.4 8.5 The percentage of patients who were admitted to The Hampshire Clinic and who were risk assessed for venous thromboembolism during the reporting period. Unit 100% Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 14 – Jan 15 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 96 100 79 8.6 The rate per 100,000 bed days of cases of C difficile infection reported within The Hampshire Clinic amongst patients aged 2 or over during the reporting period. Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Apr 13 – Mar 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 14.7 37.1 0 21 8.7 The number and, where available, rate of patient safety incidents reported within The Hampshire Clinic during the reporting period, and the number and percentage of such patient safety incidents that resulted in severe harm or death. Number of patient safety incidents reported Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Oct 13 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 20 139 0 Rate of patient safety incidents reported (Incidents per 100 Admissions) Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Oct 13 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 3.589 7.496 0.0245 Number of patient safety incidents that resulted in severe harm or death Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Oct 13 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 40.2 97 0 Percentage of patient safety incidents that resulted in severe harm or death (Incidents per 100 Admissions) Unit 0 Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Oct 13 – Sep 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 0.3 2.4 0.0 8.8 The percentage of staff employed by The Hampshire Clinic during the reporting period, who would recommend The Hampshire Clinic as a provider of care to their family or friends. Unit 86.2% Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) 2014 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 64.58 96.43 33.73 The Hampshire Clinic considers that this data is materially better than the National Average because staff are committed to what they do, find their jobs interesting and fulfilling and understand that patients receive great care. 22 9. Non-Mandatory Quality Indicators 9.1 The percentage of patients who received care as inpatients or discharged from A&E during the reporting period, who would recommend The Hampshire Clinic as a provider of care to their family or friends. Unit 84% Reporting Periods (at least last two reporting periods) Jun 13 – Jan 14 National Average Highest National Score Lowest National Score 66.23 94.38 35.63 23