Biotechnology- the use or alteration of cells or biological molecules for specific applications
Chp. 18- Genetically Modified Organisms
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Intro.
a. Recombinant DNA Technology-Adding foreign genes to bacteria or other single cells
i. When they reproduce they make several copies of the foreign DNA
ii. Fig. 18.3
b. Transgenic- animal with a genetic change in each of its cells
c. Gene Targeting- Adds or deletes specific genes of interest
Recombinant DNA Technology
a. Making Recomb. DNA Tech requirements
i. Restriction Enzymes- cut donor and recipient DNA
ii. Cloning Vectors- DNA to carry the donor DNA
1. often use Plasmids- circle of double stranded DNA naturally occurring
iii. recipient cells – insert donor DNA
iv. Select cells that harbor DNA
v. Select recombinant cells that contain genes of interest
1. Create a Genomic Library- bacteria that harbor pieces of genome (HUGE)
a. Like searching GOOGLE
2. cDNA Library- (complimentary DNA) smaller b/c only protein encoding genes
a. Like searching a scientifically based webpage
vi. stimulate expression of the foreign gene – collect and purify protein product
b. Allows us to look at the functions of genes from complex organisms at the molecular level
Transgenic Organisms
a. Plants - insert plasmid into protoplasts- cells with cell wall removed
b. Animals – DNA is inserted into cells using:
i. Liposomes- fatty bubbles that integrate into cell membrane
ii. Electroporation- electricity makes small holes in cell membrane
iii. Microinjection-microscopic needle
iv. Particle bombardment- shoot tiny medal particles into cell with foreign DNA on them
v. Viruses, Retroviruses, and chemicals
c. Pharming- inserting genes into hosts in order to produce desired proteins and harvesting them
d. transgenic technology can disrupt normal gene function
Gene Targeting
a. Homologous recombination- DNA locates similar or identical sequence and displaces it
b. “Knocking Out” – stops the function of a gene that the foreign DNA replaced
c. “Knockin” – genes that have an altered function are swapped in