Introduction to Water –
Chapter 24
Pretest
1.
What is the hydrologic cycle?
2.
What is porosity?
3.
What is permeability?
4.
What do we call the upper boundary of
earth that is saturated with water?
5.
Where does artesian water come from?
6.
How are caves formed?
7.
How is a sinkhole formed?
8.
What do people mean when they say you
have hard water?
9.
List as many negative and positive
affects on water quality as you can.
10. How do these affects change our lives?
11. What is a glacier?
12. What is causes glaciers to move?
Water: 4 Primary Sections
• The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)
• Glaciers
• Groundwater
• Water Quality
The Hydrologic Cycle
The Hydrologic Cycle
• The natural circulation of water
from ocean to atmosphere to
ground, then back to ocean
– Water is constantly circulating
– Can be in any of 3 states of matter
•Solid, Liquid, or Gas
– The cycle is powered by heat from the
sun and the force of gravity
– The total amount of water vapor in
the atmosphere remains constant
Important Vocabulary
• Evaporation
• Evapotranspiration
• Sublimation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Runoff
• Infiltration
• Discharge
A large mass of
ice formed by the
compaction and
recrystallization
of snow that
moves downslope
under its own
power is called a
…
Glaciers
• Glaciers are
powerful agents of
erosion
• They can carve out
large U-shaped
valleys and carry a
lot of rock and
debris downslope
• They move by
Gravity
Sublimation
• Ice turning directly into water vapor
• Leaves debris behind
Groundwater
• Subsurface water in the zone of
saturation
– 98.5% of fresh water is below the
earth’s surface
How does water get
underground?
•Infiltration
–Depends upon surface and
subsurface conditions
•Permeability – the ability of a
material to transmit fluid
•Porosity – the volume of open
space (pores) in a soil or rock
sample
Permeability
• Depends upon
soil composition
– Sand, Silt, or Clay
• Why is sand more
permeable than
clay?
Porosity
• The amount of water than can
pass through soil or rock depends
upon the amount and size of pores
Water Table
• The Water Table is the line below
which all pore spaces are filled
with water (saturated)
Aquifer
• An aquifer is an underground
geological formation able to store
and yield water.
Artesian System
•Where water flows out of the
aquifer and to the surface due
to pressure from above
– Spring (natural)
– Well (drilled)
What happens when running
underground water dissolves
minerals in the bedrock?
CAVES!
Sinkholes
• Funnel-shaped holes
where caves have
collapsed
Water Quality
• A crucial factor in the quality of
our lives
Hard Water
• Water picks up
calcium and
magnesium from
the landscape
– Can clog pipes or
shower heads
– More in some
places than others
Water Pollution
• Contamination can come from
– Point sources
– Non-point sources
What is the primary
source of contamination?
•HUMANS!
– Point sources
•Factories
•Septic tanks
•Chemical spills
– Non-point sources
•Soil Erosion
•Agricultural runoff
– Fertilizers
– Pesticides
– Livestock wastes
Landfills
• New Landfills require a liner to
prevent contamination
• Leachate – water that has run through
contaminated areas picking up soluble
substances
Household Water Consumption
Where can you conserve water?
We live in the arid west…
• Water is scarce
• Water is precious
• Water sustains
life
• Water should be
conserved…
please do your
part
So what where the 4 main topics
from Chapter 24 on water?
• The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)
• Glaciers
• Groundwater
• Water Quality
Now try
these
questions
1.
What is the hydrologic cycle?
2.
What is porosity?
3.
What is permeability?
4.
What do we call the upper boundary of
earth that is saturated with water?
5.
Where does artesian water come from?
6.
How are caves formed?
7.
How is a sinkhole formed?
8.
What do people mean when they say you
have hard water?
9.
List as many negative and positive
affects on water quality as you can.
10. How do these affects change our lives?
11. What is a glacier?
12. What is causes glaciers to move?