An Analysis of Political and Sexual Value Systems
An Honors Thesis (ID 499)
by
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Thomas E. Kuhn
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Thesis Director
Charles R. Carroll, Ph.D.
e.!? (:vri(y R.
CCtllL V-{{ __
Ball State University
Muncie, Indiana
May 1983
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PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
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As the researcher approached the appointed thesis quarter,
his brain was deluged with ideas on which to prepare the project.
Since the author does have a business major, it seemed appropriate
to concentra:e on that field of endeavor during the production
of the study, but, through his own rationale and the advice of
the director of the Honors College, it was decided that a more
challenging topic could be discovered elsewhere for the thesis.
Because of the intense exposure to the business world that the
author had received, this thesis served an education diversification
function.
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addition to gaining new knowledge, the author wished
to have a chance to apply some of the concepts he had garnered
throughout his college career.
The researcher was to be enrolled in a colloquiumfor the
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upcoming quarter with an instructor with whom he had taken another
colloqufum the preceding spring.
Because of the author's respect
and affection for the professor, Dr. Charles R. Carroll, and
because of his interest in the correlation of different components
of individual and group value systems, the author decided to
present his thesis on the political and sexual beliefs of Ball
State University students.
Although his primary concern was with the output of an
intelligent research essay, the author also believed that the
collection and analysis of data would be a fairly simple task.
Much to his initial chagrin, such was not the case.
To effect
the development of an academic dissertation, it was imperative
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to lay the initial groundwork properly.
This the author has done
and carried through to the completion of analysis and interpretation in this Honors Thesis.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Because the following discussion is almost entirely independent
survey and analysis directed, its merits are almost totally inherent.
Perseverence and dedication contribute to the credibility of this
essay, but without the guidance, direction, and aid of the following
persons, consummation of this document could not have occurred.
First and foremost, Dr. Charles R. Carroll provided unflagging
enthusiasm and superior guidance in the role of Thesis Director.
His provision for and promotion of the author's self-discipline
was salutary to this endeavor.
Rebecca J. Bowdell is the recipient of the researcher's
gratitude
fo~
being almost solely responsible for the computer
program development and computer analysis.
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The author also
thanks her for her constant support and assistance, and also
for her acceptance of his proposal for marriage.
Dr. Ray Scheele of the Ball State Office of Research was
gracious
eno~gh
to spend time with the author to help synthesize
the questionnaire and to assure the validity of its questions.
Dr. C. Aarren Vander Hill, Director of the Honors College,
has been helpful throughout the author's undergraduate career.
Once again, his advice and assistance was beneficial in many
aspects of this thesis.
In addition, the Secretary of the Honors College, Mrs. Pat
Jeffers, was largely responsible for the ease in which the off
campus surveys were distributed.
The Department of Physiology and Health Science helped
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reduce the cost for this project by duplicating the surveys
and cover letters.
It could not have been accomplished without
the department's assistance.
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Linda Bowdell is hereby formally thanked for taking time
to type this thesis.
She and her husband are credited with
performing their own study of human sexuality culminating a
nine month process with the production of the author's future
wife.
Personal independent and somewhat biased research has
shown that this couple is the best set of parents-in-law for
which a young man could ask.
Finally, for providing the soul of this thesis, the researcher
acknowledges the survey sample.
Without their cooperation, the
collection of data and the subsequent analysis and the final
product would not have been possible.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Chapter One:
PURPOSE .......•.••.••.••.••.••.••••......•.••...... 1
Chapter Two:
RESEARCH METHODS ..••••..•..•.•••••.••.•...••....•.. 5
Part One:
The Research Instrument ..••••••••....••....••.... 5
Part Two:
Research Population and Sample • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part Three:
Distribution of Surveys •.••••••.•.•...•..•..•. 11
Part Four:
Research Analysis ••.•••.•••••••.••........•.... 12
Part Five:
Research Conclusions ••..••••.••.••..•.....•.••. 13
Chapter Three:
Part One:
Part Two:
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF EACH QUESTION . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Poli tical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sexual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter Four:
Part One:
Part Two:
Variable Analysis .•.•••..•.••••............•.••. 30
Part Three:
Cross Tabulations •••.•.••.•••••..........•.... 37
Chapter Five:
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
A:
B:
C:
D:
CONCLUSIONS .•..•••••.•••••••••••.••.......••.•••• 39
THE COVER LETTER AND THE QUESTIONNAIRE ..•...•...•.• 41
RAW DATA ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46
FORMULAS USED IN DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SI2E ...••. 70
SUMMARY RESULTS SENT TO INTERESTED RESPONDENTS .•... 71
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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CHAPTER ONE
PURPOSE
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Political and sexual value systems are an important part
of modern life in that both are undergoing rapid change in the
face of new worth being placed on items which have not in the
past been considered signigicant.
History books provide a
basis for the judgment of past systems, and history relates a
fairly static view of cultural and societal values as compared
to recent developments.
A value may be defined as a "standard or prinCiple of
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worth.
A system is, according to Webster, "a set or arrangement
of things se related as to form a whole."
For the purposes of
this thesis, the "things" referred to in that definition will be
considered to be values.
With those two descriptions in mind, a "political value
system" is a set or arrangement of standards or principles of
worth about political issues that are so related as to form
a whole.
A sexual value system, on the other hand, would utilize
the same definition with the word sexual used in place of political.
Note that the above stated definitions refer only to values
or attitudes, and do not entail behavior.
Although it may cause
inner tension, values may conflict with behavioral intentions
and actual behavior.
The term employed to describe the tension
is cognitive dissonance.
The primary purpose of this research project is to determine
the correlation between conservative political values and
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1
Kaplan, Abraham, "Values in Inquiry", Values, Objectivity,
and the Social SCiences, Riley, Gresham, Editor, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company:Reading, Massachusetts, p. 84.
2
conservative sexual values, and, by simple extension, the
correlation between liberal political attitudes and liberal
sexual attitudes.
The researcher had no biases as to whether
there existed a positive or negative correlation before the
research was begun.
The curiosity to know, however, was there.
As far as could be ascertained, this is the first such
study correlating these value systems at Ball State University,
and it is hoped that this thesis will provide further impetus
for value correlation studies.
Sundry secondary purposes are present.
Among them is the
desire to
co~duct
credible research using scientifically accurate
methods.
As is described in subsequent chapters, the methods
utilized were drawn from valid sources of research methodology.
Reliability, accuracy, and validity were goals from which were
drawn specific objectives to accomplish them.
Another reason for this study is the researcher's interest
in the fields of politics, sexuality, and value systems analysis.
Value systems study is a relatively new area.
It combines
techniques used in the hard sciences and also methods used in
the social sciences.
If the subject had to be categorized, it
would fall in the area of social sciences, but the author considers
it the most fascinating of the social sciences.
The final purpose of this thesis is a personal one.
That
purpose is the acceptance of a challenge to prepare and present
an intelligent essay on a topic in which the characteristics
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and methods of that topic must be learned and mastered over
the span of a few months.
This thesis is an attempt to demonstrate
reasonable rr.astery of the subject matter.
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This thesis is the result of nearly five months of study.
Although a more thorough treatment is given in the second
chapter, a brief description of the research is offered here.
There were five essential components of the research.
The first was to develop a questionnaire to obtain information
concerning the purpose of the study, that being the comparison
of political and sexual value systems.
construct the sample to be surveyed.
The next task was to
More than 400 Ball State
students were included in the sample, and of that number over
half returned the survey.
Planning the distribution of the instrument was vital.
The United States Postal Service and the Campus Mail organization
were both utilized to serve that function.
The final stages of analysis and interpretation of the data
was accomplished through the use of both programmed and heuristic
methods.
The hard statistics were calculated and organized by
a computer and the interpretation was based on these frequencies
and by reference to statistical measures of correlation and
signigicance.
Limitations of the study and its conclusions are present and
deserve mention here.
First, the sample and population was confined
to Ball State University students, and, thus, the conclusions
reached in the study cannot be expanded beyond that point at which
the Ball State population ends.
Second, it was assumed that the
student responses were honest, and the returned questionnaires
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were initially surveyed to screen out any of the responses which
were at the least ludicrous.
Finally, the questions were assumed
to be designed to adequately reflect a value stance on the part of
the respondent.
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A final note to be considered is the difference between
the terms "conservative" and "liberal".
The sidely recognized
definitions of these terms were used in the preparation of this
study.
Conservative means to support establised institutions
and to be generally opposed to change.
for progress or change.
Liberal means the desire
Questions on the survey were worded in
such a way as to reflect a stance by the individual leaning either
to the liberal or conservative end of the continuum.
"Attitude cannot be observed directly, but must always be
inferred from behavior.,,2
This statement adequately describes
the dilemma of the researcher.
Behavior is easier to analyze
than are the attitudes and values which underlie the behavior.
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The following essay is an attempt to better understand the values
which determine the political and sexual behavior of Ball State
University students.
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Summers, Gene F., Editor, Attitude Measurement, Rand McNally
and Co.:Chicago, 1970, p. 1.
CHAPTER TWO
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RESEARCH METHODS
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PART I -- THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
the first major task of this study was the formulation of a
research instrument dealing with political and sexual attitudes,
beliefs, and preferences reflecting some value stance.
The tool used
for the primary research in this thesis was a survey (see Appendix A)
that employed a basic structure and a Likert scale indicating various
levels of agreement or disagreement.
For this part of the study and
for most of the other sections, the researcher used a text titled
Survey Research Methods to establish the credibility of the research.
The cover letter had to be composed in two different ways.
The skeleton of the letter remained unchanged, but the phrasing
of a few sentences had to be worded to fit their intended
recipient.
Basically, the differences addressed the topic of
distribution.
The semantics of the on-campus cover letter
referred to campus mail while the off campus letter used the
United States Postal Service as its basis.
The method of
distribution will be defined later in this chapter.
The salutation of the cover letter was used in bold face
to inform the recipient of the capacity in which he was being
approached.
The introductory paragraph consisted of two sent-
ences that would familiarize the student with the content of
what was to come.
The first sentence assured the student that
he had been selected in a scientific manner and not in some
knee-jerk fashion associated with his gender, race, hair color,
personal hygiene habits, or some other irrelevant factor.
It
also informed him that he was being asked to participate in a
Babbie, Earl R., Survey Research Methods, Belmont, California:
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Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1973, 372 pp.
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survey of a sample of Ball State University students.
The
second sentence of the first paragraph concisely stated the
purpose of the survey.
To avoid potential embarrassment or
alienation of the student, the second section of the study was
referred to as "human sexuality" instead of using a term which
could be construed as more coarse.
The second paragraph was originally drafted to exclude any
reference to the Honors Thesis, but, under the advice of Dr.
Ray Scheele of the Ball State Office of Research, the reference
was made to give the student a better understanding of the
origin of the inquiry.
Although one sentence paragraphs are
usually viewed with disdain outside the discipline of Journalism,
this sentence needed to stand alone as identification of the
inquirer.
The next section of the cover letter contained the first
variance between the on campus and off campus cover letters.
The difference was in the instructions for return of the
instrument.
This difference will be examined in the third part
of this chapter.
The fourth paragraph was designed to underscore the importance
of participation by each member of the sample.
The second and
third sentences of this subdivision exhibited flexibility on the
part of the r'esearcher in accepting partially completed questionnaires or even blank ones for the sake of knowing the intended
recipient had seen the survey.
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The last sentence of the para-
graph was intended to give encouragement to complete and return
the survey.
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The next paragraph consisted of three sentences which assured
the anonymity of each respondent.
Underlining the upper case
letters were used to emphasize this pOint.
This paragraph
reinforced earlier statements which implied there was no interest
beyond the expressed purpose.
The survey was not in the least
bit curious as to personal aberrations or abnormalities.
The sixth paragraph dealt with steps for the recipient to
follow in case he was interested in the results.
served dual functions.
These sentences
First, it was hoped that the sample would
be more likely to complete the questionnaire if they knew they
could compare their own beliefs with the attitudes of the sample
taken as a whole.
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Second, the paragraph opened the survey to
general inspection by members of the sample.
letters mentioned a "stamped envelope."
the simple reason of cost.
The off campus
This was included for
The financial resources available
were not sufficient to cover the expense for stamps to post the
results to each respondent who requested them.
letters gave an option to the sample member.
The on campus
Since campus mail
is a free service, the cost does not accrue directly to the
user.
Thus, requests by phone and through campus mail would
be honored.
The final paragraph consisted of two brief sentences.
The first was a final plea for help in the survey, and the
second was a simple thank you.
The questionnaire was constructed in a common form.
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basic ob jecti ve of the instrument was to make it an easily
understandable and brief forum for the communication
The
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of opinions from sample member to surveyor.
The preface of the questionnaire was instructional.
It
informed the recipient that the sentences were stated in such
a way as to provoke some measure of agreement or disagreement.
The scale which was used is commonly referred to as a modified
"Likert scale" with a "0" added to make evaluation of the returns
simpler.
The questions themselves were built with several considerations
in mind.
Without the following constraints, the survey could have
become a mish-mash of insignigicant data seekers.
The first of these circumstances was the wide range of
issues in the fields of politics and human sexuality
and the diversification of topics which needed to be covered
in this project.
This factor limited the number of specific
questions which could be used.
Although the majority of political
issues are economic in nature, and most of the themes in human
sexuality are religiously moral, the questions tried to, in most
cases, to avoid the repetitive economic and religious factors.
Before the statements were written, a list was made of prospective
topics and those which overlapped with others were eliminated
to facilitate the conciseness of the instrument.
From the list,
twenty to twenty-five questions were made for each of the categories, and those which were either redundant or vague were
winnowed out to create a compact tool which would not seem
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threatening or overwhelming to the recipient.
The wording of each statement was another consideration
which was taken into account.
Some of the items were designed
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to be on the conservative end of the cOntinuum while others
were posed liberally.
This was done to avoid the appearance
of a bias on the part of the questioner, and also to preclude
the possiblity of a recipient answering with consistently
one-sided responses.
A third factor was the placement of the questions in the
survey.
Interspersing of political and sexual questions was
contemplated, but it was decided that doing so would probably
give the subject a feeling of inconsistency in the question
pattern, and would not give him the chance to get his mind set
in a
politic~l
or sexual orientation.
The conservative and
liberal questions were intermingled within the parameters of
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each subset for the reasons cited in the preceding paragraph.
The final and most important consideration was that of the
compatibility of each question with the purpose of the research.
Although variations were expected in mean averages between
questions and sections, it was desirable and necessary to have
a sound basis for comparison of sexual and political attitudinal
tendencies.
Thus, the statements were intended to have at least
some level of significance to each member of the sample.
?ART II -- RESEARCH POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The research population included the entire enrollment of
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students at Ball State University.
size, a table was consulted.
To determine the sample
A statistical accuracy of !5%
was considered desirable so the number 384 was lifted from the
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table to insure this.
This meant that as long as the population
size was at least five times larger than the sample and the
population was at least 2,000, then 384 sample members were
needed to insure the statistical accuracy.
The sample was a systematic sample with a random start.
The sample was taken in the following manner from the Ball State
University Directory.
The Directory consists of 95 pages of student listings with
four columns of names per page.
Eight of the columns were added
to get a total, and that sum was divided by eight to get an
average for each column.
The average per column was then mUl-
tiplied by 380, the total number of columns in the Directory, to
come up with a good estimate of the number of students enrolled
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at the University.
This number was then divided by the sample
size needed (384) to ascertain that every forty-sixth name should
be included in the sample.
random digit table.
The number 48 was then lifted from a
As a result of all these calculations,
starting with the forty-eighth name, every forty-sixth name
was culled to become a sample member.
(See Appendix C)
Four items were taken from the Directory.
sample member's name was written.
ation was the sex of the person.
First, the
The second type of informThen it was noted whether
the person resided on campus or off campus so that it would
be easier to determine the postage requirements.
was the class of the subject.
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The last item
Although this information did
not prove useful in later execution of the research, it was
gathered just in case it would be needed.
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PART III -- DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEYS
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Subsequent to constructing the list of sample members,
it was apparent that the cost of distribution of the surveys
was going to entail financial resources which were not at the
researcher's disposal.
off campus.
Of the 412 sample members, some 214 lived
This fact meant that the distribution would cost in
excess of $85.
The researcher picked up about $45 of the cost and
the remaining sum was provided by a most beneficent source, the
Honors College.
Support from the Honors College was greatly
appreciated by the researcher.
The distribution process began with the purchase of 450
large envelopes.
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Half of these were self-addressed and stamped
to provide the respondent with a simple and costless method of
return of the questionnaires.
The other half were addressed to
the individual recipients and were stamped with the Honors College
return address.
The return address was used because it was orig-
inally planned to bulk rate the questionnaires to the off campus
residents.
This option, which seemed to be a great savings, was
not feasible because the University ruled that this research was
not official University business.
After some delay, however,
the funds needed to post the surveys Were provided by an anonymous
benefactor.
The on campus questionnaires proved very simple to distribute.
The process began with the gathering of 200 campus mail envelopes
from a residence hall desk.
The envelopes were then addressed
to the
indiv~duals
named as on campus residents on the sample
list.
The questionnaires were then distributed through campus
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mail over the course of two days.
Although the distribution process was delayed by approximately two weeks, the wait was not fatal to the research.
A
deadline was set for the return of the questionnaires after
which five surveys were returned, but were not used because
the data evaluation was already underway.
For the most part,
though, respondents who answered the survey were quick to do so.
PART IV -- RESEARCH ANALYSIS
The research analysis was performed over the course of
two weeks.
Most of this analysis was in the form of a computer
program using SPSS which is a special sociological software
package.
The language utilized in the program was Fortran IV.
From start to finish, the computer analysis was executed in the
following manner.
As each of the questionnaires was returned, it was coded
using the Likert scale on eight column analysis sheets.
After
the deadline for return had passed, the codes were transcribed
onto computer cards through a keypunch.
written onto the cards.
used.
The program was also
All told there were some 224 cards
The cards were then read into the computer through the
DEC reader, and the calculations were performed.
After
manipulating the program several times, the correct output
was produced by the DEC printer.
(The result of the computer
manipulation can be seen in Appendix B.)
Before the computer tabulations took place, however, other
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calculations were performed on the data.
This was done manually,
and though it did not produce as much significant statistical
evidence, it was useful in determining the mean averages for
various categories.
PART V -- RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
As with all research, the purpose of this study was to
reach some kind of conclusions.
The specific conclusions to
be drawn from this endeavor were to involve the correlation
of Ball State University students' political attitudes with
their sexual attitudes on the basis of conservative versus
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liberal tendencies.
The conclusions were also drawn from
data collected from questionnaires distributed to a random
sample of students.
This random distribution was made to
aid in fulfilling the number one consideration of the interpretation of the data.
Objectivity was tantamount in this study.
Often times the
major detractor of research is the bias of the individual
researching the problem.
Conclusions are drawn sometimes
before the research is even begun, and the methods are then
designed to fit the preconceptions.
In this research, however,
the author had no attitudes which were formed before conducting
the study as to the direction the findings should follow.
Therefore, objectivity was partially met as a criterion prior
to actual commencement of the research.
Although manipulation of computer generated statistics
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is possible, the researcher had no knowledge of the techniques
used in doing so.
Finally, objective findings can be brought forth only through
objective research which in turn can only be produced by
objective use of instruments and methods.
One theme which
has run strongly through this chapter has been the concern
for accuracy and reliability.
Through careful adherence to
the preceding guidelines, objectivity was attained and accuracy
was achieved.
CHAPTER THREE
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF
EACH QUESTION
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Each purpose paragraph in this chapter is followed by
an assumption.
These assumptions pertain to the expected
responses by the participants in the survey.
The assumptions
will state a belief on the part of the researcher as to the
difference in answers on the basis of conservative versus
liberal.
As stated in the preceding chapter, the statements
were worded in different ways so as to provoke varied responses
from the sample.
Assumptions such are these are considered fatal
unless backed up by some research.
To assure the validity of
this research, the researcher informally polled various individuals who termed themselves either conservative or liberal,
and the results are used as a basis for the assumptions.
PART I -- POLITICAL
Statement 1 -- There is a need for an amendment to the Constitution
requiring a balanced federal budget.
Although the debate over a balanced federal budget is superficially a bi-partisan issue and crosses the liberal-conservative
line, it is a problem that has its basis in right and left camps.
Conservatives, for the most part, favor the proposed amendment
while liberals oppose it.
Liberals do support some measure of fiscal responsibility,
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but they adhere to the maxim that governments can spend more
money than tjey receive without serious consequences.
see this as a short-term and damaging opinion.
Conservatives
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ASSUMPTION:
Those who answer Strongly Agree are more apt to be
conservative than those who answered Strongly
Disagree.
Statement 2 -- Tax breaks to businesses create a better economy.
This question is based on a clear-cut issue.
Experience
with voting records in Congress and referenda have shown that
conservatives generally take the side of business when it comes
to tax cuts or incentives.
Liberals, however, believe that the
only incentive that these tax preferences generate is an incentive
for greed.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 3
Respondents who answer Strongly Agree are more
likely to be conservative than those who answer
Strongly Disagree.
Tax dollars should be spent to create a comprehensive
health care program to provide low cost medical care
for all.
Once again, this question is founded on a identifiable
liberal-conservative issue.
Major proponents of a national health
care program, such as Senator Edward Kennedy, are liberals.
Although this issue has not caused the heated public debate it is
capable of causing, it hits home to everyone because of its allencompassing nature.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 4
Those who answer Strongly Agree on this question
are probably more liberal than those who answer
Strongly Disagree.
To ease overcrowded prisons, prison officials
should release some inmates before their sentences
are completely served.
This question posed a problem in that the opinions on the
subject vary according to education level and region.
Even
though these two variables could be construed to be overriding
factors, it is apparent that liberalism and conservatism play
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the major role in the individual decisions about early release.
Liberals tend to have more faith in rehabilitation programs,
and would not be averse to releasing such rehabilitated prisoners
before their sentences have been completely executed.
Conservatives,
however, basically see the penal system as serving the dual
functions of punishment and rehabilitation.
Conservatives hold
these purposes in a balance such as to oppose the early release
of convicts.
ASSUMPTION:
Respondents who answer Strongly Agree are more
likely to be liberals, and those who answer
Strongly Disagree are probably more conservative.
Statement 5
The United States can increase the likelihood
of peace by increasing its military strength.
This item addresses the defense issue from a different
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angle than that which is usually used (i.e., appropriations).
Bypassing all monetary concerns, this question gets at the
foundation of the defense issue.
Helping to insure peace is
at the core of this debate even though it is overlooked or
simply ignored in some discussions of the topic.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 6
Respondents who answer Strongly Agree are more
apt to be conservative than those who answer this
question Strongly Disagree.
Social services such as Social Security, welfare,
and food stamps should be reduced.
Concerned with the size of the social services appropriations,
This question is easily placed in the category of liberal/conservative issues.
Liberals are more concerned with a large quantity
of human services than are conservatives.
Conservatives tend
to believe that the present level of social services should
either be reduced or simply maintained.
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ASSUMPTION:
The Strongly Agree answer indicates that the respondent
is more conservative than those who answer Strongly
Disagree.
Statement 7
The United States should support all foreign nations
which have an anti-Communist government.
Traditionally, conservatives hold a very dim view of Communis~,
and, although not espousing all its tenets,) liberals
believe in Communism's right to exposure.
Although some liberal
administrations, most notably Lyndon Johnson's, have held to
a tough foreign policy against communism, generally liberals
take a softer stand on Communism.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 8
Those who answered Strongly Agree on this item
are obviously conservative while Strongly Disagree
indicates a more liberal stance.
Government should pay for abortions for women
who cannot afford them.
It would be easy to claim that this is a moral question and
not political at all.
rationale is needed.
Due to that claim, an explanation of
For the vast majority of political issues,
individual beliefs are based at least somewhat on moral stances.
Opinions on taxes, crime, foreign policy, and many others are
rooted in a person's view of what is right and what is wrong.
Since abortion is such a touchy issue, a decision was made
to explore the pocketbook angle.
Abortion advocates are generally
liberal and favor federally funded abortions for women of modest
means who decide for one reason or another that they would rather
not bring their fetuses to full term.
Conservatives, on the other
hand, believe in the child's right to life, and if abortion is
--
legal, tax revenues should not be spent to provide the service.
19
ASSUMPTION:
Respondents who answer Strongly Agree tend to have
a liberal nature while those who answer Strongly
Disagree have a more conservative orientation.
Statement 9
Police should be given more freedom in dealing
with criminal suspects.
The extremely liberal American Civil Liberties Union would
like to see more restraints put on policemen in dealing with
criminal suspects to insure the suspect's human rights.
In
the 1950s and especially in the 1960s, the Supreme Court under
Chief Justice Earl Warren handed down many decisions which
curtailed police freedom in the arrest, search, and interrogation
of felony suspects.
Recently, the trend has leveled off and many
have begun to reverse.
The decade of the 1980s will be important in the realization
of the trend pattern and most respondents will probably take a
stand on the issue.
ASSUMPTION:
Conservatives are more likely to Strongly Agree
with this statement, and liberals will Strongly
Disagree.
Statement 10
Energy companies should be allowed to explore
national wilderness areas for natural resources.
With the current furor over the leasing of our wilderness
lands to energy companies, the conservation question has reared
its head agaj_n.
Although Secretary of the Interior James Watt
has backed off on some of his exploration programs, his critics
are still bewildered by what they consider to be a lack of
respect for America's remaining virgin territory.
ASSUMPTION:
In one of the most odd political contradiction
of terms, conservationists are liberal.
Thus,
those who answer Strongly Agree on this item are
conservative while those who answer Strongly
Disagree are liberal.
20
-
Statement 11 -- The United States should remain impartial in
the current Middle East situation.
The United States' pro-Israeli stance has started to soften
due to what is perceived to be a new aggressive position on the
part of the Israelis.
Conservatives believe generally in main-
taining a favorable public opinion for the Israelis while liberals
are of the opinion that America should refrain from siding with
the Israelis or the Palestinians and Arabs.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 12
Strongly Agree would indicate a certain level of
liberalism, and a Strongly Disagree answer would
tend to evidence that the respondent is conservative.
The government should impose stricter regulations
on air pollution.
The middle and late 1960s brought widespread concern for
the United States environment.
The late 1960s and early 1970s
saw federal legislation pertaining to the control and reduction
of air and water pollution.
The regulations have been successful
in some areas and not so successful in others.
New interest with
America's troubled economy has brought questions as to the propriety and sense of the air and water pollution legislation.
To make this statement less ambiguous, it deals only with air
pollution.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 13
Those who reply Strongly Agree lean toward liberalism,
and those who answer Strongly Disagree are probably
conservative.
The United States should withdraw from the
United Nations.
The John Birch Society and other conservative groups have
-
been advocating the withdrawal of the United States from the
United Nations for years.
Liberals, on the other hand, see the
United Nations as a vehicle for world peace.
21
ASSUMPTION:
Conservatives are more likely to answer Strongly
Agree while liberals will probably answer Strongly
Disagree.
Statement 14
Tuition tax credit should be given to parents
who send their children to private schools.
Tuition tax credit has been an issue since the birth of
the income tax system.
Before the Reagan administration, the
bulk of this topic's debate took place during the Kennedy Administration.
No action occurred to give the credit then and to date
there has been no tuition credit provided by the Reagan team.
Although the Catholic church owns the majority of private
schools in the United States, it has traditionally been opposed
to federal funding of its schools and has taken a similar stance
on the tuition tax credit.
In the conservative's overall plan of tax reduction, the
tuition credit is included.
The liberal's view of the issue is
that it would add regressiveness to an already regressive federal
income tax structure.
ASSUMPTION:
Those who answer Strongly Agree tend to be more
conservative than those who answer Strongly Disagree.
Statement 15
If left alone, the economy will straighten
itself out.
This question harkens back to Adam Smith's concept of the
"invisible hand".
This means that in Capitalism there is a
natural force that will even out the ups and downs of the
economic cycle.
The invisible hand is the cornerstone of the
conservative view of the economy.
--
Oppositely, liberals believe
that government intervention in business is necessary to guarantee the ansence of individual and general economic depression.
22
,-
ASSUMPTION:
Respondents who answer Strongly Agree will generally
be conservative and those who answer Strongly
Disagree will probably be more liberal.
PART II -- SEXUAL
To differentiate between certain terms used in the following
section, an explanation is needed.
When the words "conservative"
and "liberal" appear in this section, they are referring to
sexual conservatism and sexual liberalism, and should not be
confused with the way they are used on a political context.
Statement 16 -- It is wrong for a person to have sexual
intercourse for pleasure without any
emotional involvement.
-
It has recently appeared that more sexual relations are
being entered into more casually.
This question was included
to determine the attitudes of Ball State students to determine
if this more lax outlook is relavent to this campus.
Emotional
involvement is also a fair demarcation of conservative and
literal attitudes.
ASSUMPTION:
Respondents who answer this item with Strongly Agree
will tend to be more conservative than those who
answer Strongly Disagree.
Statement 17 -- Homosexuality is abnormal.
Liberals have been quick to defend the rights of the
homosexual segment of our population.
They see this altern-
ative lifestyle as just another way to live in a culture
composed of a myriad of lifestyles.
On the other hand, con-
servatives view homosexuality with disdain.
These are those
individuals concerned with protecting the rest of society from
23
-
the abnormal behavior patterns of homosexuality.
ASSUMPTION:
Sample members who answer Strongly Agree are more
apt to be conservative while those who answer
Strongly Disagree are probably more liberal.
Statement 18
Sex is a normal component of a man-woman
friendship.
Friendships between the sexes have evolved to the point
at which men and women can become members of the same peer
and social groups.
This, however, is not commonplace.
There
are some individuals who have carried these closer relationships
one step further.
Between these women and men, sex is not an
infrequent occurrence.
ASSUMPTION:
-
Strongly Agree will indicate a liberal leaning
while Strongly Disagree will mean a conservative
tendency.
Statemerit 19
Sexual aids and devices are helpful in increasing
pleasure during sexual intercourse.
There have been various forms of sexual aids and devices
in existence for many centuries.
In recent years the devices
have been gaining more exposure through mail order catalogs
and so-called "sex" shops or "novelty" shops.
Those who use
or espouse the use of the aids and devices are considered more
liberal than those who do not.
ASSUMPTION:
Respondents who answer this item Strongly Agree
will tend to be liberal, and those who answer
Strongly Disagree will contribute to an assumption
of conservatism.
Statement 20
Sexual intercourse should only occur between
married couples.
More casual sexual attitudes appear to be the bill of fare
-
for the 1980s.
Some trend projections have been a tightening
of conservative values.
This statement is intended to test
24
the strength of the belief in confining sexual intercourse to
post-nuptial settings.
ASSUMPTION:
The Strongly Agree answer will indicate a conservative
attitude. Strongly Disagree will evidence some form
of more liberal attitudes.
Statement 21
Love is the most important facet of sexual
intercourse.
This entry is a complement to statement 16.
Instead of
addressing the emotional involvement aspect of sex, this statement pertains to love.
More liberal sexual attitudes claim
that satisfaction might be more important than love.
The extent
to which this might be true is tested by this statement.
ASSUMPTION:
Those who answer Strongly Agree are likely to have
a conservative bent while those who answer Strongly
Disagree are more liberal.
A wife should be submissive to her husband
concerning sexual preferences.
Statement 22
Some individuals might consider this a statement more
relevant to Biblical times or to the Dark Ages, but there are
still some religions and denominations who foster this belief
in their canons.
Some other persons simply believe that the
wife should be submissive of her own will or due to historical
reasons.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 23
Respondents who answer this item with Strongly
agree will tend to be more conservative than
those who answer Strongly Disagree.
It is immoral to use any method of birth control
other than rhythm and withdrawal.
Artificial birth control is a fairly recent phenomenon.
Its introduction has led to debates within churches, courts,
and congresses as to what its place should be.
Opponents of
artificial birth control are generally more conservative than
25
those who favor its use.
According to discussions held by the
researcher and other individuals, the population overload may
be partially responsible for artificial birgh control methods'
acceptance in general use.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 24
Conservatives will probably answer this question
Strongly Agree, and the Strongly Disagree answer
will be associated with more liberal thinking.
It is not wrong for a married person to have
an affair as long as he/she is in love with
the outside person.
Extra-maritial affairs have been the basis of many books,
plays, movies, television shows, newspaper articles, and the
like.
The protagonist is usually displayed in the character
of the party being "cheated" upon.
Lately, there has been a
trend of women catching up with men in the area of extra-marital
affairs.
This statement is designed to test the validity of
the recurring ethic which states that one should be faithful
to the one to which he or she is married.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 25
In general, Strongly Agree will indicate a conservative belief whereas Strongly Disagree will
show liberalism.
Oral sex should only occur when genital
intercourse is impossible.
Traditionally, the sex act has been seen as an activity
which should be confined to the process of impregnation attempts.
This view appears to be changing in light of more open discussion
of sexual techniques other than genital intercourse, and also
due to the more casual attitude mentioned in statement 16.
-
This
statement will hopefully discern the amount of strength placed
on the "traditional" role of intercourse.
26
ASSUMPTION:
Respondents who answer with Strongly Agree will be
considered the more conservative of the sample,
and participants who answer Strongly Disagree
are more apt to be liberal.
Sex education should be a part of all high
school curricula.
Statement 26
Sex education has been supported by a wide spectrum of
individuals, but, for the most part, these individuals are
considered liberal.
Liberals believe that increased sexual
awareness will help youngsters cope with the world of human
sexuality.
~ore
conservative persons believe that sex education
will contribute to what they see as an decreasing emotional
value placed on the act of sexual intercourse.
ASSUMPTION:
Sample members who respond with a Strongly Agree
code are apt to be liberal while a Strongly Disagree
answer will evidence conservatism.
There is nothing wrong with viewing pornographic
films.
Statement 27
In the early 1970s, pornography was one of the most hotly
debated sexual questions in the United States.
Strong positions
were staked out in favor of and in opposition to pornography.
The debate has since died down, but opinions were still strong
on the subject.
Liberals have been more willing to support
the individual right to view pornographic films.
Conservatives
see pornography as another menace to the moral sexual upbringing
of the nation's youth.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 28
Respondents who answer Strongly Agree are more
likely to be liberal than those who answer Strongly
Disagree.
Minors should not receive contraceptives without
parental knowledge.
In the 1920s, simple introduction of contraceptives onto
27
the market created quite a disruption.
Some sixty years later
contraceptives have been firmly placed in
American culture,
but controversy continues to follow the products.
Lately, a
debate has orginated to attempt to settle the question of whether
or not a minor has a legal right to contraception.
Conservatives
fight for the parents' right to knowledge of their minor children's
behavior.
Liberals fight for the minor's right to individual
decision making.
ASSUMPTION:
Survey respondents who answer Strongly Agree will
be conservative. Strongly Disagree will indicate
a more liberal stance.
Statement 29
Incest may be a healthy part of a family
relationship.
This question was included partially to separate the
sociopaths from mainstream liberals.
The answers to this
statement will probably be weighted very heavily on the disagree side.
Incest has received a growing negative response
since it began to be more publicly recognized.
Some persons,
though, will probably believe that incest can add health to
the family unit.
ASSUMPTION:
Statement 30
Those who answeF Strongly Agree are very liberal
whereas those who answer Strongly Disagree are
probably either conservative or somewhat liberal,
but will balk at this statement.
Masturbation is a normal form of sexual
gratification.
Old wives tales concerning masturbation are beginning to
fall by the wayside.
No longer is it commonly believed that
the act will cause warts, hairy hands, or blindness.
myths do, however, pOint to an important fact.
These
In the past,
masturbation was seen as an evil which was to be avoided.
The
28
myths were disseminated to help convince people to avoid this
behavior.
Some of the stories still persist, and this question
attempts to discern the level of this permeation and how much
masturbation is still regarded as "unclean".
ASSUMPTION:
Those who answer Strongly Agree are likely to have
a liberal bent while those who answer Strongly
Disagree are more conservative.
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
I
-
29
PART I -- DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTER ANALYSIS
Since the majority of data was analyzed by computer, this
chapter will focus on strong evaluation of the analysis.
a computer cannot perform heuristic functions;
Also,
therefore, con-
clusions will be discussed in the final chapter.
Preparation for computer analysis began with the collection
of data and coding these data onto computer cards.
Each of the
207 cases was given an identification number ranging from 001
through 207.
the cards.
The variables themselves were then entered onto
All of the coding was performed by the researcher
on a cardpunch machine.
-
The program was also written onto the cards.
This program
asked the computer to create a data file containing the variables
from the questionnaires.
After this data file was created by
reading the cards through a card reader, a second program was
entered onto computer cards.
The second program asked the com-
puter to perform the actual evaluation of the data file.
This
program included requests for frequencies for all variables (see
Appendix B) and cross tabulations for some of the variables.
Cross tabulating is a technique used by the researcher to determine
the significance of response patterns.
All computer analysis was performed by a DEC-IO computer
using the DEC card reader and the DEC line printer.
The latter
two devices were used for inputting the data and obtaining hard
f
-
copy of the data, respectively.
30
-
PART II -- VARIABLE ANALYSIS
Generally, the frequencies of certain responses for each
statement could have been predicted by those who closely observe
attitude trends.
coveries.
There were, however, a few surprising dis-
As the subsequent discussion will show, Ball State
University students have varying opinions about the topics which
were addressed in the survey.
Responses to the first statement concerning an amendment
to the Constitution requiring a balanced federal budget showed
that Ball State students basically favor the change.
a plurality of answers in the Basically Agree column.
There was
This
tends to show that the sample was leaning toward the conservative
-
camp.
This early indication was not to hold true through the
tests of further analysis.
The next item pertained to the issue of tax breaks for
business.
There was a mixed reaction from the sample with a
relatively large number of missing cases.
All in all,
the
sample again leaned to the conservative viewpoint of granting
the tax breaks to businesses.
The third statement on the questionnaire was stated liberally
to support the creation of a comprehensive health care program
using tax dollars.
among the variables.
Responses were distributed rather equally
This statement, however, gave the first
liberal expression on the part of the sample as they slimly
favored the comprehensive health care program.
The fourth item received the first overwhelmingly onesided response in the questionnaire.
Over seventy percent of
the respondents were strongly opposed to early release of inmates
while another fourteen percent were somewhat opposed.
This
reaction is evidence of a conservative attitude on this issue.
The next statement addressed the topic of increasing the
United States' military strength for the purpose of
to increase the likelihood of peace.
helpi~g
Participants disagreed
with this statement in a fairly strong negative response.
Agree responses were outnumbered by Disagree responses by more
than two to one.
Item number six posed the question of reduction in social
services.
Basically Disagree and Basically Agree received the
most support in this category, but the appearance is that the
sample is moderately opposed to cuts in the area of social
services.
The sample is moderately liberal on this question
although a good number of respondents who consider themselves
very conservative responded with
Disagree answers.
The seventh statement concerned United States support of
foreign nations with an anti-Communist government.
This has
been the policy in the past, but President Carter began pushing
for human rights in his foreign policy during his term and he
seems to have hit upon a factor that could draw support, at
least from this sample.
There was another mixed response on
this item, but generally, the sample did not show support for
judgment of foreign nations on the basis of anti-Communism.
32
-
The sample did not support the idea of the government
paying for abortions for women who could not afford them.
Nearly seventy percent disagreed with this statement to some
measure.
Strongly Disagree received the greatest number of
these answers.
This response pattern indicates a conservative
stance.
Statement nine, which concerns police freedom, received
a varied answer cycle.
The answers were evenly distributed
except for the Strongly Agree answer which received fewer
tallies.
Although this statement's responses are hard to
define, it appears that the sample tends toward the liberal
belief that police should not be allowed more freedom in dealing
-
with criminal suspects.
The tenth statement on the questionnaire garnered a negative
reaction.
The sample strongly believes that energy companies
should not be allowed to explore national wilderness areas for
natural resources.
This could be due to two factors which
would need further research.
First, the respondents could be
in favor of protecting our environment.
Second, they could be
opposed to high energy company profits.
Statement number eleven concerns impartiality in the Middle
East and the respondents were again mixed on their replies.
The
lack of a great number of Strongly Disagree answers would lead
one to believe that the sample marginally favors remaining
or becoming impartial.
This determination is made only on that
assumption, and further research could produce different results
33
though that occurrence is unlikely.
The item concerning federal air pollution regulations
gives credence to anyone who holds the opinion that anxiety
about the quality of air has not dissipated over the years.
More than two thirds of the participants believed that the
government should impose stricter regulations on air pollution.
Continuing the pattern of having no pattern of response, the
sample as a whole was liberal in answering this question.
The participants in the survey held a basically liberal
viewpoint on the status of the United States in the United
Nations.
The sample strongly believed that the United States
should remain in the international organization.
Once again,
this was a fairly one-sided response.
~
The fourteenth statement pertained to tuition tax credit
for parents who send their children to private schools.
The
sample was distinctly opposed to the tax credit, again, tending
to be on the liberal end of the political continuum.
They
disagreed with the statement by more than a two to one margin.
The final political statement was met with resounding
disapproval.
The sample firmly nixed the idea of a laissez-
faire economy, and showed its belief that the "invisible
hand" theory is outdated.
Discounting the missing cases, more
than eighty percent of the sample did not believe the economy
would straighten itself out if left alond.
The first sexually oriented question gave both a con__
firmation of and a response rejecting conservative sexual
ethics.
Over half of the respondents maintained that they believe
34
that it is wrong to have sexual intercourse without any emotional
involvement, but over one third of the sample disagreed with
the statement.
A majority of the respondents noted that they believed
that homosexuality is abnormal.
This is a conservative viewpoint.
Statement number eighteen dealt with sex as a part of a
man-woman friendship.
on this issue.
The sample was moderately conservative
Most answers were in the disagree range, but
there was over a third of the sample who believed that sex was
a normal component of a man-woman friendship.
The nineteenth statement prompted the largest number of
missing cases of any of the items presented in the questionnaire.
More than thirty percent of the sample did not respond to this
question.
This phenomenon may be due to the fact that these
individuals had not used sexual aids or devices, and were,
therefore, not aware of the subject enough to form an opinion.
Of those who did answer, another thirty percent checked a neutral
response.
Once past all the missing cases and neutral answers,
it appears that the sample disagreed with the statement.
That
means they took a conservative stand against the pleasure-producing aspects of sexual aids and devices.
The next statement showed that the participants do not
believe that sexual intercourse should be confined to marriage.
There was a strong showing of those who beliefs state that
sexual intercourse should be saved for the bond of marriage,
.~
but not enough to overcome the number of more liberal Disagree
answers.
35
Statement twenty-one expressed that love is the most important
facet of sexual intercourse, and more than seventy-five percent
of the sample agreed.
sample.
This conservative belief is strong in the
Love is still greatly considered to be the most important
factor in sexual intercourse.
The next statement concerned the submissiveness of the wife
to the husband concerning sexual preferences.
As expected, there
were some who agreed with the statement, but the bulk of the
respondents disagreed with the item, and, therefore, were of the
opinion that women should not be submissive to their husbands
when it came to sex.
The next two items on the questionnaire both received about
-
ninety percent disagreement rates; however, one of the statements
was posed liberally and the other conservatively.
The sample
was in virtual agreement that artificial birth control methods
are
ll
o kay" to use.
On the other hand, extra-marital affairs
are viewed dimly even if the person is in love with the outside
partner.
Fidelity is still very important.
The first statement
rendered a liberal answer while the second gave a more conservative
reply.
Statement twenty-four related to oral intercourse and its
proper role in the sexual realm.
reaction.
This returned another one-sided
Almost all of the respondents agree that oral inter-
course should not only occur when genital intercourse if
impossible.
3£
The sample heartily agreed that sex education should be a
part of all high school curricula.
Over two thirds of the
respondents Strongly Agreed with the statement while another
twenty-two percent Basically Agreed.
This gives evidence that
the sample believes in the worth of sex education.
There were many neutral responses to the next statement
concerning pornographic films.
Of those who either agreed or
disagreed with the statement, more believed that viewing pornographic films was wrong.
According to the answers to the next item, the sample
believed in the minor's "right" to contraceptives without parental
knowledge.
Almost two thirds of the sample held this liberal
view.
Statement number twenty-nine received the most lop-sided
reaction of any of the questions.
The item read, "Incest may
be a healthy part of a family relationship."
According to the
sample, incest is considered "unhealthy" which can be interpreted many ways, but it is certain that ninety-eight percent
of the sample does not favor its practice.
The final value statement asked the recipient of the
questionnaire to state wether or not he felt that masturbation
is a normal form of sexual gratification.
Only twenty percent
of the sample thought that masturbation was not normal while
over half stated that they believed it was normal.
In the Background Information section of the questionnaire,
characteristics of the sample were discovered.
Approximately
eighty-three percent of the sample was single.
Protestants out-
37
(
-
numbered Catholics two to one, and one fourth of the sample
did not belong to a church.•
Almost half of the respondents
had not attended church in the past four weeks while
twenty-five percent had attended church at least
four times during the past four weeks.
Most of the sample
members were females, and females returned a greater proportion
of the questionnaires than did the males.
Approximately one
half of the sample identified somewhat with the Republican party,
and about thirty-five percent of the sample identified with the
Democratic party.
-
PART III -- CROSS TABULATIONS
Cross tabulations were performed on six of the value statements.
These statements were:
Tax breaks to businesses create a better economy.
Tax dollars should be spent to create a comprehensive
health care program to provide low cost medical
ca::-,e for all.
The United States can increase the likelihood of peace
by increasing its military strength.
It is w~ong for a person to have sexual intercourse
fo~ pleasure without any emotional involvement.
Sex education should be a part of all high school
cu~ricula.
Masturbation is a normal form of sexual gratification.
These statements were answered in different ways by different
members of the sample and the researcher wished to discover if
there was any correlation between the way the sample answered
the political statements and the way they answered the sexual
statements.
The cross tabulations between these items rendered
38
that there was no correlation and no significance between the
response patterns on any of these items.
Supplemental cross tabulations were performed on two other
variables, and it was discovered that there was a significant
correlation between the sex of the respondent and the way in
which he answered the item which stated that love is the most
important facet of sexual intercourse.
Females tended to
agree with the statement more so than the males.
Cross tabulations were also run to determine if there was
a significant relationship between church membership and responses
to the statements concerning tuition tax credit and artificial
methods of birth control.
While there was no correlation between
church membership and the tax credit statement, there was a
significant relationship between church membership and the
artificial birth control item.
Although all three categories of
church affiliation believed that it was not immoral to use these
methods, Catholics were more reluctant to support birth control
wholeheartedly.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS
39
The purpose of this thesis was to determine the correlation
between political and sexual attitudes with respect to liberalism
and conservatism.
Although these value systems are possibly
indirectly related, no significant relationship, neither positive
nor negative, was discovered in this research, leading to the
conclusion that, for Ball State University students, political
and sexual value systems and attitude formation operate independently of one another.
The conclusions of this research are hard to categorize.
There were many mixed results.
It appears to the researcher
that there is no significant correlation between the political
attitudes and the sexual attitudes of Ball State University
students.
The two value systems operate independently of each
other and do not affect each other.
Other external forces may play a part in shaping these
attitudes, but the effect of the outside factors do not impact
upon the beliefs of the individuals in the same way.
In fact,
it is possible that the same external factors influence the
foundations of both value hierarchies, but, even within the
individual, other cognitive and acognitive processes may enhance
or inhibit the effect of the factors on the two systems.
The students of Ball State University are liberal on some
political issues while remaining conservative on others.
The
same statement can be made substituting the word sexual for the
word political.
This points to the concept which states that
an individual can be neither completely liberal nor completely
conservative.
Such is certainly the case at Ball State University.
40
Gender and religion have been shown to exert some influence
on the formation of sexual attitudes, but not on the building of
political attitudes.
Females tend to believe in the traditional
value placed on love more than males do.
Catholics have been
shown to be more reluctant to accept artificial methods of birth
control.
It should be noted that this study pertains only to attitudes
and opinions, and does not attempt to explain the way individuals
act in reality.
Often times it appears that a person's actions and
his beliefs do not go hand in hand.
Research concerning
that phenomenon is beyond the scope of this thesis.
It may,
however, be easier to understand another's actions when one is
in tune with his attitudes.
This thesis supports that idea, and
it is hoped that this research will be able to help understand
the correlation, or lack of it, in the disciplines of politics
and human sexuality.
As with most research,
this thesis leaves open the opportunity
for further research to explain some of these conclusions.
researcher fervently hopes that someone will do so.
The
-
APPENDIX A
1'HE COVER LETTER
AND
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
41
DEAR BALL STATE STUDENT:
You have been selected as part of a scientific sample
of Ball State Students to participate in a survey.
The
purpose of the survey is to obtain information on the opinions
of Ball State students on the topics of politics and human
sexuality.
I am a senior here at Ball State, and I am conducting
this survey to complete research for an Honors thesis.
Please take a few minutes to fill out the enclosed
questionnaire and mail it back to me in the enclosed
envelope - the postage stamp is provided for you.
~
Since I am surveying a sample of students, it is very
important that you help me in this survey.
If there are certain
questions you would rather not answer, just leave them blank.
If you have some reason for not wanting to take part in the
survey, just send the blank questionnaire back to me.
I
think, however, that you will find it very interesting to
fill out the questionnaire.
Your answers will be completely anonymous.
NO ONE WILL
EVER KNOW HOW YOU AS AN INDIVISUAL ANSWERED THE QUESTIONS.
Even I will not know how you answered.
If you would like to know the overall results of this
survey, request them by sending me a self-addressed, stamped
envelope separately from the questionnaire so that I may
preserve the anonymity of this survey.
My phone number is 285-4755.
Please feel free to call
me if you have any questions about this questionnaire.
Please help me in this survey.
Thank You.
3incerely,
Thomas E. Kuhn
42
DEAR BALL STATE STUDENT:
You have been selected as part of a scientific sample
of Ball State University students to participate in a survey.
The purpose of the survey is to obtain information on the
opinions of Ball State students on the topics of politics
I am a senior here at Ball State, and I am conducting
this survey to complete research for an Honors thesis.
Please take a few minutes to
naire and return it to me using a
envelope - you need only to affix
the campus mail envelope and turn
fill out the enclosed question~
campus mail
the enclosed sticker to
it in at your hall desk.
Since I am surveying a sample of students, it is very
important that you help me in this survey.
If there are
certain questions you'd rather not answer, just leave them
blank.
If you have some reason for not wanting to take part
in the survey, just send the blank questionnaire back to me.
I think, however, that you will find it very interesting to
fill out the questionnaire.
Your answers will be completely anonymous.
NO ONE WILL
EVER KNOW HO~ YOU AS AN INDIVIDUAL ANSWERED THE QUESTIONS.
Even I will not know how you answered.
If you would like to know the overall results of this
survey, request them by phone or by sending me your name
and residence hall separately from the questionnaire so
that I may preserve the anonymity of this survey.
My phone number is 285-4755.
Feel free to call me if
you have any questions about this questionnaire.
Please help me in this survey.
Thank You.
Sincerely,
Thomas E. Kuhn
-
43
***********************************************************************************,
PART I:
Below is a series of statements on various types of
-:lssues.
Please indicate your level of agreement or
disagreement with each statement by writing in the-blank
next to each statement:
5
4
3
2
1
-
o -
if
if
if
if
if
if
you
you
you
you
you
you
STRONGLY AGREE
BASICALLY AGREE
are NEUTRAL
BASICALLY DISAGREE
STRONGLY DISAGREE
are UNDECIDED or DON'T KNOW
***********************************
There is a need for an amendment to the Constitution requiring
a balanced federal budget.
Tax breaks to businesses create a better economy.
Tax dollars should be spent to create a comprehensive health
care program to provide low cost medical care for all.
To ease overcrowded prisons, prison officials should release
some inmates before their sentences are completely served.
The United States can increase the likelihood of peace by
increasing its military strength.
Social services such as Social Security, welfare, and food
stamps should be reduced.
The United States should support all foreign nations which
have an anti-Communist government.
Government should pay for abortions for women who cannot
afford them.
Police should be given more freedom in dealing with criminal
suspects.
Energy companies should be allowed to explore national
wilderness areas for natural resources.
The United States should remain impartial in the current
Middle East situation.
The government should impose stricter regulations on air
pollution.
The United States should withdraw from the United Nations.
5 - STRONGLY AGREE
4 - BASICALLY AGREE
3 - NEUTRAL
2 - BASICALLY DISAGREE
1 - STRONGLY DISAGREE
o - UNDECIDED or DON'T KNOW
44
**********************************************************************************,
Tuition tax credit should be given to parents who send their
children to private schools.
If left alone, the economy will straighten itself out.
***********************************
The following is a series of statements concerning attitudes about
human sexuality.
Please use the same scale as in the
previous section.
It is wrong for a person to have sexual intercourse for
pleasure without any emotional involvement.
Homosexuality is abnormal.
Sex is a normal component of a man-woman friendship.
Sexual aids and devices are helpful in increasing pleasure
during sexual intercourse.
----
Sexual intercourse should only occur between married couples.
Love is the most important facet of sexual intercourse.
A wife should be submissive to her husband concerning sexual
preferences.
It is immoral to use any method of birth control other than
rhythm and withdrawal.
It is not wrong for a married person to have an affair as
long as he/she is in love with the outside person.
Oral sex should only occur when genital intercourse is
impossible.
Sex education should be a part of all high school curricula.
There is
not~ing
wrong with viewing pornographic films.
Minors should not receive contraceptives without parental
knowledge.
Incest may be a healthy part of a family relationship.
Masturbation is a normal form of sexual gratification.
("''''
page
1
45
*~**************************************************** ***************************i
II
.CKGROUND INFORMATION
~RT
Female
Sex:
- - - -Male
Race:
Black
----White
- - - - Oriental
Other (please identify
----
-----
Marital Status:
Single
---Married
-----Divorced or Separated
---Widowed
Yes
----No
Are you a member of a church?
If you answered YES, which denomination?
During the past month (four weeks) how many times
have you attended church?
-
o
3
---4
more than 4
----1
---- 2
----
Generally speaking, do you consider yourself to be a Democrat, a
Republican, or an Independent?
----Democrat
Republic:an
------Independent
If Democrat or Republican, do you consider
yourself to be a strong or a weak identifier?
Strong
Weak
----
If you checked Independent, do you consider
yourself to lean more to the Democrat or
Republican party, or neither?
Democrat
- - - - - Republican
---Neither
----
*******************************************************************************
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR COOPERATION IN THIS SURVEY.
*******************************************************************************
APPENDIX B
RAW DATA
-
46
The total number of valid responses is 201.
The scale code is defined as follows:
1
Strongly Disagree
2
Basically Disagree
3
Neutral
4
Basically Agree
5
Strongly Agree
9
Missing Values
(Note:
Missing values are those for
which the respondent gave no answer
or for which he answered "0", which
for the purpose of this study, was
meaningless. )
Absolute
freq~ency
-- actual numeric value of those who answered
the question with the particular code value.
Relative frequency -- the percentage of the respondents who
answered with the value.
Adjusted frequency -- the percentage of the respondents who
answered with the value after discounting
the effect of the missing values.
Valid cases -- number of respondents who answered the question
with a code value of one through five.
Missing values -- cases in which the code value was nine.
47
Statement 1 -- There is a need for an amendment to the Constitution requiring a balanced federal budget.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequency
1
13
2
33
15.9
18.0
3
31
15.0
16.9
4
79
38.2
43.2
5
27
13.0
14.8
9
24
11.6
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
183
6.3%
7.1%
Missing cases:
24
****************************************************** *****************************~
*~*****************.**************************************************************~
Statement 2
._-
Tax breaks to businesses create a better
economy.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
-
Adjusted
FrequenqT
1
24
11. 6%
14.2%
2
35
16.9
20.7
3
37
17.9
21. 9
4
62
30.0
36.7
5
11
5.3
6.5
9
38
18.4
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
r
Relative
Frequency
Valid cases:
169
Missing cases:
38
4;8
Statement 3 -- Tax dollars should be spent to create a
comprehensive health care program to provide
low cost medical care for all.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequenc,y
1
23
11.1%
11. 9%
2
44
21.3
22.7
3
33
15.9
17.0
4
53
25.6
27.3
5
41
19.8
21.1
9
13
6.3
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid Cases:
Missing cases:
194
13
**~*******************************************************************************l
*~
.*******************************************************************************l
Statement 4 -- To ease overcrowded prisons, prison officials
should release some inmates before their sentences are completely served.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
-
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequenc;z
1
146
70.5%
72.6%
2
29
14.0
14.4
3
7
3.4
3.5
4
13
6.3
6.5
5
6
2.9
3.0
9
6
2.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
201
Missing cases:
6
49
-
Statement 5 -- The United States can increase the likelihood
of peace by increasing its military strength.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguenc~
1
51
24.6%
26.0%
2
67
32.4
34.2
3
22
10.6
11. 2
4
44
21.3
22.4
5
12
5.8
6.1
9
11
5.3
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Missing cases:
196
Valid cases:
11
***********************************************************************************
*:
-
*******************************************************************************
Statement 6
.--
Social services such as Social Security, welfare,
and food stamps should be reduced.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
-
Adjusted
Freguenc,Y
1
30
14.5%
15.5%
2
59
28.5
30.4
3
35
16.9
18.0
4
53
25.6
27.3
5
17
8.2
8.8
9
13
6.3
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
(
Relative
Freguency
Valid cases:
194
Missing cases:
13
50
Statement 7 -- The United States should support all foreign
nations which have an anti-Communist government.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Freguency
Adjusted
Freguencl
1
39
18.8%
20.9%
2
49
23.7
26.2
3
39
18.8
20.9
4
46
22.2
24.6
5
14
6.8
7.5
9
20
9.7
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
187
20
*********************~,******************************* *******************************
,-.
**
f****************~,*********************************** ***************************
Statement 8 --- Government should pay for abortions for women
who cannot afford them.
Absolute
Code
-
Freguenc~
Relative
Freguenc:[
Adjusted
FreguencJ:
1
92
44.4%
48.2%
2
41
19.8
21. 5
3
22
10.6
11.5
4
30
14.5
15.7
5
6
2.9
3.1
9
16
7.7
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
191
Missing cases:
16
5J
-
Statement 9 -- Police should be given more freedom in dealing
with criminal suspects.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequency
1
38
18.4%
19.8%
2
47
22.7
24.5
3
42
20.3
21.9
4
52
25.1
27.1
5
13
6.3
6.8
9
15
7.2
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
l'OTAL
Valid Cases:
Missing cases:
192
15
***********************************************************************************l
*~
- *******************************************************************************i
Statement 10 -- Energy companies should be allowed to explore
national wilderness areas for natural resources.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguencz
1
75
36.2%
38.7%
2
61
29.5
31.4
3
17
8.2
8.8
4
30
14.5
15.5
5
11
5.3
5.7
9
13
6.3
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
194
Missing cases:
13
52
Statement 11 -- The United States should remain impartial in
the current Middle East situation.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguenc~
1
11
2
43
20.8
24.9
3
35
16.9
20.2
4
49
23.7
28.3
5
35
16.9
20.2
9
34
16.4
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
173
6.4%
5.3%
34
**********************.**************************************************************
* *;-* ** ** ***** ** **** **. * *** *** *** ********* *** ** * *** ** * *** ****** ** ** ** *** *** ******* ***
Statement 12 -- The government should impose stricter
regulations on air pollution.
Absolute
Freguenc,y
Code
-
Relative
Freguenc,y
Adjusted
Freguenc,y
1
3
2
21
10.1
10.2
3
33
15.9
16.0
4
86
41. 5
41.7
5
63
30.4
30.6
9
1
0.5
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid Cases:
206
1. 4%
Missing cases:
1. 5%
1
53
Statement 13 -- The United States should withdraw from the
United Nations.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequency
51. 7%
58.5%
33
15.9
18.0
3
25
12.1
13.7
4
9
4.3
4.9
5
9
4.3
4.9
9
24
11. 6
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
1
107
2
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
183
24
***********************************************************************************i
*~**************************************************** ***************************i
Statement 14
--
Tuition tax credit should be given to parents
who send their children to private schools.
Absolute
Freguency
Code
.,
-
Relative
Freguencl
Adjusted
Frequencl
.L
70
33.8%
36.5%
2
60
29.0
31.3
3
23
11.1
12.0
4
21
10.1
10.9
5
18
8.7
9.4
9
15
7.2
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
192
Missing cases:
15
54
Statement 15 -- If left alone, the economy will straighten
itself out.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguenc;z
1
99
47.8%
52.4%
2
60
29.0
31.7
3
16
7.7
8.5
4
8
3.9
4.2
5
6
2.9
3.2
9
18
8.7
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
189
18
,- *******************************************************************************i
***********************************************************************************i
*~
Statement 16 -- It is wrong for a person to have sexual
intercourse for pleasure without any
emotional involvement.
Absolute
Frequenc;z
Code
-
Relative
FreguenEl,
Adjusted
Freguency
1
26
12.6%
12.8%
2
46
22.2
22.7
3
24
11. 6
11.8
4
49
23.7
24.1
5
58
28.0
28.6
9
4
1.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
203
Missing cases:
4
-
Statement 17 -- Homosexuality is abnormal.
Absolute
Freguencz
Code
Relative
Freguencz
Adjusted
Freguenc:l
1
21
10.1%
10.3%
2
20
9.7
9.9
3
33
15.9
16.3
4
38
18.4
18.7
5
91
44.0
44.8
9
4
1.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.9
TOTAL
Valid cases:
203
Missing cases:
4
***********************************************************************************i
**~*************************************************** ****************************i
Statement 18 -- Sex is a normal component of a man-woman
friendship.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Adjusted
Frequencz
1
48
23.2%
23.9%
2
54
26.1
26.9
3
29
14.0
14.4
4
36
17.4
17.9
5
34
16.4
16.9
9
6
2.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
Missing cases:
6
TOTAL
1-
Relative
Frequency
Valid cases:
201
56
-
Statement 19 -- Sexual aids and devices are helpful in
increasing pleasure during sexual intercourse.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguenc;z
1
25
12.1%
17.7%
2
32
15.5
22.7
3
43
20.8
30.5
4
29
14.0
20.6
5
12
5.8
8.5
9
66
31. 9
MISSING
TOTAL
Valid Cases:
207
100.00
Missing cases:
141
100.00
66
***********************************************************************************1
*~-*************************************************** ****************************1
Statement 20
--
Sexual intercourse should only occur between
married couples.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
-
Relative
Freque.££1.
Adjusted
Frequenc;z
1
47
22.7%
23.2%
2
60
29.0
29.6
3
25
12.1
12.3
4
31
15.0
15.3
5
40
19.3
19.7
9
4
1.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
203
Missing cases:
4
57
,"-"
Statement 21
-- Love is the most important facet of sexual
intercourse.
Absolute
Frequencl
Code
Relative
Freguencl
Adjusted
Freguencl
1
15
7.2%
7.4%
2
19
9.2
9.4
3
15
7.2
7.4
4
60
29.0
29.6
5
94
45.4
46.3
9
4
1.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
203
Missing cases:
4
************************************************************************************
,*~
f*******************************************************************************
Statement 22 -- A wife should be submissive to her husband
concerning sexual preferences.
Absolute
Freguencl
Code
Relative
Freguency
Adjusted
Freguencl
1
96
46.4%
48.5%
2
51
24.6
25.8
3
25
12.1
12.6
4
19
9.2
9.6
5
7
3.4
3.5
9
9
4.3
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
198
Missing cases:
9
58
-
Statement 23 -- It is immoral to use any method of birth
control other than rhythm and withdrawal.
Absolute
Freguenc:l
Code
1
141
2
Relative
Freguencl
Adjusted
Freguenc:l
68.1%
68.4%
38
18.4
18.4
3
11
5.3
5.3
4
9
4.3
4.4
5
7
3.4
3.4
9
1
0.5
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
206
1
***********************************************************************************,
*~*******************************************************************************l
Statement 24 -- It is not wrong for a married person to have
an affair as long as he/she is in love with
the outside person.
Absolute
Freguenc:l
Code
1
151
2
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguenc:l
72.9%
75.1%
27
13.0
13.4
3
14
6.8
7.0
4
6
2.9
3.0
5
3
1.4
1.5
9
6
2.9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
201
Missing cases:
6
59
Statement 25 -- Oral sex should only occur when genital
intercourse if impossible.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Adjusted
Frequenc,y:
1
91
44.0%
49.7%
2
73
35.3
39.9
3
11
5.3
6.0
4
4
1.9
2.2
5
4
1.9
2.2
9
24
11. 6
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
-
Relative
Frequency
183
Missing cases:
24
***********************************************************************************i
*,
*******************************************************************************
Statement 26 -- Sex education should be a part of all high
school curricula.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Adjusted
Frequency
1
3
1.4%
1.5%
2
5
2.4
2.4
3
10
4.8
4.9
4
47
22.7
22.8
5
141
68.1
68.4
9
1
0.5
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
-.
Relative
Frequency
Valid cases:
206
Missing cases:
1
60
Statement 27 -- There is nothing wrong with viewing
pornographic films.
Absolute
Frequency
1
46
22.2%
23.8%
2
30
14.5
15.5
3
63
30.4
32.6
4
40
19.3
20.7
5
14
6.8
7.3
9
14
6.8
MISSING
201
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
-
Relative
Frequency
Code
Missing cases:
193
Adjusted
Frequency
14
*********************.~*************************************************************~
**
****************************************************** *************************~
Statement 28 -- Minors should not receive contraceptives
without parental knowledge.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequency
1
75
36.2%
38.1%
2
61
29.5
31. 0
3
17
8.2
8.6
4
17
8.2
8.6
5
27
13.0
13.7
9
10
4.8
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
(-
Valid cases:
197
Missing cases:
10
61
Statement 29 -- Incest may be a healthy part of a family
relationship.
Absolute
Frequency
Code
1
189
2
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Freguencl
91. 3%
94.5%
7
3.4
3.5
3
1
0.5
0.5
4
1
0.5
0.5
5
2
1.0
1.0
9
7
3.4
1.0
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
200
7
****************************************************** *****************************~
-
*¥
****************************************************** *************************~
Statement 30 -- Masturbation is a normal form of sexual
gratification.
Absolute
Freguencl
Code
-
Relative
Freguencl
Adjusted
Freguencl
1
25
12.1%
13.4%
2
17
8.2
9.1
3
43
20.8
23.0
4
62
30.0
33.2
5
40
19.3
21.4
9
20
9.7
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
187
Missing cases:
20
62
(-
Marital Status
Absolute
Frequency
Relative
Freguency
Adjusted
Freguency
82.6%
83.0%
30
14.5
14.6
Divorced or
Separated
3
1.4
1.5
Widowed
2
1.0
1.0
No answer
1
0.5
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
Single
171
Married
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
206
1
************************************************************************************
************************************************************************************
-
Church Membetship
Absolute
Frequency
Catholic
46
Relative
Frequency
Adjusted
Frequency
22.2%
22.7%
105
50.7
51.7
No Church
52
25.1
25.6
No answer
4
____~1~.~9
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
Protestant
TOTAL
Valid cases:
204
Missing cases:
4
63
,-
ti:nes
attended church in the past four weeks.
Number of -Absolute
rreguenc;y:
Relative
Freguenc;y:
Adjusted
Freguenc;y:
0
91
44.0%
44.2%
1
26
12.6
12.6
2
15
7.2
7.3
3
22
10.6
10.7
4
35
16.9
17.0
More than 4
17
8.2
8.2
1
0.5
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
No answer
TOTAL
Valid cases:
Missing cases:
206
1
**~*************************************************** ****************************
***********************************************************************************
Sex of Respondent
Absolute
Frequency
Male
77
Female
130
No answer
0
TOTAL
Valid cases:
-
207
207
Relative
Frequenc;y:
Adjusted
Frequency
37.2%
37.2%
62.8
62.8
____~o~.~o_
100.0
Missing cases:
MISSING
100.0
0
64
Degree of
Pa~
Identification
Absolute
Frequency
-
Adjusted
Frequency
Strong
Republican
25
12.1%
12.3%
Weak
Republican
62
30.00
30.4
Independent
Republican
16
7.7
7.8
Independent
Independent
26
12.6
12.7
Independent
Democrat
24
11.6
11.8
Weak
Democrat
35
16.9
17.2
Strong
Democrat
16
7.7
7.8
3
1.4
MISSING
207
100.0
100.0
No answer
TOTAL
Valid cases:
-
Relative
Frequency
204
Missing cases:
3
65
The following statistics are individual in nature.
Each of the
respondents have been identified by number ranging from 1 to
207.
The mean average is presented for each section of the
survey.
The difference between means are presented for each
individual by using the formula Sexual mean minus Political
mean.
Please note that the code has been changed so that 1 is
liberal and 5 is conservative.
FEMALE
Identification
-
2
4
8
9
14
15
16
19
20
21
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
35
36
37
38
40
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Political mean
3.267
3.100
2.286
2.643
2.083
2.467
2.500
2.571
3.444
2.917
2.417
2.867
2.571
2.857
2.133
2.143
2.818
2.400
2.267
2.364
2.769
2.400
2.467
NA
2.533
2.583
2.727
3.429
2.267
2~267
2.867
Sexual
mean
--- 3.133
3.000
2.714
2.933
3.143
3.200
2.357
3.333
3.467
2.857
3.769
3.267
3.533
3.467
3.400
2.929
2.692
2.800
3.786
3.364
3.538
4.182
3.467
2.500
3.000
2.692
4.000
3.714
2.133
3.214
2.133
Difference
-.134
-.100
.428
.290
1. 060
.733
-.143
.762
.023
.060
1.352
.400
.962
.610
1.267
.786
-.126
.400
1. 519
1.000
.769
1. 782
1. 000
NA
.467
.109
1. 273
.285
-.134
.947
-.734
66
Identification
-
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
57
59
61
62
63
65
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
87
89
90
91
93
94
95
96
97
98
100
102
103
104
106
109
III
112
113
114
116
Political mean
2.385
2.333
2.667
2.462
3.067
2.600
3.500
2.571
2.692
2.400
2.929
2.500
2.385
2.800
2.615
2.867
2.929
3.000
3.833
2.857
2.727
2.800
2.538
2.769
2.385
2.733
2.467
3.167
3.467
2.846
2.231
2.692
2.385
3.286
2.385
2.333
2.214
3.071
1. 800
2.455
2.933
2.231
2.667
2.429
2.857
3.143
1. 769
2.600
2.800
Sexual mean
2.933
3.462
2.867
3.000
2.867
3.067
3.357
3.500
2.714
3.538
2.667
3.000
4.357
3.000
2.929
3.571
3.385
3.071
4.000
2.933
3.143
2.733
3.933
3.133
3.417
3.333
2.867
3.143
3.667
3.636
3.000
3.929
2.929
3.091
2.214
3.000
3.267
2.400
2.533
2.200
4.071
2.643
2.467
3.533
3.200
2.600
2.500
2.067
3.357
Difference
.548
1.129
.200
.538
-.200
.467
-.143
.929
.022
1.138
-.262
.500
1. 972
.200
.314
.704
.456
.071
.167
.076
.416
-.067
1.395
.364
1.032
.600
.400
-.024
.200
.790
.769
1. 327
.544
-.915
.... 171
.667
1 .053
-.671
.733
-.255
1.138
.412
-.200
1.104
.343
-.543
.731
-.533
.557
67
Identification
-
-
117
119
123
124
125
130
131
132
133
135
136
137
141
143
146
149
152
153
154
156
157
158
160
164
165
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
181
182
183
185
186
195
196
197
199
200
201
202
204
206
207
Total Female
Political mean
Sexual mean
2.385
2.800
3.067
2.500
2.400
2.867
3.308
2.733
4.000
2.308
3.000
2.800
2.933
2.286
4.000
3.867
2.714
3.467
2.769
2.583
2.333
2.933
2.533
3.000
2.500
3.000
2.364
2.600
2.538
3.200
2.867
4.167
2.214
2.867
2.400
3.000
1.933
2.857
2.273
2.786
1. 900
2.800
3.400
3.400
3.375
2.357
3.267
2.933
2.200
3.133
3.200
3.571
3.000
4.143
3.000
3.133
1.800
1. 929
1. 867
1.462
3.000
3.533
2.667
4.200
3.385
2.800
3.357
3.333
3.077
3.200
3.308
3.067
2.692
2.600
4.267
3.000
3.455
1.800
3.000
3.214
4.455
2.267
3.214
3.067
3.077
2.133
3.571
2.214
1.800
2.462
4.000
3.500
2.867
3.429
2.933
3.002
3.071
2.400
.748
.400
.504
.500
1. 743
.133
-.175
-.933
-2.071
-.441
-1.538
.200
.600
.381
.200
-.482
.086
-.110
.564
.494
.867
.375
.534
-.308
.100
1. 267
.636
.855
-.738
-.200
.347
.288
.053
.347
.667
.077
.200
.714
-.059
-.986
.562
1. 200
.100
-.533
.054
.576
-.267
.138
.200
2.734
3.067
.333
Differ!=nce
68
MALE
Identification
-
-
1
3
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
17
18
22
24
33
34
39
41
55
58
60
64
67
74
75
76
85
86
88
92
99
lIDl
105
107
108
110
115
118
120
121
122
126
127
128
129
134
138
139
140
Political mean
3.357
2.800
2.417
2.467
3.333
2.786
2.714
2.929
2.933
2.692
3.000
1. 467
3.067
2.667
2.615
3.467
2.750
3.077
3.333
2.867
3.200
2.600
1. 400
2.267
2.667
2.800
3.067
2.286
2.786
3.133
2.500
2.933
2.250
2.133
2.400
2.643
2.733
3.000
3.267
2.786
2.333
2.933
2.267
3.091
2.933
2.538
1.846
2.667
Sexual mean
3.385
4.000
2.091
2.769
2.615
2.333
3.276
2.800
2.733
2.833
2.600
2.067
3.067
3.600
2.357
2.500
2.846
2.929
4.000
3.429
3.786
2.800
2.333
3.400
4.067
2.667
1.857
3.455
2.714
3.467
1. 929
2.533
3.923
2.200
2.467
3.267
3.000
2.600
2.400
2.570
3.067
2.267
2.400
3.000
3.000
3.000
2.286
2.000
Difference
.028
1 .200
-.326
.302
-.718
-.453
.553
-.129
-.200
.141
-.400
.600
.000
.933
-.258
-.967
.096
-.148
.667
.562
.586
.200
.933
1.133
1.400
-.133
-1. 210
1.169
-.072
.334
-.571
-.400
1.673
.067
.067
.624
.267
-.400
-.867
-.215
.734
-.666
.133
-.091
.067
.462
.440
-.667
69
Identification
--
Political mean
Sexual mean
Difference
142
144
145
147
148
150
151
155
159
161
162
163
166
167
177
178
179
180
184
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
198
203
Total male
3.143
2.467
3.071
2.308
2.733
3.400
2.600
3.067
3.000
2.800
2.533
3.333
2.067
2.467
2.733
3.267
2.846
1. 400
4.467
2.267
3.538
3.400
3.400
2.800
3.267
2.846
3.333
2.867
2.500
2.783
3.867
3.000
2.333
4.308
2.429
3.923
3.333
3.154
2.400
1.933
1.933
2.667
2.467
2.133
2.133
2.333
2.000
1. 600
3.667
1.600
4.214
3.214
2,786
2.000
2.692
2.364
3.200
3.133
3.615
·724
.533
-.738
2.000
-.304
.523
.733
.087
-.600
-.867
-.600
-.666
.400
-.334
-.600
-.934
-.846
.200
-.800
-.667
.676
-.186
-.614
-.800
-.575
-.482
-.133
.266
1.115
2.737
-.046
Total female
2.734
3.067
.333
GRAND TOTAL
2.753
2.944
.191
APPENDIX C
FORMULAS USED IN DETERMINATION
OF SAMPLE SIZE
70
,-
The following formulas were used in the calculations
concerning the determination of the sample.
1-
n
X =
+
n
+
n3 + n 4 + n5 + n6 + n7 + nS
2
2
------------------------------------S
n
number of entries per column counted
m =
X
= average number of entries per column
8
= number
F
= ---------
(380)
( X)
( C)
2.
of columns counted
S
=
(46)
-------------
=
45.52 or 46
384
F
= frequency with which names should be taken from
the Directory to have a total of 384
C
= number of columns with student listings
X
= average number of entries per column
S
of students
= number
requirements
needed to satisfy accuracy
-.
APPENDIX D
SUMMARY RESULTS SENT TO
INTERESTED RESPONDENTS
71
The cover letter contained a reference to the fact that
the researcher would provide summary results to anyone from
the sample who desired them.
Two respondents sent such requests.
The following pages are copies of the material which was sent
to them by the researcher.
-
I
-
72
__
Thank you for your response to my survey and also for your
interest in the results.
The data have been compiled and computer
analyzed.
The following are the results of the survey.
I am
including a copy of the questionnaire for you to use as reference.
Out of 412 questionnaires sent out 207 were returned which is a
good response rate.
The conclusions of the study were mixed.
There
was little correlation between conservative or liberal political
attitudes and conservative or liberal sexual attitudes.
There
was, however, a significant correlation between the sex of the
respondent and the answers given to the political and sexual
questions.
The table below describe how each statement was answered.
The first line of each statement is the numeric variables.
This
is the total number of respondents who answered in this category.
The second line is the percentage total of the respondents who
answered in that category.
Overall, males and females were about equally moderate
politically, but the males were more liberal sexually than the
females.
Statement
Number
.-
2
4
3
5
"0"
or NA
1
13
6.3
33
15.9
31
15.0
79
38.2
27
13.0
24
11.6
2
24
11. 6
35
16.9
37
17.9
62
30.0
11
5.3
38
18.4
3
23
11.1
44
21.3
33
15.9
53
25.6
41
19.8
13
6.3
4
146
70.5
29
14.0
7
3.4
13
6.3
6
2.9
6
2.9
51
24.6
67
32.4
22
10.6
44
21.3
12
5.8
5.3
6
30
14.5
59
28.5
35
16.9
53
25.6
17
8.2
13
6.3
7
39
18.8
49
23.7
39
18.8
46
22.2
14
6.8
20
9.7
8
92
44.4
41
19.8
22
10.6
30
14.5
6
2.9
7.7
9
38
18.4
47
22.7
42
20.3
52
25.1
13
6.3
15
7.2
10
75
.36.2
61
29.5
17
8.2
30
14.5
11
5.3
13
6.3
5
.-
1
11
16
73
...-
-
Statement
Number
1
2
11
11
5.3
43
20.8
35
16.9
49
23.7
35
16.9
34
16.4
12
3
1.4
21
10.0
33
15.9
86
41.5
63
30.4
1
0.5
13
107
51. 7
33
15.9
25
12.1
9
4.3
9
4.3
24
11.6
14
70
33.8
60
29.0
23
11.1
21
10.1
18
8.7
15
7.2
15
99
47.8
60
29.0
16
7.7
8
3.9
6
2.9
18
8.7
16
26
12.6
46
22.2
24
11.6
49
23.7
58
28.0
4
1.9
17
21
10.1
20
9.7
33
15.9
38
18.4
91
44.0
4
1.9
18
48
23.2
54
26.1
29
14.0
36
17.4
34
16.4
6
2.9
19
25
12.1
32
15.5
43
20.8
29
14.0
12
5.8
66
31.9
20
47
22.7
60
29.0
25
12.1
31
15.0
40
19.3
4
1.9
21
15
7.2
19
9.2
15
7.2
60
29.0
94
45.4
4
1.9
22
96
46.4
51
24.6
25
12.1
19
9.2
7
3.4
9
4.3
23
141
68.1
38
18.4
11
5.3
9
4.3
7
3.4
1
0.5
24
151
72.9
27
13.0
14
6.8
6
2.9
3
1.4
6
2.9
91
0
73
35.3
11
5.3
4
1.9
4
1.9
24
11.6
26
3
1.4
5
2.4
10
4.8
47
22.7
141
68.1
1
0.5
27
46
22.2
30
14.5
63
30.4
40
19.3
14
6.8
14
6.8
25
---
'~4.
(
-
3
4
5
"0" or NA
74
-
Statement
Number
1
2
4
17
8.2
17
8.2
27
13.0
10
4.8
"0" or NA
5
28
75
36.2
61
29.5
29
189
91.3
1
1
3.4
0.5
0.5
2
1.0
3.4
25
12.1
17
8.2
43
20.8
62
30.0
40
19.3
20
9.7
30
Marital
Status
Single
171
82.6
Church
Membership
7
Separated or
Divorced
Widowed
30
14.5
3
1.4
2
1
1.0
0.5
None
NA
Protestant
Catholic
Church
Attendance
0
(past 4 weeks)
91
44.0
7
Married
46
22.2
.-
3
105
50.7
1
26
12.6
Party Identification
Strong Republican
Weak Republican
Independent Republican
Independent Independent
Independent Democrat
Weak Democrat
Strong Democrat
No Answer
22
10.6
15
7.2
4
1.9
52
25.1
3
2
NA
more
than 4
4
35
16.9
17
1
8.2
0.5
Absolute
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
25
62
16
26
24
35
16
12.1%
30.0
3
NA
7.7
12.6
11.6
16.9
7.7
1.4
Once again, thank you!!
I am very pleased with the responses
I received.
I hope you can understand these tables.
If you
cannot, feel free to call me at 285-4755.
-
-
BIB L I 0 G RAP H Y
Babbie, Earl R., Survey Research Methods, Belmont, California:
Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1973,372 pp.
Cortes, Fernando, et. al., Systems Analysis for Social Scientists,
New York:John Wiley & Sons, 329 pp.
Kaplan, Abraham, "Values in Inquiry", Values, Objectivity, and
the Social Sciences, Riley, Gresham Editor, Reading,
Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1974
pp. 84-101.
Nachmias, David and Chava Nachmias, Research Methods in the
Social Sciences, New York:St. Martin's Press, 1976,
297 pp.
Summers, Gene F., Editor, Attitude Measurement, Chicago:Rand
McNally & Co., 1970, 552 pp.
-