United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
Research Paper
PNW-RP-540
March 2002
Constancy and Cover of Plants
in the Petersburg and Wrangell
Districts, Tongass National Forest
and Associated Private and Other
Public Lands, Southeast Alaska
Bert R. Mead
Author
Bert R. Mead is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3301 C St.,
Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503-3954.
Abstract
Mead, Bert R. 2002. Constancy and cover of plants in the Petersburg and Wrangell
Districts, Tongass National Forest and associated private and other public lands,
southeast Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-540. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 112 p.
This study provides a comprehensive and inclusive description and inventory of the
vegetation within the Stikine area of southeast Alaska. Private and other public lands
were included as well as Tongass National Forest lands contained in the Petersburg
and Wrangell Ranger Districts. Previous inventories have concentrated almost exclusively on tree species within forest lands. There has been recent recognition, however,
that forest management plans must incorporate detailed information on other vegetation and resources. During an information needs assessment, prior to the inventory,
Tongass National Forest managers requested that data be collected on all plant species. This information would feed into vegetation databases to be used by forest managers for various purposes but would be collected by using the same method and in
one format for the entire Tongass National Forest.
Constancy and foliar cover tables are presented for the Stikine area of the Tongass
National Forest and adjacent private and other public lands of southeast Alaska. The
methods used to estimate occurrence in the area are described and discussed. Average cover and constancy value for each sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb,
lichen, and moss in 18 forest and 12 nonforest Alaska vegetation classification system
level IV vegetation types is shown.
Vegetation classification was attempted by using the preliminary forest plant associations of the Stikine area of the Tongass National Forest. Only a small percentage of the
plots fit neatly into this classification system. Because the plots were located systematically, many plots did not fall into average or typical plant-association series descriptions. We discovered that we could not obtain tree cover by species using the four
7.43-radius subplots, making the first-level branches of the plant association key borderline between several associations, and a correct placement was not possible.
Keywords: Alaska, southeast, foliar cover, species constancy, inventory, plant ecology,
Stikine, Wrangell, Kake, Petersburg, Tongass, Zaremo, Kuiu, Kupreanof, Etolin,
Cleveland Peninsula, temperate rain forest, Alaska vegetation classification system,
species composition.
Summary
Species foliar cover and constancy tables and charts are presented for the Stikine
area of southeast Alaska. Percentage of occurrence for each sampled species of tree,
shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss and species with average foliar cover greater than
3 percent are shown in line graphs of cover.
Species frequency listings and occurrence within different types add to existing knowledge about vegetation.
Contents
1
Introduction
3
Inventory Methods
7
Vegetation Classification System
13
Horizontal-Vertical Plot Measurement
13
Error
14
Results and Discussion
14
Forested Vegetation Types
16
Nonforest Vegetation Types
21
Conclusion
22
Acknowledgments
22
English Equivalents
23
Literature Cited
25
Appendixes
25
Appendix A: Species Constancy on Forest Vegetation Types
47
Appendix B: Species Constancy Tables for Nonforest Vegetation Types
57
Appendix C: Vegetation Type Tables of Cover, Frequency, and Constancy
101
Appendix D: Scientific Name and Authority, Frequency of Species
Occurrence on Sampled Plots, and Common Name
List of Tables
Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system
Table 2—Area of forest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaska
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaska
Appendix A: Species Constancy on Forest Vegetation Types
Table 4—Constancy of trees and shrubs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on
the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 6—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on closed- and opencanopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 7—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on closed- and open-canopy
forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 8—Constancy of lichens on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on
the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 9—Constancy of mosses on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types
on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 10—Constancy of liverworts on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation
types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 11—Constancy of trees and shrubs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and
on dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree
vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 13—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on open- and woodlandcanopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast
Alaska
Table 14—Constancy of grass and grasslike plants on open- and woodland-canopy
forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 15—Constancy of lichens on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf
tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 16—Constancy of mosses on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf
tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 17—Constancy of liverworts on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on
dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Appendix B: Species Constancy Tables for Nonforest Vegetation Types
Table 18—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types on the
Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Table 20—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on nonforest vegetation
types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 21—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on nonforest vegetation
types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 22—Constancy of lichens on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Table 23—Constancy of mosses on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Table 24—Constancy of liverworts on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Appendix C: Vegetation Type Tables of Cover, Frequency, and Constancy
Table 25—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1A03-Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridus-Circaea alpina
Table 26—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of trees in AVCS
level V 1A1B01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.
Table 27—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1B02-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./Dryopteris dilatata
Table 28—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1B03-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax horridus
Table 29—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.- Menziesia
ferruginea
Table 30—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C03-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Oplopanax horridus
Table 31—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C04-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax
horridus
Table 32—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C05-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.
Table 33—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C06-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton
americanum
Table 34—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax
horridus
Table 35—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1C08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/Lysichiton
americanum
Table 36—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1D01-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Lysichiton americanum/Sphagnum spp.
Table 37—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1D02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Menziesia
ferruginea
Table 38—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1D04-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax
horridus
Table 39—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1D05-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.
Table 40—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1D07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax
horridus
Table 41—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1D08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton
americanum
Table 42—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1E01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp.
Table 43—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1E02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp./
Lysichiton americanum
Table 44—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1F01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.
Table 45—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1G01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.-Lysichiton
americanum
Table 46—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1U01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium spp./
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Table 47—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1U03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis/ Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanum
Table 48—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1U04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis / Lysichiton americanum
Table 49—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1U05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga heterophyllaPicea sitchensis-Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.
Table 50—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2A05-Picea sitchensis/Rubus spectabilis
Table 51—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2B06-Picea sitchensis -(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton
americanum
Table 52—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2B07-Tsuga heterophylla -(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax
horridus
Table 53—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2B08-Tsuga heterophylla -(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton
americanum
Table 54—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2B09-Tsuga heterophylla -(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/Lysichiton
americanum
Table 55—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2C01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.
Table 56—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2C02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.-Cassiope mertensiana
Table 57—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2C03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus/Fauria
crista-galli
Table 58—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2D01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium spp./
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Table 59—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2D03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis/ Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanum
Table 60—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2D04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis/ Lysichiton americanum
Table 61—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2D05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga heterophyllaPicea sitchensis-Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.
Table 62—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2M01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.
Table 63—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2P01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp.
Table 64—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2P02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp./
Lysichiton americanum
Table 65—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2R01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.-Lysichiton
americanum
Table 66—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A2W01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigrum
Table 67—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A3A01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigrum
Table 68—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A3Q02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.-Cassiope mertensiana
Table 69—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A3Q03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus/
Fauria crista-galli
Appendix D: Scientific Name Authority, Frequency of Species Occurrence on
Sampled Plots, and Common Name of Plant
Table 70—Scientific name and authority, frequency of fern, horsetail, and clubmoss
species occurrence on sampled plots, and common name
Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, and common name
Table 72—Scientific name and authority, frequency of grass and grasslike species
occurrence on sampled plots, and common name
Table 73—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence on
sampled plots, and common name
Table 74—Scientific name and authority, frequency of liverwort species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name
Table 75—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss species occurrence on
sampled plots, and common name
Table 76—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on
sampled plots, and common name
Table 77—Scientific name and authority, frequency of tree species occurrence on
sampled plots, and common name
Introduction
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the USDA Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, has responsibility for measuring and evaluating resources
in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. The Alaska FIA unit has developed techniques that measure and characterize vegetation cover and distribution.
Nonforest and marginal forest areas as well as heavily timbered vegetation types are
sampled.
The Stikine area of the southeast Alaska inventory unit (fig. 1) lies between 55.46° and
57.25° N. latitude, and between 131.00° and 134.25° W. longitude. The Stikine area
lies at about the same latitude as the northern part of the British Isles, the southern
part of Sweden and Norway, and the Russian capital of Moscow. The Stikine area
comprises what is now the Petersburg and Wrangell Ranger Districts of the Tongass
National Forest, as well as private and other public lands occurring within this boundary. It is located in the central portion of the southeast Alaska panhandle, also known
as the Alexander Archipelago. The panhandle stretches nearly 966 km along a narrow
strip of mainland averaging 193 km wide. Sixty percent of the land area lies on the
mainland, and the rest consists of islands lying immediately offshore. Portions of the
panhandle are linked to major drainage systems that extend seaward from Canada.
The Stikine area is connected to Canada by the portion of the Stikine River that
emerges on the coast just north of Wrangell.
The Stikine area is bounded on the north by Frederick Sound, on the west by Chatham
Strait, and on the south by Sumner Strait, Clarence Strait, and Ernest Sound. To the
east it is bounded by the Canadian border on the mainland and extends from Cape
Fanshaw in the north to Eaton Point on the Cleveland Peninsula in the south. It represents a diverse landscape of islands and continental mainland with elevations from sea
level to just over 3048 m. The mainland is dissected by an intricate system of fjords
formed by drainage courses that have been eroded and deepened by glaciers and
currents. The seaways are deep, many over 122 m, and have rocky bottoms. Chatham
Strait on the west boundary is a deep trench 6.4 to 24 km wide and over 320 km long.
Major islands in the inventory area include Kuiu, Kupreanof, Zaremo, Etolin, and
Wrangell as well as many smaller islands. Kupreanof Island is largest with an area of
2807 km2. The islands are separated by a system of marine features such as sounds,
straits, canals, narrows, and channels forming an extensive shoreline. Major towns in
the area are Wrangell, Petersburg, and Kake.
The physiographic regions are complex, resulting from the collision of several plates
with the North American continent. Although the islands look similar, most do not share
a common origin. The Cleveland peninsula although attached to the mainland, is similar
to the islands in appearance, origin, and topography.
The climate is maritime with cool summers, moderate winters, high humidity, high precipitation, considerable cloudiness, little freezing weather, and an average temperature
of 4 °C. Although temperature is moderated by the ocean influence, precipitation and
temperature gradients do occur.
Cool Pacific air masses release moisture as they are lifted over the mainland mountains. Precipitation generally increases with elevation on the windward side of mountains. Areas on the leeward side generally have considerably less precipitation. For
example, Kake, situated on the northwest side of Kupreanof Island, lies in the lee of the
mountains of Baranof Island and gets about 152 cm of precipitation; whereas Petersburg, 64 km away, on the north of Mitkof Island and closer to the mainland mountains,
gets 267 cm of precipitation per year. Temperature extremes increase with distance
1
Figure 1—Location of the Stikine area, southeast Alaska unit within Alaska (shaded area).
from coastline and with elevation. Some mainland valleys are influenced by cold air
washing down from glaciers and ice fields, in some cases lowering local temperatures
by several degrees during the growing season. All these differences affect plant distribution and growth and account for much of the heterogeneity of plant communities in
this area (Selkregg, circa 1976).
Climate and physiography of the region affect development of soils and plant communities in other ways. The area has undergone repeated glaciations, the most recent advance being about 10,000 years ago. Glaciers sculpted the land and removed soils
down to bedrock. As they retreated, they deposited glacial till and flooded much of the
recently exposed land near sea level. Poorly drained soils derived from compacted
glacial till cover much of the land below 460 m, whereas those formed over exposed
granite bedrock remain shallow and also poorly drained. Others, formed on soft limestone, are deeper and better drained. Islands and benches adjacent to the Stikine River
benefit from the deposition of silt from interior winds blowing down the river during winter when sandbars and mudflats are exposed. The loess soils that have been deposited
owe their high pH and lack of a deep organic layer to the yearly deposition of this winddeposited silt. These soils are less acidic, with compatible vegetative communities,
which are generally more productive. In other areas, the high precipitation and cool
temperatures have slowed decomposition of organic matter, thereby making the soils
more acidic. These sites are covered with a thick duff layer, high in organic matter and
constantly moist. Such conditions severely limit the amount of nutrient available to
plants on these sites, thereby lowering their productivity.
2
Wind is another major influence on vegetation patterns in this region. Wind acts in concert with root rot and mistletoe weakening of tree stems. As it uproots trees or breaks
tree stems, it can create forest gaps. (Wittwer 2000). If larger areas are affected, it
may create stands of even- or two-aged forests, if only part of the stand is destroyed.
Stands that regenerate after major wind disturbance usually have more Sitka spruce
(Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) than are found in old-growth stands. Wind disturbance
usually occurs during fall and winter cyclonic storms that typically move along the north
Pacific from west to east. Powerful southeast winds occur along the leading edge of
these storms as the winds rotate in a counter-clockwise direction. These winds are
often funneled up straits, and wind velocities are increased. Consequently, ridges with
southeast exposure are more likely to experience catastrophic windthrow than are
leeward slopes, north and east slopes. Local areas also are influenced considerably by
winds funneling down drainages from the coastal mountains. Where such winds are of
sufficient intensity, frequency, and coldness, they create exposed landscapes devoid of
trees, such as the north end of Farm Island.
Undisturbed mature stands have a ragged appearance because they consist of trees
of various ages, sizes, degrees of vigor, and trees with dead tops and gray snags intermixed with healthy tree crowns. Older trees contain considerable heart rot, and forest
gaps from individual weakened and wind-thrown trees are quickly filled with younger
tree seedlings.
Forests extend from sea level to about 800 m. Stands with greatest tree volume are
generally near tidewater with stand heights and wood quality diminishing with increasing elevation. Interspersed among the forest stands are muskeg plant communities
growing on deep organic soils and dominated by plants such as mosses, sedges,
rushes, and ericaceous shrubs that tolerate saturated soils. Between the forests and
muskegs, open forests grow on wet organic soils. These open stands of mixed conifers
generally have grown slowly and are of poorer form than other forest types occurring
in the area. They have a dense shrub layer with many species, thereby making them
important food and cover areas for wildlife (Selkregg circa 1985). The other major
group of plant communities is the alpine type that occurs above timberline (about
800 m). Heath shrubs, grasses, and low-growing forbs such as deer-cabbage (Fauria
crista-galli (Menzies) Makino) dominate these types. Trees are occasional, stunted,
and shrublike due to short, cool summers, extended snowpack, and strong winds. The
landscape is a mix of old growth, wind disturbed even- and uneven-aged forests, open
forest, muskegs, alpine, grass flats, etc.
We developed procedures to measure vegetation on both forested and nonforested
land, with the major objective of recording plant species occurrence and composition in
each plant community (Mead 1992). These data would provide information needed to
classify forest plots within previously described plant associations. It also provided
information to develop better descriptions for nonforest plant associations.
Inventory Methods
The Stikine area inventory used the FIA mapped-plot survey design. Plot selection is
based on a systematic grid with a spacing of 4.8 km, with a random start point. This
grid spacing was determined by the number of plots needed to meet sampling error
limits for area and volume for productive forest lands. We looked at the 1970s inventory data, which met inventory error objectives, and computed a grid spacing that
gave sufficient numbers of plots on productive forest lands to meet error objectives.
We selected this spacing before implementing the national system; however, it closely
matches the national grid, which uses a 1/28 sampling the larger Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) hexagonal grid for forest inventory sampling.
3
The inventory design for southeast Alaska is a single-phase, unstratified, systematic
grid sample. Ground plots are established at each grid intersection so no aerial photo
or remote-sensed sample for stratification was conducted. Sampling intensity was
chosen to meet sampling error guidelines of + 3 percent per 404 686 ha (1 million
acres) for productive forest area and + 10 percent per 28 316 800 m3 (1 billion cubic
feet) for net volume based on sample variances from inventories conducted during the
1970s. LANDSAT imagery provided estimates of forest land area. The proportion of
productive forest area within the forested area was provided by previous inventories.
Using these pieces of information, we chose grid spacing that allows for the number of
productive forest land plots to be at least equal to the number of productive forest land
plots in previous inventories.
Ground plots are 1-ha circles (figs. 2, 3, and 4). Land cover-vegetation type is visually
interpreted for each plot by using high-resolution orthophotoquads and high-resolution
satellite imagery. Plots that are barren or covered with ice and snow are not visited on
the ground. Ground plots are subsampled by a cluster of four, 7.3-m fixed-radius subplots. From the first centrally located subplot, three other subplots are located 36.6 m
north, southeast, and southwest, respectively. Each subplot is mapped for land cover.
Additional details of the mapped field plot design are contained in Scott and Bechtold
(1995).
Each grid line is located by using orthophotos printed at a scale of 1:15840 or other
available imagery. Plots were located at the intersections of grid lines. Some location
error is present owing to inherent error in the maps and the difficulties of physically
locating the plot at the exact coordinate. This locational error is assumed to be minimal
and unbiased. The precise location is determined after the field plot is established by
using geographic positioning system (GPS) hardware and postprocessing. This establishes an historical record of the precise location of the sample plot. At the time of the
survey, it was not possible to obtain the exact coordinates while in the field.
Once the grid location is established as precisely as possible, that locus becomes
the center of the first subplot to be measured. The plot area is sampled by using four
1/60-ha subplots with a 7.32-m radius (fig. 2). The initial subplot is at the center, and
the remaining subplots are located at a distance of 36.58 m from the center of the initial
subplot at azimuths of 360, 120, and 240 degrees. Subplots are used to collect data on
trees with a diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of 12.7 cm or greater. Each subplot also
contains a 1/743-ha microplot with a radius of 2.07 m. Its center corresponds to the
center of its subplot. The microplot is used to sample seedling trees (d.b.h. less than
2.54 cm) and sapling trees (d.b.h is 2.54 to 12.69 cm). Broad categories of data collected in the field are location, condition, timber, other vegetation, soils, and downed
wood. Other vegetation is measured on a horizontal-vertical (HV) vegetation plot with a
plot radius of 5.64 m (1/100 ha). At the start of the inventory, we were locating HV plots
within the first two subplots of each vegetation type; in subsequent years, we measured
HV plots only in the first subplot of each vegetation type.
4
Figure 2—Layout of subplots within the 1-ha plot.
5
Figure 3—Jason Downing records data on a ground plot.
Figure 4—Sadie Rosenthal locates reference points on an aerial photograph.
6
Vegetation type changes are mapped on the subplots. If there are abrupt vegetation
changes within the HV area, the HV plot is moved to the next subplot. This is done to
sample the species composition associated with one vegetation type and to avoid sampling a mixture of two distinct types. Species cover and composition were developed
from homogeneous plots, but area estimates were developed from all plots. Where
plots were heterogeneous, they were mapped and area percentage in each vegetation
type was computed. This allowed us to obtain an unbiased estimate of area by vegetation type and maintain the ability to describe vegetation by completely sampling within
one classified type.
The three nested plots (subplot, microplot, and HV plot) are the source of plant and tree
data presented in this report (fig. 5). Sampling started in June and was completed by
early September over a 4-year period from 1995 to 1998 (van Hees 2001).
All plots were classified by using the Alaska vegetation classification system (AVCS)
developed by Viereck and others (1992) (table 1). The data were compiled by using a
ratio-of-means estimator as recommended by Zarnoch and Bechtold (2000). This produced area estimates by vegetation type.
The ratio-of-means estimator is defined as:
n
∑y
i
R̂ =
where
i =1
n
∑x
i
=
y
x
,
i =1
R$ = ratio of means
yi = the variable of interest on plot i,
xi = an auxiliary variable on plot i that is correlated with yi , and
n = number of plots selected from the population.
Vegetation
Classification
System
The AVCS is a multilevel classification. The first level broadly classifies vegetation into
forest, scrub, and herbaceous communities. The second level groups by lifeform or
height class, depending on the first category. Level III uses foliar cover for all vegetation except herbaceous communities, which are classified at this level by dry, mesic, or
wet sites. Vegetation on each 1-ha plot was type-mapped and classified down to level
IV at the ground level. Level IV classification shows the major plant species in the community. Not enough plots were available in some categories to develop statistically
significant estimates at level IV, so some types sampled are not shown in the tables.
An abbreviated description of the classification system is given in table 1, and the area
in each category is shown in tables 2 and 3. Ground plots were described down to level
IV, a species descriptive level not shown in the following abbreviated outline. The abbreviated codes, used in the text and in the table appendices, match the classification
key in Viereck and others (1992).
7
Figure 5—Remote plots were
accessed by using a helicopter with
landing pad on the inventory boat.
8
Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system
Level 1
Level II
Level IIIa
Forest
Needleleaf
Closed
(60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Broadleaf
Closed
(60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Mixed
Closed
(60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Dwarf tree
Closed
(60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25- 59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Tall (> 1.5 m)
Closed
Open
(75-100% canopy closure)
(25- 74% canopy closure)
Low (0.2 m to 1.4 m)
Closed
Open
(75-100% canopy closure)
(25- 74% canopy closure)
Dwarf (< 0.2 m)
Closed
Open
(75-100% canopy closure)
(25-74% canopy closure)
Graminoid
Dry
Mesic
Wet
Forb
Dry
Mesic
Wet
Bryoid
Moss
Lichen
Aquatic
Fresh water
Brackish
Marine
Scrub
Herbaceous
Level III of dwarf scrub was modified for this inventory from dryas, ericaceous, and willow categories to
closed and open categories because of remote sensing limitations in determining small shrub species on
aerial photographs.
a
9
Table 2—Area of forest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaskaa
Vegetation type
Type
code
Area
Thousands hectares
Proportion
Percent
Closed-canopy needleleaf forest:
Sitka spruce
Western hemlock
Sitka spruce–western hemlock
Western hemlock–Sitka spruce
Western hemlock–Alaska cedar
Mountain hemlock
Western hemlock–western redcedar
Mixed conifer
Undescribed types
1A1A
1A1B
1A1C
1A1D
1A1E
1A1F
1A1G
1A1U
1A1X
18.28
331.94
53.42
168.86
204.52
54.88
81.53
202.00
1.57
0.59
10.69
1.72
5.44
6.59
1.77
2.62
6.51
.05
Open-canopy needleleaf forest:
Sitka spruce
Western hemlock–Sitka spruce
Mountain hemlock
Mixed conifer
Western hemlock
Sitka spruce–western hemlock
Western hemlock–Alaska cedar
Western hemlock–western redcedar
Lodgepole pine
1A2A
1A2B
1A2C
1A2D
1A2M
1A2N
1A2P
1A2R
1A2W
6.27
56.37
150.12
276.25
31.36
6.27
54.88
12.54
25.09
.20
1.82
4.84
8.90
1.01
.20
1.77
.40
.81
Woodland-canopy needleleaf forest:
Lodgepole pine
Western hemlock
Western hemlock–Sitka spruce
Mountain hemlock
Western hemlock–western redcedar
Mixed conifer
1A3A
1A3M
1A3O
1A3Q
1A3R
1A3U
62.21
20.16
12.54
47.55
6.27
31.25
2.00
.65
.40
1.53
.20
1.01
Closed-canopy broadleaf forest:
Red alder
1B1A
3.14
.10
Open-canopy broadleaf forest:
Red alder
1B2H
1.57
.05
1920.84
61.88
Total, all forest vegetation types
Areas are for unreserved national forest lands only and do not include wilderness and other reserved
lands. Private and other public lands are also not included in this table.
a
10
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaskaa
Vegetation type
Dwarf tree:
Closed canopy—
Mountain hemlock
Type
code
Area
Proportion
Thousand hectares
Percent
2A1A
4.70
0.15
Open-canopy, dwarf tree—
Mountain hemlock
Mixed conifer
Lodgepole pine
2A2B
2A2M
2A2P
20.38
12.17
8.09
.66
.39
.26
Woodland-canopy, dwarf tree—
Lodgepole pine
Mountain hemlock
2A3P
2A3Q
4.70
25.09
.15
.81
Tall shrub types:
Closed canopy—
Scrub alder
Alder
Salmonberry
Scrub alder–salmonberry
Salmonberry–blueberry
2B1B
2B1D
2B1G
2B1H
2B1I
27.06
6.27
1.57
32.30
6.27
.87
.20
.05
1.04
.20
Open canopy—
Alder
Salmonberry
Alder-salmonberry
Salmonberry-blueberry
Undescribed
2B2B
2B2G
2B2H
2B2F
2B2X
12.47
6.27
5.63
6.27
3.13
.40
.20
.18
.20
.10
2C1D
2C2C
6.27
1.46
.20
.05
2C2E
2C2V
2C2Y
42.63
6.27
10.98
1.37
.20
.35
2D2B
2D2C
2D2D
2D2E
2X2X
2X2XX
7.43
3.14
10.98
28.22
6.27
31.36
.24
.10
.35
.91
.20
1.01
Low shrub types:
Closed canopy—
Ericaceous shrub closed canopy
Copperbush-blueberry
Open canopy—
Ericaceous shrub bog
Copperbush-blueberry
Copperbush
Dwarf shrub types:
Vaccinium ericaceous tundra
Crowberry ericaceous tundra
Mountain heath ericaceous tundra
Cassiope ericaceous tundra
Undescribed
Undescribed2
11
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaskaa (continued)
Vegetation type
Herbaceous types:
Fireweed
Wet sedge meadow tundra
Wet sedge-grass meadow tundra
Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra
Fresh sedge marsh
Subarctic lowland sedge-bog meadow
Subarctic lowland moss-bog meadow
Alpine herb-sedge (snowbed)
Alpine herbs
Mixed herbs
Ferns
Type
code
3B2B
3A3A
3A3B
3A3C
3A3D
3A3J
3A3K
3B1B
3B1C
3B2A
3B2D
Water:
Noncensus streams
Census lakes (greater than 8 ha)
Noncensus lakes
Total, barren and water
Subtotal, all nonforest lands
Subtotal, forest lands (from table 2)
Total, all types
Proportion
Thousand hectares
Percent
3.14
15.19
1.43
16.64
24.21
1.57
3.48
6.27
6.27
22.73
6.27
.10
.49
.05
.54
.78
.05
.11
.20
.20
.73
.20
444.32
14.31
7A1
7A2
7B1
7B2
7B3
7B4
7D1
206.96
313.58
14.11
123.00
39.20
3.14
1.57
6.67
10.10
.45
3.96
1.26
.10
.05
7F3
4.44
.14
8A2
8B1
8B2
8.54
20.92
3.14
.28
.67
.10
738.60
23.80
Total, all nonforest vegetated types
Other, barren:
Permanent ice and snow, snowfields, ice
Permanent ice and snow, glacier
Rock, felsenmeer (broken boulder field)
Rock, bedrock outrcrop
Rock, scree, talus slopes
Other, including bare soil and gullies
Fluvial deposits
Cultural, roads, paved areas,
buildings, etc.
Area
1183
1921
38.12
61.88
3104
100.00
Areas are for unreserved national forest lands only and do not include wilderness and other reserved
lands. Private and other public lands are also not included in this table.
a
12
Horizontal-Vertical Plot
Measurement
A horizontal-vertical profile (HV plot) of vegetation structure was made at the first subplot in each vegetation type, and in the first year, at the first two subplots in each type.
This included cover information on tree seedlings as well as other plants.
The horizontal-vertical profile plot (HV plot) has a circular fixed radius with an area of
0.01 ha (5.64-m radius). On these HV plots, the percentage of foliar cover in each natural layer of vegetation was estimated with procedures of Daubenmire (1959) but modified by using a continuous percentage rather than percentage of cover categories. In a
typical vegetation type, several natural layers occur: ground cover, forbs and grasses,
low shrubs, tall shrubs, and trees. The heights of these layers differ from bottomland to
alpine sites. Because different vegetation types may lack one of the layers, field crews
determined which layers were present. The heights of these natural layer breaks were
measured and recorded, thereby allowing percentage of cover to be measured for all
taxa in each layer. Layer heights varied for each plot, depending on site factors such
as aspect and elevation, which influenced the natural layers present. Sometimes plants
would extend over more than one layer with a different percentage of cover in each
layer.
This method was more descriptive than simply measuring plant cover at predetermined
height intervals or taking one height measurement for all shrubs or forbs, etc. It also
was less labor intensive, and thus more cost-effective, than measuring height and
cover on each plant. A universal predictor, such as plant cover, when used for all
nontree vegetation, added speed and uniformity as well as cost savings. It also allowed
us to use a larger plot size and capture a more complete description of all the vegetation present.
Because total cover for each species was not recorded directly, it had to be calculated
from percentage of cover of the layer and from percentage of foliar occupancy of each
species within each layer. Computed covers of species within each layer were then
compared between layers to determine the maximum foliar cover of a species in any
layer. This method of determining foliar cover could be somewhat different than if maximum foliar cover had been measured by species directly, irregardless of cover in any
layer, as it may overestimate or underestimate cover if there is considerable overlap or
separation between layers. We believe major differences to be rare, however, because
most of the cover for a particular species is usually contained in one layer.
In figure 6, cover occurs in two layers (shrub and tree). It comes from different sets of
plants rather than the next height layer of the same set of plants. This method is ideally
suited for description of vertical vegetation cover and gives a better profile of the threedimensional cover of plants.
Error
A minimum quality-evaluation was done by having a field supervisor visit a few sites
and judge the number and height of layers as well as identify species and estimate
percentage of cover. Major discrepancies were discussed with field-crew members in
order to make estimates uniform. A complete remeasurement of the plot was not done,
and sufficient numbers of plots were not revisited to enable us to quantify error bounds
on the visual estimates. The distance between the remote plots, the logistics and costs
involved in returning check crews via helicopter to these areas for remeasurement, was
prohibitive.
13
Figure 6—Three dimensional horizontal-vertical
vegetation plot; dotted lines represent vegetation
layers.
A more rigorous study of the repeatability and the components of variation associated
with foliar cover estimates was conducted after the Stikine area, southeast Alaska inventory was completed. Repeat measurements were taken in one vegetation type of
20 plots remeasured three times by six different observers over one summer in southcentral Alaska. Results indicated that the measurement component of variation exceeded that of the natural variation. The variation between observers and even for the
same observer between plots was greater than the naturally occurring variation. This is
likely due to the subjectivity of ocular estimates of foliar cover (van Hees and Mead
2000). We looked for measurement bias by individual observer but found no trend that
a particular observer consistently estimated high or low. If we had, it may have been
possible to make an adjustment of known bias. Such results indicate that caution
should be taken with the data presented in the following tables. Error in any estimate
could exceed 100 percent: a more precise estimate of nontree vegetation biomass
could result from further measurement and study. Different techniques, probably more
time consuming than those presented here, by using stem diameters, leaf measurements, stem counts, or other methods less subjective than ocular estimation of foliar
cover might give more precise estimates. Currently, the demand for this type of data
does not justify the more time-intensive techniques that would yield greater precision.
Such techniques might be cost-effective, however, for specific local resource assessments where precise estimates are needed. The current study provides preliminary
information on the species composition and relative biomass and prevalence among
different structural components of each vegetative community.
Results and
Discussion
Forested Vegetation
Types
Analysis of forested vegetation types proceeded along two lines. First, we summarized
cover and plant constancy in various classes of the AVCS (Viereck and others 1992).
Cover is the highest foliar cover estimated for each plant species in any layer of the HV
plot, averaged within a type among all HV plots measured. Constancy is the percentage of plots with a vegetation type on which the plant species occurred. A plant species
occurring on all plots would have a 100-percent constancy.
Second, we followed a classification key to place plots within one of the described plant
associations previously developed by the Forest Service for the Stikine area (Pawuk
and Kissinger 1989). During the information needs assessment meetings, national
forest representatives felt that the plant cover data would enable them to place plots
appropriately into an association. This effort was only partially successful, as our plots
were systematically placed and sampled ecotones and transitions as well as “typical
stand conditions.” The original plant association guides were developed from plots in
14
stands where the vegetation conditions were homogeneous and edge effects, ecotones, windthrow, and sites exhibiting atypical vegetation patterns were avoided (Martin
and others 1995). This effort also was hampered because placement in plant association series is dependent on tree species cover. This was not directly measured or estimated but computed from tallies of trees and average crown width measurements. By
using crown width, a maximum area of crown was computed for each tree; these were
added together by species and divided by the area of the plot to obtain a species cover.
This is only an estimate because overlapping crowns cannot be accounted for in this
way, and any inequality in the amount of crown cover coming from nontally trees on the
edges of the plots, as opposed to tally tree crowns falling outside the plot area, could
not be determined. For this classification, we assumed that these were equal and canceled each other out for total crown cover.
For forest cover overall, this is a reasonable assumption. It becomes more problematic
when estimating individual tree species cover because there is a greater possibility of
inequalities on plots with a mix of tree species. Mapping crown placement for each tree
would have improved these estimates, but software to do this efficiently was not available at the time of this analysis. It would still be possible that the sample plots may not
truly reflect the mix of species on that particular area.
A second attempt to place plots in the described plant associations was made by using
the AVCS type as an indicator of the first level of the dichotomous key–the series level.
Series describes the major tree species or combination of tree species. We then analyzed the understory plant species to place the plot in the correct association of the
major series. This was not highly accurate because the definitions are not the same.
This was particularly evident in the placement of mixed-conifer versus shore pine series plots. The Stikine plant association key automatically places any plot with 10 percent or greater cover in shore pine into the shore pine series. Many of these plots were
classified as mixed conifer under the AVCS. Another area of discrepancy was in the
Sitka spruce series, because only 15 percent cover in Sitka spruce was needed to
place the plots into that series, whereas in the AVCS, a closed Sitka spruce forest classification requires that 35 to 60 percent of the cover is provided by Sitka spruce. The
AVCS also includes many mixed-species types, particularly for western hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Sitka spruce mixes, whereas the Stikine Plant
Association guide places plots in either a western hemlock series or a Sitka spruce
series. The criteria for other western hemlock mixed types such as western hemlockwestern redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) or western hemlock-Alaska cedar
(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) also differ greatly from the AVCS. Classification in the AVCS was done by matching a written type description. The only key
provided simply placed plots in closed, open, woodland, broadleaf, coniferous, or mixed
categories. Classification at lower levels consisted of reading the type descriptions and
matching to the best fit.
Further difficulties were encountered because the plant association guide is not a
strictly dichotomous key but often required several criteria be met. Some plots that
did not meet all the criteria did not easily fall into a complementary category.
For these reasons, a comparison was made of the results of the two classification
methods. (1) Plots were placed in a plant association series by using the AVCS system. Once in a series, the plant association key was followed primarily by examining
cover of understory species and placed in an association. (2) The plant association
series was determined by computing species cover for assignment to series, and the
key followed for understory plant composition within the series.
15
As mentioned earlier, there was significant crossing over between mixed-conifer and
shore pine series, as well as between Sitka spruce and western hemlock series. Furthermore, because the AVCS had mixed spruce-hemlock types, that category still relied on the plant association key to determine which series they fell into.
Final analysis for plant associations was done only for the plots that fell into matching
plant associations based on the two methods for determining plant association series.
This was roughly 43 percent of the forested plots (157/366). Descriptions of plant composition by plant association are done on only these 157 forested plots and are not
presented in this paper.
Note the following when reviewing the appendix tables. Some major species in the type
descriptions were not present on all sample points within that type, so their percentage
of occurrence may be less than 100 percent. The type call was made on the larger
area around the plot, and not all tree species were sampled on the 7.32-m radius
tree plot. For example, in table 4, the type 1A1C is called closed-canopy Sitka sprucewestern hemlock forest. Naming rules for a type specify that the most predominant tree
species is listed first. However, Sitka spruce only has a constancy value of 88 percent
because it did not occur on a few of the 7.32-m radius tree plots, but was predominant
in the larger 1-ha circular area or mapped polygon.
Also, because the plots were systematically located, they did not represent ideal
types, and the field crew had to choose the best-fit type description in the AVCS. In
some cases where the type was described with a mix of three or four tree species,
the sample measurement may not show cover and constancy for the lowest listed
species, for example, in table 59 for 1A2D03, the type is called Tsuga heterophyllaChamaecyparis-Tsuga mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton
americanum. In this type, Picea sitchensis was not sampled on the 1-ha circle, and
yet this description was the “best fit.”
Nonforest Vegetation
Types
Nonforest plots were classified by using the AVCS developed by Viereck and others
(1992) (figs. 7a and 7b). Summary statistics on average plant cover and species constancy are given in appendix tables for plots classified under the ACVS. The field determination of type was used, and no attempt was made to reclassify by computer
algorithm. This was reasonable for nonforest as the types were discrete and usually
quite distinct from one another.
When looking at the constancy value of some types, particularly the nonforest types
with few plots, a rare plant species may have a “high” rate of constancy; the number
of sample plots as well as the constancy value must be considered. For example in
table 19, an introduced weed, Chenopodium berlandieri (L.) shows a constancy
value of 20 percent, but it occurred on only one of the five plots sampled. In this case,
there were not enough plots to say that this is a common plant in this type. What are
“enough” plots? The sample was not designed to meet a specified sampling error on
nonforest plots, so many of the less common types had few samples. A forest type
with 70 or more plots will likely give a good description of which plants are most constant in the type. For nonforest plots with five or six samples, it will not, and can only
be regarded as a preliminary list of plants that may occur. Given that almost exclusive
emphasis in previous inventories has been given to productive forest stands and little
description or inventory has been done on nonforest plots, this is an improvement in
the understanding and description of these areas (figs. 8a and 8b).
16
Figure 7a—The nonforest type: sedge-marestail marsh.
Carex lyngbyei
60
Moss spp.
Percent
50
40
Hippuris tetraphylla
30
20
Cicuta douglasii
10
0
Foliar cover
Potentilla anserina
Figure 7b—Plants with cover values 3 percent
or higher in sedge-marestail marsh nonforest.
17
Figure 8a—This low shrub copperbush and blueberry type was only sampled on one plot.
Sphagnum
Tsuga mertensiana
50
Rhytidiadelphus
loreus
Percent
40
Fauria crista-galli
30
Caltha biflora
20
Vaccinium
10
Hylocomium
splendens
0
Foliar cover
Cladothamnus
pyrolaeflorus
Cassiope
mertensiana
Figure 8b—Plants with cover values 3 percent or higher in copperbush-blueberry low-shrub
nonforest.
18
Figure 9a—The differential species on this alpine plot is deer cabbage.
Fauria crista-galli
Cassiope mertensiana
25
Hepatica
Percent
20
Moss
15
Pleurozium schreberi
10
Cladothamnus
pyrolaeflorus
Tsuga mertensiana
5
0
Grass
Plant species foliar cover
Cassiope stelleriana
Figure 9b—Plants with cover values 3 percent or higher in deer cabbage herbaceous nonforest.
19
Figure 10—The differential species on this plot is the devil’s club surrounding Joel Markis.
Additional nonforest types identified that were not included in Viereck and others (1992)
include the closed and open tall shrub types; salmonberry, alder-salmonberry, salmonberry-blueberry; the closed low shrub type of copperbush-blueberry and the open low
shrub type of copperbush, and copperbush-blueberry.
Among these, only the closed alder-salmonberry type tables, which were measured
on 12 subplots, had sufficient observations to be included in the appendix tables.
The shrub layer consisted of Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb., Oplopanax horridus (Smith)
Miq., Rubus spectabilis Pursh, Sambucus racemosa L., and Vaccinium spp. Common
associated forbs were Aruncus dioicus L., Fauria crista-galli, Heuchera glabra Willd.,
Prenanthes alata (Hook.) D. Dietr., Sanguisorba spp., Streptopus spp., Tiarella trifoliata
L., Valeriana sitchensis Bong., Veratrum viride Ait., and Viola spp. The fern layer contained Athyrium spp., Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray, and Gymnocarpium dryopteris
(L.) Newm. Grasses and sedges were Calamagrostis spp., Agrostis spp., and Carex
spp. Mosses were Dicranum spp., Mnium spp., and Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hewd.)
Warmst.
Average cover and constancy values are presented in the appendix tables. Under the
Braun-Blanquet approach to plant community classification, the combination of these
values is useful in judging a species’ value as a diagnostic species for community classification. Diagnostic species are of three types: character species, differential species,
and constant companions. “Character species” show a clear preference for one type
(or group of types), relative to one another, thus differentiating between them. In the
AVCS, the character species are generally the tree overstory species. Others are considered “differential species” showing a clear preference for a subunit within a broad
type. In the AVCS, these are understory plants identified at level 5, which are associated with soil or site characteristics (figs. 9 and 10). Still others might be called “constant companions” because they occur consistently in a community unit.
20
Part of the problem with any classification is that “there is a deep cleft between reality
on one hand and syntaxonomic hierarchy on the other” (∅akland 1990). Even on a
local scale, it is impossible to incorporate natural relations of vegetation species into a
hierarchy. Compounding that problem, attempting to go from a local to a regional scale
involves two major problems: the overlapping of associations along regional gradients
and the lack of geographic consistency of species fidelity to an association. These
describe some of the difficulties we had in this study using a random sampling of the
vegetation and attempting a postclassification into types developed for distinct and
idealized type conditions. Many plots occurred on transitional types or represented
conditions far removed from the archetype condition.
Conclusion
We obtained more inclusive species lists of the AVCS types and sampled areas
that often fell in transitional areas between described types. The data also indicate
some possible range extensions for many plants: Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.,
Valeriana capitata L., Salix myrtillifolia Anderss., Geocaulon lividum (Richards.)
Fern., Platanthera unalaschcensis (Spreng.) Kurtz, Cornus suecica L., Smilacina
racemosa (L.) Desf., Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don, Ribes glandulosum
Grauer, and Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.
We compared different ways of classifying plant communities using AVCS, the Stikine
plant association guide with computed tree species covers, and the Stikine plant association guide with series determined by AVCS classification. Contrary to the initial assumption that tree species cover could be accurately represented through crown
measurements taken on the subplot samples, that was not the case. The problem of
determining the proper series from species-level tree cover on sample subplots, and
the fact that the plant association guides are not applicable to ecotones, windthrows,
transitions, or other atypical vegetation conditions, precluded classification of all our
plots within described plant associations. Only 43 percent of the forest plots could be
classified to a plant association.
Tables in the appendixes contain species composition data for seven forest types and
one nonforest vegetation type not in Viereck and others (1992) of the AVCS. Six of
these had less than 20 samples so the information provided is exploratory and not
conclusive of all species or cover rankings. An additional eight nonforest vegetation
types were observed but not included in the appendix tables due to insufficient
samples. We have shown site indices associated on all the AVCS types shown in the
appendix. This is information not previously available to forest managers.
We obtained a large sample (n = 71) of one forest vegetation type not listed in Viereck
and others (1992). This was for closed mixed-conifer forest, previously not considered
a common type in southeast Alaska (although the open canopy mixed-conifer type is
considered common). We estimate the closed-canopy type covers 6.5 percent of the
unreserved Petersburg and Wrangell Ranger Districts of Tongass National Forest
lands. Within these 71 subplots, western hemlock occurred on 96 percent, Alaska
yellow-cedar on 89 percent, Sitka spruce and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana
(Bong.) Carr.) on 77 percent, western redcedar on 35 percent, and lodgepole pine on
18 percent of all subplots.
Predominant shrubs were Vaccinium spp., Menziesia ferruginea (Smith), Rubus
pedatus J.E. Smith, and Ledum spp. Common forbs included Coptis spp., Cornus
canadensis L., Lysichiton americanum Hulten & St. John, Streptopus roseus Michx.,
Fauria crista-galli, Listera cordata (L.) R. Br., Veratrum viride Ait., Lycopodium
21
clavatum L., and Tiarella trifoliata. The most constant fern was Blechnum spicant L.
Roth. Grasses and sedges were more prevalent than in most other closed forest types.
Common lichens were Alectoria spp., Cladonia spp., and Sphaerophorus spp. The
moss layer contained the highest constancy of Sphagnum spp. of any of the closed
forest types. It also contained Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.)
BSG., and Dicranum spp. as the most constant moss species. The type had the highest constancy for liverwort species of all the closed forest types.
Other surprises within previously described types of the AVCS were the constancy of
the fern Blechnum spicant in the closed western hemlock and closed western hemlockSitka spruce types. Although not listed in Viereck and others (1992) as common forbs
in many southeast types, Streptopus spp. and Listera cordata had a high constancy in
many closed forest types. A major species addition for the open mountain hemlock
types is Veratrum viride, where it had its highest constancy.
The relative ubiquitous occurrence and high constancy levels of the mosses Dicranum
spp., Hylocomium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, and Sphagnum spp. support
their omission from classifications as they do not seem to be differential species in
southeast Alaska.
The vegetative resources in the Stikine Area are quite heterogeneous. Much of the
area falls into types that have been poorly described or do not fit the ideal plant association descriptions. According to the criteria of the AVCS, about 62.5 percent of the
Stikine area is forested, with 35.8 percent of the land area in closed needleleaf forest.
Dwarf trees and krummholtz make up about 2.6 percent of the area. Twenty-four percent of the area is nonvegetated snowfields, rock, census water, or barren lands. The
remainder (11 percent) is a combination of shrub and herbaceous vegetation types.
Acknowledgments
We thank the following people for data collection, field supervision, and project management: Ken Anderson, Jen Baker, DeAnna Barbaria, Kent Barhau, Aaron Bergdahl,
James Buck, Whitney Burgess, Doug Caldwell, Brian Charlton, Mike DeVaney, Kevin
Dobelbower, Ian Doleman, Jason Downing, Jeannie Duran, Rhonda Ecker, Ed Ezzell,
Perttu Finni, Jhan Haddeland, Brian Haley, Liza Haley, Bryan Hawkins, Seth Hazard,
Albert J. Helgenberg, Corey Hendrickson, Jim Herbert, Keith Kanoti, Tristan Kelley,
Daniel Kenney, Ray Koleser, Brad Kriekhaus, Christopher Krumm, Fred Larson, Teri
Lysak, Anna Marshall, Mary Miller, Bill Murphy, Liba Pejchar, Frank Pendleton, David
Pierce, Brandy Reed, Sadie Rosenthal, Julie Roller, John Saddler, David Sanderson,
Chris Teutsch, Dave Thompson, Fred Thorsteinson, Lynn Voyles, Ken Winterberger,
August Wright.
English Equivalents
When you know:
Multiply by:
Centimeters (cm)
0.39
Inches
Meters (m)
3.28
Feet
Hectares (ha)
2.47
Acres
Kilograms per
hectare (kg/ha)
0.89
Pounds per acre
Celsius ( C)
°
22
9/5 + 32
To find:
Fahrenheit
Literature Cited
Conrad, H.S., revised by Redfearn, P.L., Jr. 1979. How to know the mosses and
liverworts. [The pictured key nature series]. 2d ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown
Company Publishers. 302 p.
Crum, H. 1976. Mosses of the Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor, MI: University of
Michigan, University Herbarium. 404 p.
Daubenmire, R. 1959. A canopy-coverage method of vegetational analysis. Northwest
Science. 33: 43-64.
Hale, M.E. 1979. How to know the lichens. [The pictured key nature series].
Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 246 p.
Hulten, E. 1974. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press. 1008 p.
Martin, J.R.; Trull, S.J.; Brady, W.W. [and others]. 1995. Forest plant association
management guide, Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest. R10-TP-57. Juneau,
AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region. 293 p.
Mead, B.R. 1992. Methods for describing and comparing biomass distribution among
selected Alaska vegetation types. In: Wood, Geoff; Turner, Brian, eds. Integrating
forest information over space and time. Canberra, Australia: Anutech Pty.
Ltd.: 358-366.
∅akland, T. 1990. Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway.
I. Rausjømaarka in Akershus county, SE Norway. Oslo, Norway: Sommerfeltia.
10: 1-52
Pawuk, W.H.; Kissinger, E.J. 1989. Preliminary forest plant associations of the
Stikine Area, Tongass National Forest. R10-TP-72. Juneau, AK: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region. 126 p.
Pojar, J.; MacKinnon, A., eds. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast:
Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine
Publishing. 527 p.
Scott, C.T.; Bechtold, W.A. 1995. Techniques and computations for mapping plot
clusters that straddle stand boundaries. Forest Science Monograph. 31: 46-61.
Selkregg, L. [Circa. 1976]. Alaska regional profiles: southeast region. Anchorage, AK:
The University of Alaska, Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center. 313 p.
van Hees, W.W.S. 2001. Summary estimates of forest resources on unreserved lands
of the Stikine inventory unit, Tongass National Forest, southeast Alaska, 1998.
Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-232. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 8 p.
van Hees, W.W.S.; Mead, B.R. 2000. Ocular estimates of understory vegetation in
a closed Picea glauca/Betula papyrifera forest. Journal of Vegetation Science.
11: 195-200.
23
Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T.; Batten, A.R.; Wenzlick, K.J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 p.
Viereck, L.A.; Little, E.L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 265 p.
Vitt, D.H.; Marsh, J.E.; Bovey, R.B. 1988. Mosses lichens and ferns of Northwest
North America [A photographic field guide]. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine Publishing.
296 p.
Wittwer, D., comp. 2000. Forest insect and disease conditions in Alaska-1999.
R10-TP-82, Juneau, AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska
Region. 55 p.
Zarnoch, S.J.; Bechtold, W.A. 2000. Estimating mapped-plot forest attributes with
ratios of means. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 30: 688-697.
24
Appendix A: Species
Constancy on Forest
Vegetation Types
Tables 4 through 24 summarize species constancy in forest and nonforest level IV vegetation types. Tables 25 through 70 summarize species foliar cover, frequency, constancy, and site index in level V vegetation types. Tables 71 through 78 list the scientific naming authority for each species encountered and provide additional information
on frequency of occurrence and the phytomass coefficient used for each species.
Genus names are used when the plant was not keyed to species; therefore, when a
genus name occurs in a table without an attached species name, it may include several
species, including some of the species that are identified separately elsewhere in the
table.
Table 4—Constancy of trees and shrubs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine
area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
5
5
—
—
—
—
41
5
—
23
—
—
27
—
—
95
32
—
—
—
73
5
5
—
—
5
—
—
3
4
1
—
—
1
89
13
7
6
8
13
51
—
—
99
21
4
—
—
77
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
14
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
9
82
59
—
—
—
100
—
27
—
—
—
5
—
1A2C
47
Percent
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
Andromeda polifolia
Cassiope mertensiana
Cassiope spp.
Cassiope stelleriana
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Gaultheria shallon
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum groenlandicum
Linnaea borealis
Luetkea pectinata
Malus fusca
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Phyllodoce aleutica
Phyllodoce glanduliflora
Phyllodoce spp.
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Ribes bracteosum
Ribes glandulosum
Ribes lacustre
Ribes laxiflorum
Ribes spp.
Rubus arcticus
—
67
—
17
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
26
1
—
—
—
1
3
—
—
86
48
—
—
—
66
—
1
—
—
—
3
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
72
80
—
—
—
88
—
20
—
4
—
—
—
5
5
—
—
—
—
7
2
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
73
70
—
—
—
86
—
4
7
2
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
93
10
3
—
1
1
28
—
—
97
23
1
—
3
72
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
7
—
—
20
7
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
80
20
—
—
7
87
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
51
2
30
26
43
19
—
9
—
—
36
—
74
34
—
4
23
53
—
4
—
—
4
4
2
25
Table 4—Constancy of trees and shrubs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine
area in southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
1A2C
47
Percent
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Salix scouleriana
Sambucus racemosa
Sambucus spp.
Sorbus sitchensis
Sorbus spp.
Spiraea douglasii
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Vaccinium alaskensis
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
var. microcarpus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Viburnum edule
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
83
67
—
—
—
—
—
97
31
—
3
2
1
1
—
6
100
24
1
8
1
—
—
96
48
—
8
16
—
—
—
—
96
16
—
8
4
—
—
96
30
—
—
7
4
—
—
11
100
23
5
11
—
3
—
97
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
100
62
1
4
—
7
—
100
20
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
60
100
—
—
—
—
—
82
27
—
5
—
—
—
—
91
100
55
—
9
9
4
—
87
32
—
—
—
—
—
—
35
96
77
—
23
—
5
9
91
64
—
—
—
—
5
5
—
100
32
—
14
—
—
2
91
36
—
2
—
26
6
—
9
38
100
—
23
2
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
29
97
—
3
—
—
16
88
—
—
—
—
29
93
—
5
—
—
39
99
—
10
—
—
—
100
—
7
—
—
45
91
—
5
—
1
39
100
1
37
4
5
36
100
—
27
5
—
—
98
6
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
26
Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
—
—
—
9
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
14
—
77
9
—
—
91
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
5
—
18
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
1
1
15
—
—
—
18
1
92
7
—
1
94
7
3
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
52
7
1
1
—
7
3
—
1
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9
—
14
—
5
—
77
14
—
—
86
5
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
9
—
5
23
5
5
5
9
5
—
—
—
5
—
1A2C
47
Percent
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Aquilegia formosa
Arnica latifolia
Aruncus dioicus
Aster spp.
Caltha biflora
Caltha leptosepala
Caltha spp.
Castilleja miniata
Circaea alpina
Claytonia sibirica
Clintonia uniflora
Compositae family
Coptis aspleniifolia
Coptis trifolia
Corallorrhiza spp.
Corallorrhiza trifida
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Dodecatheon spp.
Drosera rotundifolia
Epilobium anagallidifolium
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium ciliatum
Epilobium palustre
Epilobium spp.
Erigeron peregrinus
Erigeron spp.
Fauria crista-galli
Forb spp.
Galium kamtschaticum
Galium spp.
Galium triflorum
Gentiana douglasiana
Gentiana platypetala
Gentiana spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geum calthifolium
Geum macrophyllum
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
—
—
3
—
4
—
29
—
71
3
1
—
93
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
3
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
72
4
—
—
84
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
4
4
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
2
—
9
—
16
—
63
2
2
—
96
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
4
2
—
2
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
3
—
—
—
—
23
1
85
4
—
—
94
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
21
3
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
7
—
—
7
—
60
7
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
—
2
15
11
30
—
—
2
—
2
64
13
—
—
47
9
—
2
—
2
—
—
4
9
9
—
57
13
—
4
—
2
—
2
—
15
—
27
Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
55
5
—
—
55
27
—
—
—
5
—
36
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
27
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
65
—
—
—
80
23
—
—
—
10
—
38
—
10
—
4
—
—
1
4
1
7
1
20
1
—
7
1
—
1
1
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
5
—
—
64
73
5
5
—
14
—
41
—
9
5
—
—
—
—
5
5
9
—
32
—
5
9
5
—
—
—
1A2C
47
Percent
Goodyera oblongifolia
Heracleum lanatum
Heuchera glabra
Hippuris montana
Hippuris spp.
Hippuris vulgaris
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia
Liliaceae family
Listera caurina
Listera cordata
Listera spp.
Lupinus nootkatensis
Lupinus polyphyllus
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mitella pentandra
Mitella spp.
Moneses uniflora
Monodrama hypopitus
Mushroom spp.
Orchid spp.
Orthilia secunda
Osmorhiza chilensis
Parnassia fimbriata
Parnassia spp.
Pinguicula vulgaris
Platanthera chorisiana
Platanthera dilatata
Platanthera spp.
Platanthera stricta
Platanthera unalaschcensis
Prenanthes alata
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus occidentalis
Sanguisorba spp.
Sanguisorba stipulata
Saxifraga punctata
Saxifraga spp.
Senecio triangularis
28
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
83
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
3
36
—
—
—
40
30
—
—
—
19
3
42
1
2
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
24
—
—
—
52
20
—
—
—
8
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
—
32
32
—
—
—
21
2
55
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
2
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
23
73
—
—
—
48
20
—
—
—
4
—
49
—
23
—
—
1
1
—
—
3
1
—
13
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
53
—
—
7
47
20
—
7
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
2
—
9
2
2
4
—
—
55
—
—
—
17
2
—
2
4
—
—
34
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
11
4
—
4
—
—
6
2
2
4
2
Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
—
45
50
—
18
—
68
5
—
—
—
5
—
—
36
5
—
14
—
41
63
1
10
—
44
7
—
—
1
7
4
1
46
3
—
13
—
45
59
—
23
—
59
—
—
—
—
14
—
9
32
9
—
36
1A2C
47
Percent
Stellaria spp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus roseus
Streptopus spp.
Streptopus streptopoides
Tiarella spp.
Tiarella trifoliata
Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata
Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata
Tofieldia glutinosa
Tolmiea menziesii
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Veratrum viride
Viola glabella
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
—
50
17
—
17
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
41
56
6
22
—
47
3
—
—
1
1
2
1
4
7
—
5
—
52
48
—
36
—
60
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
8
—
48
66
2
36
—
63
4
—
2
—
—
4
—
11
4
4
7
—
42
59
1
23
—
42
1
—
—
—
—
1
—
27
—
—
4
—
47
67
—
27
7
33
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
7
—
—
2
36
66
—
21
2
49
—
4
4
—
2
9
11
68
6
2
11
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
29
Table 6—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation
types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
9
18
5
86
—
36
5
—
—
73
41
14
—
5
9
9
—
9
—
—
—
—
32
—
—
1
30
7
86
—
11
1
1
—
35
51
11
11
8
6
1
1
—
—
6
4
1
11
6
—
—
41
14
45
—
36
—
14
—
68
18
5
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
9
—
14
36
5
—
1A2C
47
Percent
Adiantum aleuticum
Athyrium filix-femina
Athyrium spp.
Blechnum spicant
Cystopteris fragilis
Dryopteris dilatata
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum spp.
Fern spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium spp.
Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Polypodium spp.
Polystichum braunii
Polystichum munitum
Polystichum spp.
Pteridium aquilinum
Selaginella spp.
Thelypteris limbosperma
Thelypteris phegopteris
Thelypteris spp.
Woodsia spp.
—
17
17
—
—
50
—
—
—
33
17
—
17
—
33
17
—
—
—
—
—
17
33
—
—
7
30
6
66
1
61
—
—
1
60
18
2
2
7
9
1
—
2
1
—
—
1
13
2
1
4
44
16
48
—
68
—
—
—
92
12
—
4
4
4
8
—
8
—
—
—
12
24
8
—
2
32
7
71
—
82
2
2
—
70
18
—
7
5
11
5
—
4
—
—
—
13
29
4
—
—
11
3
85
—
18
1
—
—
39
46
10
7
14
8
6
—
—
—
—
1
6
14
—
—
—
20
—
53
—
53
—
—
—
33
7
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
30
—
34
—
79
—
38
—
2
—
36
15
—
11
9
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
11
11
—
—
Table 7—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types
on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
23
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
3
1
—
3
—
—
3
—
—
1
3
41
1
1
—
23
—
—
—
—
5
9
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
18
5
—
1A2C
47
Percent
Agrostis aequivalvis
Agrostis spp.
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex anthoxanthea
Carex macrochaeta
Carex magellanica
Carex nigricans
Carex pauciflora
Carex pluriflora
Carex sitchensis
Carex spp.
Carex viridula
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eriophorum spp.
Grass spp.
Luzula parviflora
Vahlodea atropurpurea
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
10
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
12
4
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16
—
—
—
5
—
—
1
—
1
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
3
—
14
—
—
—
2
2
—
4
4
2
—
6
2
2
—
49
—
9
2
28
—
9
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
31
Table 8—Constancy of lichens on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
23
5
—
9
—
—
—
—
36
—
9
—
5
—
9
82
—
—
—
41
—
—
—
—
5
27
—
—
—
18
14
—
25
7
6
4
—
—
4
3
48
—
14
6
4
3
15
92
—
—
1
15
—
1
1
—
11
11
—
—
8
3
21
3
45
14
—
5
—
—
—
—
50
—
5
—
—
—
9
77
—
—
—
32
—
—
5
—
9
23
—
—
—
—
27
5
1A2C
47
Percent
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia coccifera
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia macilenta
Cladonia spp.
Cladonia squamosa
Hypogmnia spp.
Hypogymnia duplicata
Icmadophila ericetorum
Icmadophila spp.
Lepraria spp.
Lichen spp.
Lobaria linita
Lobaria oregana
Lobaria pulmonaria
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera britannica
Peltigera canina
Peltigera neopolydactyla
Peltigera spp.
Pilophoron aciculare
Platismatia norvegica
Platismatia spp.
Sphaerophorus globosus
Sphaerophorus spp.
Usnea spp.
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
83
—
17
33
—
—
—
33
—
17
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
32
3
—
6
—
—
—
—
26
—
9
1
7
1
8
76
2
5
6
31
1
1
—
1
3
23
—
—
3
9
13
2
36
4
—
—
—
—
—
4
12
—
8
—
—
—
—
68
—
—
—
16
—
—
4
—
4
8
—
—
4
—
4
—
29
4
—
11
5
—
—
2
30
—
20
2
11
2
13
84
—
2
2
38
—
—
4
—
11
25
2
—
5
—
13
2
37
7
3
4
—
—
—
3
27
—
14
—
3
—
3
80
—
—
6
38
—
3
—
—
6
18
1
—
3
7
8
—
73
7
—
—
—
—
—
7
13
7
13
13
7
—
—
93
—
—
13
73
—
—
—
—
7
27
—
7
—
7
7
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
32
62
15
6
21
—
2
—
2
32
—
21
4
—
—
—
79
—
2
—
53
9
—
—
—
4
32
—
—
—
6
11
2
Table 9—Constancy of mosses on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
1
15
1
—
3
4
1
27
8
51
1
—
4
3
96
3
21
—
1
—
3
—
23
97
1
4
8
18
3
1
3
1
11
1
1
—
27
8
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
23
—
36
—
—
—
9
86
14
9
—
9
5
—
—
14
86
—
5
—
14
9
—
5
—
23
—
—
—
18
9
1A2C
47
Percent
Antitrichia curtipendula
Aulacomnium spp.
Bartramia pomiformis
Brachythecium spp.
Claopodium crispifolium
Climacium dendroides
Dichodontium pellucidum
Dicranum fuscescens
Dicranum scoparium
Dicranum spp.
Eurhynchium oreganum
Homalothecium fulgescens
Hookeria lucens
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Hypnum circinale
Hypnum spp.
Hypnum subimponens
Isothecium myosuroides
Leucolepis acanthoneuron
Leucolepis spp.
Metaneckera menziesii
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Neckera douglasii
Plagiomnium spp.
Plagiothecium spp.
Plagiothecium undulatum
Pleurozium schreberi
Pogonatum contortum
Polytrichum commune
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
R(h)acomitrium spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhizomnium spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
-17
—
—
—
17
100
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
17
33
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
1
—
21
5
57
1
1
1
1
98
3
10
—
5
1
—
1
35
87
1
—
6
12
2
—
6
2
24
3
—
—
20
6
4
8
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
40
4
—
—
—
96
—
—
—
4
—
4
—
28
84
—
—
4
8
—
—
4
4
36
4
—
—
12
12
4
7
—
—
—
—
—
20
7
38
2
—
—
7
86
2
13
—
7
—
—
—
38
93
—
2
11
29
—
4
7
—
30
2
—
2
21
13
—
24
—
1
—
1
—
11
1
69
1
—
1
14
86
8
4
—
3
—
—
—
30
89
1
—
4
3
—
—
7
1
8
4
—
—
30
1
7
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
93
—
—
—
7
87
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
100
—
—
20
—
7
—
—
13
13
7
—
—
27
7
—
18
—
—
—
5
—
14
18
59
—
—
—
—
95
5
14
9
5
—
—
—
32
100
—
9
5
14
—
—
—
—
27
9
—
—
14
5
—
19
—
2
—
—
—
—
2
66
2
—
—
—
74
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
91
—
—
—
4
19
—
2
2
19
2
—
—
26
—
33
Table 9—Constancy of mosses on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
91
9
5
—
—
77
—
9
—
99
—
8
4
7
85
3
13
—
86
9
—
—
—
64
—
5
—
1A2C
47
Percent
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum spp.
Sphagnum squarrosum
Tortella tortuosa
Ulota spp.
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
98
1
1
5
5
67
—
—
—
100
—
4
16
8
52
—
—
—
98
2
—
—
14
55
—
—
—
99
1
7
4
14
70
—
—
1
100
—
—
—
—
80
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
34
87
6
2
4
—
57
2
—
—
Table 10—Constancy of liverworts on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A1A
6
1A1B
119
1A1C
25
1A1D
56
1A1E
71
1A1F
15
1A1G
22
1A1U
71
1A2B
22
9
86
9
18
—
9
23
9
—
59
8
94
3
7
—
7
24
13
7
23
23
86
—
5
—
—
18
—
—
18
1A2C
47
Percent
Conocephalum spp.
Liverwort spp.
Herbertus aduncus
Lepidozia spp.
Marchantia polymorpha
Mylia spp.
Pellia spp.
Plagiochila spp.
Porella spp.
Scapania spp.
—
83
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
10
86
3
6
—
—
13
3
—
35
8
76
—
4
—
—
24
—
—
4
13
91
—
5
2
—
14
—
—
20
1
79
1
3
—
3
17
3
4
24
—
93
—
7
—
—
13
—
—
27
4
83
2
4
—
9
19
4
—
19
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.
1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.
1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.
1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.
1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.
1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
35
Table 11—Constancy of trees and shrubs on open- and woodland-canopy forest, and on dwarf tree
vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D 1A2M
93
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
42
—
58
17
—
—
25
—
—
—
100
—
—
58
—
—
17
—
—
25
8
—
—
—
—
—
58
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
15
—
38
—
38
92
38
100
—
—
92
69
23
—
15
—
—
77
—
—
8
—
8
46
8
69
—
—
23
—
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
83
—
33
83
67
67
—
—
17
—
—
33
33
—
—
33
—
—
50
—
—
33
33
17
—
—
17
—
33
—
—
—
33
2A3Q
8
Percent
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
Alnus spp.
Andromeda polifolia
Artemisia spp.
Cassiope mertensiana
Cassiope spp.
Cassiope stelleriana
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Gaultheria shallon
Juniperus communis
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum groenlandicum
Linnaea borealis
Loiseleuria procumbens
Luetkea pectinata
Malus fusca
Malus spp.
Menziesia ferruginea
Myrica gale
Oplopanax horridus
Phyllodoce aleutica
Phyllodoce empetriformis
Phyllodoce glanduliflora
Phyllodoce spp.
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Ribes spp.
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix spp.
Sorbus sitchensis
36
1
2
1
4
—
10
—
10
91
29
46
2
1
41
53
39
—
2
1
1
89
1
4
6
2
3
5
61
48
—
1
19
—
62
13
3
—
1
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
21
7
7
—
—
7
7
14
—
—
—
—
93
—
14
—
—
—
—
71
7
—
—
7
—
86
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
17
94
33
22
—
—
22
22
33
—
6
—
—
100
—
6
—
—
—
22
83
22
—
—
—
—
89
28
—
—
6
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
44
—
89
—
11
56
100
33
—
—
11
—
89
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
100
—
—
11
11
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
48
—
—
—
4
70
—
96
—
57
100
100
9
4
4
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
9
26
—
4
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
20
20
—
—
—
100
20
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
88
—
50
38
63
50
—
—
38
13
—
13
88
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
13
25
13
25
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
25
Table 11—Constancy of trees and shrubs on open- and woodland-canopy forest, and on dwarf tree
vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D
93
1A2M
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
2A3Q
8
Percent
Sorbus spp.
Spiraea spp.
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Vaccinium alaskensis
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus var.
microcarpus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Viburnum edule
—
—
11
85
86
—
24
1
—
—
—
100
50
—
7
—
—
—
—
94
100
17
6
—
—
—
11
78
89
11
33
—
—
—
9
30
39
—
30
4
—
—
—
100
100
—
20
—
17
—
—
8
100
—
58
—
15
—
—
62
92
—
62
—
—
17
—
17
83
—
17
—
13
—
—
38
88
—
75
—
22
27
95
19
62
3
7
29
100
—
14
—
6
11
83
6
39
—
56
22
56
22
100
—
78
—
17
57
61
—
—
—
100
20
—
—
8
—
83
17
—
—
38
8
77
69
54
—
17
—
67
50
—
—
—
—
75
50
13
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain-hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
37
Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on
the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D 1A2M
93
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
2A3Q
8
—
—
17
—
—
8
8
8
8
8
—
—
—
42
8
—
42
—
17
—
—
—
8
—
42
—
100
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
17
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
77
62
—
77
23
8
23
—
54
—
—
23
—
100
—
—
—
—
77
—
—
—
46
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
—
50
33
—
—
—
17
—
—
33
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
13
—
50
—
13
25
—
25
—
13
25
13
100
38
—
—
13
25
—
—
—
63
13
—
13
38
Percent
Agoseris spp.
Apargidium boreale
Arnica latifolia
Arnica spp.
Aruncus dioicus
Aster spp.
Caltha biflora
Caltha spp.
Caryophyllaceae family
Castilleja parviflora
Circaea alpina
Clintonia uniflora
Compositae family
Coptis aspleniifolia
Coptis trifolia
Corallorrhiza trifida
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Dodecatheon spp.
Drosera anglica
Drosera rotundifolia
Epilobium ciliatum
Epilobium palustre
Erigeron peregrinus
Erigeron spp.
Fauria crista-galli
Forb spp.
Fritillaria camschatcensis
Galium kamtschaticum
Galium spp.
Gentiana douglasiana
Gentiana platypetala
Gentiana spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geum calthifolium
Geum spp.
Goodyera oblongifolia
Heuchera glabra
Hippuris montana
38
—
1
—
—
—
1
3
13
—
—
—
1
1
87
40
—
91
13
1
3
1
22
—
—
8
—
76
8
1
—
2
24
—
—
3
8
3
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
7
7
—
64
21
—
79
14
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
7
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
22
—
—
—
11
—
100
28
—
100
6
11
—
—
11
—
—
—
6
83
11
—
6
—
11
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67
44
—
100
11
—
11
—
44
—
—
—
11
100
22
—
—
—
56
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
17
57
9
65
22
—
17
9
61
—
—
—
4
78
9
—
—
—
78
—
9
—
17
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
80
20
—
100
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on
the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D
93
1A2M
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
2A3Q
8
Percent
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia
Liliaceae family
Listera caurina
Listera cordata
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mitella spp.
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom spp.
Orthilia secunda
Parnassia fimbriata
Parnassia spp.
Pedicularis ornithorhyncha
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites frigidus
Pinguicula vulgaris
Platanthera (Piperia)
unalaschcensis
Platanthera dilatata
Platanthera hyperborea
Platanthera spp.
Platanthera stricta
Prenanthes alata
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus cooleyae
Ranunculus eschscholtzii
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba officinalis
Sanguisorba spp.
Sanguisorba stipulata
Saxifraga lyallii
Saxifraga spp.
Senecio triangularis
Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus roseus
Streptopus spp.
Streptopus streptopoides
—
—
4
32
67
22
1
1
5
27
6
2
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
29
79
43
—
—
—
36
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
56
78
22
—
—
6
44
6
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
78
33
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
35
9
13
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
4
—
9
—
20
—
—
60
60
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
58
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
8
25
8
8
17
—
—
—
8
38
—
—
—
—
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
—
—
33
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
25
13
—
—
25
—
25
—
25
—
50
—
13
—
2
4
1
8
3
5
1
—
—
—
3
16
5
—
1
1
1
24
39
2
5
—
—
—
7
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
29
50
—
14
11
—
—
6
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
33
44
6
11
—
11
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
56
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
9
9
—
—
—
—
—
17
43
35
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
20
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
8
58
—
—
—
8
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
8
8
31
—
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
25
—
—
25
—
25
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
39
Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on
the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D 1A2M
93
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
42
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
8
15
—
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
33
—
17
—
—
2A3Q
8
Percent
Tiarella trifoliata
Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata
Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata
Tofieldia glutinosa
Tofieldia spp.
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Veratrum viride
Viola glabella
Viola spp.
14
1
—
3
—
20
8
1
40
1
8
29
—
7
—
—
7
—
—
14
—
21
22
—
—
11
—
17
—
—
72
—
11
11
—
—
11
—
11
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
—
30
9
39
4
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
25
25
—
—
Table 13—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on
dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D
93
1A2M
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
—
17
—
25
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
8
—
23
8
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2A3Q
8
Percent
Adiantum aleuticum
Athyrium filix-femina
Athyrium spp.
Blechnum spicant
Dryopteris dilatata
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum spp.
Fern spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Lycopodium alpinum
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium sitchense
Lycopodium spp.
Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Polypodium spp.
Polystichum braunii
Polystichum munitum
Pteridium aquilinum
Selaginella spp.
Thelypteris limbosperma
Thelypteris phegopteris
—
10
3
53
1
—
3
—
5
—
52
12
—
6
—
11
16
1
1
—
4
1
—
2
7
29
7
36
29
—
7
—
7
—
29
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
7
—
—
14
—
17
—
67
11
11
—
—
11
—
50
28
—
—
—
22
6
6
6
—
—
—
17
6
—
11
—
33
—
—
22
—
—
—
33
11
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
13
4
17
—
9
—
22
—
—
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
20
80
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
13
—
—
25
—
—
38
—
—
—
13
13
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
41
Table 14—Constancy of grass and grasslike plants on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree
vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D 1A2M
93
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
58
8
8
33
—
8
—
—
—
17
—
—
8
17
15
8
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
62
—
—
31
—
46
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
83
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2A3Q
8
Percent
Agrostis aequivalvis
Agrostis spp.
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex anthoxanthea
Carex canescens
Carex livida
Carex macrochaeta
Carex mertensii
Carex nigricans
Carex pauciflora
Carex pluriflora
Carex podocarpa
Carex sitchensis
Carex spp.
Carex stylosa
Deschampsia spp.
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eriophorum spp.
Grass spp.
Juncus oreganus
Juncus spp.
Luzula multiflora
Luzula spp.
Phleum commutatum
Rhynchospora alba
Trichophorum caespitosum
Vahlodea atropurpurea
2
2
3
—
4
—
—
2
2
1
—
9
10
1
14
55
—
—
8
6
37
—
—
—
—
1
1
10
—
—
7
—
—
14
—
7
—
—
—
—
7
7
—
—
7
—
—
7
7
21
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
61
—
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
11
11
33
22
—
—
—
—
—
22
22
—
22
56
—
—
—
11
22
—
11
—
—
—
—
11
22
—
17
—
—
9
—
—
17
—
4
—
22
22
—
35
70
—
—
17
26
39
4
13
—
—
—
26
52
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
42
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
75
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
13
—
—
13
—
Table 15—Constancy of lichens on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on
the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D
93
1A2M
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
58
25
—
—
—
25
42
—
—
—
83
25
—
—
—
67
—
8
58
8
—
—
8
33
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
69
—
—
—
15
15
38
—
—
—
31
8
—
—
8
92
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
—
8
15
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
33
—
33
17
33
—
17
33
50
—
17
—
—
33
17
—
17
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
33
17
17
—
2A3Q
8
Percent
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria spp.
Cladina portentosa
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia macilenta
Cladonia spp.
Hypogmnia spp.
Hypogymnia duplicata
Icmadophila ericetorum
Lepraria spp.
Lichen spp.
Lobaria oregana
Lobaria pulmonaria
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera aphthosa
Peltigera britannica
Peltigera neopolydactyla
Peltigera spp.
Platismatia spp.
Siphula ceratites
Sphaerophorus globosus
Sphaerophorus spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon spp.
Thamnolia spp.
Umbilicaria spp.
Usnea spp.
59
19
—
—
4
8
19
1
5
—
42
16
5
2
4
82
2
5
9
1
1
—
5
4
10
1
1
5
19
1
—
—
—
1
36
14
—
—
—
—
7
—
7
—
57
14
14
—
—
71
7
—
43
—
7
—
7
14
21
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
7
56
39
—
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
39
22
11
11
11
83
—
—
6
—
—
—
6
6
17
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
67
44
—
—
—
44
11
—
—
—
56
11
—
11
—
78
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
11
—
—
—
—
11
74
39
—
4
4
9
61
—
4
—
48
26
—
—
—
65
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
4
4
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
20
—
—
60
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
20
—
20
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
13
63
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain-hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
43
Table 16—Constancy of mosses on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types
on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D 1A2M
93
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
2A3Q
8
—
—
8
8
—
—
15
—
23
—
—
—
—
85
—
8
—
—
8
85
8
—
38
—
—
15
—
8
8
—
—
62
—
—
—
—
33
—
17
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
67
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
13
—
13
—
—
25
—
—
—
50
—
Percent
Andreaea rupestris
Antitrichia curtipendula
Aulacomnium palustre
Aulacomnium spp.
Brachythecium spp.
Bryum spp.
Dicranum fuscescens
Dicranum scoparium
Dicranum spp.
Eurhynchium oreganum
Eurhynchium spp.
Hookeria lucens
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Hypnum circinale
Hypnum spp.
Hypnum subimponens
Isothecium myosuroides
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Plagiothecium spp.
Plagiothecium undulatum
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
R(h)acomitrium spp.
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
44
—
2
4
15
—
—
19
6
41
1
—
1
3
96
5
10
2
2
2
89
2
8
22
—
4
15
10
9
—
12
3
97
1
—
—
—
36
—
—
—
—
57
—
7
—
7
86
14
—
—
—
21
86
7
—
7
14
7
7
—
—
—
21
—
100
7
—
—
—
22
—
—
17
—
61
11
—
—
6
94
6
11
—
6
33
78
11
17
—
—
6
—
6
6
—
—
—
100
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
33
—
11
—
—
89
—
—
—
—
—
56
—
11
56
—
11
33
11
—
—
—
—
56
—
—
—
9
13
4
—
22
9
26
—
—
—
9
30
—
4
—
—
—
70
—
4
61
—
13
4
17
39
4
—
—
26
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
40
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
8
—
—
33
—
8
—
—
33
—
8
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
25
—
8
8
—
25
—
17
—
58
—
Table 16—Constancy of mosses on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types
on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D
93
1A2M
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
8
17
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
92
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
33
—
2A3Q
8
Percent
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Rhytidiopsis robusta
Sphagnum angustifolium
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum papillosum
Sphagnum spp.
Tortella tortuosa
6
1
1
4
1
—
96
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
17
—
—
11
—
—
89
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
96
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain-hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
45
Table 17—Constancy of liverworts on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types
on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
1A2D 1A2M
93
14
1A2P 1A2W
18
9
1A3A
23
1A3M
5
1A3Q
12
1A3U
13
2A2B
6
—
—
—
92
—
8
—
25
17
—
8
—
—
—
77
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
83
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
2A3Q
8
Percent
Bazzania tricrenata
Conocephalum spp.
Frullania spp.
Liverwort spp.
Herbertus aduncus
Lepidozia spp.
Marchantia polymorpha
Mylia spp.
Pellia spp.
Plagiochila sp.
Scapania spp.
1
1
3
78
1
—
1
5
8
4
17
—
14
—
79
14
—
7
—
7
—
21
—
—
—
89
—
—
—
17
11
—
—
—
—
—
56
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
52
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.
1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.
1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.
1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.
1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.
2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.
2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
46
—
—
—
88
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
Appendix B: Species Constancy Tables for Nonforest Vegetation Types
Table 18—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast
Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
20
—
—
20
—
40
20
40
60
—
—
20
—
—
—
20
40
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
29
—
—
—
14
—
—
43
14
57
29
57
71
—
14
14
—
—
—
43
71
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
50
38
75
88
—
—
25
—
—
—
25
50
—
—
13
25
13
13
13
—
—
—
—
—
3B2A
9
Percent
Abies lasiocarpa
Alnus sinuata
Alnus spp.
Andromeda polifolia
Anemone parviflora
Artemisia arctica
Artemisia spp.
Cassiope mertensiana
Cassiope spp.
Cassiope stelleriana
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Juniperus communis
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum groenlandicum
Loiseleuria procumbens
Luetkea pectinata
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Phyllodoce aleutica
Phyllodoce spp.
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Ribes bracteosum
Ribes lacustre
Ribes spp.
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix sitchensis
Sambucus racemosa
Sambucus spp.
Sorbus sitchensis
—
80
10
—
—
—
10
10
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
20
10
100
—
—
10
—
20
10
—
—
—
—
100
—
20
30
20
20
—
83
8
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
67
—
—
8
—
17
—
—
—
—
8
100
—
25
17
25
17
17
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
17
33
—
—
—
—
—
17
67
33
—
—
50
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
83
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
77
—
—
—
—
—
—
46
8
100
54
100
100
—
—
15
—
—
—
8
100
—
—
—
—
54
—
—
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
80
—
60
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
40
40
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
86
—
57
—
29
—
—
—
—
14
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
33
—
11
—
22
—
22
11
33
33
22
44
33
—
22
11
—
22
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
11
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
47
Table 18—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast
Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
3B2A
9
Percent
Sorbus spp.
Spiraea douglasii
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium oxycoccus
var. microcarpus
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Viburnum edule
—
—
—
10
20
—
—
—
—
8
17
—
—
—
17
33
33
—
—
—
—
38
38
38
20
—
—
—
80
20
14
—
—
—
57
—
—
—
—
20
40
20
14
—
—
14
43
14
—
13
—
13
25
25
—
—
—
—
33
44
—
60
—
10
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
67
—
17
—
92
8
92
38
—
—
80
40
—
—
—
57
—
—
—
80
—
40
20
—
43
43
57
14
—
38
63
63
25
25
44
—
56
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
48
Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
20
20
40
40
—
—
—
20
—
20
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
14
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
29
71
57
—
14
—
29
—
14
—
57
—
—
—
—
14
—
86
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
25
13
38
—
—
—
—
13
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
75
—
—
—
3B2A
9
Percent
Achillea borealis
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Angelica spp.
Apargidium boreale
Aquilegia formosa
Arnica amplexicaulis
Aruncus dioicus
Aster spp.
Boschniakia rossica
Caltha biflora
Caltha leptosepala
Caltha spp.
Cardamine oligosperma
Cardamine spp.
Cardamine umbellata
Castilleja miniata
Castilleja spp.
Chenopodium berlandieri
Circaea alpina
Claytonia sibirica
Claytonia spp.
Compositae family
Coptis aspleniifolia
Coptis trifolia
Cornus canadensis
Cornus stolonifera
Cornus suecica
Corydalis spp.
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Dodecatheon pulchellum
Dodecatheon spp.
Drosera anglica
Drosera rotundifolia
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium ciliatum
Epilobium latifolium
Epilobium spp.
Erigeron peregrinus
Erigeron spp.
Fauria crista-galli
Forb spp.
Galium spp.
Galium triflorum
10
10
10
—
10
10
50
10
10
—
—
10
—
—
10
—
—
—
20
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
20
—
10
—
17
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
8
—
—
8
25
33
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
17
50
17
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
17
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
17
—
33
—
17
17
17
17
—
—
—
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
31
92
77
—
23
—
—
15
15
8
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
69
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
40
100
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
43
43
—
—
11
—
—
—
11
—
11
22
—
22
—
—
22
—
—
11
—
—
—
11
—
—
22
22
33
—
—
—
11
—
22
—
33
11
22
—
—
33
11
78
—
—
11
49
Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
(continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
40
—
—
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
60
71
14
14
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
43
—
43
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
14
—
—
43
29
29
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
14
86
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
38
13
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
88
3B2A
9
Percent
Gentiana douglasiana
Gentiana platypetala
Geranium erianthum
Geranium spp.
Geum calthifolium
Geum spp.
Heracleum lanatum
Heracleum spp.
Heuchera glabra
Hieracium spp.
Hippuris montana
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia
Listera cordata
Listera spp.
Lupinus nootkatensis
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mimulus guttatus
Mitella pentandra
Mitella spp.
Mushroom spp.
Nuphar polysepalum
Osmorhiza chilensis
Osmorhiza purpurea
Oxyria digyna
Parnassia fimbriata
Parnassia spp.
Pedicularis parviflora
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites frigidus
Pinguicula vulgaris
Platanthera dilatata
Platanthera spp.
Platanthera stricta
Polygonum persicaria
Potentilla anserina
Prenanthes alata
Prunella vulgaris
Ranunculus spp.
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba officinalis
Sanguisorba spp.
50
—
—
—
10
—
—
10
—
30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
10
20
10
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60
10
—
—
—
20
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
17
25
—
—
—
—
17
—
8
—
—
—
8
—
42
—
8
—
8
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
17
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
33
62
—
—
—
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
15
23
—
—
—
31
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
23
8
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
31
—
40
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
60
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
29
71
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
14
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
44
22
—
11
33
11
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
22
—
22
11
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
33
—
11
—
—
11
—
33
—
11
44
Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska
(continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
71
—
29
—
—
14
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3B2A
9
Percent
Sanguisorba stipulata
Saxifraga ferruginea
Saxifraga lyallii
Saxifraga punctata
Saxifraga spp.
Saxifraga tolmiei
Senecio triangularis
Sibbaldia procumbens
Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Stellaria crispa
Stellaria spp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus roseus
Streptopus spp.
Streptopus streptopoides
Tellima grandiflora
Tiarella spp.
Tiarella trifoliata
Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata
Tofieldia glutinosa
Tofieldia spp.
Trientalis europaea
Utricularia minor
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Valeriana spp.
Veratrum viride
Veronica spp.
Veronica wormskjoldii
Viola glabella
Viola spp.
—
—
20
—
20
—
20
—
—
—
10
50
40
—
40
—
10
70
10
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
60
—
—
10
50
8
17
8
—
8
—
17
—
—
—
—
42
25
17
—
—
—
25
17
—
—
—
—
—
42
8
50
8
—
17
50
—
17
—
17
50
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
33
54
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
54
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
20
—
—
—
20
14
—
—
—
57
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
14
—
—
—
14
14
—
—
—
—
14
14
—
29
—
—
—
14
22
—
11
—
—
—
11
—
—
11
—
11
11
—
—
11
—
—
—
22
—
11
11
11
22
—
44
—
—
11
11
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
51
Table 20—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area
in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
29
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
13
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
13
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
3B2A
9
Percent
Adiantum aleuticum
Athyrium filix-femina
Athyrium spp.
Blechnum spicant
Botrychium spp.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides
Cryptogramma spp.
Cystopteris fragilis
Dryopteris dilatata
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum spp.
Fern spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Lycopodium alpinum
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium sitchense
Lycopodium spp.
Polystichum braunii
Thelypteris limbosperma
Thelypteris phegopteris
Woodsia spp.
20
60
20
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
60
—
10
—
—
—
20
20
—
50
—
—
75
17
8
—
—
8
—
67
—
—
—
8
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
25
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
52
—
83
—
—
—
—
17
—
67
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
20
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
20
—
29
—
29
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
14
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
44
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
22
11
—
—
—
11
11
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
Table 21—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in
southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
20
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
20
—
—
100
20
20
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
29
43
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
100
—
—
57
—
14
—
—
—
—
57
14
—
—
—
25
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
25
50
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
3B2A
9
Percent
Agrostis aequivalvis
Agrostis spp.
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex aquatilis
Carex livida
Carex lyngbyei
Carex macrochaeta
Carex mertensii
Carex pauciflora
Carex pluriflora
Carex rostrata
Carex sitchensis
Carex spp.
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eriophorum spp.
Grass spp.
Hordeum brachyantherum
Juncus spp.
Luzula spp.
Phleum commutatum
Poa spp.
Rhynchospora alba
Trichophorum caespitosum
Trisetum cernuum
Vahlodea atropurpurea
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
40
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
25
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
67
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
23
—
—
—
—
8
—
46
85
38
46
8
—
—
—
—
23
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
29
—
—
71
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
14
22
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
11
—
—
67
—
11
44
—
11
22
22
—
—
33
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
53
Table 22—Constancy of lichens on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
20
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
43
29
—
—
14
14
—
43
86
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
13
—
—
38
13
—
—
13
—
—
75
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
13
—
—
—
—
25
3B2A
9
Percent
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cetraria islandica
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladina stellaris
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Cladonia squamosa
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen spp.
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma resupinatum
Peltigera britannica
Peltigera neopolydactyla
Peltigera spp.
Platismatia herrei
Platismatia spp.
Solorina crocea
Sphaerophorus spp.
Stereocaulon alpinum
Stereocaulon spp.
Thamnolia spp.
Thamnolia subuliformis
Usnea spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
10
—
80
40
10
10
—
30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
42
17
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
54
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
67
—
—
83
33
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
69
23
—
69
23
—
—
—
8
—
31
46
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
15
—
—
—
23
—
—
—
20
40
20
—
—
—
40
—
—
80
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
29
—
14
—
71
14
—
86
29
—
14
—
43
—
—
14
—
—
29
14
—
—
33
11
—
11
33
—
—
—
22
—
11
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 23—Constancy of mosses on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
—
—
20
40
—
—
20
—
—
80
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
20
—
60
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
80
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
86
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
—
—
29
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
13
13
—
—
13
13
—
88
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
25
13
—
—
—
—
—
88
—
3B2A
9
Percent
Andreaea spp.
Aulacomnium spp.
Conocephalum spp.
Dicranum fuscescens
Dicranum spp.
Hookeria lucens
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Hypnum spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Oligotrichum parallelum
Plagiochila spp.
Plagiomnium spp.
Plagiothecium spp.
Pleurozium schreberi
Pogonatum alpinum
Polytrichum commune
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Racomitrium spp.
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Sphagnum angustifolium
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum lindbergii
Sphagnum papillosum
Sphagnum spp.
Tortella fragilis
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—
—
60
90
—
10
10
—
10
—
—
40
—
—
—
10
70
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
8
—
25
17
—
8
—
25
100
—
—
—
8
—
—
17
8
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
17
—
50
100
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
33
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
23
—
—
23
—
—
31
—
—
77
—
—
—
—
69
—
—
23
8
38
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
20
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
57
—
14
14
—
14
100
14
14
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
14
11
22
11
—
11
—
—
11
—
—
78
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
11
22
33
11
11
33
22
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
55
Table 24—Constancy of liverworts on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation
type codea and number of plots
Species
2B1B
10
2B1H
12
2B2B
6
2C2E
13
2D2D
5
2D2E
7
3A3A
5
3A3C
7
3A3D
8
—
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
13
3B2A
9
Percent
Barbilophozia spp.
Conocephalum spp.
Liverwort spp.
Lepidozia spp.
Marchantia polymorpha
Orthocaulis floerkei
Pellia spp.
Plagiochila spp.
Scapania spp.
20
—
80
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
8
42
—
—
—
8
—
8
—
—
100
—
—
—
17
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
Vegetation type code:
2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.
2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.
2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.
2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.
2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.
2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.
3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.
3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.
3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.
3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
56
—
—
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
80
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
86
—
14
14
14
14
—
—
11
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
Appendix C: Vegetation
Type Tables of Cover,
Frequency, and
Constancy
Table 25—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1A03-Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridus-Circaea alpinaa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Shrubs:
Oplopanax horridus
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Aruncus dioicus
Circaea alpina
Dryopteris dilatata
Thelypteris phegopteris
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
a
45
15
34
55
2
100
28
24
11
45
2
100
4
5
18
9
6
1
2
2
0
4
16
8
8
6
19
11
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
18
43
32
11
39
31
10
15
10
25
70
54
2
2
2
100
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
88
Spruce site index:
88
Number of points:
2
57
Table 26—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of trees in
AVCS level V 1A1B01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Thuja plicata
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium parvifolium
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
Circaea alpina
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Streptopus spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Plagiochila spp.
Plagiothecium spp.
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
58
12
11
26
21
100
13
17
41
27
74
0
0
0
1
19
51
72
96
132
441
26
65
5
27
93
28
70
5
29
100
5
5
1
30
89
96
9
5
29
4
10
5
19
7
0
0
0
0
54
27
70
30
80
93
93
22
86
100
100
24
3
4
5
4
4
5
4
5
5
3
6
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
20
11
21
23
32
9
63
4
74
87
43
3
68
4
80
94
46
3
3
22
5
4
6
3
4
25
9
25
17
3
17
4
4
5
2
3
16
11
27
17
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
15
70
15
26
10
5
8
73
30
50
83
54
91
30
81
3
4
7
91
6
4
71
58
98
32
87
3
4
8
98
6
4
76
4
4
5
2
0
1
22
6
81
12
87
13
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
76
Spruce site index:
87
Number of points:
93
Table 27—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1B02-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./Dryopteris dilatataa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Dryopteris dilatata
Polystichum munitum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Conocephalum spp.
Dicranum fuscescens
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Polytrichum spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Lepidozia spp.
a
24
11
91
31
6
41
0
8
45
72
15
174
5
2
9
56
22
100
6
5
1
15
8
89
3
3
6
6
10
5
4
7
11
9
0
0
1
0
1
16
8
21
23
30
8
3
9
4
8
89
33
100
44
89
7
4
6
3
1
1
18
6
8
2
89
22
3
7
10
3
4
9
26
12
3
9
8
5
5
6
17
12
1
1
2
0
1
3
5
1
5
20
23
14
12
15
58
33
2
4
9
8
4
3
9
6
22
44
100
89
44
33
100
67
3
3
1
5
2
22
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
83
Spruce site index:
124
Number of points:
9
59
Table 28—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1B03-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Blechnum spicant
Cornus canadensis
Dryopteris dilatata
Tiarella trifoliata
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Polytrichum juniperium
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
60
26
8
106
23
12
71
1
0
24
75
39
296
9
15
24
38
63
100
6
4
1
18
23
96
5
5
5
16
5
4
4
17
0
0
0
1
15
14
12
66
20
22
21
21
83
92
88
88
4
5
3
4
4
9
6
2
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
30
20
8
18
12
10
18
23
16
18
42
75
96
67
75
18
5
6
9
28
8
12
4
5
8
14
10
1
1
0
3
6
1
44
15
15
15
60
24
23
10
22
2
23
9
96
42
92
8
96
38
4
3
1
11
21
88
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
91
Spruce site index:
99
Number of points:
24
Table 29—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A1C02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.Menziesia ferrugineaa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
16
97
26
78
0
20
62
215
5
5
100
100
8
7
3
20
5
100
13
27
15
19
3
5
38
57
5
5
100
100
4
5
3
3
1
1
8
8
5
4
100
80
3
22
6
14
21
0
11
3
9
20
3
7
3
2
9
3
35
11
20
55
2
5
5
5
5
40
100
100
100
100
8
2
6
11
5
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
89
Spruce site index:
101
Number of points:
5
61
Table 30—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1C03-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Ribes bracteosum
Rubus spectabilis
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Cornus canadensis
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Lysichiton americanum
Tiarella trifoliata
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
62
36
170
31
49
8
126
75
231
5
5
83
83
4
4
1
11
5
83
7
5
10
5
4
25
4
5
13
7
2
20
3
2
1
1
1
5
11
14
19
15
7
57
4
5
2
4
6
5
67
83
33
67
100
83
9
5
17
5
6
4
13
5
0
1
4
2
18
13
32
12
6
5
4
4
100
83
67
67
3
15
5
22
22
0
9
2
19
29
3
7
3
2
2
3
30
8
51
55
2
5
5
6
3
33
83
83
100
50
9
2
6
11
4
67
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
93
Spruce site index:
116
Number of points:
6
Table 31—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1C04-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Deciduous trees:
Alnus rubra
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Oplopanax horridus
Ribes bracteosum
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Sambucus spp.
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Coptis aspleniifolia
Dryopteris dilatata
Tiarella trifoliata
Mosses/clubmosses:
Climacium dendroides
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
12
69
16
16
79
11
0
6
8
41
251
28
7
8
3
88
100
38
48
67
1
95
2
25
6
7
1
20
8
100
14
5
4
22
3
29
11
3
4
22
3
33
3
3
1
6
1
1
32
7
13
38
6
71
8
2
7
2
3
6
100
25
88
25
38
75
3
8
8
6
5
14
7
8
0
1
1
1
10
32
23
20
4
5
7
6
50
63
88
75
18
14
10
14
29
10
19
18
12
13
8
25
0
20
5
1
1
8
5
10
2
30
30
32
20
83
10
47
2
8
5
2
8
2
4
25
100
63
25
100
25
50
3
3
2
1
1
2
6
4
5
3
63
38
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index: 107
Spruce site index:
127
Number of points:
8
63
Table 32—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1C05-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Dryopteris dilatata
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
64
13
34
17
17
1
22
25
46
2
2
100
100
11
5
8
14
2
100
4
6
4
18
3
3
0
23
2
4
4
2
6
8
4
35
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
5
5
7
2
0
3
10
6
2
2
100
100
28
7
38
6
4
0
4
6
25
7
35
2
30
7
40
10
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
4
3
2
6
2
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
77
Spruce site index:
94
Number of points:
2
Table 33—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1C06-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./
Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
9
66
11
40
1
38
16
94
2
2
100
100
8
2
6
9
2
100
24
20
9
38
2
100
12
17
1
24
2
100
11
4
4
13
37
10
2
4
9
30
4
2
1
6
15
18
5
6
19
58
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
5
4
0
2
5
2
5
5
2
2
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
53
Number of points:
2
65
Table 34—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1C07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./
Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
66
54
33
30
77
2
100
4
2
2
5
2
100
6
3
14
4
3
5
3
1
10
8
5
18
2
2
2
100
100
100
5
3
3
6
2
100
19
3
9
23
6
6
3
1
18
6
15
1
9
10
1
23
5
10
35
10
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
6
6
1
10
2
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
83
Spruce site index:
92
Number of points:
2
Table 35—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1C08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/
Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
54
33
30
77
2
100
4
2
2
5
2
100
6
3
14
4
3
5
3
1
10
8
5
18
2
2
2
100
100
100
5
3
3
6
2
100
19
3
9
23
6
6
3
1
18
6
15
1
9
10
1
23
5
10
35
10
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
6
6
1
10
2
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
79
Number of points:
2
67
Table 36—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1D01-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Lysichiton
americanum/Sphagnum spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees
Picea sitchensis
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Circaea alpina
Cornus canadensis
Polystichum munitum
Thelypteris phegopteris
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
a
68
10
35
119
10
20
68
1
15
18
22
56
202
5
3
6
83
50
100
5
4
1
11
6
100
10
10
5
33
5
16
6
8
6
1
0
25
17
39
14
40
4
5
6
4
67
83
100
67
4
3
7
11
4
3
5
15
1
1
3
1
6
8
10
22
2
6
2
2
33
100
33
33
21
49
5
15
17
4
5
25
2
48
65
10
6
6
4
100
100
67
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
94
Spruce site index:
118
Number of points:
6
Table 37—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1D02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.Menziesia ferrugineaa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Alnus sinuata
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus spectabilis
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Cornus canadensis
Dryopteris dilatata
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Liverworts:
Lepidozia spp.
a
22
97
4
19
59
3
0
0
1
51
167
6
7
7
2
100
100
29
5
4
1
10
7
100
16
8
5
5
18
19
15
10
7
20
3
0
1
0
2
38
41
24
10
48
3
7
5
2
6
43
100
71
29
86
10
5
19
6
0
0
43
16
5
7
71
100
6
3
7
25
7
5
6
19
1
1
1
1
20
10
15
58
6
4
7
7
86
57
100
100
5
5
1
10
3
43
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
76
Spruce site index:
94
Number of points:
7
69
Table 38—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1D04-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./
Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus spectabilis
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium spp.
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Plagiothecium undulatum
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
70
39
64
47
62
3
30
92
157
3
4
75
100
6
3
3
10
4
100
5
9
11
4
12
13
0
0
1
11
17
30
4
2
4
100
50
100
4
5
5
4
0
2
7
8
2
2
50
50
11
5
4
17
23
12
3
1
11
25
2
3
3
5
5
25
8
4
30
40
3
3
2
4
2
75
75
50
100
50
8
6
1
15
4
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
73
Number of points:
4
Table 39—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1D05-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Streptopus roseus
Thelypteris phegopteris
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum scoparium
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
14
56
83
23
15
76
48
17
1
2
35
1
43
110
171
45
6
2
8
5
75
25
100
63
8
6
2
21
8
100
4
5
37
2
2
20
3
2
11
6
8
67
4
8
8
50
100
100
5
6
3
7
5
4
7
2
7
5
1
1
1
1
1
14
19
8
19
8
8
6
8
6
2
100
75
100
75
25
8
20
6
11
25
10
4
19
3
9
17
5
5
1
2
2
10
3
10
50
10
20
61
15
2
6
8
3
8
4
25
75
100
38
100
50
7
8
1
18
7
88
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
82
Spruce site index:
106
Number of points:
8
71
Table 40—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1D07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./
Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium spp.
Blechnum spicant
Clintonia uniflora
Coptis aspleniifolia
Thelypteris phegopteris
Thelypteris limbosperma
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum fuscescens
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Polytrichum spp.
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
72
12
99
16
75
0
7
55
264
16
19
84
100
7
4
1
15
19
100
5
5
4
21
5
5
3
20
0
0
1
2
18
15
14
63
12
17
19
19
63
89
100
100
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
1
0
1
0
1
1
6
11
7
11
10
6
2
16
5
15
4
3
11
84
26
79
21
16
4
13
5
7
3
4
22
6
18
5
11
7
5
4
2
13
5
16
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
10
38
20
15
13
5
54
11
52
3
17
8
17
8
2
19
4
12
16
89
42
89
42
11
100
21
63
5
3
5
1
0
2
18
4
19
2
100
11
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
84
Spruce site index:
94
Number of points:
19
Table 41—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1D08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./
Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
15
Tsuga heterophylla
105
Tsuga mertensiana
31
Dead wood:
Downed wood
4
Stumps
3
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
5
Rubus pedatus
3
Vaccinium alaskensis
35
Vaccinium parvifolium
4
Vaccinium spp.
28
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
4
Cornus canadensis
3
Lysichiton americanum
5
Veratrum viride
5
Grass/grasslike:
Calamagrostis canadensis 14
Carex spp.
3
Mosses/clubmosses:
Conocephalum spp.
7
Hylocomium spp.
18
Hylocomium splendens
18
Mnium spp.
5
Moss spp.
4
Rhizomnium glabrescens
4
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
22
Sphagnum spp.
12
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
5
Pellia spp.
6
a
17
97
48
0
28
0
59
311
102
12
12
4
100
100
33
2
3
1
1
10
10
12
8
100
67
5
3
7
3
25
0
1
30
1
8
15
9
41
9
74
11
12
2
5
10
92
100
17
42
83
5
2
5
6
0
0
1
1
14
7
18
9
10
12
10
2
83
100
83
17
6
3
9
1
18
7
2
4
17
33
10
1
13
3
4
3
8
11
1
17
2
2
0
1
5
5
18
18
37
10
15
7
30
40
3
2
10
6
10
4
12
9
25
17
83
50
83
33
100
75
5
5
1
2
15
15
12
5
100
42
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
81
Spruce site index:
104
Number of points:
12
73
Table 42—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A1E01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/
Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Menziesia ferruginea
Phyllodoce spp.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Maianthemum dilatatum
Sanguisorba officinalis
Thelypteris phegopteris
Viola spp.
Grass/grasslike:
Carex pauciflora
Eriophorum angustifolium
Trichophorum caespitosum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum fuscescens
Hylocomium splendens
Hylocomium spp.
Isothecium myosuroides
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Plagiothecium undulatum
Pleurozium schreberi
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum spp.
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
74
33
11
55
99
19
24
22
78
80
18
0
0
1
9
0
101
114
227
452
71
52
38
7
55
31
93
68
13
98
55
5
4
1
18
54
96
4
4
7
4
5
27
4
4
6
2
6
20
1
0
0
3
0
1
13
8
21
6
15
89
8
4
54
3
5
54
14
7
96
5
9
96
3
5
6
4
4
4
3
4
5
8
5
3
7
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
19
23
29
13
6
21
5
46
53
14
7
2
9
2
82
95
25
13
4
16
4
7
3
14
9
0
7
1
3
9
14
3
19
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
23
33
3
3
4
3
29
7
3
27
10
17
10
4
14
18
3
3
4
3
38
4
3
20
8
16
10
1
3
10
1
0
0
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
10
75
52
5
10
18
5
56
10
10
83
15
61
25
8
51
5
2
13
48
2
2
4
15
54
3
36
10
14
91
9
4
23
86
4
4
7
27
96
5
64
18
4
4
1
15
44
79
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
60
Spruce site index:
78
Number of points:
56
Table 43—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A1E02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/
Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
52
Picea sitchensis
17
Tsuga mertensiana
23
Tsuga heterophylla
123
Dead wood:
Downed wood
4
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
7
Vaccinium spp.
32
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
4
Cornus canadensis
6
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
40
Hylocomium spp.
24
Mnium spp.
4
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
14
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
4
Sphagnum spp.
18
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
3
a
45
32
22
88
0
0
1
35
149
114
73
319
17
15
17
19
89
79
89
100
3
1
10
19
100
8
19
2
5
30
64
19
18
100
95
5
6
0
1
18
27
18
18
95
95
15
8
4
10
3
17
10
10
1
2
2
1
68
33
15
30
6
55
13
6
10
19
2
18
68
32
53
100
11
95
3
0
10
16
84
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
54
Spruce site index:
79
Number of points:
19
75
Table 44—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1F01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Shrubs:
Alnus sinuata
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus spectabilis
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Blechnum spicant
Caltha spp.
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Dryopteris dilatata
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Streptopus roseus
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Polytrichum spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
76
6
18
32
97
4
30
17
61
2
0
6
3
10
123
54
245
4
16
11
18
20
80
55
90
44
10
18
8
30
32
8
22
5
19
17
1
1
2
1
74
30
59
21
58
4
15
6
17
20
20
75
30
85
100
6
3
5
7
6
4
3
4
5
3
5
3
2
4
4
8
5
3
4
3
1
1
3
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
12
10
8
13
14
29
12
7
8
9
5
10
3
9
12
12
8
8
3
14
25
50
15
45
60
60
40
40
15
70
11
20
1
41
4
20
5
4
13
6
4
3
4
29
23
3
5
13
5
3
1
2
21
19
3
1
3
2
1
2
2
5
1
7
20
50
9
12
4
6
63
53
2
16
15
2
20
2
4
17
16
10
80
75
10
100
10
20
85
80
4
3
1
10
18
90
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
53
Spruce site index:
73
Number of points:
20
Table 45—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A1G01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Gaultheria shallon
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hlocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
15
10
40
100
37
17
12
32
69
62
0
1
1
3
1
39
30
91
214
211
7
9
11
13
11
54
69
85
100
85
3
2
1
8
13
100
5
6
18
10
3
16
0
1
0
24
13
46
5
13
11
38
100
85
3
6
4
0
4
3
3
1
1
3
12
9
2
13
11
15
100
85
30
4
6
22
15
20
3
3
14
14
10
2
4
5
2
69
8
8
50
50
12
5
2
11
13
92
38
15
85
100
4
6
5
2
0
4
15
8
12
4
92
31
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
64
Spruce site index:
70
Number of points:
13
77
Table 46—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS
level V 1A1U01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium spp./
Rhytidiadelphus loreusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Caltha spp.
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus suecica
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Leucolepis spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Scapania spp.
a
78
24
12
27
54
14
20
18
27
34
14
0
0
3
7
1
63
59
76
110
48
11
12
6
12
10
79
86
43
86
71
4
2
1
6
13
93
5
5
16
3
5
13
0
1
2
12
11
41
13
6
14
93
43
100
8
4
7
6
4
6
4
1
3
14
14
15
3
14
3
21
100
21
23
27
2
54
3
21
9
27
16
5
6
6
4
30
4
11
12
2
8
3
8
8
3
17
2
14
3
25
8
3
1
0
1
6
2
1
31
28
28
7
15
30
8
53
5
49
5
2
11
2
3
14
6
13
2
11
36
14
79
14
21
100
43
93
14
79
5
4
5
3
1
2
15
6
14
2
100
14
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
64
Spruce site index:
96
Number of points:
14
Table 47—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1U03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga
mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Ledum groenlandicum
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Pteridium aquilinum
Grass/grasslike:
Calamagrostis spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum fuscescens
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Moss spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum spp.
Sphagnum squarrosum
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
23
6
12
33
68
23
21
8
20
44
71
36
1
0
1
0
1
0
75
30
35
128
303
158
23
23
3
10
27
18
85
85
11
37
100
67
6
4
1
15
27
100
12
7
17
6
5
12
7
1
2
16
19
40
2
27
27
7
100
100
5
7
5
3
8
0
0
0
5
14
41
6
27
27
2
100
100
7
3
3
1
5
2
7
4
20
6
3
7
6
17
20
22
3
3
9
6
2
5
6
14
16
18
3
1
5
1
1
4
1
2
7
1
1
6
40
15
10
15
12
57
37
59
5
3
27
9
25
5
3
27
3
24
2
11
100
33
93
19
11
100
11
89
7
6
4
7
2
0
3
25
8
26
7
96
26
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
53
Spruce site index:
62
Number of points:
27
79
Table 48—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1U04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga
mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Ledum groenlandicum
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Grass spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
a
80
28
14
14
51
14
18
6
13
54
14
1
8
0
1
2
58
19
32
144
41
8
3
4
8
8
100
38
50
100
100
3
2
1
8
7
88
11
5
20
15
4
24
0
1
1
22
12
56
2
8
7
25
100
88
3
6
5
6
4
3
6
3
0
1
0
3
11
11
16
13
7
8
7
7
88
100
88
88
9
15
0
32
4
50
22
13
36
22
7
23
4
5
2
64
22
66
8
7
8
100
88
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
52
Spruce site index:
98
Number of points:
8
Table 49—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A1U05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga
heterophylla-Picea sitchensis- Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Gaultheria shallon
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Blechnum spicant
Caltha spp.
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Carex sitchensis
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
39
4
9
18
17
44
26
6
6
10
11
42
10
0
1
8
1
1
95
23
20
31
40
146
20
14
9
5
18
21
95
67
43
24
86
100
4
3
1
15
21
100
25
6
3
19
19
5
3
16
1
1
0
1
48
21
8
56
4
21
15
21
19
100
71
100
5
5
15
4
4
6
4
8
5
4
3
3
8
4
0
1
12
0
0
1
1
14
19
17
10
10
23
13
3
16
2
19
21
13
14
14
76
10
90
100
62
67
4
13
5
17
1
1
13
26
6
2
29
10
3
26
8
6
17
18
6
2
15
4
6
12
16
4
1
5
3
1
2
1
2
5
55
14
10
40
51
10
9
21
7
2
21
18
3
43
100
33
10
100
86
14
4
4
5
3
1
1
15
10
19
6
90
29
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
49
Spruce site index:
70
Number of points:
21
81
Table 50—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2A05-Picea sitchensis/Rubus spectabilisa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Rubus spectabilis
Mosses/clubmosses:
Moss spp.
a
140
24
75
34
87
0
193
48
2
2
100
100
46
12
37
54
2
100
8
4
5
10
2
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
41
Spruce site index:
41
Number of points:
2
Table 51—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2B06-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./
Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
a
82
16
10
39
11
8
30
8
5
18
24
15
61
2
2
2
100
100
100
19
23
3
20
17
9
22
37
2
2
100
100
4
21
10
3
10
1
2
14
9
6
28
10
2
2
2
100
100
100
3
4
1
6
2
100
43
8
40
39
6
47
15
3
7
70
12
73
2
2
2
100
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
81
Spruce site index:
86
Number of points:
2
Table 52—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2B07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./
Oplopanax horridusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus parviflorus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Maianthemum dilatatum
Pteridium aquilinum
Streptopus roseus
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
a
10
17
1
12
9
8
11
25
2
2
100
100
9
11
13
3
20
6
11
0
0
20
5
4
13
3
6
13
19
13
4
34
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
12
15
8
15
4
9
2
0
18
2
5
13
7
2
2
18
16
8
28
5
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
31
4
1
0
30
4
32
4
2
2
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
85
Spruce site index:
92
Number of points:
2
83
Table 53—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2B08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./
Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
84
19
14
63
27
0
60
0
14
17
59
15
149
4
3
4
100
75
100
5
4
25
3
3
12
1
2
11
7
9
37
4
4
4
100
100
100
10
3
4
12
2
1
2
1
3
24
6
4
3
4
2
75
100
50
17
17
27
15
11
19
2
5
7
37
30
44
4
4
3
100
100
75
3
2
1
5
4
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
75
Spruce site index:
82
Number of points:
4
Table 54—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2B09-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/
Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Coptis aspleniifolia
Dryopteris dilatata
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Lysichiton americanum
Tiarella trifoliata
Mosses/clubmosses:
Moss spp.
Rhizomnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
56
324
55
322
17
97
95
552
2
2
100
100
9
1
8
10
2
100
11
3
9
8
1
3
5
2
6
17
4
11
2
2
2
100
100
100
4
3
3
7
9
9
4
3
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
5
7
8
7
5
5
10
12
10
2
2
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
100
7
9
12
10
1
1
12
3
6
8
3
8
7
9
20
12
2
2
2
2
100
100
100
100
14
11
5
1
10
10
17
12
2
2
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index: 107
Spruce site index:
119
85
Table 55—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2C01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Alnus sinuata
Oplopanax horridus
Rubus spectabilis
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Athyrium filix-femina
Caltha biflora
Caltha spp.
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Conocephalum spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Pleurozium schreberi
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
86
6
10
51
15
6
11
41
36
1
1
2
1
13
36
147
123
3
12
18
11
16
63
95
58
5
4
4
4
29
4
5
5
4
22
1
0
0
1
3
11
17
15
18
71
5
11
10
18
17
26
58
53
95
89
6
28
6
3
4
21
4
3
1
5
2
1
11
48
13
7
9
3
8
6
47
16
42
32
7
8
0
20
7
37
3
5
4
8
13
24
28
3
8
5
12
4
22
31
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
5
23
15
41
15
64
76
2
14
13
15
2
17
10
11
74
68
79
11
89
53
6
8
7
7
1
1
27
15
13
3
68
16
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
50
Number of points:
19
Table 56—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2C02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.-Cassiope mertensianaa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga mertensiana
Shrubs:
Cassiope stelleriana
Cassiope mertensiana
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Menziesia ferruginea
Phyllodoce spp.
Rubus spectabilis
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium caespitosum
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus suecica
Fauria crista-galli
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Eriophorum angustifolium
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Pleurozium schreberi
Ptilium spp.
R(h)acomitrium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
18
3
27
16
6
31
2
1
1
35
20
115
5
9
11
45
82
100
4
7
6
9
3
8
36
8
6
5
5
4
7
3
7
51
7
8
0
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
14
16
10
18
8
16
72
24
22
7
10
4
6
7
5
2
10
6
64
91
36
55
64
45
18
91
55
3
3
8
3
2
9
0
1
3
7
5
30
10
3
8
91
27
73
3
14
3
20
0
0
8
29
8
2
73
18
4
5
6
10
8
4
10
14
22
3
7
5
10
7
2
0
12
18
2
1
2
3
2
2
10
3
4
6
15
19
30
16
5
10
39
50
2
7
9
11
5
2
2
9
10
18
64
82
100
45
18
18
82
91
9
7
2
22
10
91
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
34
Number of points:
11
87
Table 57—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2C03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus
pyrolaeflorus/Fauria crista-gallia
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
17
Thuja plicata
3
Tsuga mertensiana
129
Tsuga heterophylla
31
Shrubs:
Cassiope mertensiana
8
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 12
Luetkea pectinata
3
Oplopanax horridus
3
Rubus spectabilis
9
Sorbus sitchensis
3
Vaccinium spp.
18
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
3
Caltha spp.
6
Caltha leptosepala
11
Coptis aspleniifolia
3
Fauria crista-galli
14
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
3
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium spp.
23
Dicranum spp.
3
Hylocomium splendens
17
Moss spp.
7
Plagiochila spp.
9
Pleurozium schreberi
52
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
22
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
23
Sphagnum capillifolium
11
Sphagnum spp.
18
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
7
Mylia spp.
9
Pellia spp.
15
Scapania spp.
5
a
88
19
2
364
55
0
2
6
1
56
5
1584
156
8
2
18
8
44
11
100
44
8
11
3
0
6
3
13
0
1
0
3
3
1
3
29
38
9
4
15
6
46
13
16
11
2
3
4
18
72
89
61
11
17
22
100
4
8
4
2
12
0
0
8
1
0
15
18
14
7
37
17
6
2
11
13
94
33
11
61
72
4
1
13
10
56
11
2
14
5
4
15
9
18
13
13
15
1
4
1
6
41
15
3
2
2
30
8
49
20
12
62
28
60
20
43
2
10
14
17
2
2
2
16
2
10
11
56
78
94
11
11
11
89
11
56
7
2
11
1
1
7
5
4
25
10
30
6
15
2
4
3
83
11
22
17
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
37
Number of points:
18
Table 58—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2D01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/
Vaccinium spp./Rhytidiadelphus loreusa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Ledum groenlandicum
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus suecica
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Carex sitchensis
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Pleurozium schreberi
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
40
7
10
6
23
24
43
7
8
11
23
20
9
0
0
0
1
4
109
19
15
23
60
58
5
7
3
4
9
7
56
78
33
44
100
78
3
3
1
8
9
100
4
13
9
5
23
3
29
15
7
28
0
0
1
0
2
7
73
44
15
85
4
6
8
7
9
44
67
89
78
100
4
3
7
3
4
6
2
9
2
3
0
2
3
0
1
20
5
26
6
11
9
3
7
6
7
100
33
78
67
78
15
10
6
26
3
33
30
27
5
9
12
14
27
6
7
13
10
8
1
1
2
51
46
15
20
43
9
2
5
9
9
100
22
56
100
100
4
4
0
10
8
89
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
50
Spruce site index:
56
Number of points:
9
89
Table 59—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2D03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga
mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Cassiope mertensiana
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Streptopus roseus
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
90
28
24
63
24
17
70
1
6
4
77
61
189
12
10
11
100
83
92
3
3
1
10
12
100
7
9
9
3
3
33
1
13
6
3
4
21
6
1
2
1
1
8
8
28
22
9
6
68
2
4
12
12
2
12
17
33
100
100
17
100
3
8
7
5
4
3
3
7
14
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
19
40
8
9
11
12
12
7
7
4
8
100
100
58
58
33
67
5
4
1
9
5
42
31
3
13
28
19
2
9
33
1
1
1
3
60
7
30
86
12
10
12
10
100
83
100
83
3
3
1
8
8
67
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
47
Spruce site index:
69
Number of points:
12
Table 60—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2D04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga
mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/ Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Caltha biflora
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Pleurozium schreberi
Ptilium spp.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
50
6
9
25
19
82
8
8
36
19
1
0
0
2
4
388
27
28
152
87
22
16
11
18
21
100
73
50
82
95
3
3
1
15
21
95
4
5
10
4
6
17
0
1
0
16
9
71
19
2
21
86
9
95
10
5
8
8
0
5
8
6
9
0
2
1
10
17
35
24
2
17
17
19
9
77
77
86
5
8
0
36
19
86
16
5
12
4
4
8
43
12
2
10
5
5
8
25
1
3
1
0
1
1
5
48
8
28
15
10
31
84
21
4
5
6
3
21
22
95
18
23
27
14
95
100
5
3
4
2
0
1
15
5
18
3
82
14
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
46
Spruce site index:
73
Number of points:
22
91
Table 61—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2D05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga
heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Shrubs:
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Ledum groenlandicum
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Phyllodoce glanduliflora
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Caltha spp.
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Carex pluriflora
Carex sitchensis
Eriophorum angustifolium
Trichophorum caespitosum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium palustre
Aulacomnium spp.
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Pleurozium schreberi
Ptilium spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
R(h)acomitrium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
92
29
6
13
11
21
14
20
12
13
10
20
16
0
0
0
1
0
0
80
49
39
25
87
73
48
25
31
5
43
42
94
49
61
10
84
82
6
4
3
7
7
3
3
14
6
4
5
7
4
2
4
15
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
19
17
25
39
9
6
17
68
10
27
34
45
2
3
14
46
20
53
67
88
4
6
27
90
9
5
8
4
8
6
9
5
1
0
0
0
16
33
35
24
4
47
37
33
8
92
73
65
3
3
10
16
3
3
4
13
25
2
0
0
1
1
2
12
10
38
66
6
26
5
7
6
6
51
10
14
12
12
8
4
25
19
7
11
6
6
22
4
12
26
32
10
7
14
18
14
10
6
6
24
3
13
34
27
1
0
15
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
15
20
35
80
75
35
10
20
50
8
45
65
85
2
7
2
48
45
11
2
10
4
4
47
3
48
4
14
4
94
88
22
4
20
8
8
92
6
94
4
4
0
15
43
84
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
41
Spruce site index:
47
Number of points:
51
Table 62—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2M01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
a
15
6
69
7
12
5
49
7
7
1
1
1
23
13
139
16
2
7
10
4
20
70
100
40
3
2
1
7
10
100
13
29
12
23
0
1
41
64
10
10
100
100
3
5
5
2
4
5
1
1
1
6
11
15
6
8
10
60
80
100
29
10
30
21
7
23
3
0
1
65
20
73
10
10
10
100
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
61
Spruce site index:
75
Number of points:
10
93
Table 63—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2P01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/
Vaccinium spp.a
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Linnaea borealis
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
Caltha spp.
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Fauria crista-galli
Lysichiton americanum
Tiarella trifoliata
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Mosses/clubmosses:
Eurhynchium oreganum
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
94
46
5
10
26
36
31
9
13
23
37
16
0
1
6
0
97
24
19
71
86
8
6
2
8
7
100
75
25
100
88
6
12
3
9
14
6
4
11
1
13
8
2
2
5
2
1
6
5
10
20
4
40
27
8
3
2
2
8
7
2
38
25
25
100
88
25
5
12
4
6
5
4
5
3
3
3
4
4
4
0
1
9
1
3
1
0
5
10
15
10
14
10
11
5
5
4
8
8
7
5
2
63
50
100
100
88
63
25
15
13
0
31
5
63
5
13
8
5
14
30
0
16
6
5
12
23
5
2
2
2
2
5
5
41
16
10
40
75
2
7
7
3
8
8
25
88
88
38
100
100
10
9
1
23
8
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
48
Number of points:
8
Table 64—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A2P02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/
Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Linnaea borealis
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium alaskensis
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Blechnum spicant
Coptis aspleniifolia
Cornus canadensis
Lysichiton americanum
Grass/grasslike:
Calamagrostis canadensis
Carex spp.
Carex sitchensis
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Mnium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Sphagnum capillifolium
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Pellia spp.
a
38
9
9
30
38
29
11
12
34
34
5
0
1
1
9
93
31
18
118
120
9
9
2
10
10
90
90
20
100
100
3
3
1
7
9
90
10
3
7
4
18
21
12
3
6
4
6
17
2
0
2
0
14
2
23
7
23
12
23
49
3
4
10
10
2
8
30
40
100
100
20
80
3
4
8
8
3
3
6
5
0
1
1
3
9
9
18
18
7
10
10
9
70
100
100
90
4
7
14
5
9
17
1
1
2
9
26
26
3
6
2
30
60
20
17
4
12
29
54
19
2
7
21
34
5
1
3
2
30
63
5
23
61
78
10
3
10
8
2
100
30
100
80
20
11
9
13
6
1
5
35
13
8
2
80
20
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
44
Number of points:
10
95
Table 65—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A2R01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.Lysichiton americanuma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Dead wood:
Downed wood
Shrubs:
Menziesia ferruginea
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Lysichiton americanum
Veratrum viride
Mosses/clubmosses:
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
a
96
41
57
35
46
10
9
88
99
4
4
100
100
4
2
2
6
4
100
13
5
15
3
4
2
36
9
4
4
100
100
3
8
1
6
3
4
5
12
3
2
75
50
37
5
30
8
6
5
9
6
30
1
20
1
43
10
40
16
4
3
4
4
100
75
100
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
58
Number of points:
4
Table 66—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A2W01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigruma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 12
Picea sitchensis
5
Pinus contorta
32
Tsuga heterophylla
7
Shrubs:
Empetrum nigrum
6
Ledum groenlandicum
13
Linnaea borealis
4
Menziesia ferruginea
3
Vaccinium spp.
4
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
4
Vaccinium uliginosum
14
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
4
Cornus suecica
9
Cornus canadensis
8
Fauria crista-galli
8
Lysichiton americanum
5
Grass/grasslike:
Calamagrostis spp.
4
Carex pluriflora
6
Carex sitchensis
26
Carex anthoxanthea
12
Carex spp.
10
Carex pauciflora
6
Grass spp.
5
Vahlodea atropurpurea
5
Mosses/clubmosses:
Dicranum spp.
3
Hylocomium splendens
15
Moss spp.
8
Pleurozium schreberi
6
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
5
Sphagnum spp.
56
a
15
6
38
8
3
1
9
1
33
9
125
23
4
2
9
7
44
22
100
78
4
16
3
3
2
2
9
1
2
1
1
1
0
8
14
41
7
8
8
7
20
8
9
3
8
6
8
2
89
100
33
89
67
89
22
5
10
5
5
5
0
2
2
1
1
11
15
17
14
14
6
2
8
8
6
67
22
89
89
67
4
5
10
3
16
5
7
3
1
3
19
10
2
3
1
3
9
10
34
14
38
10
10
8
3
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
33
22
22
22
56
22
22
22
4
12
8
5
4
19
1
5
0
1
1
15
8
35
20
12
10
78
3
7
5
5
5
9
33
78
56
56
56
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
35
Number of points:
9
97
Table 67—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A3A01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigruma
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Juniperus communis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga mertensiana
Tsuga heterophylla
Shrubs:
Empetrum nigrum
Menziesia ferruginea
Rubus chamaemorus
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Fauria crista-galli
Sanguisorba officinalis
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Carex pluriflora
Eriophorum angustifolium
Trichophorum caespitosum
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Hylocomium spp.
Moss spp.
Pleurozium schreberi
R(h)acomitrium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
a
98
9
3
10
3
8
4
10
3
6
3
15
8
0
0
2
1
0
0
35
9
21
5
42
20
12
11
19
2
7
6
60
55
95
10
35
30
6
5
3
5
7
7
3
5
0
0
0
1
24
18
8
10
20
5
7
4
100
25
35
20
5
10
4
7
0
5
12
18
15
3
75
15
6
11
27
14
6
9
23
7
0
0
0
2
20
20
40
25
12
4
3
11
60
20
15
55
9
3
16
8
7
25
4
54
12
2
21
8
9
22
5
23
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
15
22
6
31
23
30
63
14
92
3
4
2
15
12
7
6
19
15
20
10
75
60
35
30
95
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
27
Number of points:
20
Table 68—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants
in AVCS level V 1A3Q02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp. -Cassiope
mertensianaa
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Tsuga mertensiana
Shrubs:
Cassiope mertensiana
Luetkea pectinata
Vaccinium spp.
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Coptis aspleniifolia
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Fauria crista-galli
Grass/grasslike:
Carex spp.
Eriophorum angustifolium
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
R(h)acomitrium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
Mylia spp.
a
7
11
1
14
6
2
7
39
2
6
33
100
5
6
4
4
10
5
2
0
1
12
23
11
6
5
4
100
83
67
4
7
26
6
6
30
0
2
1
13
11
76
4
2
6
67
33
100
4
37
2
47
1
4
8
70
6
2
100
33
10
3
16
9
18
22
13
3
18
4
26
16
1
1
2
6
2
5
25
5
52
12
57
39
3
2
6
2
4
4
50
33
100
33
67
67
23
8
9
10
12
1
37
15
5
2
83
33
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
33
Number of points:
6
99
Table 69—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in
AVCS level V 1A3Q03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus
pyrolaeflorus/Fauria crista-gallia
Plant
Average
cover
Standard
deviation
Min.
cover
Max.
cover
Frequency Constancy
Percent
Coniferous trees:
Tsuga mertensiana
Shrubs:
Cassiope mertensiana
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Luetkea pectinata
Rubus pedatus
Vaccinium spp.
Vaccinium caespitosum
Forbs/ferns/horsetails:
Fauria crista-galli
Hippuris montana
Grass/grasslike:
Eriophorum angustifolium
Mosses/clubmosses:
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss spp.
Pleurozium schreberi
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Sphagnum spp.
Liverworts:
Liverwort spp.
a
100
25
33
3
89
6
100
15
4
6
11
16
3
6
3
6
5
13
2
8
1
1
5
1
1
25
10
14
15
35
5
6
6
6
3
6
3
100
100
100
50
100
50
32
4
20
3
13
1
69
7
6
3
100
50
4
4
1
8
2
33
4
4
3
14
27
19
18
1
5
0
14
44
14
12
3
1
3
2
1
8
5
4
9
3
34
78
35
28
2
3
2
6
3
3
3
33
50
33
100
50
50
50
15
23
0
60
6
100
Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:
Average site index:
34
Spruce site index:
48
Number of points:
6
Appendix D: Scientific
Name and Authority,
Frequency of
Occurrence on Sampled
Plots, and Common
Name
Table 70—Scientific name and authority, frequency of fern, horsetail, and
clubmoss species occurrence on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
Athyrium Roth
Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth
Botrychium L.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br.
Cryptogramma R. Br.
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray
Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh.
Equisetum L.
Fern
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm.
Lycopodium alpinum (L.) Rothm.
Lycopodium annotinum L.
Lycopodium clavatum L.
Lycopodium complanatum L.
Lycopodium selago L.
Lycopodium sitchense Rupr.
Lycopodium L.
Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.
Polypodium L.
Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fee
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth
Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl
Polystichum Roth
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Selaginella Beauv.
Thelypteris limbosperma (All.) Fuchs
Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson
Thelypteris Schmidel
Woodsia R. Br.
Frequency
17
196
41
457
1
1
6
3
253
9
1
20
6
288
8
223
49
1
44
3
72
55
16
8
1
9
1
18
6
34
99
14
2
Common name
Aleutian maidenhair
Lady fern
Lady fern genus
Deer fern
Moonwort genus
Parsley fern
Cryptogramma genus
Fragile fern
Spinulose shield-fern
Meadow horsetail
Swamp horsetail
Horsetail genus
Unknown fern
Oak-fern
Alpine clubmoss
Stiff clubmoss
Running clubmoss
Ground cedar
Fir clubmoss
Sitka ground pine
Clubmoss genus
Licorice fern
Licorice fern
Prickly shield-fern
Holly fern
Dagger fern
Polystichum fern genus
Bracken fern
Spike moss genus
Mountain wood fern
Beech fern
Wood fern
Woodsia genus
— = no common name.
Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974.
101
Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Achillea borealis Bong.
Aconitum delphiniifolium DC.
Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.
Agoseris Raf.
Anemone narcissiflora L.
anemone
Angelica L.
Apargidium boreale (Bong.) Torr. & Gray
Apiaceae family
Aquilegia formosa Fisch.
Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt.
Arnica latifolia Bong.
Arnica L.
Aruncus dioicus
Aster L.
Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schlecht.)
Fedtsch.
Caltha biflora DC.
Caltha leptosepala DC.
Caltha L.
Cardamine oligosperma Nutt.
Cardamine L.
Cardamine umbellata Greene
Caryophyllaceae family
Castilleja miniata Dougl.
Castilleja parviflora Bong.
Castilleja. Mutes
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq.
Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose
Circaea alpina L.
Claytonia sibirica L.
Claytonia L.
Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth
Compositae family
Coptis aspleniifolia Salisb.
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.
Corallorrhiza Chatelain
Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain
Cornus canadensis L.
Cornus suecica L.
Corydalis Vent.
Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte
Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr.
Dodecatheon L.
Drosera anglica Huds.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam.
Epilobium angustifolium L.
102
Frequency
4
6
1
2
2
Common name
Common yarrow
Monkshood
Baneberry
Agoseris
Narcissus flowered
2
6
1
4
2
3
2
26
27
Wild celery
Apargidium forb
Unidentified Carrot family
White columbine
Clasping arnica
Mountain arnica
Arnica genus
Goatsbeard
Aster genus
1
20
11
57
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
25
7
1
89
7
517
137
2
3
624
58
1
19
2
23
5
83
2
7
Ground cone
Broadleaf marsh marigold
Mountain marsh marigold
Marsh marigold genus
Few-seeded bittercress
Bittercress genus
Umbel bittercress
Unidentified Pink family
Scarlet paintbrush
Mountain paintbrush
Indian paintbrush sedge
Pit seed goosefoot
Water hemlock
Enchanted nightshade
Siberian spring beauty
Spring beauty
Single-flower clintonia
Aster-daisy family
Fern leaf goldthread
Three-leaved goldthread
Coral root genus
Early coral root
Bunchberry
Swedish cornel
Corydalis genus
Jeffrey’s shooting-star
Pretty shooting-star
Shooting-star genus
Long-leaf sundew
Round leaf sundew
Alpine willow herb
Common fireweed
Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Epilobium ciliatum Raf.
Epilobium latifolium L.
Epilobium palustre L.
Epilobium L.
Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene
Erigeron L.
Fauria crista-galli (Menzies) Makino
Forb
Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.
Galium aparine L.
Galium kamtschaticum Steller
Galium L.
Galium trifidum L.
Galium triflorum Michx.
Gentiana douglasiana Bong.
Gentiana platypetala Griseb.
Gentiana L.
Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern.
Geranium erianthum DC.
Geranium L.
Geum calthifolium Menzies
Geum macrophyllum Willd.
Geum L. (Avens)
Glaux maritima (Mill.) Willd.
Goodyera oblongifolia Raf.
Heracleum lanatum Michx.
Heracleum L.
Heuchera glabra Willd.
Hieracium gracile Hook.
Hieracium L.
Hippuris montana Ledeb.
Hippuris L.
Hippuris tetraphylla L. f.
Hippuris vulgaris L.
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia (D.Don) Ser.
Liliaceae family
Listera caurina Piper
Listera cordata (L.) R. Br.
Listera R. Br.
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.
Lysichiton americanum Hult. & St. John
Maianthemum dilatatum (How.)
Nels. & Macbr.
Menyanthes trifoliata L.
Mimulus guttatus DC.
Mitella pentandra Hook.
Frequency
Common name
11
2
4
11
36
14
332
61
1
2
6
10
1
8
95
11
4
4
3
2
63
1
9
1
2
7
2
22
1
1
22
1
2
2
15
2
37
293
4
5
1
361
Purple-leaved willow-herb
Dwarf fireweed
Swamp willow-herb
Willow-herb genus
Coastal fleabane
Fleabane genus
Deer cabbage
Unknown forb
Chocolate lilly
Cleavers
Northern wild licorice
Bedstraw genus
Small bedstraw
Sweet bedstraw
Swamp gentian
Broad-leaved gentian
Gentian genus
Northern commandra
Northern geranium
Geranium genus
Caltha-leaved avens
Large-leaf avens
Avens
Sea milkwort
Rattlesnake plantain
Cow parsnip
Cow parsnip
Alpine heuchera
Slender hawkweed
Hawkweed genus
Mountain marestail
Marestail genus
Four-leaf marestail
Common marestail
Leather leaf saxifrage
Liliaceae family
Western twayblade
Heart twayblade
Twayblade genus
Nootka lupine
Large leaf lupine
Yellow skunk cabbage
175
15
2
7
Deerberry
Buckbean
Yellow monkey-flower
Alpine mitrewort
103
Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Frequency
Mitella L.
9
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray
58
Monotropa hypopitus L.
5
Montia fontana L.
2
Mushroom
277
Nuphar polysepalum Sm.
1
Orchid
2
Orthilia secunda (L.) House
42
Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arm.
6
Osmorhiza purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksd.
2
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
2
Parnassia fimbriata Konig
18
Parnassia palustris L.
2
Parnassia L.
4
Pedicularis ornithorhyncha Benth.
Pedicularis parviflora J. E. Sm.
Pedicularis L.
Petasites frigidus (L.) Franch.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Platanthera chorisiana (Cham.) Rchb.
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl.
Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl.
Platanthera L. C. Rich.
Platanthera stricta Lindl.
Platanthera unalaschcensis (Spreng.) Kurtz
Polygonum persicaria L.
Potentilla anserina L.
Prenanthes alata (Hook.) Dietr.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Pyrola L.
Ranunculus cooleyae Vasey & Rose
Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schecht.
Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt.
Ranunculus L.
Sanguisorba menziesii Rydb.
Sanguisorba officinalis L.
Sanguisorba L.
Sanguisorba stipulata Raf.
Saxifraga ferruginea Graham
Saxifraga lyallii Engler
Saxifraga punctata (D. Don) Hulten
Saxifraga L.
104
12
1
3
9
19
1
23
1
33
21
7
1
3
98
1
5
1
2
2
5
4
13
96
31
4
8
3
24
Common name
Mitrewort genus
Single delight
Indian pipe
“Blinks, Water chickweed”
Unknown mushroom
Yellow pond Lilly
Orchid family
Side bells
Chile sweet cicely
Sitka sweet cicely
Mountain sorrel
Fringed grass-ofparnassus
Northern grass-ofarnassus
Grass-of-parnassus
genus
Bird’s beak lousewort
Small-flowered lousewort
Lousewort genus
Arctic sweet-coltsfoot
Common butterwort
Choirs bog orchid
White bog orchid
Northern bog orchid
Bog orchid
Slender bog orchid
Alaska bog orchid
Lady’s thumb
Silverweed
Rattlesnake root
Heal-all
Wintergreen genus
Cooley buttercup
Eschscholtz buttercup
Western buttercup
Buttercup
Menzies burnet
European great burnet
Burnet genus
Sitka burnet
Alaska saxifrage
Red-stem saxifrage
Cordate-leaved saxifrage
Saxifrage genus
Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Frequency
Common name
Saxifraga tolmiei Torr. & Gray
Sedum integrifolium (Raf.) A. Nels.
Senecio triangularis Hook.
Sibbaldia procumbens L.
Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.
Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht.
Stellaria L.
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.
2
1
15
1
1
2
2
3
257
Streptopus roseus Michx.
Streptopus Michx.
Streptopus streptopoides (Ledeb.)
Fyre & Rigg
Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl.
Tiarella L.
Tiarella trifoliata L.
Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata L.
Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata L.
Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers.
Tofieldia Huds.
Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & Gray
Trientalis europaea L.
Urtica dioica L.
Utricularia minor L.
Valeriana capitata L.
Valeriana sitchensis Bong.
Valeriana L.
Veratrum viride Ait.
Veronica L.
Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult.
Vicia americana Muhl.
Viola glabella Nutt.
Viola langsdorfii Fisch.
Viola L.
371
17
Alpine saxifrage
Entire leaf stone cup
Arrow-leaf groundsel
Sibbaldia
False solomon-seal
Lady’s tresses
Crisp starwort
Chickweed genus
Cucumber-root twistedstalk
Simple-stem twisted-stalk
Twisted-stalk nettle
118
2
4
284
15
8
37
3
2
65
2
1
33
37
1
223
1
2
2
29
4
78
Kruhsea
Fringe cups
Foam flower genus
Three-leaved foamflower
Three-leaved foamflower
Three-leaved foamflower
Sticky tofieldia
False Asphodel genus
Youth-on-age
Starflower
Stinging nettle
Lesser bladderwort
Capitate valerian
Sitka valerian
Valerian genus
False hellebore
Speedwell genus
Alpine speedwell
American vetch
Stream violet
Alaska violet
Violet genus
— = no common name.
Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974, Pojar and Mackinnon 1994.
105
Table 72—Scientific name and authority, frequency of grass and grasslike
species occurrence on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Frequency
Agrostis aequivalvis (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr.
Agrostis L.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.
Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Presl) Steud.
Calamagrostis Adans.
Carex anthoxanthea Presl
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.
Carex canescens L.
Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd.
Carex lyngbyei Hornem.
Carex macrochaeta C. A. Mey.
Carex magellanica Lam.
Carex mertensii Prescott
Carex nigricans C. A. Mey.
Carex pauciflora Lightf.
Carex pluriflora Hult.
Carex podocarpa C. B. Clarke
Carex rostrata Stokes
Carex sitchensis Prescott
Carex L.
Carex stylosa C. A. Mey.
Carex viridula (Michx.) Hult.
Danthonia intermedia Vasey
Deschampsia Beauv.
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.
Eriophorum L.
Grass
Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski
Juncus oreganus S. Wats.
Juncus L.
Luzula Arcata (Wahlenb.) Sw.
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.
Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.
Luzula DC.
Phleum commutatum Gandoger
Poa L.
Rhynchospora alba (L.) M. Vahl
Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm.
Triglochin maritimum L.
Trisetum cernuum Trin.
Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) E. Fries
Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974.
106
8
16
25
3
37
6
5
1
11
3
5
2
4
9
23
30
1
1
38
300
1
1
1
1
37
24
174
1
1
7
2
1
3
11
4
5
10
46
2
1
13
Common name
Northern bentgrass
Bentgrass
Bluejoint grass
Pacific reed grass
Reed bentgrass genus
Carex sedge
Water sedge
Silvery sedge
Livid sedge
Lyngbye sedge
Long-awn sedge
Bog sedge
Mertens sedge
Blackish sedge
Star sedge
Many-flower sedge
Short-stalked sedge
Beaked sedge
Sitka sedge
Sedge genus
Variegated sedge
Oederi sedge
Timber oat grass
Hair grass genus
Narrow-leaf cotton grass
Cotton grass genus
unknown grass
Meadow barley
Oregon rush
Rush genus
Alpine woodrush
Field woodrush
Small flowered woodrush
Woodrush genus
Mountain timothy
Bluegrass genus
Beak rush
Tufted clubrush
Maritime arrow grass
Nodding oat grass
Mountain hair grass
Table 73—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Frequency
Acarospora chlorophana (Ach.) Mass.
Alectoria Ach.
Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik)
Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Bryoria Brodo &. Hawksw.
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.
Cetraria Ach.
Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follm.
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Harm.
Cladina (Nyl.) Nyl.
Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo
Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer.
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm.
Cladonia P. Browne
Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.
Hypogmnia (Nyl.) Nyl
Hypogymnia duplicata (Sm. ex Ach.) Rass.
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.
Icmadophila Trevisan
Lepraria Ach.
Lichen
Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabh.
Lobaria oregana (Mull. Arg.) Hale
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.
Lobaria Schreber
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
Nephroma Ach.
Parmelia Ach.
Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
Peltigera britannica (Gyelnik)
Holt.-Hartw. & Tonsb.
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyelnik) Gyelnik
Peltigera Willd.
Pilophoron aciculare (Ach.) Nyl.
Platismatia glauca (L.) Culb. & C. Culb.
Platismatia herrei (Imsh.) Culb. & C. Culb.
Platismatia norvegica (Lynge)
Culb. & C. Culb.
Platismatia Culb. & C. Culb.
Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy
2
320
1
81
5
1
9
53
115
1
5
1
15
12
277
4
101
22
26
5
41
Common name
Foliose yellow-green
lichen
Alectoria lichen
625
2
13
24
197
1
7
6
2
Arboreal lichen
Arboreal lichen
Island lichen
Cetraria lichen genus
Reindeer lichen
Reindeer lichen
Cladina lichen
Stellaris lichen
Red-cap cladonia lichen
Cladonia lichen
Cladonia
Cladonia lichen
Cladonia lichen
Squamose cladonia lichen
Hypogmnia lichen genus
Ticker tape lichen
Crustose lichen
Crustose lichen
Dust lichen - crustose
type
Unknown lichen
Felty lobaria lichen
Oregana lobaria lichen
Lobaria lichen
Lobaria lichen genus
Lettuce lichen
Nephroma lichen genus
Parmelia lichen genus
Veined lichen
19
1
48
129
3
1
5
British felt lichen
Canina veined lichen
Felt lichen
Veined lichen genus
Pilophoron lichen
Rag bag lichen
Tattered rag lichen
1
19
2
Laundered bag lichen
Rag lichen
Liverwort
107
Table 73—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Frequency
Siphula ceratites (Wahlenb.) Fr.
Solorina crocea (L.) Ach.
Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vainio
Sphaerophorus Pers.
Stereocaulon alpinum Lavres ex Funck.
8
1
39
92
1
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.
Stereocaulon Hoffm.
Thamnolia Ach. ex Schaerer
Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) Culb.
Umbilicaria (Lightf.) Schrader
Usnea Dill. ex Adans.
1
5
2
5
3
13
Common name
Siphula lichen
Solorina lichen
Tree/rock lichen
Tree/rock lichen
Alpine Stereocaulon
lichen
Blue sandy lichen
Stereocaulon lichen
Thamnolia genus
White worm lichen
Umbilicate
Usnea lichen genus
- = no common name.
Source of scientific names: Hale 1979, Vitt et al. 1988.
Table 74—Scientific name and authority, frequency of liverwort species
occurrence on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Barbilophozia Loeske
Bazzania tricrenata (Wahlenb.) Lindb.
Conocephalum (L.) Dum.
Frullania Raddi
Liverwort
Herbertus aduncus (Dicks.) S. Gray
Lepidozia (Dumort.) Dumort nom. cons.
Marchantia polymorpha
Mylia Gary nom. cons.
Orthocaulis floerkei
Pellia Raddi nom. cons.
Plagiochila (Dumort.) Dumort. nom. cons.
Porella L.
Scapania (Dumort.) Dumort. nom. cons.
Frequency
2
1
46
3
629
13
32
4
27
1
98
26
9
143
Common name
Maple liverwort
Three-toothed whip
liverwort
Conocephalum liverwort
Hanging millipede
liverwort
Liverwort spp.
Scissor-leaf liverwort
Little hands liverwort
Liverwort
Hard scale liverwort
Snow-mat liverwort
Ring pellia liverwort
Cedar shake liverwort
Tree ruffle liverworts
Yellow ladle liverwort
Source of scientific names: Conrad and Redfearn 1979, Pojar and MacKinnon 1994.
108
Table 75—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Frequency
Common name
Andreaea rupestris Hedw.
Andreaea Hedw.
Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid.
Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr.
Aulacomnium Schwaegr.
Bartramia pomiformis Hedw.
Brachythecium BSG
1
2
7
7
116
1
3
Bryum Hedw.
Claopodium crispifolium (Hook.)
Ren. & Card.
Climacium dendroides (Hedw.)
Web. & Mohr
Dichodontium pellucidum (Hedw.) Schimp.
Dichodontium
Dicranum fuscescens Turn.
2
Black rock Moss
Moss
Hanging moss
Ribbed bog moss
Bog moss genus
Apple moss
Brachythecium moss
genus
Bryum moss genus
2
Rough moss
Dicranum scoparium Hedw.
Dicranum Hedw.
Eurhynchium oreganum (Sull.)
Jaeg. & Saureb.
Eurhynchium B.S.G.
Heterocladium dimorphum (Brid.) B.S.G.
Homalothecium fulgescens
Hookeria lucens (Hedw.) Sm.
Hylocomium BSG
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG
Hypnum circinale Hook.
Hypnum Hedw.
Hypnum subimponens Lesq.
Isothecium myosuroides Brid.
Leucolepis acanthoneuron
Leucolepis
Metaneckera menziesii (Hook.
in Drumm.) Steere
Mnium Hedw., nom. cons.
Moss
Neckera douglasii Hook.
Oligotrichum parallelum (Mitt) Kindb.
Plagiomnium T. Kop.
Plagiothecium BSG
Plagiothecium undulatum (Hedw.)
Schimp. in B.S.G.
Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.
9
1
1
112
33
374
10
5
2
1
8
29
628
28
57
4
22
2
3
Northern tree moss
Wet rock moss
Wet rock moss
Fuscescens dicranum
moss
Broom grass
Dicranum moss genus
Oregon beaked moss
Wiry moss
Tangle moss
Yellow moss
Hookina
Feathermoss genus
Splender hylocomium
moss
Hypnum moss
Hypnum moss genus
Hypnum moss
Cattail moss
Menzies’ tree moss
Tree moss
1
161
717
3
1
10
34
Menzies’ neckera moss
Mnium moss genus
Unknown moss
Douglas’ neckera
Large hair moss
Badge moss
Channel Island moss
71
102
moss
Schreber’s moss
109
Table 75—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Frequency
Pogonatum alpinum (Hedw.) Roehl.
Pogonatum contortum (Brid.) Lesq.
Polytrichum commune Hedw.
Polytrichum juniperium Hedw.
Polytrichum Hedw.
Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not.
Ptilium De Not.
R(h)acomitrium Brid.
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid.
Rhizomnium glabrescens
Rhizomnium (Broth.) T. Kop.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst.
Rhytidiadelphus (Lindb. ex Limpr.) Warnst.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst.
Rhytidiopsis robusta (Hedw.) Broth.
Sphagnum angustifolium (C. Jens.
ex Russ.) C. Jens. in Tolf
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ.
Sphagnum lindbergii
Sphagnum papillosum Lindb.
Sphagnum L.
Sphagnum squarrosum Crome
Tortella fragilis (Drumm.) Limpr.
Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr.
Ulota Mohr
Common name
1
3
24
14
124
42
16
41
8
124
33
668
18
27
4
Haircap moss
Haircap moss
Hair-cap moss
Juniper moss
Polytrichum moss genus
Knight’s plume moss
Plume moss genus
Moss
Lanugine rhacomitrium
Rhizomnium moss
Rhizomnium moss
Rhytidiadelphus moss
Rhytidiadelphus moss
Shaggy moss
Pipe cleaner moss
3
28
33
2
5
554
3
1
15
1
Sphagnum moss
Sphagnum moss
Sphagnum moss
Sphagnum moss
Sphagnum moss
Sphagnum moss genus
Squarrose sphagnum
Moss
Moss
Twisted ulota moss
- = no common name.
Source of scientific names, Crum 1976, Pojar and Mackinnon 1994, Vitt and others 1988.
110
Table 76—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb.
Alnus Mill.
Andromeda polifolia L.
Anemone parviflora Michx.
Artemisia arctica Less.
Artemisia L.
Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don
Cassiope D. Don
Cassiope stelleriana (Pall.) DC.
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Bong.
Cornus stolonifera Michx.
Empetrum nigrum L.
Gaultheria shallon Pursh
Juniperus communis L.
Kalmia polifolia Wang.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder
Linnaea borealis L.
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.
Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze
Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.
Malus P. Mill.
Menziesia ferruginea Sm.
Myrica gale L.
Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq.
Phyllodoce aleutica (Spreng.) Heller
Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don
Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Coville
Phyllodoce L.
Ribes bracteosum Dougl.
Ribes glandulosum Grauer
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir
Ribes laxiflorum Pursh
Ribes L.
Rubus arcticus L.
Rubus chamaemorus L.
Rubus parviflorus Nutt.
Rubus pedatus Sm.
Rubus spectabilis Pursh
Salix myrtillifolia Anderss.
Salix scouleriana Barratt
Salix sitchensis Sanson
Salix L.
Sambucus racemosa L.
Frequency
65
4
43
1
2
3
99
5
70
131
1
163
12
31
146
151
130
7
79
5
1
593
1
235
26
2
7
46
27
4
3
5
13
8
52
7
565
225
12
1
7
4
37
Common name
Sitka alder
Alder genus
Bog rosemary
Northern anemone
Arctic wormwood
Sagebrush genus
Mertens cassiope
Cassiope genus
Alaska moss heath
Copperbush
Red osier dogwood
Black crowberry
Salal
Common mountain juniper
Bog laurel
Labrador tea
Twin flower
Alpine azalea
Luetkea
Oregon crabapple
Crabapple
Rusty menziesia
Sweet gale
Devil’s club
Aleutian mountain-heather
Pink mountain heather
yellow mountain-heath
Mountain heather genus
Stink currant
Skunk currant
Swamp goose currant
Trailing black currant
Currant genus
Nagoon berry
Cloudberry
Thimbleberry
Five-leaf bramble
Salmonberry
Low blueberry willow
Scouler willow
Sitka willow
Willow genus
Red elderberry
111
Table 76—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Shrub
Sorbus sitchensis Roem.
Sorbus S.F. Gray
Spiraea douglasii Hook.
Spiraea L.
Vaccinium alaskensis Howell
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.
Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.
Vaccinium oxycoccus var.
microcarpus (Turcz.) Fedtsch. & Flerov.
Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.
Vaccinium L.
Vaccinium uliginosum L.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.
Frequency
Common name
1
35
14
2
1
9
138
7
Unknown shrub
Sitka mountain ash
Mountain ash genus
Douglas spirea
Spirea genus
Alaska blueberry
Dwarf blueberry
Early blueberry
88
172
680
104
167
10
Bog cranberry
Red huckleberry
Blueberry genus
Bog blueberry
Lowbush cranberry
Highbush cranberry
Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974, Viereck and Little 1972.
Table 77—Scientific name and authority, frequency of tree species occurrence
on sampled plots, and common name
Scientific name
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.
Alnus rubra Bong.
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
(D. Don) Spach
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.
Source of scientific names: Viereck and Little 1972.
112
Frequency
3
13
298
394
129
62
562
496
Common name
Subalpine fir
Red alder
Yellow cedar
Sitka spruce
Lodgepole pine
Western redcedar
Western hemlock
Mountain hemlock
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