Safe Operating Procedure
(Revised 3/14)
ELEVATED WORK SURFACES
_____________________________________________________________________
Scope
This SOP summarizes current standards for protecting employees from falls from
elevated surfaces of four feet or more such as excavations, pits, unprotected edges,
roofs, ramps, etc., and when working at any height above dangerous equipment (e.g.,
pickling tanks, machinery, etc.). OSHA’s construction standard 1 specifies a trigger
height of six feet, while the general industry standard 2,3, specifies a trigger height of four
feet. This SOP also addresses protection of employees from objects falling from
elevated work surfaces. Refer to the EHS SOP, Personal Fall Arrest Systems for
additional specific information.
Following are beyond the scope of this SOP and are addressed specifically in other
EHS SOPs and/or regulatory standards.
• Portable and fixed ladders
• Entertainment stages
• Scaffolding
• Mobile aerial lifts
• Manlifts and powered platforms
• Cranes and derricks
• Staircases
• Rolling stock (rail operation)
• Motor vehicles
• Telecommunications and electrical power generation, transmission, and
distribution installation
• Steel erection work
• Erection of tanks
• Climbing work
• Dockboards (bridge plates)
• Repair, service, and assembly pits
Standards
1
OSHA’s construction standard applies to any work activity that is “construction, alteration, and/or repair, including painting
and decorating.”
2
OSHA’s general industry standard applies to any maintenance activity that involves keeping equipment working in its existing
state and is typically conducted in a routine, scheduled, and anticipated fashion; and often includes repair or refurbishment of
existing structures, material, or equipment.
3
In distinguishing whether to apply the construction or general industry standard, it is necessary to consider the scope and
complexity of the work involved.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu
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The content of this SOP considers and attempts to harmonize the following standards:
• 29 CFR 1926, Subpart M, Fall Protection (OSHA Construction Standards)
• 29 CFR 1910, Subpart D, Walking-Working Surfaces (OSHA General Industry
Standards)
• 75 FR 28862 (May 24, 2010), OSHA Proposed Rule, Walking-Working Surfaces
and Personal Protective Equipment (Fall Protection Systems) (Final rule
expected in June 2014)
Refer to the cited standards for detail beyond the summary provided in this SOP.
Fall Protection Strategies
In addition to fall protection strategies described below, OSHA standards require that all
walking-working surfaces on which employees are allowed to work have the strength
and structural integrity to support the employee and other loads (e.g., tools, equipment,
etc.).
When specifying acceptable means of fall protection, OSHA’s standards distinguish
between various types of spaces. Options for each are summarized in the table below
and definitions for each are provided at the end of this document:
Space type (see appendix
for definitions)
Unprotected sides and
edges of walking-working
surfaces
Hoist areas
Holes (including skylights)
5
Runways and ramps
Dangerous equipment,
including protruding
objects
Wall openings
Leading edges
Excavations
Guardrails
Travel
restraint
system
Personal
fall arrest
system
Designated
4
area
Safety net
system
Covers





x





x


x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x


6
x





x


x
x

x

x
See later discussion
Unique Requirements under OSHA’s Construction Standard
A. Designated Areas, Warning Lines, Controlled Access Zones, Fall Protection
Plans
Unlike OSHA’s General Industry Standard (proposed rule), OSHA’s Construction
Standard does not contain provisions for a “Designated Area.” Rather, OSHA’s
4
Designated areas can be established only on surfaces that have a slope from the horizontal of 10 degrees or less
(or slope of 4 in 12 or less) and employees must remain in the designated area at all times. See also the discussion
in this document under the heading of “Unique Requirements Under OSHA’s Construction Standard.”
5
The guardrail may be omitted from one side of the runway if required by conditions of use provided the runway is at
least 18” wide and a personal fall arrest or travel restrains system is used.
6
These devices are acceptable only when the fall distance is four feet or greater.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
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Construction Standard refers to the following similar options, each of which applies
only to specific situations:
• Warning Line System
• Controlled Access Zone
• Safety Monitoring System
• Fall Protection Plan
Use of a “Controlled Access Zone” approach is limited to overhand bricklaying tasks.
Use of a “Warning Line System” is limited to roofing work on low-sloped roofs and
must be used in combination with a “Safety Monitoring System.” Use of a “Safety
Monitoring System” alone is limited to low-sloped roofs with a width of 50’ or less.
Under both the Controlled Access Zone and Warning Line System strategies, a
physical line meeting certain design criteria (height, construction, flagging, etc.) is
established to delineate the zone of exclusion (controlled access zone) or working
area (warning line).
Fall Protection Plans can be developed and used in lieu of guardrails or personal fall
arrest systems in very limited situations. The Fall Protection Plan option is available
only for employees engaged in leading edge work, precast concrete erection work,
or residential construction work; and only when the employer can demonstrate that it
is infeasible or more dangerous to use guardrails, safety nets, or personal fall arrest
systems. A fall protection plan will generally incorporate one or more of the following
protection measures: positioning device systems, warning line systems, controlled
access zones, safety monitoring systems. Fall protection plans are subject to heavy
scrutiny, must be site and job specific, are limited in application, must be prepared in
writing by a qualified individual (see definitions) and maintained at the site, among
other requirements.
B. Roof Inspections
Fall protection requirements under OSHA’s Construction Standards generally do not
apply when employees are making an inspection, investigation or assessment of
workplace conditions prior to the actual start of construction work or after all
construction work has been completed. However, the fall protection requirements
do apply if the inspection/investigation/assessment is conducted during construction
activities or if the inspection/investigation/assessment involves significant risk of fall
(e.g., leaning over an edge, etc.).
However, a similar exception is NOT included in OSHA’s General Industry
Standards. Therefore, inspections of roof components (shingles, flashing, guttering,
etc.) to determine scope of needed repairs are excluded from the need for fall
protection. However, inspections of other components (e.g., HVAC units, drains,
etc.) are not excluded and fall protection is needed.
Excavations, Wells, Pits, Shafts, and Similar Structures
Employees must be protected from falls into excavations, wells, pits, shafts, and similar
structures with guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or covers.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu
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Protection from Falling Objects
Employees must be protected from falling objects that may originate from elevated work
surfaces. Three options are specified, all of which must be supplemented with head
protection/hard hats (See EHS SOP, Personal Protective Equipment – Head
Protection).
• Erect toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems 7 that prevent objects from falling
from higher levels (and which meet specified design criteria);
• Erect a canopy structure that meets specified design criteria, and keep potential
falling objects far enough from the edge of the higher level so that those objects
would not go over the edge if they were accidentally displaced.
• Barricade the area to which objects could fall, prohibit people from entering the
barricaded area, and keep objects far enough from the edge so those objects do
not go over the edge.
Training Requirements
Supervisors of employees potentially exposed to fall hazards described in this SOP
must ensure that those employees are appropriately trained/instructed as summarized
below:
• Nature of fall hazards in the work area.
• Correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, operating, disassembling, and
inspecting the fall protection systems to be used.
• Use, operation, and limitations of personal fall protection systems including
proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off techniques, methods of use, and proper
methods of equipment inspection and storage as recommended by the
manufacturer. See also EHS SOP, Personal Fall Arrest Systems.
• Means and methods of rescue when a personal fall arrest system is used.
Training must be provided before an employee is assigned a task that puts them at risk
of a fall and when:
• Changes in the workplace render previous training invalid or incomplete.
• Changes in the types of fall protection systems or equipment to be used render
previous training invalid or incomplete.
• The employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill necessary to
properly use or care for fall protection equipment or observe prescribed
procedures or techniques.
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Where tools, equipment, or materials are piled higher than the top edge of a toe-board, paneling or screening must
be erected from the walking/working surface or toe-board to the top of a guardrail system's top rail or mid-rail, for a
distance sufficient to protect persons below. Guardrail systems, when used as falling object protection, must have all
openings small enough to prevent passage of potential falling objects.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu
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Definitions
Controlled access zone means an area in which certain work (e.g., overhand
bricklaying) may take place without the use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest
systems, or safety net systems and access to the zone is controlled.
Designated area means a distinct portion of a walking-working surface delineated by a
perimeter warning line in which temporary work may be performed without additional fall
protection.
•
Physical lines used to delineate the designated area must be erected a minimum 6’ from the
unprotected side(s) or edge(s) at a height of 34 – 39 inches from the walking-working surface,
and meet certain other design criteria. The design criteria for a warning line to delineate a
designated area differs between OSHA’s General Industry and Construction Standards.
Dockboard (bridge plate) means a portable or fixed device for spanning the gap or
compensating for the difference in level between loading platforms and carriers.
Fall hazard means any condition on a walking-working surface that exposes an
employee to injury from a fall on the same level or to a lower level.
Fall protection means any equipment, device, or system that prevents an employee
from experiencing a fall from elevation or that mitigates the effect of such a fall.
Guardrail system means a barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to lower
levels.
•
Guardrail systems must be 39 – 45” in height and meet certain other design criteria for mid-rails,
intermediate members, and other structural members and designed such that they are able to
withstand the stated amount of force, and meet other criteria.
Hoist area means any elevated access opening to a walking-working surface where
hoisted equipment or materials are loaded or received.
•
If guardrail systems, chains, gates, or portions thereof are removed to facilitate the hoisting
operations (e.g., during landing of materials), and an employee must lean through the access
opening or out over the edge of the access opening, that employee must be protected from fall
hazards by a personal fall arrest system. In addition, a grab handle must be provided on each
side of the opening.
Hole means a gap or void 2” or more in its least dimension in a floor, roof, or other
walking-working surface.
Leading edge means the edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walkingworking surface (such as a deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof,
decking, or formwork sections are placed, formed, or constructed. A leading edge is
considered to be an “unprotected side and edge” during periods when it is not actively
and continuously under construction.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu
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Lower level means an area to which an employee could fall. Such areas include
ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water,
equipment, and similar surface.
Low-slope roof means a roof having a slope less than or equal to 4 in 12 (vertical to
horizontal).
Opening means a gap or void 30” or more high and 18” or more wide in any wall or
partition through which employees can fall to a lower level.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from
a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connector, and a body harness and may
include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these.
•
All components must meet certain design criteria.
Platform means a walking-working surface elevated above the surrounding area.
Positioning system means a system of equipment and connectors which, when used
with its body belt or body harness, allows an employee to be supported on an elevated
vertical surface, such as a wall or windowsill, and work with both hands free.
Qualified person means one with a recognized degree or professional certificate and
extensive knowledge and experience in the subject field (fall protection and rescue) who
is capable of design, analysis, evaluation and specifications in the subject work, project,
or product (fall protection and rescue); and who has requisite authority.
•
Qualified persons often possess an engineering degree, which allows them to design systems
and conduct structural analysis, calculation of impact forces and clearances, testing, anchorage
certification, methods of control, equipment selection, etc.
Ramp means an inclined surface between different elevations that is used for the
passage of employees, vehicles, or both.
Runway means a passageway for persons, elevated above the surrounding floor or
ground level, such as a catwalk, a foot walk along shafting, or a walkway between
buildings.
Safety-monitoring system means a safety system in which a competent person is
responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards.
• OSHA defines a “competent person” as: a person who is capable of identifying hazardous or
dangerous conditions in the personal fall arrest system or any component thereof, as well as in
their application and use with related equipment; and who has requisite authority to take prompt
measures to eliminate hazards at the work site. The person designed the role of safety monitor
must be on the same level as the worker(s) conducting the work and maintain clear
communication and visual contact with workers outside of the warning line (or within the danger
zone). The monitor can be assigned other job duties, so long as the duties do not interfere with
their role as a safety monitor.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu
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Travel restraint system means a combination of an anchorage, anchorage connector,
lanyard (or other means of connection), and body support intended to be used by an
employee to limit travel to prevent exposure to a fall hazard. A travel restraint system is
used such that it does not support any portion of the employee’s weight; otherwise the
system would be a positioning system or a personal fall arrest system.
•
•
The system must meet certain design requirements.
Travel restraint systems are not specifically mentioned in OSHA’s Construction Standards, but
are recognized as acceptable per Letter of Interpretation dated November 2, 1995 to Mike Amen.
Unprotected sides and edges means any side or edge of a walking-working surface
(except at entrances to points of access) where there is no wall or guardrail system at
least 39” high.
Walking-working surface means any surface, horizontal or vertical, on or through
which an employee walks, works, or gains access to a workplace location. Walkingworking surfaces include, but are not limited to, floors, stairs, steps, roofs, ladders,
ramps, runways, aisles, and step bolts.
Warning line system means a barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that they
are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge, and which designates an area in
which roofing work may take place without the use of guardrail, body belt, or safety net
systems to protect employees in the area.
•
When used, warning lines must be installed around all sides of the roof work area, and not less
than 6’ from the roof edge. Warning lines may consist of ropes, wires, or chains and supporting
stanchions that meet certain design criteria, and having high visibility flagging installed at no more
than 6’ intervals. Warning lines should be installed at a height of 34 – 39 inches and resistant to
tipping over. The design criteria for a warning line to delineate a designated area under OSHA’s
General Industry Standards is different than the design criteria for a warning line system under
OSHA’s Construction Standards.
(Created 10/02; Revised 2/08, 7/12)
UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu
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