The Story of Science Maps Dr. Katy Börner
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The Story of Science Maps Dr. Katy Börner Information Visualization Laboratory, Director Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, Director School of Library and Information Science Indiana University, Bloomington, IN Network Science Conference, May 25th, 2006 The Problem: Being Lost in Space 15th Century: One person can make major contributions to many areas of science Mankind’s Knowledge use Human Brain contribute Amount of knowledge on brain can mange Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) 20th Century: One person can make major contributions to a few areas of science Mankind’s Knowledge use Human Brain contribute Amount of knowledge on brain can mange Albert Einstein (1879-1955 ) 21th Century: One person can make major contributions to a specific area of science Mankind’s Knowledge use contribute Amount of knowledge on brain can mange Human Brain 21th Century: One person can make major contributions to a specific area of science Mankind’s Knowledge use contribute Amount of knowledge on brain can mange Human Brains Manager Domain Expert Humanity’s Knowledge The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (Katsushika Hokusai, 1760-1849) A Solution: Science Maps Places & Spaces: Mapping Science a science exhibit that introduces people to maps of sciences, their makers and users. Exhibit Curators: Dr. Katy Börner & Deborah MacPherson 10 The Power of Maps Four Early Maps of Our World VERSUS Six Early Maps of Science (1st Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2005) Madeleine de Scudéry (b. 1607-d. 1701), Clélie, histoire romaine, première partie, Paris, 1654. geography of the 3D role-playing adventure game EverQuest, by 989 Studios. Available at http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/muds_vw.html How would a map of science look? What metaphors would work best? The Power of Reference Systems Four Existing Reference Systems VERSUS Six Potential Reference Systems of Science (2nd Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2006) How would a reference system for all of science look? What dimensions would it have? Reference Systems 1D Circular Geo Map 2D Hierarchy Semantic Map "Places & Spaces: Mapping Science" on display at the NYPL Science, Industry, and Business Library Madison/34th, New York City April 3rd - August 31st, 2006. The Power of Forecasts Four Existing Forecasts VERSUS Six Potential Science ‘Weather’ Forecasts ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (3rd Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit - 2007) http://www.scotese.com/ http://www.weather.gov Named Storms, available online at http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003200/a003279 A Potential Future: Science Maps in Action KIDS first … All maps of science & the video are on sale via http://vw.indiana.edu/places&spaces Activities: Solve the puzzle. Navigate to ‘Earth Science’. Identify major inventions. Place major inventors. Find your dream job on the map. Why is mathematics important? … my SPONSORS next … Latest ‘Base Map’ of Science Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work. ¾ Uses combined SCI/SSCI from 2002 • 1.07M papers, 24.5M references, 7,300 journals • Bibliographic coupling of papers, aggregated to journals ¾ Initial ordination and clustering of journals gave 671 clusters ¾ Coupling counts were reaggregated at the journal cluster level to calculate the • (x,y) positions for each journal cluster • by association, (x,y) positions for each journal Math Law Policy Computer Tech Statistics Economics Education CompSci Vision Phys-Chem Chemistry Physics Psychology Brain Environment Psychiatry GeoScience MRI Biology BioMaterials BioChem Microbiology Plant Cancer Animal Disease & Treatments Virology Infectious Diseases Science map applications: Identifying core competency Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work. Funding patterns of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Math Law Computer Tech Policy Statistics Economics CompSci Vision Education Phys-Chem Chemistry Physics Psychology Brain Environment Psychiatry GeoScience MRI Biology GI BioMaterials BioChem Microbiology Plant Cancer Animal Virology Infectious Diseases Science map applications: Identifying core competency Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work. Funding Patterns of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Math Law Computer Tech Policy Statistics Economics CompSci Vision Education Phys-Chem Chemistry Physics Psychology Brain Environment Psychiatry GeoScience MRI Biology GI BioMaterials BioChem Microbiology Plant Cancer Animal Virology Infectious Diseases Science map applications: Identifying core competency Kevin W. Boyack & Richard Klavans, unpublished work. Funding Patterns of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Math Law Computer Tech Policy Statistics Economics CompSci Vision Education Phys-Chem Chemistry Physics Psychology Brain Environment Psychiatry GeoScience MRI Biology GI BioMaterials BioChem Microbiology Plant Cancer Animal Virology Infectious Diseases … then SCIENTISTS … Mapping the Evolution of Co-Authorship Networks Ke, Visvanath & Börner, (2004) Won 1st price at the IEEE InfoVis Contest. 61 62 … and INDUSTRY too. Mapping Indiana’s Intellectual Space Identify ¾ Pockets of innovation ¾ Pathways from ideas to products ¾ Interplay of industry and academia Computational Scientometrics & Macroscopes ¾ Shiffrin, Richard M. and Börner, Katy (Eds.) (2004). Mapping Knowledge Domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(Suppl_1). ¾ Börner, Katy, Chen, Chaomei, and Boyack, Kevin. (2003). Visualizing Knowledge Domains. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Volume 37, Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc./American Society for Information Science and Technology, chapter 5, pp. 179-255. ¾ Börner, Katy and Vespignani, Alessandro. Network Science: A Theoretical and Practical Framework. Submitted to Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Volume 37, Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc./American Society for Information Science and Technology. 66 Interested to get your own science map? Contact the map makers! katy@indiana.edu The End. How to Make a Science Map Shiffrin, Richard M. and Börner, Katy (Eds.) (2004). Mapping Knowledge Domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(Suppl_1). Börner, Katy, Chen, Chaomei, and Boyack, Kevin. (2003). Visualizing Knowledge Domains. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Volume 37, Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc./American Society for Information Science and Technology, chapter 5, pp. 179-255. Comparison of Similarity Metrics ¾ ISI file year 2000, SCI and SSCI: 7,121 journals. ¾ Different similarity metrics • Inter-citation (raw counts, cosine, modified cosine, Jaccard, RF, Pearson) • Co-citation (raw counts, cosine, modified cosine, Pearson) ¾ Maps were compared based on • regional accuracy, • the scalability of the similarity algorithm, and • the readability of the layouts. Boyack, Kevin W., Klavans, R. and Börner, Katy. (2005). Mapping the Backbone of Science. Scientometrics. 64(3), 351-374. 70 Selecting the similarity measure with the best regional accuracy 400 380 Z-score ¾ For each similarity measure, the VxOrd layout was subjected to kmeans clustering using different numbers of clusters. ¾ Resulting cluster/category memberships were compared to actual category memberships using entropy/mutual information method by Gibbons & Roth, 2002. ¾ Increasing Z-score indicates increasing distance from a random solution. ¾ Most similarity measures are within several percent of each other. 360 IC Raw IC Cosine IC Jaccard IC Pearson IC RFavg CC Raw CC K50 CC Pearson 340 320 300 280 100 150 200 250 Number of k-means clusters Boyack, Kevin W., Klavans, R. and Börner, Katy. (2005). Mapping the Backbone of Science. Scientometrics. 64(3), 351-374. 71 A ‘Backbone’ Map of Science & Social Science ¾ The map is comprised of 7,121 journals from year 2000. ¾ Each dot is one journal ¾ An IC-Jaccard similarity measure was used. ¾ Journals group by discipline. ¾ Groups are labeled by hand. ¾ Large font size labels identify major areas of science. ¾ Small labels denote the disciplinary topics of nearby large clusters of journals. LIS Comp Sci Geogr Robot PolySci Law Oper Res Econ Social Sci Comm Sociol Math Hist Appl Math AI Stat Mech Eng Elect Eng Geront Psychol Educ Psychol Psychol Health Care Physics Anthrop Radiol Emerg Gen Med Med Biomed Rehab Nursing Genet Cardio OtoRh Gen/Org Neuro Sci Astro Medicine Urol Meteorol Hemat Immun Env Marine GeoSci Ecol Nutr Virol Gastro Plant Ob/Gyn Earth Sciences Paleo Soil Endocr Derm Dentist Chem Eng Polymer BioChem Endocr Surg GeoSci Chemistry Oncol Ped Fuels Elect Analyt Chem P Chem Chem Env Constr CondMat Nuc Pharma Sport Sci Aerosp MatSci Neurol Dairy Food Sci Pathol Zool Parasit Agric Ophth Vet Med Ento 72 LIS Comp Sci Geogr Robot PolySci Law Oper Res Econ Social Sci Comm Sociol Math Hist Appl Math AI Stat Elect Eng Mech Eng Geront Psychol Educ Psychol Psychol Health Care Physics Anthrop Radiol Emerg Gen Med Med Biomed Rehab Nursing Genet Cardio OtoRh Gen/Org Neuro Sci Astro Medicine Urol Meteorol Hemat Immun Env Marine GeoSci Ecol Nutr Virol Gastro Plant Ob/Gyn Earth Sciences Paleo Soil Endocr Derm Dentist Chem Eng Polymer BioChem Endocr Surg GeoSci Chemistry Oncol Ped Fuels Elect Analyt Chem P Chem Chem Env Constr CondMat Nuc Pharma Sport Sci Aerosp MatSci Neurol Dairy Food Sci Pathol Zool Parasit Agric Ophth Vet Med Ento 73 Structural Map: Studying Disciplinary Diffusion ¾ The 212 nodes represent clusters of journals for different disciplines. ¾ Nodes are labeled with their dominant ISI category name. ¾ Circle sizes (area) denote the number of journals in each cluster. ¾ Circle color depicts the independence of each cluster, with darker colors depicting greater independence. ¾ Lines denote strongest relationships between disciplines (citing cluster gives more than 7.5% of its total citations to the cited cluster). 74 Zoom Into Structural Map ¾ Clusters of journals denote disciplines. ¾ Lines denote strongest relationships between journals 76 CAREER: Visualizing Knowledge Domains. NSF IIS-0238261 award (Katy Börner, $440,000) Sept. 03-Aug. 08. http://iv.slis.indiana.edu/ SEI: Network Workbench: A Large-Scale Network Analysis, Modeling and Visualization Toolkit for Biomedical, Social Science and Physics Research. NSF IIS-0513650 award (Katy Börner, Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Santiago Schnell, Alessandro Vespignani & Stanley Wasserman, Craig Stewart (Senior Personnel), $1,120,926) Sept. 05 - Aug. 08. http://nwb.slis.indiana.edu 77
