CAr ITAL JiL 1
OF'
.'OhT
Tui.
FAR1S Th
UiIT, L ;CiLS FROJiC, Oi..tiGO
by
AL1YftiL
VA
1.iiSi
A
subnit ted to
OREOi
i
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
ASTER OF SCLiIC
June 19O
Redacted for Privacy
?rofessor of Aricu1turai iconoxnlcs
In Charge of Major
Redacted for Privacy
He
1nics
Redacted for Privacy
Redacted for Privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Typist:
flrs,
.
H, Paul
ACA )
The author is particularly indebted to the following
persons for their assistance in the preparation of this
report.
To Professor L L. Potter he is especially grateful
for many constructive criticisms, expert counsel, and
patience in directin
the study; to Professor D. Curtis
Iumford he Is iiidebted for suestion 1eac1in
study; to
ir. G. G,
ta
to the
ebers of the Bureau
arid other
of Reclarnaton he Is indebted for teehnical and other
assistance, willinly given, and for their full cooperation
In all phases of the work; to Mrs.
.
raul ho owes a
debt of gratitude for her careful checkirg and preparation
of the final manuscript; to the sixty farmers who so generously provided the primaxy data upon
based, the writer expresses his deepest
which the study is
ppreciabIon.
.-'- .JiL4L4
t-xn.r
,.1
introduction.
a a a
a
a a a a a
a a a
a
a
a a
a a a
a a
I
a
a
nirpose arid Scope. a a a a , a a a a a I a a ,, a a a a a a . a a a.
etiou OL tudy. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a
Description of th Area.
Natural.
a a a . a a
COfldItjOflS. a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Domestic .ater Supply.
Land Appraisal,
a a a a a a
a,.
11
a
13
a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a
a
a a a a a a a. a. **aa*a'sa a
a a a a a a a a a a a a . a a a a
26
a a a a * a a a a a a * a
a
a
'arm8,.,aa,.,...a,.a,a.,.aaa,.a,a.a,a
.arac erscs o
Anticipated AricLz1t,'1re. a
a a a , a
±ro.ress of Land
a a a
eve1opn:t..,.aa,aa.,as..a.
Factors ;ffectiri. the
£1OSO.it
Capital
of Land Development
Land JSC a a a * a a a a a a a * a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
CCr1U1EtiOfla
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a * a
Capital Used for tie Development of Farrris...a.aa..
xpenaiture for !aor Items of Investment........
Expinditur&s for Invosicnt on 1arms Grouped
by Year Development
a ..a aaa.a aaaaaa a.
Land j-urchase,.,.,.,.,......,.,.,..,.....a..-a
ixpenditurcs for Land
114
16
19
21
22
a a a a a a a a a a a .
Irrigation Development
8
9
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Arj..cultural istory.
History of Irr.i:;ation Development....... a,
Cultural eaturs
Size of
8
a
29
30
32
3
141
146
14.9
LeVeloei1taa,..,a a..,,
Farm Bu1ld.Lns, a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a. a
a aa a a a a a a a a a * a a a,'.',' a a a a
Resiaence. , ,
.
.
Domestic -ater, ,
achinery aiu
.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a.
a a a a a,. a a a
ajor Items of ia&inery Cost,.,....,........
Livestock.
a
a
a.. a. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a,* a a
fresent \'alue of :.aor Investnient
Summary of Capital
Itemsa,aaa.
'JSCdaa a.aaaa. a*a * aa 'a
Credit...,,. a a a. a,.. a, a a. a,a a. a a,. aa aa aa a, aaa a a a
General Ste tement a a a . a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a
a a
a a
61
6s
67
69
71
71
Table of Coritent8--Continued
Page
3'oji1'r of All Credit Used,,
Croa
a
aaaaaaaaaaa
Clusified b ienti. of
a
a .a
a a
Term.a.a.,,, aa
iear.a,,.,,.a,,,a.,
Credit Jsed oy Development
SoUrccs of CrCQJ used. a a , a a a a a a a a a a , a a
Creci.i.t Lcirccs i'atüd tij ettlersa.a,..,.a,,a,,
AtLGudes of et.ers 2owaru ebt and Credit.,
Adequacy of Creciit. a a , a a a a a a a a a a a.. a a a a a. a a . a
Sunmary aLld Conclusions.. . . . . . . . . . . . a aa a. a a a. a a
a a a a
a a
í.-ro.res
of .)e'Telori1it.,
0
a.
a
a a a,, a as
Cajt1 used, a, asia...., a a,
as,..,., as
USC of Credit..,.,,,a...,,..,,,,...,a.,,..a,..
Alicabu1ity to Other !ras., .. ... a . .. .. ..
72
73
7
30
bi
88
95
95
97
97
98
App'iiix
Table 2.. , . , ,
.
aaa
a.
.
a
...
,,aaa
a a a
101
102
dST )F Id3LS
Table
1.
2
Page
Sixty Far::s Grouped by Year Deve1o;nt Egan
Sixty Farms iroupt by iriab1c Acreaos per
arm.
....a
7
,,,........**........
.
Size (Irrhe AoreaL;e) of Ownership Uhita
Shown j
cor 01 roject Office at bend1
..
L
........
6
...
a
Ori.in and previous Fars xpr ieice of Settlers
Surveyed.. . -. . .
5
. .
.
s
S S *1*a . . a..
a
ae of Irriable Lad trat wa Iriiated.
8
.
. . . ,.
.
.
Financial iosition and Capital iccuuu1ation per
10
11
Acre of Thirteen:tuaders... ,
SiXty Lar's roeci by the iirst Crop 'ear and
by the Increase in issets per Irriçab1e Acre..
x)eudztur(s fr :aTor Ite
L18
13
xpenditures ;er Irri;;able cre for iaoD Itens
of Investmellt..,.,,.a...,..,,a,,...,..,,.....,
15
ixpCAei ure for
abner than anc
a
Level opmen t
10
or Items of Investment,...
.
nxpenditire
larm Acreages
3
I6
aa
12
i4
36
of Investient in
a a a a a . . a a a * a. a
tn.e i)e10 TLCtt 0ILOd.
.
31
.. .......
Settlers' Financa1 ?osition and Net Assets,
Averae per
Irri able
22
29
Total CaLtai ivaiiab1e per irri:abJ.e acre aud
tfle
rceae cC Irri able Acr,e that was
irri.;ated. .. . . . . * . , . . . . , . , . . . * . . , . . * , .
Land. Jse. Iercente of Land Levoted to
Specified se8.
20
easurci by kercent
Deree of Land Deve1opmcnt
. ,
7
7
J49
.ixty 1arm8 Grouiud by Year
a,.,,. a aaa. a,.
a.... a..
50
nvestnient,
bct to 1L.3 rioes.,..a,
5].
aor itens of
List of Tables--Continued
Table
16
17
18
Page
Sixt
uriIs Cljfied on the Basis of kro-
dociint Land Cl;ss . . .
.
.
,...
a
Cost of Land Purchase, WCr Farms Grouped by
?redoiiriant Land Class
larm. . .
a* .*
Cost of Land Deve1oT;,it. ity iar1s Grouped
19
redorrinate Land Class per Fari.,..,.,,,,,
I
Aver.o Cost of ccified
S...,,
20
Cost of Farm l3uild
2].
22
53
by
57
* *4*4*8 *4*44*44444e 8
Cost of iri wc1ITh; ter Fari. ,.., * ., 4,4
Cost of MaIiar, Fifty .ve urvey Farms.,.
58
60
CoLrarjson of Averae Cost of cIinerT and
q:ipent for Sixty 'arms Groued by Irri[;able
AcrL.t)s .
.
..
.,aa,a.,.
,
6].
2t
Avrc Cost of Tractor Investment.,.,,.,,,.,
62
25
63
26
erccrita'e of Farms Jsin Combines and iverage
Cost per aohine.
.
4*8*4 44
Trucks, Cost pe uchine and per Aarm......,,
27
rercentae of Operators Using Trailers as
23
28
Copared to Trucks . . . . . . .. .
..........
Inve'itor,r Value per Farx. of Specified Live-
29
Inventor Value per ?ari of Co:n.mercial and
30
64
65
stock :ntrprises. *04a444
o-Coiiercial Livesc,c
Cost er Irrigable Acre of ajor nvestmeiit
s as Com?arc
to the xrstit
67
alue as
68
3].
Avera.e Total Borrowir¼;s. 8 4 S 4 0 4 0 4 S * 4 8 * a a S S S 4
72
32
Credit Used for to 7iujor IbE:: of Investient
73
List of Tables--Continued
Table
33
Credit Classified by Len;t. of Term,0....1.,,,
7)4
314
Average Credit Used per Farn..,,...,.....,,...
7
3.5
AinountsBorvowedbysettiera...,..,.....,..,,.
76
36
I3eginninc
77
Iteis tit was Firnished by Credit..........e.
78
38
Total Credit
80
39
Sources of Credit and Settlers' Preference
I
Rat iLS . * * * . I
*000 0
00 I
-- * 0 -, I
82
Settlers' Attitudes Toward Goi ...Further intq
Debt in Order to Acquire Specified Items....,.
37
Fifteen "ilandicapped Settlers" Corip&red with
..... ..*.... . ............ ...aa
92
37
14o
141
Assets Deflated to l9L krices......
eroenta;e of the Cost of Major Invest1ertt
ae3 Ciasified by Tezn and Source
AllSettlers
ure I
Genera
of Central C)re;on.. ... ....
Board of Appraisal Land Classification Rules.....
17
I..
..Y IiL.iGTi:;
Ok.i1T u4iT,
£$th
Oi
iIOJ;CT, ORI
Groups interested in tLe early and sound development
of fars on a new irriLati on project include the governmerit, the project community, and t}e project settlor.
The
government wishes to assure the ie2ayent of project costs
at the earliest practical date arid at the same time promote
farming practices that
depletion.
Wjil
protect the project lands from
Repayment of project costs can riot beiri until
on' point and are making
the farms have passed the "bre
a net return over costs. If settlers are handica;ped in
development by a lack of funds, project development; will
riot only be slow but in many cases will also be faulty?
There have been indications on some projects that land
whic
has been irri,ated has not been properly
receive the irrigatIon water.
prepared to
Erosion has occurred on
fields irriated down slopes and poor distribution of water
is evidenced by uneven crop growth.
Lack of capital has
often been cited as the reason for these conditions.
The project community Is interested in the development
Ferri Credit Situation on the Tucumcari £roject, New
Nexico, report by i. . Robins, Regional Director, Region
,
]iureaii of Reclamation, U.S.D.I.
2
of a sound and permanent type of agricu1t.;.ral economy upon
which can be based processin., trisporat on, merchandising and other enterprises, Such an agricultural economy
rests upon the financial and social stability of the
settlers. If liquidations of settlers and changes in farm
ownership are freqient, the entire con.iunity will 3hare in
the loss.
Individual farm families that settle on the land
usually invest all their wn asets in the 'arm nd ascine
additional financial obiations in the hope of obtainin:
economic securtT and a satisfactory fnily living.
rJeither of
does not have
develop his f;i
obectives will be raiized if the settler
m:. inyest:iicn.t capital availahl to him to
to the point where it will py its own
way.
Prior to the open.th. of a new irrigation project for
settlet a great deal of work and planning has already
been done. The irojeet has been tiorou ly invcati,ated
fron the standpoint of thysical, en.L:inoer1n., economic, and
sociological feaSibility, After th.e feasibility of the
project has been investigated and found to be satifactor
construction is begun, and shortly thereafter settlement
and development ci' individual farms begin. It is with the
period of settlement and development of individual faza
that this study is concerned.
Fur 0 so afid
This study was uridertike throu.; a cooperative agreement botween the ire U of Reclamation of the United States
Department of Interior and the division of !gricultural
iCOflOiiCS of Oregon State College, for the purpose of de
terminin the amount and adequacy of thc capital used in
the development or faris on the North JIi1 of Le Desohutes
Irrigation Project.
It is believed that a study of the capital used in the
first years of development of farms on the North Unit will
be of value to the Bureau of Reclbioo, aid o prosp cc-
tive settlers, in the settnt and development of other
reclamation projects. It is contei;plated that in the near
future large arus of land will be open to set t.iernerit on
the Columbia Basin Project in Was ington. Geographic arid
climatic conditions in that area are similar to conditions
on the North Unib and it l expected that somewhat the same
type of agriculture will prevail in both areas.
Similar studies are bein conducted on the Black
Canyon Project in southern Idaho and on the Rosa Project
in southeastern Washington. Development was started on
those projects at an earlier date, and under somewhat
different economic conditions t)i.an prevailed at the time
of the openin of the i4ortn
of he Deschutes Project.
not was settler a If
was Time
records. taking in factor limiting a
area. one any in concentration avoid to tahen be
could care that so
ma ownership farm the on
taken were records where Farms
sotted were
development. irrigation
present the to prior land their owned who operators froti
taken were records no so "sottlers,' new by used credit
and
capital with
concerned is study The
home. at found
be øould farmer a wherever records taking area project
the over drove and map ownership
records taking In
far. a
pre-selected. not was
used enumeraors
pl
1.)
s
The
(Fiire
19Ij.8.
of year crop full the for delivered wos water where Madras
of south Unit .orth the of portion that to 11iited was
survey the thus year, crop full ore least at for water tion
irriga- received had that farms on only takei were kecords
1eclamation. of
urea
the by enployed rators e.ri1 trained
by and writer the by
records All
19)4.8
.iovenber, late
iii
taken were
Unit. Nortn the on settlers from obtained
wore reords sixty which in wvey
a
by obtained
iere based is study the which upon data primary The
Study of
iet.hod
perspective. broad a
from problems deveiopn.cnt and settlement view to possible
be should it studies three the of results the Through
7,05.
r. II.s.
C
J(FFERSOPI Co.
5u/f/e
Lake
PR/NE V/LLE
OC/IOCO
RESERVOIR
7/6 S.
RISE.
#?165.
0
k.....
R,/7E.
12
3CALt Of MILES
L a va
Lakes
0
Cu//u,
L 0/ce
R./4 C.
7.20$.
LINITCO STA TE.S
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTER/OR
BL/REA1 Of RECLAMATION
OESCHUTES PROJECT -OREGON
7.2/S.
GENERAL MAP
apine
T22S
Davis
R.//
R/2
O1.SCWLITZ$ Co.
R 9 (.
I(AMATH CO.
DRAPVN:
R45. 5USMITTED
7RA CEO: R.4 5. R(COIIMENDE 0r
CHECKED
ApovEo:
.5- 0 23
122986
at Cne
e fiL call, no at
vas nade to contact
him iatr un].ess It was eovenienL to do so.
e sixty ftrris included in the survey repre5ent a
wide rane of conditions as to size, lar. ciaso, age and
experience of operators, crops produced, ete, however, they
do have iuch in co.n,n.. All are In t:e curly years of
:
the period from 19L5 to l9L.8. The
average period of develont ior all farn was 2.7 years.
velopment coveni.
All of the farms have had at least one irriuted crop year
and none have had more than three.
(7ter ;-ade avail
able to the first farms for the crop year l9L6). Vthle
there is varIation in land classes between farms, all were
started on raw land upon which there had been no previous
irrigatIon development, and upon which there were no
buildings or fences.
The farms were in various steges cf development, Eome
having started development. a late s l9c while others
began as early as 19L$, so that it was ;ossible to mke an
analysis on the basis of years of devoloTant (Table 1).
karras havIn, as few as thirti ori1 s :.any as 160
irnigable acres were included. It was thus possible to
eX9!ifle faris in various acreai
ous (Table 2),
The data are analyzed c}iefl by the method of gro'a
ing and cross-tabulation. The character of the data does
not justify more eXtønive correlation analysis.
7
Table 1
Sixty Parns Gro.ed vy Y.r Deve1oment Bean
North Unit, Lesc:ites 2roject
xer Cent of
i\u.nber of
Year Development
:ari
e:an
7
30.0
18
3'...
tne fla
I addition to
surve,
e
and LiLjOfiki bion
oo
.
dditio1
in
lniview
nttive3 of
baiñers, id r
w.o were wori.ij jfl the area.
ODO2 C3L1AS r.)or
rouii.d natria1
wi 1h farmers, 1Ierchant2,
and federal
,ecies
xsiv& use wa aade of
u-d annually for the
area by the firea of eclanation. )bhor publications were
text.
iohou
used as indicated in footnote
Table 2
Sixty Far.'ns
or
ixr.1ui
roaed by Irriab1c Acre es per Farm
scnubs
l9i4
Acr.i.
Cent of
Sample
Gro L1J
30-- L9.9
50-- u9.9
70-- 39.9
90--119. 9
120--l60 .0
Tot
o2
71
107
1)43
1$
9
16
10
25,0
15.0
26.7
100
1.
i:j
)J
TH
Natural Conditions
interniountain plain
The Deschutes area is part
c t;hr with th SuIJ:ol.!&iLI: ;f;Ontains, makes up
which,
(Piure 1). The
what; is ,'e;tera1ir known as Central
area e.:hraces a number of irrint:oit oroects in addit1n
to the Not ,nit, ihi Lc1.......o he Ochoco L:iLion
yule And the Central
District in
of
.L Lon District in t ...o i:3e.d-c&ic. :'o.
)reon
Cenri :c.: irr.Ttion I)1trict wn.. started jr. 1900.
ar s eral rnil
in
itinn to tiL5c J r
projot3 in the area.
lvel eonfeet abo:re
Tie tort;. ;:n.t;, lyIng
ly
Lns 0,O0O acres of Irri':cle l:1.ac. in a strip
ends
to nine aiies wid. and thirtr nilev lo::. It
in a north-south direction, eset of the Deschutis Fdver In
southern Jof rcjn Co:ity. The cl::t. Is that of a
.
cts
arid inbero. ta
A.ra. with eol.
and Jar:1 su1t1lers.
The aveae aicivai precipitat!o is
atr ortion faliin
.
1
eint inches,
the fall and winter
mont..s. Much of it is in the for;ii of snov. Surtners are
of cleir, sunny
characterized by
ero ent a
alt hox the nihtz; are
witi reiative1
cneral1y cool. The averac lcnt:. of tTnc rowing season
with the
(U?
.
9
varies from 130 days in the southrn part of the unit to
lIO days in the fency Plains area in the north. Most
crops adaptable to northern temperate climates, and not
requiring a longer season thaii 130 days, grow readily.
The high proportion of cloudless days is conducive to
rapid maturity of crops, but occasional late frosts In the
spring limit the growth of crops that are susceptible to
frost damage.
The soil for the most part is a sndj loam of volcanic
origin.1 The topography is ent1y undulating, with a
number of locally proiiinont buttes scattered throughout the
plain rising to various heiLhtS from 300 to i)4OO feet.
Agr I oul tu
History
All of central Oregon was principally a range liveand 9Ql, lioriesteading
stock country in the
started about 1900, and. by the time the railroad was extended into the area in 1911 most of the land was occupied.
7any of the homesteaders soubt only cheap land for speculative purposes and were not interested in farming. Others
who came from farrs i 11stourI and other arts of the
idlle Jest were responsible for most of the early dry
£armin; activity.
"Land Capabilities and Conservation Farming, Desohutes
periment Station, Corvallis, Oro,or, November 19)47,
Area Central Oreon," Special Bulletin, .gricu1tura1
10
Soon after the arrival of the railroad most o.f the
easily tillable land of Jefferson county (where the North
Unit is located) was plowed and utilized for wheat and
tallow. Much of the rocky and poorer land was hornesteaded
and abandoned with little aLtt made at tillage.
The
years 1910 to 1917 were irnsually moist for that area and
good crops of wheat were produced, cuiminatii-g in a bumper
cro., in 1913. This crop, to;ether with wr prices for
wheat, crejted a good market for land widob was reported
to have sold for as much as fifty dollars an acre.
Beginning in the early 1920's and coitinuing through
the early 1930's, a general process of abandoiment and consolidation of farms took place. Many of the small farms
were unable to carry the heavy mortgago load incurred during the lush war years anc the mortgages were foreclosed.
Many were too small to be operated on the wheat and fallow
system, Other farrs were voluntarily sold or abandoned
because they were not profitable under existing conditions.
The drought of l93L, followed by dust storms in 193,
forced some land out of cultivation, In l931.i. the Resettlemerit Athiiinistration began purchasing marinal land in
Jefferson county and set up what is flow known as the
Central Oregon Land Utilization Project. This project is
now administered by the Soil Conservation Service, It was
be11evei that grazing was the best s e for t.e land ilch
11
was taken out of cultivation arid uiuch of it
s planted to
crestd wheat;rass. About 1UOO acres of the land included
in the Central Ore;on Land Utilization kroject lies within
the boundaries of thc North Unit arid has been given to
World ar II vetera,:is as 1omestads,
At one time about LOO farm families lived in the
district now cmprisin the North Unit, hrouh the lon'
process of consolidation, abandoninent, and overnment purchase just dezcr..bed, only about 1O remained just before
the advent of irritation, At the tine of tho present study
(November 19)43) there were about
O fari faniiiies on the
Norti..
Approximately oity per ceut of th North Unit ad
been under cultivation prior to the presc;-t irri.atin deve1opme.ib.
!ost of that which haY-
rj
bcen under cultiva-
tioa as covered with sagebrush and wa rnther easily
cleared. Only a sall acreae, wh1c was covered with
juniper, preitea arty cifficult clearin
Hisbo
r
problems.
i.,ation Doveioent
Construction of water storage facilities for the North
Unit was started in 1938 and proceded rapidly until work
was halted by an order from the ax' roduction Board in
On the recommendation of th
ar Food Admiriistration, the WPB order was recinded and work was resumed in
191i.2,
12
The first irri.tion
19)3.
eolivered to llj.2
7030 acres were irri
water 1r
Abo
atcd tht ycr. Ij
war was evailable to a total
of L.3,732 acres of wc 2u,730 acres, or iXty-on per
cent, were
sten of
Tne
coLto bLit iI
iJnib Is not quite
bc No
estivated ta the toial rein-
bursable coneiru.etion cost to be repaid by the water users
will be abuut eleven miU ion dollars or about 220 dollars
per
o.ere. Because of hi' costs durii.. and fo1
lowia, iwr, this obiI,;e.tlon Is coisitierabIy :±iher than
The exstiig coract eLvee.n the
3u;a c lieclaIation requires ica
water usr
ot
car
CrOLtd
j:tt bo me5i
by the bi.i cos
an aLLrldatory conrac
it is
reparnent problc:s
iianne
lie: :o t I
xteii. te x
.y;eit period. A
stud:: 13 currexiy bei;. co.u.
by thc i3re:u c deter
nine tiicl ia,)a:j:.nt bilit;
t:e tcr 'isors.
J'he i.(iU2JJU;
0
riion and nain:,ance chario for the
twa dollars and fifty cents for two
acre-.'eet of watr, Additional water was available in
one-half foot is:creits at two dollars per acre-root up
to a niaxiun. o: three feet.
cro year 19L
wa
13
Gui
e utures
.hwy
The Dalles-Caljfornja
north and south coxrnectin
oes throuh the project
the area with Portland markets
arid with important markets in California.
area is
.
The Portland
nirt of first iiortance for livestock.
Other
hiiways forn a direct link with the Wi1lanette Valley
which provides a good market for alfalfa hay and other
livestock fcds.
In addition to hihways, the area is
served by railroacs connecting it with distant rarkets for
seed crops, potatoes, etc.
the iorth Unit is served by fIve towns either within
the Unit or located nearby.
950,
is the county
i.adras, with
populatIon of
seat for Jeffcrsort county and is located
near the center of the Project.
Other towns within the
Unit are Culver, with a population ot 300, aid Metolius,
with a population under 1O.
Bend and Redmond are located on the old Central Ore.'on
Project In Desohutes county
to the south, but arc near
enouh to be of service to ehe North Unit.
population or 12,OO and
edmond 2800.
Bend has a
Both Bend and Red-
mond have thrivixa, lumber izidustrles as well as marketing
facilities for a.ricuitural products.
The Unit i
serviced by four coirniercIal banks, one In
the town of Madras, one in I-edniond, an:i two in Bend.
The
Parers Hone Admini tration has an office in Madras and
prcv'Ldes credit to the L.1t of :o;.rcea availab1e There
is a kroduction Credit ssoiat;.on located in the area with
an office at edonc a
Doaiostio iater
upj
of an adequate doiestic water supply is a
serious problem on the unit at the present time. Wells are
not feasible beoaue they vo.ild have to e drilled through
several hundred feet of inoous rock anc tien with only a
small criance of etLn water.
The l&c
In the CenrzJ. Jregon Irriatien District just south
of the North unit, donestic water s.)lie.s are often re-
lated to the iri'ition systen. Cisterns and shallow ponds
are used extensively. These are fliLd £ro the irr-iatlon
ditcies which cirry water at intervals even durinr the
winter month3 exresz.:j for this purpose. This srsterr has
proven satisfactory in that area where ir1'i;tion water is
plentiful. Such a system has not been dcmcd feasible for
the North Unit because of the ore lintited supply of irriat1on ater. The sto1dw facilities for the North Unit
were deied to perriit the delivery of abo.t 2.4 acre-feet
of water per acre to fars. 'Ljle this aiount has been
aetermined to be sufficin for an average assort:nent of
croj:s where careful irriutio practices are followed, it
IS ql
stionable if the s.ly will b
eou1 to per-
uae of irxigat.Lon rter for 11 stoc. and other
do.nestic uses.
prohle
rrigaticn watcr
mit
ute recenti:r becaus cf ersitcnt
lcahs that have be ccvelopin; ii the storae facilities.
rior to tne I:
ion development, ..ater £r Opal
has become even xsiore
rings in the Crooe iver canyon wazi puuped up onto t
luIns and iLed to the towns of Culver, ietolius, and
adras a cli as many of the dry farm hos, This sy
is not adequate to serve th needs o1 the. increased iOpu-
iator.
JltLoiLL the 3ystem is cepable of exar13ion to
serve the entii. ortn unit, expansion is seriously hampered by the I1h cost involved. It is to be exccted that
livstocIc enter .ses will be delayed tuitil the doi; tic
water iroLloa is solved.
The Joaid of Itc of the Jef erso atei Con
ervancj District
equost a. te J.iUruu O hCC.Lauatiofl
to tate over the otjc water syLei of the dia'ict and
put It- in such condition that an adequate supply of domestic wair can be ftir.::se to all liowners. At the
prezei.t Lo (3epteaber lL9) the Bureau o hec1auaton Is
studin. the proposal.
The coet of rehabilittixig the presit system has been
eatimatoa at about 3,Lh.,OOO. If sixty per cent of this
amount is allocateQ to the nunicipal users, the balance to
r.ral beuefie1ar..
L'O
e acre for the en
272
tire 50,000 acres of' the North 'Jnit Operation and riain
tenance charges for the st Cli
hen stiiaatd ab about
r;.t Lon and nia:Lntenance
thirty cents per acre per
costs would of course be char'ed on the basis of service
rather than per acre.
be charr:ed to
Land Appraisal
Before construction of irriation works was begun,
land owners within the boundaries of the proposed irri;ntion development entered into an areeient with the Bureau
of eclamation establish.in;, a maximum sale price of land
to settlers en the basis
rad.es of land determined by
an appraisal board. The followin: rules were followed by
the board of apraisal for the clasluication of lands on
the North Unit,
Appraised values were established on the basis of dry
land use and without repard to potential value of the lands
for irri:ation purposes. For the best raw land (Class I),
the maxium price was twenty-three dollars per acre. Lower
grades of land were priced at lower fiures as follows:
Class II, twenty dollars; Class III, fifteen dollars; and
grazing land at five dollars per acre. Allowance was made
for improvements on the land at the time of appraisal.
\1'LIE.AJ..
UO.....L.
OiTi iiiW,
T]LiS
£hOJCT
h ar
Class I La-rLbie,
rust hove smooi. urface with slopes of at least
four foUL d uct to exceec fifty feet, to iiü rile.
Little, ii air, lvelLi sioulct be rqured,
hist1 bu i..a:1e soil of fin sandy loam or silt
(a)
(d)
.u;t bo wac ;ical:j free fror alkali,
frust have depth of soil of not less than twenty
ciies
Lc,
Class II Land--iri
Class II i&ma shall coal or to all reqiLrc.Louts of
Class I lands except1 that such land may be somewhat
a
to surface toorn:1.
c
iaLn
geutle undulations, will reqoire an outlay of perhaps
fitoomn llm'e per are to lOVi and repae fc
water arid may have s uokn es six per coat slopes if
sarfce iS vu.f amifrm,
Class III Land
Clas. III lni. shall coa ocm in z;pecI1icatioA o
Class .. lorias excet
t:e :;u;w1 so.. dotm may
be I11
..e3 OiiC tie jfac;e slo.ie La e
;reat
a ten per cent i.re topoora.hj is uuform Jm oct to
exceed i've per c.umt aderu ofce
r;olr or
.
wavj.
Class IV Land
Class IV rej.rosents lands
or could ot e irri;
no
for any reason should
L1Cu.
it was areed by al]. owners that lands held in excos
of the maxjxnun limitation would, not b sold for more than
the appraised value under any conditions. Any sales or
resales of nor1excess lands were to be subject to the
13
limitation that in the event they
sold for more than
the apiri ed. rice, at least one malf of that portion of
the sel1in- price w.'tich is above the araised value or the
land (incremental value) is to be turned over to the irrigation district to be allocated to future construction and
operation co
the particular piece of land involved,
Improvements :ade to, and ,laced on, the l.nd Pollow-
ing the ori.inai araisal are avaised at their fair
market value at the time of -aprntsal, ireq.ontiy,
actual construction costs of snc.i iii. ovnants arc used in
determirxin; a fair iarket value.
ain.isal made
at the present tic of a devc1opc. farm on. the proje
would consist of the original value ..1acad on the land and
iiipro'Tenon.ts, plus a fa r nrke appraisal or improvements
added since the original a nraisal,
There are some inequities in the present sysbem of
appraisal duo to ,o.oeral fluctuations in land values and to
differences in valuations that rnigJt result from conatru-
tion of roads, market facilities, schools, or other conveniunces in or near the project area. For this reason, a
new sy2ter of appraisal has been approved that will permit
a current fair market eval:uition of both land and inprovements at an:T ti, ta.kin.; into account sucb factors
as location, schoo1, and other factors, as well as the
obliation to the iJrited. States.
19
flue to the fact thst the old .pprai ci stei,, is
inclnec. in the exist;1ri contract bet:een te lsnd owners
and
UnIted states, it Is iossibIe to
apply the new
systcr. of
preisel on the itcrt Unit at tL present. I-evis.ors in the
risel procedures w:. U. be considered
curir. mendaterr contract neotiatjons wIth. the itrIct,
which I Is ex::ccteT will oo er
within ttie next ir'r,
Size of arrs
The siz -effaru pattern up to 19I was restricted by
the )3ureau's max!nuii acreae 1iiItations, which specified
a maximum of forty irriable acres for each Individual
owner, or ei$'htJ acres per family. It became apparent
before operations on Individual farm units had Ioressed
very far that the fnrm enterprises that were suited to
lands of the North Unit required larger acreages. This
matter was formally invei!.;'ated with the result that In
Septerber l9L, a report entitled "1urL1 Unit Aereagos,
florth Unit, X)eschuee kroject," was prepared by the Bureau
of heciamation in suport of the presenti- effective lOacre maximum limitation on farm owner&.ips,
The Jefferson .ator Conservancy 1):trict, which Is the
water
or& 3IZGiOfl on the ort UuIt, has attenpted
to restrict operatIon on individual units to 160 irri.;able
acres or less. This organization has considered it just
and p.&- to
rio-;
tLon ha war unit
D
ha
c
ot oril''
b; aL$o opexa-
ici iijait.
19L3, diviiiot o1
h) a: unit 8
tb. JH1t
been virtually ec.lot&d o thu it wa
31ZC
i'or the
Table
.LL_L:
sibL to
(L.i
3).
3
3ize (Irri;ab1e Acr;e) of Ownershij. Jnit Shown by
Iecor of i'rcjcct )ffice t Ecnd, Orejon,
iot.h Unit;, Leschutus roject, 19)4b
Cent
19 9
20.0--39.9
9 .9
60.0--79,9
80.o-. 99
loo.o--159.9
160.0-..29.9
Total A
31
107
0
Source.
17
04
2
9L.
20
127
U
03
Total irriable acreao o
Note:
f iotal
)
100
O8E
un
),000
0
ieI1:imary u.ri1t, cono.aic 1cport and
aient
roject; bureau of
1, iorth Unit, Lescute
ieciamat..on, Boise, Idaho.
It 1$ Indicated in Table 3 that twenty-two per cent of
the farm a rship units haci ies than forty irriable
acres and that thirty-five per cent had less than sixty
irriab1e acres. an.g of the ma1l units were purchased
under the old aere.e limitation. Others ere purchased as
part-tLue farms £or the towns of Culver, acrLs, and
Mto1ius. It is to be noted that these are farr. ownership
units
t1i'
.
the
project ifice :ti
units
:;
cEth
t::L
ovr:
tc
ZC
;;ct necess.r r co±ncdc vIt
v-ery reccrds at t.he
tatef
idicatc that
lior
o!, th.
h
other setti:r:. in conjicton
2rOjOCt :tur. it IS
.tin unit will econe stabicri, ...owcver,
lized at et-ee.
ty and 100 i
this is ..ae1: 511 estImat(
Ofl coditio;.i that exist
at the proSan. time.
\r*.S@VCXI Of 2:t; units are s on aS havinE over 160
irrijable. acres, The; are ferris that had not been entirely
t
L.
op
sub-divided at tht tine the bu1ition W&S :iade. They must
he rduce.. to ownerships not exceein: 160 irr.Lable acres
before 1rriatjon water will U e delivered.
Charactertstis of Settlers
The Norti Unit attracted settiers from a wide area.
AlthOUth many of hei caine from dry fare in the immediate
ares and from the Ui?la;n.ette Valley, a large nurthor were
from ostab1is.e6. irri.ted areas, especialiy from southern
Idaho an estcrn 0rcjn, and had had considerable experience on Lrri.LateJ farms (Table ). Only four had no
f&rmiri.. cxerinci a all.
UJveu c ee from tie southern rat IJ1SIflS area,
especially frn Kansas, and had no irrigation experience.
Te vcri.
inr tLc srvcy
ias thtrt3'-rJn
Tbe vCra..
fsni1 for
ctticr i
Lfl tiLE
Table
:ror per
3.2.
tud:y
1
Oriin and Previous 1?ar iericnceof Settlers Surveyed
Nc.rt
Area or
of Oriin
iO
rccct
Unit, L;.1:L
.cil
Settlers
Oregon:
Citri CrEon
Wi1laiette Valley
.Cç0fl
Other Ogoii
Vale Owbe e
E.outhrn iaho
California
Ud- t
Totals
2
2
7
I
C)
3
11
11
2
2
OO
32
2
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
10
1
Ariticiated Agriculture
ia;i factors nro It difficult to anticipate what
crops will prcdoninnrte on the North iJnit under mature con
dition$ L&scd : conditions which existed in l9I8.
aiiy
settlera are experinting with specialty crops such as
veotable seeds, strawberry plants, and lettuce, in an
attcrnr
to determIne what enterprises are 1ikel to s Cceec, Other settlers are concentrating on clover seed production In order to take advantae of the favorable p rice
situation that exists for that crop at the present time.
ix. end App
lieclamation, of Bureau Interior, of Department States
United
Project. Desohutes
might program four-year The
\Jnit,
Iorth acrea;es unit Farm
crop. clover the establishing
to incidental grain small some with rotation clover-potato
four-year a in produce could
farr!
crop cash The
typE;s. two
practical be mi.:ht it acreagea larger the For
and farms crop cash are They
the combine to
farms. dairy
suggested. are types two
sone prepared has College, State Oregon
sestIons
the for programs cropping
Unit) North
farms time full For
for
of Specialist Crops Farm tension
i
Jackman,
.
Ft.
r.
reported. acreage the of cent per six about potatoes
and cent per forty about
for aceouned Leguies
19148.
in
furnished was water whien on acreae reported the of cent
per fortyfive
ahot occupied Cereals
1.
Table Appendix,
in presented are 19148, in fur;.iished was water whIch to
Unit North tbe of portion
and Crops
irriated entire the for acrea;es
alfalfa. and clover for crop nurse a as used was
grain the however, cases, these of many in
l9L6. in grains
Only produced farms entire instances,
small
some In
definitely.
in- persist to expected be may condition eed-free
situation price favorable bhe Neither
the nor
attractIve. cially
espe- seed clover of production the make development of
period
cr1y
this in Jnit ortn
the on conditions Weed-free
23
be sot up ifl the following rotation:
1st yr--grain (clover sdn t:he s tubbic)
2nd year--clover
rd year--clover
th year--potatoes
It may be observed that the above rotation calls for
about fifty per cent leunes, twentyfive per cent grain,
and about twenty-five per cent potatoes.
It was sug;:ested that the dairy farius should be about
equally divided between hay and irriated sture, and any
grain needed above what is produced as rse crops should
be purchased.
If the fan has more than ei;hty irrigable acres it is
possible to combiri& dairy and cash. crop fanithg. However,
on farms of less than eihty acres, if one tries to keep
cows and row cash crops too, he limits the dairy enterprise to a small uneconomic unit arid he automatically
limits his cash crops to smaller fields and less economic
units.
A number of irrigation projects in the upper Deachutos
Valley were started between 1901 and 1905. The early crops
were grain arid alfalfa, and sonic potatoes. It was not
until the als1k-potato far!ii1i, system was developed in the
late 1920's that farnin, becane a good business on these
projects. Befre that time, it was speculative, 1nd was
low-priced, and chan.;es In ownership frequent. On these
projects, of Which the Central Orcon Irri:ation District
o, alsike or
ed clover
d potatoes are tc
casi. crops on fs ron forty to eiIt'y acres. Fans of
oihty to ióO acres .a.ally incluO a livestock entrirLse,
often dairy cows, siieep, or beef. Turkey production is
also important.
26
-rr
rr -
L,.
The developmcnt of an irrigation project and ind1
vidual farms on a project may be a continuous and neverending process, or it may be short and abortive, depending
upon the potential that exists and the feasibility of the
project. On a well-conceived project it is reasonable to
expect that improverLent and progress mlht go on Indefi-
nitely. Penporary buildins, machinery, ud facilities
will be re4aced by items of a more permanent nature. Farm
practices will be modified to meet cbaning conditions.
Some practices first adopted in the urency o: getting the
land under irrigation will be abandoned and replaced by
sounder methods which will pronote the project and agriculture from a long run point of view.
In the first years of developmeot, however, the im-
porbt thing is to get the new farms on a paying basis
they are making a net return above costs, and where
further investments are not imiediately necessary. This
wher
means that the irrigable land will be irrigated and
actually producing crops a.td the settler will have workable
buildings and machinery. it nay not mean that the settler
has everything he desires to have, or should have from a
socioloeal standpoint, but if the farm psses the "breakeven" pojnt arid is making a profit, a better home, better
27
livestock, and finer rchinery and equiment can be provided out of the farm oarnins. ?rior to that time the
farm will require substantial investments of tunds not made
from the farm. It such funds are not available, develop-
ment will be slow and it is likely that the settler will be
liquidated without ever setting his farm to the profit
stage, In addition to the availability of investment funds,
a number of other factors will tend to influence the rapidity with which farms are brou.ht to the profit stage. These
include enral economic conditions, fanri size, physical
condition, of the land, demand for adaptable crops, and the
ability of the operator to do a wide variety of work and to
husband his resources.
In the present study there are certain factors that
can he used as indicators of the degree of development.
.erceritae of the irri2.able land that is irrigated is a
measure of land development. From a long run point of v
such a measure is not without limitations. Land may be
irriated that has not been properly prepared to receive
the irrigation water, roaultin.; in costly erosion, poor
crops, waste of water, and inefficient use of labor and
capital. In the early stages of development, however,
these limitations have loss significance. As has been
pointed out, the iuportant thing is to get the land irri..
sated and into production so that the farms can carry
themselves fnanoially while further development is made.
28
Changes in the value of settlers' assets may be used
as an incuction of the financial proL.;ress made by set-
tiers. The period 19L45-l9LfJ was ode of rising prices and
inflation. This fact ahould be kept in mind when evaluating the changes in the value of asset2 owned by settlers on
the orth Unit. Some of the increase may be the result of
inflation in values, especially in land values. Throughout
the following analysis care has been taken to calculate the
increase in the value of land as a separate factor when
analyzing chanèes in the value of settlers' assets. Not
all of the increase in the value of land may be attributed
to inflation. A discussion of this point is presented in
a subsequent section of this report under the heading,
Capital Accumulation.
Percentage of irrigable land that is devoted to specified crops may be used as a general indication of the
degree of development. As indicated in a previous section
of the present study, it is expected that legumes and row
crops will predominate on North Unit farms, occupying
perhaps as much as seventy-five per cent of the irrigable
acreae, Sniall grains are expected to decline to a
position of minor importance as the development of land
proceeds and will be used principally as a nurse crop for
legumes.
29
Froiçress of Land Development
Land development, measured in terms of percentage of
irrigable land that was irrigated in 19148, has been rapid.
(Table
5)
All farms surveyed, covering an average devel-
opment period of 2.75 years, had eighty-eight per cent of
the irrigable acreage per faxn. irrigated
ifl
Those
19148.
that began development in 1945 had an average of ninetythree per cent of the irrigable acreago in by 1948.
This
rapid development of land was possible because relatively
involved in pre-
little labor and little cash outlay were
paring the land for irrigation.
Moat of the land. had been
Table 5
Degree of Land Development Measured by Percentage of
Irrijable Land that ias Irrigated
Sixty Farms, North Unit, Desehutes Project
Year
Devclopnent
5e'an
1945
19146
1947
19148
Al]. farms
Number
of
Farms
rrigab:
er
% Ir
gated
Irrig
c re a
Farm*
Cro
ted
Year
16
914
18
21
69
67
75
78
93
5
71
80
83
60
81
71
88
92
81
78
*Averaged b
dry farmed prior to the present irrigation development.
Thi1e some of the topography is rolling to steep, little
leveling was done and few costly structures were used to
30
the land unIer irri, ation.
It i
reco.;nized th
much
of the laid.: being irigated will require additional
leveling and terracing. In iany cases ir!tLon struetures have been made of untreated native luber and will
have to ho replaced in a short while. Some settlers have
not provided for drops or check dartis, but rely on large
boulders placed in ditches at interv1a to check the vel-
ocity of irriation water.
On the average, settlers irrIgated about seventy-one
per cent of their irrigable acreage the first crop year
(Table 5). It should be noted that the first crop year
does not necessarily coincide with the year In which development began. Irrigation water was delivered to the
first farms in the spring of l9Ló, whIle manj of the settlers began development in l)). Some of the farris which
wore first irrLated in 19L1.ó received the water too late
that year to do .uch good, This will, In part, account
for the conparatIvely low percentage of the land that was
irritated on farms on which development was begun in 19)4S
and l9t6.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Land Development
Aside from the physical condition of the land, prob
ably one of the most iraportant of the fi.ctors affecting
the rate of land development is the total amount of capital
31
to the etlor, Table
ois the relationship
beten bhe perceL1tae of irzitable larAd tiat was irriated
per farii in 1)143 and te total anont of' capital that was
avallab1
available to the settler. Total caf;ai available i the
value of beginning ases, plus ron-farm iIlcomo, plus all
borrow :L:,
S
No va1ut has been calculated for farm earnings
Table 6
Total Capital Available per Irriable Acre and the
ereontage of Irrigabie Acreage th&t w irrigated
Fifty-five Farms, North Unit, Dosohutes Project
Year
Development
.umb e r
of Farms
Be
).914:
90--l00.0, irrigated
70-- 9.9% irrigated
irrigated
90--l00.O irrigated
rO-- U9.9, irrigated
11
Under 70.0%
19146:
Under 7O.O;
19147:
90--lO0.0
70
b).9:
Under 70.0,:
*
irriated
lrriated
irrlated
irricated
Average Capital
Available per
Irriable Acre*
Dollars
206
137
*--
13
223
176
10
14
7
260
231
220
Total capItal available is the value of the operators
beginning assets, plus any off-farm income, plus all
borrowings, averaged by farms.
for the period. To compensate for differences in farm
sizes, total capital has been calculated on the baia of
irrigable acres per farm. The time factor has been compensated for in part by grouping the farms by the year
development began. Other factors that will have an ifl-
fluence but are not cot:.
Manner in
tc1 for
which the capit.a1
.n
Table 6
is used.
Land class (pirsical ond:tfon of the
land
and
topography).
Experience and uative
ability
L. ii 1V:LC1j.Ul initiative of
of
tlers.
roup indicated
ifl eacL ievelopmcnt
the oertor.
in Pable 6,
set-
tiers with over ninety per cent of their irrlable land
irrigated In l9L3 had
re capita]. available to
them than
did those wish less than ninoty per cent ir'igatec1. There
was a wide variation between farris in the rlation to total
capi tal and pe rcorltaLe of
lend irrigated
iLIdiCatir.i: the t
factors other than total cital had an important bearing.
It seems that iiiot of the settlers had enough capital
available to
them to pernit rapId development. This being
io, factors other than capital that affect the rate of
developnent took on greater weiht
than would have beexi
true if there ha3 been a serious shortae of capital.
kre sent Land Use
Ereaent land use will be considered on the basis of
irriable
acreae
with the folloi, use classifications:
now crops (including potatoes, ve;etables,
.rdiis, etc )
miali
rain (othor tha nur!e crrp).
I,
Irr1o.ted pasture
Idle irrip,able land
Practically all of the land (ievOtec to row crops ws
used f or potatoes, with a few acres in such specialty crops
as head lettuce, radish seed, turnip seed, onions, and
strawberries.
ajng snail rans includes
Land classified
only land that was zeoce pcc1fioaliy for the small grain
crop. It does not includ.e grain that was planted as a
nurse crop for lctes as such lanc has been Included under
the classification 'legumes." .. all .raThs Include wheat,
barley, oats, rye, and a small acrea:e of corn, ost of
the small grain was wheat and barley.
gunes have been classified as hr and seed. lracticallv all of the leguno hay was aiflfa with a very small
acreage of red clover. Seed legumes Include ladino, alike, red, and white dutch clover,
An average of fifty per cent of the irrigable acreage
of all farms surveyed was used for production of legumes
in l9t.6 (Table 7). This acreage was divided almost equally
between hay and seed.
Farms upon which development was
started in l9L and l9I6 had about sixty per cent of the
irrigable acreage in legumes with about ten per cent more
314
hy than seed.
The percentage of irrigable acreage devoted to snail
rauns declines as the period of development lenthena.
Almost fifty per cent of the irrigable acreage was used
for small rauns on raras in the first yar of development
as compared to about twenty per cent on farms that 5tarted
development in
l94.
Table
7
Land Use. Percentae of Land Devoted to Specified Use
ixLj Far1Ls, orth Uni, DC3CkiUtes project
1eveiopment
l7hô
All farms
Leumes
Srr.a1l
Row
Iri.ted
iasture
i: die
r Dry
.xrains
Gros
3.3
2.3
26.
11,
20,7
3 ,O
, ')
11.3
13,3
---
2.6
19 0
22.0
25.3
2),7
27.1
S3
13.3
ha
Seed
3ô.9
cii'
b7 dividing ci
roui by the ac
Farmed
t
3L,!
'.6
3.6
6.0
8.3
ch 1t.n
calculated
c
otei t tho ue L the
cec
c
ou,p.
ia'1. aort.ae ir
Land devoted to row crops shows a
.
Lile
liht but not
appreciable increase as the period of dove1ojiet lengthens. Row crops involve a great deal of labor and caiital
both in establiahin the crop and in land preparation, so
it can be expectec that land devoted to suoh crops will
increase ftluch more slowly than is true for the iiore extensive crops such as alfalfa and clover,
Land used for irri.ated pasture shows a slow rate of
increase with the is theiün' of th development period.
The slow rate may be attributed to the lack of caitalfor
farm buildings, favorable prices 1or leuzre hay arid seed,
lare amount of capital neecLed for 11vetock, or any other
Including
of a numhez 'f factors or combination of
the lack of domestIc water develont.
çital Accumulat Ion
tost of the settlers included in the present study
experienced a substnn.tial increase in assets (Table 8).
14uch, but not all, of the increase was the result of the
increased value the settlers placed on their land. The
present value of land was based entirel.r on the setti
eatates and there was a wo LvUrCiCC ol. o:n:on as to
what the land was actually worth.
fifty to 3C0 liars pe iia
.
cu n.om
istiiaates
cr for siiiiJ.r lands.
In this early period or develojmieit settlers have little
historical data or eye'ience upon which to base estimttes
of land value. It will be noted from Table 8 that settle's who took their first crop in l9! were ;iach more
conseivatie in thoir land evaluation than were the settlers on farms fir3t cro;))ec in l9L7 arid l9t3,
A part of the Increase ifl land value is the result of
actual expenditures nade for soil preparation, establishing
crops, fertilization of the soil, etc. Sonic of the in
crease can be justified as a value for the operator's time
and labor on the land. Althou;'h it is impossible to tell
how much, some of the Increase in the value placed on land
may be a capitalization of future earnings. It i8 of
course, possIble that the settlers' estimates of land
values were low rather than higi, however, it 18 believed
that such was not the case. The attitude of settlers In
enorai was one of optiiiism and high hopes,
Table 3
Settlers' Financial Position and iet Assets,
Avera.e pr Irriable Ae
Sixty Farms, North Unit, Desehutes .roject
First Irri'atod Crop Year
19
Number ol' iarus
iabie Acres or
ercexita. e
d
ovember 19L8
ret inclt
*based
60
23
Dollars
in assets
Increase due to land:
Increase exclusive of land
All
Farms
2
Farm
Asots, iovemberI)!4.8*
13eginni:i: as.ts
IAcrcJse i ass.ts
Debt,
12147
12
Dollars
3D
2L
91
1,7
3d
119
2
12L1.
131
1) 2
119
I
Dollars
282
107
17
86
iô
8].
33
8
2L3
110
173
61
112
79
33
on settlers' estimats.
Bezinning assets are equivalent to beginning net worth
In that none of the settlers indicated any debt in the
beginning.
Iricreaz, .in net assets duo to the increase In value
pieced on 1nd. The ca1eulaton LB ade b s.ietracting
the purchase price of land from present value.
37
Beginning assets (Table 8) include all of the settiers' household and farm assets as well as their cash
balance and presents what is believed to be a fairly
accurate picture of the settlers' beginning net worth.
Assets as of November l9L8, however, do not include any
cash balance the settlers might hive, nor do they include
the value of crops, feed, seed, etc on hand at the time of
the survey. In iany cases enumerators were unable to get
the figures for settlers' cash balances for l9L8 so liquid
assets for i9LiU have been omitted in all cases ifl Table 8.
No attempt was made to determine the inventory value of
feed, sed crops, fertilizer, etc. any o.t the FI[A clients
had undrawn balances on their development ions and these
balances have been included as assets.
As a group, the war veteran homesteaders had a lower
capital accumulation, oxc1is1ve of the increase in land
values, than did the avere of all settlers in the same
crop year group (Table 9). These homesteaders had beginning assets considerably below the average for all farms
in the sane crop year group but they were well provided
with fands by the Farmer's Home Administration. Total
borrowings, avorain:; between iJ..,000 and 1.16,000 per farm,
are to be amortized over a forty-year period.
The horiesteadere valued their land considerably lower
than did the aver&e settler on all farms in the same crop
30
year group. Fro tiLe dra presertlj available it i im
posablo to say wret.rer t.le land is in fact of a 1owe
value, or whether the homesteaders rrc :ore conservative
in their cti'nabes of iaxid value, Accoriu to lmid clas
8ificttin
used by the heclamatlo Buroau, the homestead
Table 9
Finaucia]. Position and Caçital Accumulation per
51c
e o2 Ti oi o
North 1init, Desehutes Project
Number of Faris
Irriçab1e Acres per Farm
?erconta:e irri;ated
Assets i'ovenber l);1c
Beginning ass ts
Increase in assets
Debt, flovember 19148
Net increase in asts
Increase due to land
Increase exclusive of land
0
100
L7
Dollars
3O
So
102
88
Dollars
2(2
914
1146
168
131
73
37
0
-10
219
'Based on settlers' estimates.
**Begininr assets are equivalent to beLir1nin neb vorth
in that none of the settlers indicated any debt in the
be;inniu. Ther also include the appraisal value of 1nd.
Ineretse in asset values due to the increase in the
value of 1an calculatect by subtractin:: the appraisal
value of land from present value,
lands are about equal to the avera.:e of land on all farms
Some of the homestead lanci was covered with
Juniper anu brush, however, the cost of land development
surveyed.
was only about three dollars more per irrigated acre than
39
the averac for all aru,
a.I I
-
r ir.t
dollara per
s
concr1iat..Lc-.
tX1LI c1Dj
..., .. .. - ..
..
..Oict
.
acre on
n
--
O
..
----
aia tc
acre as
ozsbl-.
cost of lund dG-
Ithe ay..
-netcen
:.c:
he
03
&. s0c&t.L.
:.t-:. O.
7i1$.
eecausc. of
.ta.:
jQi
t ion..
t ii fact the
tuate3 of the value of land
n
re too 1c
CO;. to all frns, the net
gain :n assets, as shown in Table 9, on icmesteaas will
also be too low.
There so' to be little relationsiip between the
iroreas-' in
vcrtt, exclusive of the irtrease in land
value, and the value of be
socs, total borrowi
or beinnin aLets plus borr iLUB (.able 10).
in Table 1 the Xtr farns survcjed have been rou.ped
tue first .irr.i.;atcL. crop jear ana eCn crop iar OU)
was dIvided into thirds a oLnc to the .ijerea
value of assits.
It would seem that tero are factors other than beinnin.; assets and borrowjn that have an important in-
fluence on the fI:iancial pro.ress of seitiera in the early
years of development. The type of crop produced probably
had an important influence on caita1 accumulation,
The
are tndicat...
a.
a.
1
t
as asoeiited witth
n wa
true 1cr ioit
oth: cL.DJi3.
Table 10
Sixty Far;-is
..jed. b:j
i.
1ir t (op {r auI by the
Iiri,ah1 cre
orth Uiit, Desciutes Project
Net
iir3t
Irri;ated
12L6:
Lower 1/3
Middle 1/3
Uptr 1/3
19Li_7:
Lower 1/3
ct1e 1/3
1/3
I 9143:
Lower 1/3
Middle 1/3
Upper 1/3
iflO1OU.3e
3 o rrow in
Dollar Lollars 1)0 lIars
se
-12
7
79
-30
..,. S
163
73
56
1us
orrow :Li1.S
Dollars
213
53
121
87
1614
73
33
72
914
-30
102
1146
i_u
6
93
125
32
100
J.' 2
61
dcr.as
L.3
103
92
136
L.6
Irriated
814
75
2(0
1314
35
78
52
82
*Increase In the valuL. of assets exclusive of: the incroase
in tie value placed on land.
m tT'
f-F
,
Ii ha
been thoin In prevIou
'r
of ithe rresont
study tha h the develonnent of North U J. b
rapid
eventyone pe cent cd the Ir:
a
farn 'var' Ir
ezi in the fir irL ect crop year and
per cent of the irri;abIe
ab o'.
all
after waEr r
cial pro:re
:i
have deyi.s G:
.Lty to rt.c:L ;Le
point in rd
o the 2i
fiit
The
(Li.) farm buildi
f&rms
19 rn_
ar,
:cL i;j
other land develor;ierit, (3) ditcl:
ture,
i'r
erc
includes caitai for: (1) l:;n:
of
, j.t ;reo years
Lu
OOd,
r.
ued
vcloacut
ITe1IU and
Ion struc.
Icies tic
water, (7) machinery and equinent, and (3) liveock,
The
above It,rn have been designated a the
flV B S tinen
Ite and will b given partIci1ar co.sidraLlm In the
foliowi analysis. In ad(itiou to tbe items specfied
abovc, on wriich cctailcd
were atiered, t;:iere are
other capital needs that mu8t be net, but on wi.ich data of
a less detaIled nature wore gathered, These other items
include capital for farm operations, estabil shnieri.t of per
ennial crops, and tbc support of the operator and h
ramily durin: the doveloomeut period.
The average total opital, in addition to farm earnthat was .sed to hrin.: iiorth Unit farrs to ho
pros Ci
te of develomcnh
irriablo acre.
Th
as abt 206 dollars per
was determined in the follow-
iris manner:
Sotipg beg! in. net assets li0,0O
L1i non-iarrn income
Avae total borrown
li,uO
80
Average total capital
öo.00
It should be noted tnat even nonr farms of the
size arid iri the same development year grau, there was
considerable variation in thc amount of capital that was
used to roach a siijlar de;ree of dovlonont, It is be-
to eami,
ciore other than
capital that affect the ra of dovelopent bu.t it seer;is
apparent that mana;ement is important,
yond the scope of thIs
It is believed that the total amount of capital in
dicated (*.. 206 uer irri.:a
acre) ciosol approxImates
what was roqirci to put farms on a production basis.
Ave
in: total borrowings over a period of years to
determine the amount 01' caital that was provided by credit
presents a problem of duplication. In a period of four
years one borrower may have received a loan of 4Yo for
one of the years. His borrowings will total 4L,ouo for the
period, however, ho has had the use of an average of only
1000 a year. Anotner borrower may have received a loan
f p)O0 for a period of four years. His borrowL;s will
'43
also total
'4OOO for the
eriod but he h
h&:1 bhe use of
CDO a year.
Averae total hci cis for t
sixty fnrms surveyed
includes souie of the duplication just described. I3tjcnuse
of a number of factors it is believed that the duplication
is not so larje as to
rü.tly rniL.
g in the total
amount of caital ti.at was :rovided by credit. The average
e
period of development for all farms was about 2.7 years.
About seventy-five per cent of the farms had a development
period of three years or less. The efi.ect of duplication
is further reduced by the fact that eighty-nine per cent
of the total credit was contracted for periods of over one
year. Of this
y-nine per cent, about half was for
over five years. Most of the credit as used on farms on
which development was started in 19)46 or later.
Average total borrowings for the sixty farms surveyed
amounted to about eighty-five dollars per irrigable acre,
however, the average debt at the time of survey stood at
sixty-one dollars per irrigable acre.
The best average figure on capital tIat was supplied
by credit would be the largest amount of debt that settlers
had at any one time. It is believed that such a figure
would closely approxinate the ei:bty-five dollars per irrigable acre indicated for avero total borrowings. The
averaEc debt for the fourteen farms that wore first cropped
L
244
in l918 was about e1htrsix dollars pr irriab1. acre.
This figure seems to bear out the a imption that average
total horrowtny for all
iis
ay be tcken as repreenta
tive of ap1tal pilid h credit.
While all of the 1tem for whIch a capital need has
been Indicat
re ieceary to et ens into prothi.tion.,
it Is
'xenditires
f'or the eiJi; ma
vestment It.eis that this study is prImarily concerned,
They are the expendItur
have to be made In order to
get the farms up to the point of production. The amount of
capital that was required for the major investment items on
North Unit far:as was found to be about ló8 per irrigable
acre. The amount varied somewhat with the year In which
development was started and vith the size of farm. This
amount provides for land purchase and the initial prepara-
tion of the land for irrigation. It provides f or initial
family housing and some housing f or machinery and livestock, provision is made for the essential farm iaehiner
and some livestock. It will not provide for the cost of
eatablishin crops nor will it provide for family living,
ib1i the amount of capital specified a settler' can reasonably expect to et his farm up to the point of producing
cr'ops, he will have necessary machinery with. which to do
it, and he will have a place to live.
Most of the amount Indicated (i
per izigable ac
Will b '
a i;t1or do
evt1 i-.nt
in t] ipt ftt ::.yth
not hv the ex.i;L'e LD.r1t to start wIth he
will bv; t' have a.
reyed etlrs borrooT
ouce of u4y. )n rrw Usthout f1ft-fIve dollars pe ir
rigable aee for the major invest:nnt; Items (about thirty
three per c
o
the ct).
7
The term 'expenditures' as
ervics
od
p
ere eara tI
value
I doca not include the
value of the o::,cr.tor's time and labor, In cases of homeeteads, the value of land is included as a purchase even
thouh the homesteaders dId riot have to pay for their land.
Thirteea of the far.r:s rveyed 'Rerc homesteads.
of goods
rc}.ased,
iThe average expenditures for
eve1r:
pe.'Iod
riajor lteas of in-
re prrseted in
aot of the ite
s \vill he d.L scused u.ider its
separate hdin, in the fo11c'ing ectior.s.
Tab:Le 11.
Table L1
ditures for a3or Itcns of Lavesient
in tLe J.evelopme't ?eriod
Sixtj Fares, Nort Unit, D chutes kroject
.vg ixjicrid.
Avg
It em
tc re
e r F a rnL
Dollars
Land purchase
2273
li).3
Land
velopinent
Irrlation systeai i5L.
Farm buiieitks
Residence
Donetic ';atcr
Machicery and
Livestock
er Irrib1e
2772
13U
L oil at' S
J. .
10.70
0,32
2$.b3
1.27
3'33?
Totals
112
10.5.1
I 25 93
.o11 ars
of
Total
Invest.
2.
;L4.
1.].
1.90
3.36
3)i.13
1.70
20.1.
65.75
39.1
57.97
100.0
13 90
1.0
The average expenciture per irrib1e acre as calculated
by divIding averar,e casn cost per farm by the average
irriat1e acres per farm.
L7
It will be noted that real estate purchase and de
velopment accounts for about fifty-tbro per cent of the
total exeriditure for the major investment items. Chattels
accout for about forty-seven per cent. Mack..nei.7, residence, and land purchase are the bid:
teri.
aecoLu ing for
over three-fourths of the total.
tveraLe cost, or exeriditure, per irriab1e acre" is
uaeü extensively throwhout the followiuL: tabulations and
discussions. The calculation is made bi divdin the cost
or expenditure per farm or group of farms by the 1rriable
acres for the frn or group. Such a calculation allows no
value for non-irrigable lad., h.wcver, it is believed that
the farms re purchased primarily for thei..potential irrigation value and that any nonirid,ble land ineluied in
the purchase was inciaental, it is recon.zeci that the
non-irriabl land i riot entIrely without value. In the
recent years of ooc. :;ois ure suply dry land. wheat has
produced about fifteen bushels to the aec, a.,d on non-ai es
improved pusur
cultivated land
native
t
have beer good. Nt
has iioc
there
jble, It is
urj
c lai
ces,fui in
ficiub use of nachi;r; and la.ic aa
ve
ived .Lat any hy P
rcton with Le irr.L ate
best be a
ovn te years
k-ev
iLion.
n sni units
uits will at
ivent
:ocal
farm incrs wit the mnc
jfl
th arms u
size (Tab 12) It will b
th sia11est acr ge group had or2ly a 1ittl over half as
grei an investaient as d1 tiose in the next larger farm
group, whereas, the expei:iditur s for the other groups are
f:.j'V
fairly do e toether. Iot of the griat difference in the
smallest group is due to the low investnt in buildings.
Table 12
Jxpenditures for liajor Items of Investrent
Sixty Farms, iorth Unit, Desohutes Froject
rriguble Irri.:ab1*
crease
Acres
Group
ier Frri
39- :9.9
50- o9.9
70- 39.9
36
62
90-119.9
120-luO.0
All
Farms
Total Inves
per I
Fea1
ocr .Parm gable Acre
Ltate Chattc1
Dollars Dollaré Dollars Dollars
3,295
,357
7,751
11,272
3,)5'
143
9,L.02
8,573
19,082
17,975
178
127
61
7,163
6,)6o
13,623
168
77
107
ô,119
7,310
12,115
13,963
187
195
131
cal estate includes the items: land, land development,
irrigation system, domestic water system, and all buildings.
'Chatte1s include machinery and livestock.
Farm dwellings were small arid inexpensive and other farm
bui1dins were almost ion-exjstent,
149
eiitures for Thvstrriont.
Do
o:a
ai:s (rou9d b
Zear
oi Bean
Ia
Because of the higher degree of development attained,
and the longer period of time in which. they had to make
use of ca?ita1, It miglt be expected thI the settlers who
began development in 1945 would have uad nrnre development
dollars through 1948 than did those who began at a later
date, Such was not the case (Table 13), Settlers who
Table 13
:xpend±tures per Irrigable Acr& for
ajor Items of Investment
Uxt IL'r (}r
by Year Develojrnent
North Jnit, Dosehutea kroject
Year r)eve
Land pureLase
Land development
Irrigation system
Farm buildin.s
Residence
Domestic water
Machinery
Lives; o ck
Totals
Dollars
24.40
12.25
1.95
7.65
2o.21
3.90
12.10
153.41
Dollars
2.)5
12.10
3.0
6.45
36.0
3.10
62.75
11.20
l3.1.,
Dollars
32.31
12.17
1.85
9.10
36,00
1,85
66.50
7.25
167.03
9
Dollars
17.60
1.75
7.35
55.00
2.65
69.80
20
xpenditure er irr1rab1e acre is calculated by dividing
the total cost for the group by the total irrigable acres
in the group.
started in 1945 had used an average of *153 per irrigable
acre through 19h as copared to ;2O8 for those who started
in 1946.
9
13T
p3OU
q
O'IB.&
oçUM UT
BW
IOJ
TT
pOZB
BM
OO WX&J u
w9q 9A'3T. WT WQW1.AUT IUO JQ
zoj p
ptrri pOUTWT1E
uq
9L
99
L
iTt1I
U9) 19ct
pU'8( JO
OO 8T
U1'O1A9
ouqO e
O3 9T
qRj u
c
09
101
1
iL!
tL
tE
t1
06
09
1).
6
p,
91
oot
t16
zXZ7
çw I
tt3
BTjJ.i
wo'3 t!
3OZt
..r:oQ
c;o1cj
II
Q
ix-:c;
1T
'ptIT
-pin t.iiJ
zro
9j6t
t.iTuOTJ JO
Tc
UTTOZtd
eq-çod.
o
o
XOTZd
O.1
?t
UiUTti'
8crbGpB trø
unbqt
o
pu
UT
:3J
TOT
.
-r ..i...
f4V-)
O
ucT cq
T
ZQ)(T
coa
t1TU
eqZXi
!:q
vt
a
po.xnd
O
'TP
nA-..)4yp
V B rt
J1J
c.q 111
:D.Xj p)q.OU
Jo
1p
U@PT$'tt
oç .1W
XOJ p;uco
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Iø:
u
;t;Iw[ ot
:c)o
ttti
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et
xoJ
; ;o
eIzOL1 pEQTUT
UT
51
investment per irrigable acre for iu other than land
how little change between farms fal11a Il the various
development year grous. This wou1
eei t3 indicate that
the balh of' the jnvestucnt on all firs vaS niade during
the first deve1oDnlen year, Settlers on faris surveyed
expended between 129 and 16)4 dollars per irrigablo acre
for iajor investment items in the first development year.
This expenditure was in addition to the cost of land and
in addition to expenditures for crop production end family
living.
Table 15
Expenditure for Major Items of Investment,
Other then Land, Adjusted to 19)43 rioes
Sixt; Farms, 1orth Jnit, Dcschutes xroject
Your Development
Beran
1 9L
19
19)47
19)48
Total iend1tures
or Irrigable Acre
Doll ars
129.01
137.70
13)4. 7.
163,70
Cost Adjusted
19)ii Prices*
Dollars
167.71
lô3.61
l4: .52
1c3,70
d by Oregon arm Costs Prices Index prepared by
the Agricultural ie monies tension Service, Oregon
Sta e College (Sendix Table 2).
Ad j
The cost of residence for the 19)48 group has been
materially increased by the fact that four of the five
farms included in the group had Farm Ownership loans
from the Farers Home Administration. One of the stipuw
latlons for suh a loan is that the borrower must erect
what
trac
.i hone, '10
bJ ;i; ?EI as an
i faria hv1n knee lcaa3 woru built by con-
j
at an aveac cost of aou jOJ,
tor )r)vidin
ti
was
aLL
he ltbor, On ftr
o;
ao o: ho labor
ersLL" banns, a
by tfle Dj
or lfl hG costr'nctioji
coniacrablj ios
that the ind1eaoá
1..
even for dwell ins coiab'l to the ::IL
Land
The per acre cost of land purchase
definitely
influenced by the ar.lsai ncd y the 3xwi of Reciama
calculated
tion. The avere cost of land fo all far
on the bal o totn.i .cao (Ta;lc II) ic 1 within the
of the Bireau's a..:raisa1. The cost per irrigahie
acre,
vr, was consierabLy hLhcr as 1a been inrang
dicated 1:-n t:e previous ecion.
In Table 16 all survey farms have been grouped by the
predoinant land class per farm. Far;s having fifty per
tho iriiible ac1; in a pare.Lcuiar land
cent or :iOr
class were tub ifl that class, If the land was divided
about eq-tally between two classes, Lh farm was grouped
with the lower class. Farms equally divided between all
classes were grouped in the iiiddle class.
UTTTJ
UIJ3J UC
eq;Jrç
JO
SoO xoqçt
tqp
q
oq.
P8L
TT
O3
9!OZOJ
GOUTV
'JO
GT1JJ
CJTp
o.
fOJd e
uTvo
'.ptw. £TsrtoTLIcT
-qns o sves
'droz3
c pdo w
xoj
ieL
pu
x
rc.
OfAØP JO potid OJQ
UT 2UTTTJ 9UiiJ .1OJ
O00T BWtJ
LOT
i TV
(01
(
L TO
0' 0 i1
I
L'ctt
6L
xe
r1x
J1d
wx
gOXO
f
Jo
X3r TT?IO
ptn3'I
JO
PH'c{
çox
J0
'yi:
tq.xo
t) ptr1 tITtOPJ
PTJTZTD
UO
Xd
91 oqt
Trb
'POLTT)a
a
T
n;
uo
JC
T[tO
PtT
IXOJ
J?X. 'oTthO)
7ti)3U
UT
po'J
JO
eT JC'
TO
T
OU
o;JCJv1T
in th
C1a3!
iT
(Tabi:', 17)
I
p'?rCT
rj.4
IL
i t
t
Thct
1
ie to t1
ii:i.
of yic,n-i ri bie 10
a
a
Wfl3 .Liicated in Table
16,
Table 17
Cost of Li.nd iLrcjase
edo..ii.iant ar1d Clas
orti Unit, De3c!.utes .Lroject
D:Jcd b
A i1e
Dollars
,t. "7
2e
2'
'3
2222
Cost o
farm,
per
os t
3l.3O
2
cias irc.uue all r
cn of the lrri;abI land in th
The 1aii
DoUars
20,39
vin over fil1y
ccfied c1ss.
land per fan divided b
1;t1 icroa; per
1ai pr far:i dvideã b:
lo acr.ae
Expenditures for Land Devment
The item 1and development" inciude
ueL
operations
on the 1a-iu as are c&sary to
r it for rr;atidn.
The iroparuton nay incuue reiiiova.. of natural rowtn
rou:h 1evelin, f.n1sh 1eve1iri, &nd terracin. since
most of the land of the iorth Unit had been cultivated
prior to the present irr ati.on aeve1opmnt, there was
a
2_)
little
:1
cx o
wt
!'
1r1d ev'
fo
1
:wtt e;crr
fc1 1cve1i.
iioint do
:-r.
Mox
u::kde:'
ok!' the
i"n-
n!1ahlc nrc
ra1uc Laid c17e1':ie-nt cost
ri.;lr
ho ..Lndi7id1.ai OpC1..C:3,
as
Ai
&ue
i;0
(O5t Of
vevo,
ial 1.i.i devei.nt.
fro
srst has bO.fl inin some Caces tha cost of
cluded in iaid devolo2nient where oporator tre unb1e to
j3 e
srate o';s.
hen faras are grouped br lard la'i (Table 18) it is
seen that there is a wide differe.ie betwer the land
classes in the. cost of development, The difterence in the
cost of de lopniat of land 011 farms falli,; in he vanous classification groups tray be mainly attributed to two
factoz
(1) the differce in the hysioal chanacteristics of the land in the different o.Lasses, and (2) cie
difference in the time d,evo) ict was started. As was
pointed out in e previous ctcr. headed Lund r-urohase,
most of the farms falling in the ii:',ri r land classcs were
purchased at an earlier date than tnose purchased in the
lower class. Settlers developin. farns in the lower land
class not only had more difficult land od1tiofl to overcome, but wore also cperatiri; in a period of higher costs
(Appendix Table 2).
so
The item "irriation system" includes the coat of
such items as ditching, pipe, flumes, check boxes, and
other irrication structures. The averac coat per trri
ated acre was found to be about 2.20. Addn. he cost
Table 18
Cost of Land Deve].o,pment
Sixty Farms Grouped by Predominate Land Class per Farm
Noith Unit, Leschute Project
Land
Class
Farms
3:
Ii
III
All Farms
0
Cost pr
izable Acre
214
Doll ars
9,19
12.12
17.31
60
114.17
8
28
Cost per
Dollars
rriated Acre
13.00
21.146
16.142
of the irrigation system to the cost of land development
for all farms, the average cost per irLated acre of land
development was found to be 13.62.
Farm Buildins
Farm buildns, exeludIn residence, had an average
expenditu-o of .:C73 or all farms in the study. The amount
expended ran;ed from no dollars to 1000 per farm, There
was only one farm wIth far:n buiic.i
eosdn as much as
OOQ.
This included '14O0 for a joato cellar which is
considered to be not typical for this period of develop
ment,
xc1uding this unusual item, the average cost for
O
C)f(' tUO.XJ PJTTfl.X
.!tUO JO
et
1r1
UT
UZZDAUT
uGqs-çx-uou
PVOTPUT
TflO,f
E)'T3(ZO
tX9tJO
ej;
td
'WJJ "
BJ9M U TM 'dflO1I
oT3
666
£t$
6t-o
'uTptplq
oe
.q pro
T 'WJtJ I8d
up-Tnq
1SWttJ T!U JOJ
W11133 JO
øO
99Z9A
ot
Jt)
99S
pq eUTtOT1
Gfloq xrno
99t
srttoa
B; Lit PE çn
1OD
'cufl
ço
UTPITn
TLJLJ pajoed JO
6t
SO3
1TIIA
qr;j
G3
LIaTJ Ot
Q
pt4
°T"
PL 'tQ Ott .xao
.XBd Gqt9pUOO
JO
r3xr Qq
'WJflj UOA9S tUO LTO PUThDJ
TI1
qori
AZflS uo punaj sJupnq wazj
LTA}
t3fl.PTATPTIT J0
otpu
IZA
cD3
6t 9tq
'Wfl3J
'p)UOqUU £TflOTAId TIT Pfl.Un Gt 2Upr3CB
TITtT ZJJ UO
pUTLCJ
tT't1
O
ii
OO Et
'JO '5
4JTJ
1IJ JO
uO
OO
T
xj
tqpfln% LkWJ cm
U)C] PTT'T
Jo OUTTI UQ
oq oq.
tZ?J ttB
JO
58
2b
20
Cost of Farm Bt1dius
Zty Farms Grouped by Irri;ab1e Acreage per Farm
Noith Jnit, Desc.ut;os .frujeo b
ab.e
Avera
Group
30 t9.9
1rriab1
.
Acrace
36
5070- '9.9
399
133
)4 36
62
77
107
90-119.9
Cost vere Cost e:
Irx'ible Acre
"er Farm
Doll are
Dollars
:1:; .08
7.3)4
99:)
12.97
8 18
120-1ô0.O
1)43
617
)4 .31
All Farms
0
00
678
8.36
Eesidencs
The cost of the farm dwe11in, for all farms ran:e
from
00 to 7500 with an avera:e of 2772 per farm.
he all farms are 8rouped b irrigablc acreaea
(Table 21) it is seen that th smaller farms had the
Table 21
Cost of Farm Dweliin per Farm
Sixty Farms Grouped by Irrigable Acreages
Nort} Unit, Dechuto Project
Acreare Group
0-
,0- c9,9
70- 89,9
90-119.9
120-160,0
All Farms
iumber of Fars
15
9
16
10
10
10
Total Cost
Dollars
1138
2522
2156
t1.O90
2938
2772
lowest cvcJt
L1 j\/ OE' [Ei..i;
.
cor.red a high Dercentae
The 20-119,9 ae:c
of FHA "Fari )wierhip' loans whie
preVL.)
CCti
MUd, WhLOh
1ndicJec COEt of houin.
-ee c'.i ussed in a
t1E Q AJ: tiO tü raise the
heu
feri.s were ci1in.ted,
the cost was found to be about .:2L)40 for the
0
Jorrestic Latcr
The tern ao.ue. tic
.
bei
Oci
c(.) LC5. 11cij
1ivtook war ac distinfacilities for ho.chcLci
uished from "irrjation water." The low investment cost
liste( for this item (Table 11) indicates a lack of development rather than a low cost source of supply, The
problem of a domestic water supply baa been diøuSed in
a previous section under "Description of the Area."
Machinery and
Machinery and equipment includes the fui1y autoxiio-
bile as well as all machinery used in operation of the
farm. In a few cases fa2'mers had brourrht sco pieces of
machner with them and in almost every ease the operator
had femily automobile at the time of startin. In such
esos the items ye been included as cash investments
during the development period. The assurption is that
.
60
the items of machinery and equipraent brouht to he project
by the sebtier-s are es2ntiai and would be purchased in-
medIately If be operator did riot .ready have ti.aem.
On the average, settlers bout-it. the greatest part of
their machinery du.r.L; t
irst year of development
(Table 22). Settlers on
surveyed hd becweeri 34OO
7000 invested in Tmachinery ana equipment in the first
year of development. The amount varied. considerably with
and
the size of farm.
Table 22
Cost of Machinery, Fifty-five Survey Farms
Worth Unit, Deschutes Project
Length of
30-09.9
li0-1ô0
70-109,9
Period of
No, of
.vg Cost
Avg Cost
AvC Cost
!omentw Farms
'er Farm
er Farm
er Farm
Years
Lollara
Dollars
Dollars
2
21
18
16
3399
3)411
3563
814
5582
6332
6797
5899
3009
*Tho period
and 3.9)47.
of development Includes the years 19)45, 19)46,
The survey covered only five farms which had
started development in 19)43. The avera.
rigable acreage for iCSC five farms was 33.0 acres rid the average
cost of :rach1nery per farm vias 57914.
Farmers operating on the smaller farms had to purchase about the same kinds of maciiery as those on the
larger acreages but were able to keep coats down somewhat
by using more second-hand equipment and In some cases they
were able to use smaller machines. Settlers on the smaller
iI1v
ffli
elso made
yt't
:&(
wor;i-id traH ers nst-T.
xten,ivo use of f:
.
In mv Ii. r ;v fT
Totel
...0
the size of faxu In
ec (N.1c 23).
ITovver, the 1n
vestentcer Ir1,cab1 acre is less on the larger farma.
Table 23
Conip2.rison of Avera: e Uost oi
for 1xty Far:js Qrcuped h
i.ort
Irri .ab 1 e
Acre age
Grou
iL
Avera
Iri;..ab1e
r Fart:
ncres
30- )9.9
7O-9.9
90-119.9
120-160.0
1a.1or Items
, 10E
cninery and :.;quipnent
Irri,ab1e Acrca
i-LojJet;
Averag
Aver a e
Cost
Cost per
Irrigable
cre
1.;o11ers
3L07
Do]4ars
per Irm
77
107
,
rcLi
3
ost
Tractor. The .rogt frequent, thou?U not always the
moet expensive, item of macLinery wa tc farn tractor.
Nirietysix per cent of all fareis survyeL had at ic.st one
tractor and five of the larger farms had two. I1ost opera
tors considered two traetor iecesary for AarvestiIi:
clover seed. One tractor Is used to
arid rake the
clover while the other is ued to pull the coubirie which
with a w,,lrow
aL:.J.r farn
t
far -:'3 to worr to
in i.h; harves
elover
thus ;:kLn it unncos3ar fa eae ositor oo have nope
one tractor,
i. t.
T)1 214 iS Ln
tCi CjZb fe fr±s in
E1V)
the vtrious irrgabie aoreae
ces, All ece
four Thrma ha at least one tractor, Of the four farms
tLjt were zit out trac'or, two used Jorses and two hired
TabLe 2.
Avere:e Cost of Tract2 lnvosnenb
k4orth Jnit, )OSCIUbe3 ioject
All Survey Thr. s Arrayed bj Ir :b1 Ace Groups
Io. of
Cost pr
Coc
4croeje Gro
E'm
30.. !;9.9
15
13
1123
973
9
7
1385
1077
1t.73
1560
1032
1T73
1515
15140
2
JYe
Trectors
70- 39.9
90-119.9
120-160.0
16
10
10
10
10
15
Sixty Farms
60
61
Mabine
])oliars
Farm
Dollars
15ó0
2300
their rac.tor work. The five farms havin. more than one
traot are in the group hav1ri over 120 ir.dab1e acres.
The
tractor cost for all faras survoye was found
to b
0 per farm or 1515 ;e
CQS;iflC.
far.L 81Z
cu
cofo:.nes were a
.aehii
iaificani iom for all
out were foand icsb frequently on farms
63
having over severity irrigable acres.
Sixty per cent of the farms surveyed had
an average investient cost of
coithines at
1579 per riaokiine (Table 25).
Most of the machines were the one and two-man trpos with a
wiridrow attachment for harvestin., clover seed.
Table
25
Percentage of Farms Usim Combines
and Averege Cost per Machine
zty Farms, North Unit, Deschutes Project
rrigable
Acreage
Grou
Number of
30- L9,9
15
>9.9
70- 39.9
90-119.9
120-160 .0
All Farms
F arms
er Urcu
53
9
Average
Cost per
Machine
Dollars
138)4
I I
Avert.e
Cost per
Farm
Dollars
l2L
738
16
33
63
10
70
10
1913
13)43
80
1)493
1197
60
60
1579
9)47
Truck Investment.
surveyed used trucks, r
of
.-er Cent 0
Farms with
Combines
_)
969
Sixtythree per cent of the farms
rntin.;. an averac investment
1108 per truck (Table 21).
The avere investment per
truck showed considerable variation between fare and between gros of farms with no evident corre1atio,i between
the size of farm and the amount invested per truck.
The
average truck investment for all farms, however, shows a
definite relationship between the size of farms and the
amount of money Invested
ifl trucks, the smaller averaging
óLf
farn and. the 1rgcr fars wi well over
700 per farm. Th dIfference in the ave a:ThD.iflt invested per farrc Is due to the diference in the nunbe:
frnis using trucks in the varIous size groups. It will be
notee from Table 26 tiit ninCtr per cent of thc farrs in
the 1arer acrea..e groz had trucks whereas less than
fifty per cent Lad trucks in t1 cnailer acreage group.
under
)
PC
.
Table 26
Trucks, Cost per Machine and Per Farn
SiXty :'rs Grouped by Irrigable Acreages
rorth Unit, Deachutes roject
Irri ;ub 1
Acreae
Number
of
er Farm
Farms
30- L9.9
50 O9.?
70- 39.9
90-119.9
15
120-.160.0
16
10
10
AU. Farms
60
9
korcentage
of Farms
sint Truck
Investment
per Farm
Average Triek
Investment
si Truck8 All Farms
Dollars
LioUara
1270
L4
56
90
90
63
97
1236
1036
3J
593
725
977
795
702
Trailers were found on seventy-three per ceri of the
farms In the lowest acreage group as copared to thirty
per cent of the larger farms. Trucks wre found on fortyseven per cent of the smaller farms as comoared to ninety
per cent of the 1arer farms. Moreover, operators on the
snaller acreages used trailers extensively in lieu of
trucks, whereas, on the larger farms trailers were used
in addition to trucks (Table 27).
65
The sial1r farms, raking use of riorc two-wheeled
trailers and hocmade four-wheeled contrations, had a
lower investment per trailer than did the lar,er farms.
The 1rer farms made more extensive use of the conmercially built rubber-mounted farri waons,
Table 27
£ercente or 0pertors Using Trailers as Compared
to Trucks, U1 Survey Farns Grouped by Irrigable Acreages
rri;able
Number
Acreae
of Farm
30- .9.9
15
69.9
70 89.9
90-J.9.9
120-160.0
All Farms
5Q
9
16
10
10
60
iarm agofls
and Trailers
Trucks
73
3'
30
90
90
6L.
Livestock
The item "livestock" (Table 11) represents an attempt
to determine the actual cost of livestock purchases without includjn the value of natural increase, The records
in this respect, however, were not complete and some
estinating was necessary using livestock inventory as of
November l9L8 as a basis.
It is believed that the figure
1128 for livestock indicated in Table ii might be high
rather than low. It was possible to judge original numbers
66
quite accurately but increases aur.1 dc creases in value
through price cLn,es, sales, growth, deabh 1oses, etc
arc difficult to ju.
The fol1oi.iu,;
nr.r,r of livegtock enterprises is b d. on livestock invc:itory as It
stood at the t.iie of the survey (Nove:nher l9), All
values are settlers' estimates.
Fifty-six of the sixty fax-as surveyed had. one or more
livestoci enterprises with an average value nf '1153 per
farm (Table 2).
Table 2S
Inventory Value per F&r of Specified
Livestock interprise8
Sixty Farms, North Lfljt1 Desohutes roject
Jinter rise
Dairy
Beef
Poultry
No. of
Farms
Average Va:
_pjr Farm
ue
1) ol lars
S3
6
19
All livestock
60
L S Value
6314
2
21
16
;3 U
Other
£er Cent of Tota
1153
100
Most of the sot t.lers had livstook pr1iiarly for home
use, however, many of the ent6rprises were large enouh to
be classified as Ucormerea1 (Table 29), The. twenty commercial aairy fama had an avera e of ó.7 dairy unimal
.ini;s, The six coAaercia1 beef farms ha
about 13.
beef
anuaul unLt. i.a.ry aniaais dcotn for over sixty-e.aht
67
per cent of the total livestock investment on farms with
less than even.ty ii'riable acres as compared to about
fifty per cent on fariis of over seventy acres. All the
commercial beef enterprises were found on farms with over
seventy irri;able acres.
Table 29
Inventory- Value per I?arm of Commercial and
on-Coir:ercial Livestock nterprises
Sixty Farms, North TJnit, Descutes ?rojoct
Cor
Enter rise
Dairy
Beef
Hogs
oult
Other
No. of
Farms
Value
Farm
Dollars
1338
22o
2
Fon.Conmaercia
14o, of
8
C
14
3141
-a-
Value
Farm
1) oil ar s
33
312
30
36
19
ii.LL
U
*Far1s havin; three or more animal units in dairy or beef,
over i/ A/u £i.1 hoas snd over 1 A/u in poultry are con-
sidered as comnercial producers. The followin, livestock
numbers were used as coij1'LsiiL; one anlirmi unit: one
dairy cow, two dairy hifers, three dairy calves, 100
chickens, one beef cow or heifer, five sows an ten
Ththor livestock was corprised almost entirely of horses.
lr'esent Value of Lia or Investment Items
At the time of survey (Noeiber 19148) settlers valued
most of the major investent item2 eons1erab1y higher than
the indicated cost of the items (Table 30). rfte average
cost of the major items of investment was found to be about
68
1Ô8 per irriable acre. Settlers' placed the present
an incrcae ot eihty-
value of the same items at
eight dollars per irritable acre.
Table 30
Cost per Irriable Acre of iajor Investment Items as Compared to the Prosint Values as stirnated by the settlers
Sixty Faris, .ort Jnit, Desciutes project
Present
Averae
Cost
Land purchase and
Dollars
developmcnt
Farm huiidixis
liesidence
Machinery and iquipment
Livestock
Totals
36
66
Value*
Dollars
Increase
Dollars
123
79
1.!.
1
8
0)
-1
lu
resent value is the value as estimated at the time of
survey (i4ovember l9L8) by the settlers.
Development includes land levelin etc and irri;ation
system,
Ftesidence Includes the farm dwelling nd the domestic
water system.
Most of the increase was in the value placed n land.
Whether or not this increase is justified is beyond the
scope of this study, however, as has been pointed out
previously, at least part of the increase miht be justi
Lied on the basis of labor and capital used in cultivating
the land, establishing permanent crops etc. It is believed
that the present value as indicated is not far out of line
with actual market value.
69
Suiar7 of Caita1 tTheci
capital uod per irriable acre for'
the developmenb of i1 far was abon 2O6. Of this
ota
The ave
major items of investand operations.
ment and the balance was for family liv
xpenditurcs for the major invczmerit it.es were as
amount, about
lóC
r t:-.
an
f011ows:
Avg per
Farm
rea1 Estate;
Doll ars
Land and developmont
Buildis
Totals
Chattels:
aeiinery
Livestock
Total Investment Items
Acre
Doli&r8
3,57k;
7,
332
66
LOO
60
&23
163
1.123
Tot a is
Avt; per
Irriabie
i.achinery, farn dwell iii, land purchase, and land
development are the largest investment items and account
for eighty-five per cent of the total investment.
Total investment based on iri able acreagea was inhich the investment was made and
fluericed by the ye
by the percentage of the total acrca,c ha as iriiuble.
xpenditures for land dovelopmeii were influenced by
the physical condition of the land. The expenditure per
irrigated acre on fariiis with predoninately class I land
70
wa
about
1O.&O as co;ipsrd. to
2l.O rot f:
la
III land,
coat for fari buildL:i. other than residence :ras
about 6CO per farri. Fari buildin other than the dwelljn were almost non-existent on farms with 1e83 than fifty
Th
irri;ablo acres,
xpendituc. for dweUin:s aver ec1. about; 27O0 er
farm. This aveI-e was !ifliencod soie/!:ab br farn dwellIngs on t;hirtee T1IA fans wLioh hat. an averare re3idence
cost of about -.Q() per farni.
;ost of th cxpenditurc' for machinery, avera1ng
about 3O0 per farm, werc iuC in the firt year of development, 11racc:rs, eonfcina, and trucks account for the
bulk of the iainery exe'idiures.
7].
:TtP
General Statemexit
For puroaes of this analysis, credit Las been divided
into two main cat cries. "Investient credit," rie1udes
all crdt that: was used for the major ims of investment.
"Other credit" will iflCli
all credit used for pitroso2
other than prmaie±t invstn.t;nt, such as crop podtcion,
family liv
;ersoüal use, It is with 1uvos;:iont
crLdit that this tudj is primarily concerned and other
credit will be tread in en incidental nanner. However,
there is no intention to imply that creait other than fo
investment is of little inaportence. it is recognized that
other credit holds en exti'emely ii4ortaut, and often
cz'itical, position in the economics of farming.
Credit has been further divided into cate;ories on
the basis of length of tex'i. Short term credit includes
all forms of credit, such as notes and accounts, of lss
than one year's duration. Intermediate tertn credit tkez
in all credIt, comracted for tCis of one to five years
and long term includes all eredi contracted for over five
years. Soi credit wets found to have no specified raurity
date and hen been classified as indefinite term credit.
Such credit wa. usually provided by friends or relatives
of the settler, or In soe cases by the original owner
72
of th liri
SwnLar. of Credit Jed
Credit was used by e1;hj-eiht per cent of the settiers in amouxita
froi less tji:.i lO() to a u
as
2O,OOO or Cirm.
A swmiur
of ti
avera$e borrowings
is presentod in Table 31.
TaLle 31
.Avee Totu.1 !rrowir
Sixty Fari.s, i'ortd Jnit, Dose
ILE!1
Invstc.t credit
cr iar
Dollars
Project
I ab 1
.cre
Do
Other credit
Toti. crodit
*Avx
years,
total horrowins include some duplIcation by
Investment credit is credit used for the major items of
invest:-n.
*V*ttOther credit" was used for operations, famIly living,
crop roduction, etc.
About sixty-five per cent of the total credit wan
used for the major Iterris of investment and about thirtyfive per cent for crop production etc. It is in "other
credit" that ±ost of the duplIcation by years Is found.
About thirty-three per cent of the cost of the ma;Ior
investment iteis was provided by credit (Table 32). About
73
sixty-three per cent of the investment credit was used for
land purchase arid real estate development with most of the
balance going for machinery. About forty-eig1t per cent
of the average cost of buildings was provided by credit.
This figure was influenced considerably by the fact that
100 per cent of the building cost on the thirteen FHA farms
was provided by credit.
Table 32
Credit Used for Lhe Major Items of Investment
Sixty Farms, orLi Unit, Desehutes Project
erCent per Cent
Coat per
red it redit* of Tota1
Farm
Lollars
Land
Land development
buildings
Machinery
Livestock
Tot
2273
1302
510
358
172].
13,ó23
i5
5332
1128
l3ç9
2
22
2b
,-
1-'
.
33
*Percentage of the cost of the item that was provided
credit.
*Credit used for each im s a percentaj.; of the total
investment credit.
Credit Classified by Length of Te
Intermediate term losna were the most frequent tTe
used and accounted for over forty-six per cent of the
total borrowings (Table 33). The average period covered
by intermediate term loans was 2.65 years with most of the
loans falling at either end of the one to five year range.
74
Most of the intermediate term loans were for production,
machInery purchase, arid land develort.
.hIle lonterm loans accounted for aimost as much
of the total borrowings as did the intermediate loans,
the! C
re only ei:}teen such buns as compared to ninety
seven intermediate loans. ThIrteen of the eighteen longterm loans weie FHA forty-year development loans to war
veteran hoiesteaders.
ost of the short term loans were used for the purchase of feed, seed, harvestiu.), end other current expenses.
Table 33
Credit Clussified by Lenth of Term
Sixty Farms, North Unit, Descb.utes Project
Term
of No. of
Borrowins Total Loans
A) oil ara
Long
Internediate
Short
Indefinite
All credit
Average
pr
Loan
Average
2939
3158
Dollars
17o,360
191,276
23,105
L3
18
23,;1
5
6
97
17
13
9798
1972
1297
1822
).JJ4,42a
100
145
---
46
per
Dollars
Farm*
385
395
6850
*Average
per farm is calculated by dividing total borrowinge by the nuiber of farms surveyed which was sixty.
Indefinite term credit was furnished by settlers'
friends and relatives and in sorcie cases by the original
owners of the land. Most of such credit was used f or land
75
purchase and famiir i1V1fl.
Cre.d1
ar Deve1oot:en
Ts.d
throuh 12!.5, were less amoi set
Total borrow it
a:.id 1 LC) than for those
tiers who be
e1onent in
ttlers who began
beginnLg in / 'T C.l4 1(').
able 3)4).
cr ccii
used a total
deve1oinent in
up to jrbr
19)47 and l9L
,
scc
wbile those startii: devel
'
L1,391 rsectivey. It has
Table 314
Aver;e
Sixty Far;i
Year
Development
i3ean
Averac
'1ota1
Credit
ocr Farm
Dollars
XI;.
it. Descruts roject
Credit
er Farm
Dollrs
' -1i t'-1
Ji
8009
6J3b.
680
Used ;er Farm
;vera,
7;;
3 13
1, C 91
All Faris
rc clitI
2 9L!. 2
U
ve ra;eU
Credit
£Jer Farm
Dollars
Eer Cent
1flVC stlnent
Credi"
317)4
2376
81 0
--
73
2)41
63
tage of total credit used for investrtent,
been rioted that durIng the se perIod (1
) farm
coats rose by about thirty per cent so that the dollar
borrowed in 19)48 would purchase only seventy per cent as
much as it would have in 19L5 (Table 2, Apondix), The
chan:;e In the value of the farm dollar will account for
ao
q
J
UT
BTtt
uo-xepçUOO OUT U9t ex' Ji1OP WIJ
ouzoO
UQTJTL'TS T1T°-
t(6I UTç tTt.Q
I)i It1 UT
U14
CI
p
r13qq.
ss' .IOMQJ
UOV OTMp UJO O1
$6t 'O .IqWOM Tb
2UTPW3q.nO
cTh o
w Gw11'aJ JO XE)WU *t;jc £q petA9M
g1
o
q qq.
Mj r
xotd JouoTb oto poioiJoq
poprij3u
uic.00Aap srj ou j0
'i3
LtflOUT)3
£6t
o;99
LLt(
OTAOP 2IJ Ø4.
UI
Ei
t6J'oi 160 tt
to1 T
6O0?
6ç0 c
7( I
t6c1
a6t
1c
619
U.0TA0([
4IFt')A
0
fl'0oc
!q
oocoAr
roi
ttOE
wmiCo-EAoa
&t1idi
T0
TTP
t;roT
CT
tTYO
I qL
'UOTtlpOXC
por qçpoxo
(Totto pmT. croTmxoO xcJ
OO
33U pTu
lr:43GAttT rT1Tttc
oIT
tiril.
zat
Jo
tj
Jo
AOO O4 rnou
C1Y.
tq
trç
P)/-TO
9t6T pin
m
ct-
Jq P'
TP('° OtT
JO
i0OMOtT 'OUO4X0JJTP )Lj4 JO qrnc!.
SOW 9flOQ
9L
77
rcniped by the various ycars
Lhose ztrtin6' developnent in 19145
be&innin assets for farms
deve1onent artd,
for
as comned to abo
had assets valueo.
ien asset va1ue.s for years
19147, and 7OO for l9t.
deflated to 19L values, it is seen
subsequent to 19145
that the disparity is much. greater,
The smounts of credit used in the 19147 and l9LC development year groups were influenced by the heavy borrow-
ins oi
t rteeri war veteran honosteaders fcuJ only
in those roupz. It has been nated n rovious sect.ons
of this study that the homesteaders had beinnin assets
of lower value than the average of other settlers and their
horovins were heavier.
1L
.ssets LefiaLed to 29"L k'rices
Deve1ouvien1 ie,an
?
'- h
o
North Jnit, Deschiftes Project
nniu
ear
Development
i3ean
1)L
1214
1 9L7
1i
s
Leinning
rs
S3614
7223
7993
7lo
onvertd from 3re-;o
T a le
..tndx 0±
Ore goi. Farm
Dollar Value
100.0
91.5
'(7.
Adjusted
Value of
Assets
Dollars
OJU9
3230
52140
farn costs prices ind6x (Appendix
A comparison of the total amount
ended for the
various instmerit items, and the percentage that was
78
credit, reveals that it was in inve tment torns involving
great deal of labor that bhe ;rcat:s credib svin; was
made on farms which bean develoiment in l9t5 (Table 37),
Table 37
Percentage of the Cost of MaJor Investment Items
that 7as Furnished bj Credit
Fifty-five Farme, North Unit, I)eschutes Project
Year Development
Be:an
Item
l21j6
Crcdit'
Land purchase
Land development
Irrigation system
Farm builci1ns
Residence
DomestIc water
Machinery
LIvestock
Al]. Investment
21
Per Cent
Credit
C ext
23
30
29
37
L9
7
7
00
12
7].
20
28
ye farms on which develo1.ment was started in i9I.8 have
been o.1Itted eoase of the s ilness of t.L roup.
Percentao o the cost of tie item that was provided by
credit. For the cost of major investment iteeis see Table
The first irrijation water was not delivered to the Unit
until the sprIng of 1914ó so settlers who began development
prior to that date had more tine for development of land
and farristeads. It seems likely that the earlier settlers
made greater use of their own labor whenever possible. It
will be noted from Table 37 that iteus such a land.
79
purchase ad ciiriury sbc'ed cc arat1v1: le s 'anje In
a land de
the a::Lou!.i; of cr&.It ustd tai J.d s
i:
e credit used In land p....rchaoe
increasa froi nineteen per cent in 19J4 to twenty-nine
veloprrient and
per cent
191.
7 as co.:pared o an increase Ir
per cent credit for land develoient in
l9L5
fou.rteen
to ei;hty
seven per cent in l9L7. Farm building credit increased
fron seve per cent to sixty per cent, and resideilce from
twelve per cent to seventy-one per cent for bhe sare
period. The percenta;c of credit used for machinery inthree periods.
vestment held relatively stable f
Anot.aer factor that probablr had considereble Influenee on the amount of credit used in the various years
was the availability of credit, The Far::ers Honie dninis
tration did not actively c olle into the credit picture
until i9!.7. Other orodit institutions and Individuals
area until Irrigawere re1ucint to provide credit
tion water was actually available and cro.i productioii
under way,
Variation li-i non-farm income between the ;roups does
not seem to be 1are enough to affect reatly the difference iii the anount of credit needed. Settlers starting
development in l91
had. a non-farm income of about
r:323
per year, as coniared to )7 per year for the l9!.6 group,
arid ;U6 per year for the l9J..7 group. Most of the non-
Go
farni 1ncc'Le for the year ).97 and nuch of it for i96 wa
in the form
overnrnent payients for on.. thojoh-traiLng
of ar voteran, wLecas mo3t of the :w.farm income und
in the l9L.5 develoment rOUi was for off-farL labor aid
custom farni work.
ources of redi
Credit used by settlers on the North Unit was principally from three sources: the Farmers lIo:e Adminis tra
tion, coimereial banks, and private individuals. Small
aniount
credit were £urni.hed by the local Production
Credit Association and others (Table 38
Table 38
Total Credft jsod Ula2sifiá by Tex; nd Source
Sixty Fars, North Unit, Desohutes rojeot
o1 a
Long
Inter-
me ii ate
Short
Unclasi
fled
80,65
Banks
)thers'
3,00
Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars
17,200
t.9,O99
16,011
L2,53L.
800
13,138
2,81S 3,32S
u31
---- -----
176,366
191,276
23,10
23,681
rivate individuals includes credit from merchants most
of which W8 interiediatu 1ncI. snort tern.
0thers include tae of Oreon, )overx1ent approved
veterans' loans, and some open accounts.
All of the sixty frcis surveyed used a total of
81
$4.l4,L.28 ifl credit, over fifty-seven ocr cent of Which wi
furnshec. y ne iarmer rioriio iLcn1istraio.. rivate irsdividuals, which includes :nerchants, provIded over twenty
per cent of the total crit, and coerciai banks about
per cent of the long
term crdit nd forty
per cent of iu interniediate
teri croit
fr.isbed by tEe
t:titf-five
per cent of the Intermediate credit S furnisuci by uks
and about twenby-two per cent vas stled by private
dividualo, iot o
ere ucrehants, spciallj LjleSlXtCei:
ee.xt.
merit deal-rs.
Over
Comic.rcial banks providod the bulk of the
or tr credit, with the
CA arid
archanb coaimg in
for a cosiderable ortion.
Crudit Sources 1-aed
J
,1O rs
In order to deternlie the preferred sources of credit
used by settlers, all of those !ntercd were asked to
indicate the sources of credit used
o give thorn a
numerical rating, A ratin: of one as ;iven the most desirable,
the next preference, etc.
Banks were mentIoned. t::irty-cight times as sources of
credit used, while the Farmers JJo;,:e Administration was
mentioned thirty-one times, and private individuals seventeen times (Table 39), Accordin.; to the nwierica1 preferene ratings given by borrowers, FHA loans were by far the
-for por ceit of the settlers
most popular. Abot e
ratiti.. of cut. Onl;
oanization a preference
three.
ivc it a ratin
:ave t:
who had used FHA ioan
6.L.
Table 39
Sources of Credit
settlers' krefer eice hatlu
Fift-t.rce Farl, .ortL Unit, Descute; 'roject
ouree
.redit
339
FIIA
£rivate
17
2
State
0.0
2
Sovon frrL5 used
tabulated.
2N.unber
(0.0
10
PCA
31j.2
9.7
23.
30.0
20.0
0.0
29.0
6.14.
17.7
30.0
rcdit so only fifty-thre& farms were
oi users totals iore than the nuiiber of settler
borrowers because soiie used ior than one source.
3 Calculated b dividirib he nwifLer of users by the nwnber
of farms using credit (3),
14
ree tage is calcuPreference rating given by usera.
late by divicu. i, the number of tir-'ics rdtec a each pOS..L'.
tiofl by the nuber of users.
Of the settirs who had used bank credit, about thirtyseven pex cent gave banks a preference ratiag of one,
and twentythirtyfour per cent gave them a ratiri of
nine per cent rated bantks in third place or lower. Irivate
individuals were mentioned seventeen times as sources of
credit, with fifty-rune per cent of the users giving them a
first choice rating. The Proauction Credit Association
:efercnee b th ten settier
have
v<:y pr cenU rated it a first choice and
thirty pr cent ;av it sec:
i..sed :b;,
11A s first
Sixteen of the ett,lei's
choice gave "low rate of ntcret" as bhelr reason. Ten
listed !lt. tarn" c the nain r3oi for tb
for E
were:
:
p
:rference
-.ait
eople,
liberal, a;d canvenieiit. J
ntu; we o:
too mud... red. t :
O
s
. .tnu that could be
flU liIit Ofl thC
SOW
too CIO..
borrowet na too low. It bould be natet. that there were
oni five unfavorable coL
1IaULL,
Of
s their referrad source of
credit, fly e save as their reason
o
et 1ic;uey."
the
Four said ti.i lik. the ;:;rsoal re1atiore.
bank, and fou: said they eforred banks because they wore
fast, Gnfavo.bl co.i.ents on hank credit were: short
tern, three; hltt intcrct, three; fast foreclosure, three;
refused loans on oo security.
and one said
Princ .i.ai. co;..;ents on private individuals as sources
of credit vre io1 rao" a lon term," One mentioned
it as the only tjc. available. Tcre ore :no unfaverable
COHJii:.11tS
.cjnt ecerit
elation
La
on the Proouction Credit nSSO
2t (i PfedrtL
good bttin, low
rate, snd cod for productIon and livestock financin.
is believed that the prefc:-: ratIngs of oredit
sources as Indictd in Table 39 are cite realistic and
fairly accurately describe the attIt
of settlers in the
11
It I
area,
true that so.:ro sett:Lers had used onlj one
source of creIt and had listed It as first choice with no
basis for coarson, On the aver e, ...OWOSTe t:i1.OXe were
two sources of credit listed
far. Lor
three farms on whIch eredit
teed a i3 so rces o
credit rere mentioned, i
also bO ; ¶C. .0 all of
the sources of crodlt, do I, ond in no
cannot
t
of c.t.. ..t
et,iers rsuonsoz to
r
questions couoernin credit s ourece were probably biased
to a considerable ic,roe by tb? particular credit use they
had in rind at the t line,
AttItd
etlersTowa!
3?eb
and Credit
The attitu e of borrowers toward going irit debt, and
their concept as to the proper use of crodt Is of prirae
importance in debtorereditor rels ti onhips ?roiessor
L L. ioter, the wrjer present a.vior and former tnstructor in ArIculturi conomcs, has ol ten nde tc
8tatement: 'Iu the begInning, the interests of the lender
and the borrower arc identical," The lender wishes to
make a Sound loan which will be paid back w.tLi interest,
and the borrower ishes to roe ye a
loan, h1cn n.e
can i;:est in. his :i:n,rise at a
t, n'i vtifci.i he can
pay back with I
'st out of th:
fro;.: the L.ivetment. It is only .hE;n one or both of the parnh involved
err n judent as to the so .n css of the Invetnent of
tbe loan 'that. diforcic s arise If the inve.s h.1t is not
soad it.
t both parties,
l:ier loses all
or part of the loan and the borowor io5u bnø terrisc
plus hi own ino '.;'jot.
Ait.ude Ueeari, debt
a wide variat.L,on
ore not willin
O;C indicated that they
would ootret debs for
t were willi.ng to a anne f.:iwc.'iai (j1jj. 2
cO
oes but
sett;Ier on the 1h,rth Jnit;.
Into a&'t for ULJ 1rpos..
So
inc; Items, .. any, they vronl
in deot to acqre, aria to
;
a
oreid ttat a settler go
nerd n ner.tcaily from the
most; to the least ur.;ont. The ost ur';ent wec J.ven a
ratin of one, next a ratmn of two, etc.
vtr ud ln .e
'odirn dairy barn
k'o.Lle education Lor children
xlectr!city placed In 'the hone
loc trio
Tract or
he
one
1L'JU
C
House beyond mIniu
'or herd tb and. decency
36
It was assumed that there was a need for the item.
Definition of what constituted a houo beyond what was
necessary for health and decency was left pretty much to
the individual, however, if the person questioned had no
idea as to what the minimum might be, it was su,gested to
him that the basement houses or "North Unit Specials" used
by some settlers ii.ht be considered a minimum, The
"North Unit Special's is a cocbination dwell1ri', and machine
shed which will be converted to full use as a machine shed
when the permanent dwellin': is erected.
It is recognized that the items are not comparable
or in the arnourtt of money required C or
either as to
purchase. Nevertheless, It is possible to t some ifl
dication of the settlers' concepts of how borrowed money
can be most profitably used. Answer to the questions
Indicate that, in general, settlers have considerable
understanding of the elements of sound financing for farm
deveiopmnt (Table 40). Locus for productive purposes
were given a hig. priority. Ninety-six per cent of tt.ose
interviewed justified loans f or tractor purchase. Sixty-
eight per cent gave loans for tractor purchase a priority
rating of one.
Debt for electricity was justified by ninety-two
cent, but only twentysix per cent gave It a rating of
first importance. a:y settlers expressed the opinion
87
that electricity, while not absolutely essential, wa the
cheapest and most efficient servant on the far and would
soon pay for itself both in CO! fort and service.
Table L.o
Settlerst Attitudes Tcv.ar oin: Further into Debt
in Order to cq.re Sifid Items
ortz Unit, Desehutes 2rcject
It em
& over
tractor
le otricity
Runriin wati
Modern dairr
.7; plwiibing
Rofriraor
Colleo or c.Ildren
68
26
i6
3.
20
18
22
36
36
iL'.
--
Life insurance
Hous e beyond ruin imum
26
12
A rating of one was ien foi' items of first urgency,
for second, etc. All ratina beyond two were grouped
under three and over.
w0
While debt for housing beyond minimum requirements
was justified by only twenty-four per cent of those interviewed, conveniences ithin the house wore given more
justification. Seventy-tour per cent said they would go
in debt for running water and modern plumbing in the
However, only sixteen per cent gave it a rating of
one while thirty-six per cent indicated a ratirg of three
or lower. Debt for an electric refrigerator was justified
by fifty-two per cent but no one gave it a first priority
and only eighteen per cent gave it a position of second
house.
imorane .
.Lle no qustLon
s uk'u cc.
rnLi debt for land
and operations, many volnteered tho informa-
tion that they would justify such debt, giving it a high
priority. They recognized that they were losing money in
lack of productive ea.aoity on irriable land wiich was not
in production because of lack of development funds.
ny
indicated that the prime objectvo in the first years of
develo)ment siould be to get all irrigable land into produe tion before giiing axuch attention to oier devel opnnt
features,
Adequacy of Credit
Tne foilowi
question was asked:
"Have you ever been
handicapped by a lack of credit on this farm?0 Fifteen of
the setiiers interviewed answered "yes," forty-five, or
three-fourths, answered "no, The avera;e amount of credit
used by farmers answering yes was 52l) 1er farm as compared to 7Oó for those answerin no. There were only
seven settlers out of the sixty interviewed who did riot
use credit at all. Two of those who used no credit were
group who answered yes to the above question.
Thos0 answering that they were handicapped by a lack of
among tne
credit were asked to explain. Following is a suinary of
answers given:
89
(5s
for \thich Crdit
ieeded
Number of heLis
Build in
Farm operations
Livestock urehase
hach±ner purcia8e
1ives bock focdin:;
Development of lurid
Purchase of more land
Total
Only one settler desired credit for purchase of more
land, which he apparently needed. Ho was a man about
forty-five years old, with two children, and he ws trying
to operate on forty acres. He had used no credit at all
since coming to the project in l94.
One of the settlers who expressed a desire for credit
for building purposes was operating cm 1ó irricable acres
of which 138 acres were irriatsd in 19)48. jle had purchased in 1914.3, beaan development in i9)4, ud irriat ed
sixty acres in 19)46, wbich wa the first yar wa- cr was
available. lie had a d ili vhicii cost :200 ad o1
farm buildirs at a cost of seventy-fivb doUar. i
man had received four loans, tota1in .97OO, one of whIch
was ;320O for land purchase to run five /ears. Ihe obher
three loans weie one year operating 1oais receied in 19)46,
19)47, and 19)43. His total indebtedness at the time of the
survey (1oveiber i)48) was L.7OO agJ.nst total assets
valued at .4LOOO.
The other settler who i
cated
uee. .'or building
90
credit, began development of eihtr irrible acres in
1914.7 and had irrlated fifty-five acres in i9L.8. He had
o buildiri,s other than hi dweliiii, this he valued at
This settler had received three loans in the two
years for a total of
33
of which :2L.00 was still out-
standing. All three loans were five-year terni loans.
It is interesting to note that, exceçt for the three
cases just utlind, the .reatot need ex.ressed was for
short and intermediate ter: credit to be used for farm
operations, livestock purchase, and nacdlnery.
The four settlers who earessed a netd for livestock
credit had an avero of eic;nty-two irri
acres per
Thrn of wi1ch about
ret:-f1ve aros were
l9iJ. They had total aE:ots valued at over .2i,C3O averitr farm, ith an arerge debt of
pr farii. One
:ia. no cbt at all and .iad not borrowed si:;o coning to
bhe project. He 8tato;, OWeVei, that he ai triei
borrow for 1ivetoc
cinory but was reied.
C
in his previous
location. All fo of thoe ftne had land capacity and
fara buildings ca.le of hand1ia,. more livestock.
The four settler3
said
needed more credit
for machinery purchase Inid total assets valued at over
2l,3O3 per frn and an average debt of
r
LU1 hea developnent prior o 19L7 on an avtr
of
had borrowed from the ThA and from
91
eig.rty irritable acres per farm,
They had an aveao of
per farm invested in machinery for which
:iL6 in
credit had been used.
It is not iiossible to know
circumstances our-
rounding the requests by settlers for credit, however,
present information seems to indicate that all of the set
tiers surveyed in the present study, who expressed a need
for more credit, were in a
position to use it to advantage
and had sufficient security and productive capacity to
justify a loan.
however, it should be noted that the
gratest numbor of settlers indicated a shortage of the
very type of credit that is
able.
üneraliy most readily avail
Fourteen of the eithteon settlers w.o said that they
had been handicappd by a lack of credit exressed a need
for short and intermediate tez credit for operations,
machinery, and livestock.
Competition among lending agen-
cies for this typo of lending is keen.
Commercial banks,
the ?roductjon Credit Associations, and many merchants,
especially implennt dealers,
are anxious to
extend credit
of this type where they can do so on a sound basis.
Vhile
the indicated value of assets on farms was high, the
yaluos were the settlers own estimates which could be
siderably different from
the estimates made by
con-
the lending
agencies.
As a group, the settlers who said that they had been
92
handicaped by a lack of credit usd less credit than the
average of all settlers. A c;arison of their records
with the records of all setlers fails to show there they
were retarded in develoirnent. The beginning ats ind
average borrowings were lower for the settlers who said
that they had been handicapped. They had about the same
percentage of their land irri;;atec as did a J. settlers,
however, their increa::i in aasets as sewhat ies (Table
1\J
Table !4
ndicnpped Settlers Compared with All Settlers
Fifteen
.1orth
Jnit, Deschutes iroject
Al
iuinber of farms
Settlers
and ic app ed
Settlers
Irri:ab1e acres
Percenteirrijated
7
Average nuniber cro'
- 4.
..t.
..em
Assets November 19L3
Beginning assets
Increase in assets
Debt November 19248
Net increase in assets
Increase due to laxid
Increase exclusive of land
Dollars
283
hG
173
112
33
Dollars
28
99
l9
L9
110
30
30
.ers whc said that they had been handleupped by a
lack of credit.
Based on settlers' estimates.
'qnivalent to beginning net worth.
A statement by a settler that he has been handicapped
by a lack of credit does not register the intensity of the
st1e.;it, no
does it indicai;e Lhe
wnie
he
be.ieved th he was naudicapped. ieii.Lier 18 a siai,eent
that a settler was not handicapped by a lack of credit
conclusive evidence that he was not retarded in the development of his farm,
It is quite possible that some of the
aettlerz who expressed hO desire for .iorc credit could
have progressed ;iore rapidly if they had used more. It is
also possible that some of those who used credit extensively could have done as well With loss.
On the whole, an analysis of the records of the sixty
faz'ms surveyed fails to show &ny si::nificaab group of
settieis who were seriously retarded ln the developmLnt of
their farms because of a lack 01' credit. There were only
ten faris in the entire study on Wuich less t'.an seventy
per cent of the irrigable acreage as irrigated in l9L8.
Half of these ten far:is were ainon the fourteen that were
first lrriated in l9t8. Two of the ten had less than
forty irrigabie acres and were opei'attd by settlers over
sixty years old who were primarily interested in a place
to live In retirement. One of the ten farms with less
than seventy pei cent irrigated was operated in conjunction with a 300-acre dry wheat farm so the operator was
not devoting full time to his irri:able acreage. None of
the C ar;.as first irrigated in l914ô had less than seventy
per cent
f tie iriab1 aii
rrLtQd by 19$,
group in
r-iec
fr
ta
&s
x'
he
.r
Tiii
study was undertaken throuh a eoopeiativ-
roe-
mont bebween the Bureau of HecJ.anntion and ti'e Division of
Agricultural ±ccnomics of Oregon state College, to determine the anowb and aUequacy of capital i.sed for the de
veiopzient of farn on the Nortt UnIt of the Desohutes
flec±aiatio:ri ro:ject,
Proiress of Develooment
T.te rr.r:
beeTI riid
secet;-oiui
firs ; c;o
&Ii1C IL..[L
f devolo,n t of individual frn has
sixty f:1x.1s
lLCh
S
).C3.
,..
-
o
irri. .d
AU.
........................
i1
cf cLyil avaiib1e to
Or
rear
th irri.-: ble laL
ital available L.0
3arted
V
or cent o
avt
_1
an
.1.
cent of the ir':.. .ii
I934
fa
I
y fa':.
I...,
i.i ....
. OC..aLtL .Vit.:
t1er
n.
iad an
e acre
I
-------
t;et&i e.o.J)
In each deve
'1
iLh over nineiy per cent ef
d in U). had nore total capwith under ninety
id
wide veriation In the
per cent irriateu, Ti'e
total capital available and the !r1bi
of iiriblc
n I .;L3 i:idieti.i: that actor8
Ii
land that
other than total avaiLb1e capibal ::c.:re :;.portant.
i?inancial jrc res5 has also been ood The sixty
an average increase of thirtythree
farir surveyed
dollars per ±rr1.ahic acre in the value o:C aset, Thi
is cxclLve of t.ie increase i te vai:e lteed
incr
SOeC
3: fee
on :n..
.f
on I
v:
aid.
xilizer on hand at :e ti: cf
ributed mainly to two
This rapid poress maj e
factors: (1) Favorable physical condition of the land and
(2) an adequate supply of capital. Another factor that
probably had a considerable influence was the previous
experience of the settler3, A].]. but four of the settlers
had previous farm experience and over half had previous
prices and ready markets for
irri;ation experience.
agricultural products wore favorable economic factors.
Most of the land had been farmed prior to the present
irrtation development and comparatively little labor or
cash outlay was required in getting it irrigated. The
average expenditure per irrigable acre for land and irril3 .30. This figure should not be
gation development
taken as the cost of preparing n acre of round for irrigation, however, it is beU.eved to closely approximate the
cost. It is likely that ii the early period of developnent, some of the expenditure for land development was
9.7
made on ln ncb
t lrri
at tha time the sii
us
'Jsed
The averao total capital used on the sixty farnis
surveyed wa about :2Oô per 1rriable acre. Of this
amount about e:Lhty-oi'hb dollars waa used for real estate
purchase and deveioprnnt w'.:.ic; Includes land purchase,
land development, irri.:atiori syst:ii, and buiidiri;s. About
ei.Lty dollars per irr:;ale acrc ws us1 for cnatteis
which include machinery and livetcck, Real estate and
chattels to,ether account for about l3 Jer lrrigable
acre, The balance of the 206, or auout tbirt-el1
dollars per Irrigable acre, was ucd for family iivin,
crop production, and other expenses not included in real
estate chattels.
Use of Credit
per cent of the ttl
had used credit
at ac're time tuin the period covered. !mourits borrowed
per farm r
froi 1635 than lJO to as mucia as ;2u,OOO.
The averrc borrwins totaled about eighty-f 1 e thllars
per lrri,able acre of .hich sixty-one dollars was still
outstand.in at the time ci' survey. Fortr-3Ix per cent of
El
..
98
the credIt was borrowed Thr terms of f- oe to fic
years. Forty-three per cent wa .ic. terri oreIb for an
average of thtrttwo years iractica11y the ntir. aouxit
of lonT
i or it, as i:) lied by the Tariors o.ie
inj:rUatrat..on to war vetorai ho.atoaers in :to form of
fortr-7tar farm ownership loans.
One-fourth of the settlers saId that tie had baoi
handioarsi br a laok o credit. n aiaTLyss of records
fails to svi tba tha'r were striousl.cr retarded in the
develomen
of their faris
The 'ha icapped" at lers
bad about the same nuiber of acres irriated in 1148 as
did the avera:.;e of all faris. The fin.ctal pro..ross of
the "handieaped' settlers was only sli.:htly less than for
settlers,
The analysis fails to
5117
siuIfIcant group
settlers who were seriously handicapped in the develop-
ment of their farns by a lacic of caital.
A'
licabi .t to Othe éroes
The findiri;s presented in this study may be considered as representative of the sixty farms surveyed.
The data y be used as a uide to the capital requirements for the development of newlr irrigated farms in
ot.er areas having similar climatic and crop'ing conditions 3eforo the data are applied to other areas,
jJ
however, co:uUderatio mst be givi t any i;sieal
eoo..r1c ondftions tt dIffer 'rc those pecilw to the
farms 1r1rJe- an to tI-ie e1.o: czred by tbe snriiey.
¶jjj )i1j5jCal conditi cC th ]anj ('ìatral growth
an4
t,ora) will
iv
rtait bear.
the
hi'..s factor .::t3t
on bo
speed aa the
st of land dev ))1lte
taken into
oteL
nsi1erion
.hi bh t:L: to
f the North Jnit. Fr exii1e: the ter-
rain of the
Plains area o the
bL Ja.L;
rollIn than that of the area oyered b; the survej, All
of the Agenc:T flame area was in wheat and fallow prior to
the present irri;at:.: n deveicpmcnt o that no clearing of
natural :;rowth
necearj, A ea1l oart of the area
surveyed was covered with saebrush and Juniper ithich
tended to i:crease the cost of land d evelorient,
Chances n the pricer of buildins, farm machinery,
fara labor, fwily liv.1n, etc vIll have to be taken into
account when ap1y±n the uata to a later period, xrices
for farm products have an Important influence on the
aiount of outs:tde ctLital that IS needed. The aount in
dicated as the t;ct;ai capital reqnirerent (:;206 per Irrigable acre) is in additIon to fo.r: earn
If the
prices for farri products re down &n the costs eai:a
about the sme, It will an that riore outside cajItal
will h. needed to meet the rcq.ircirLeiit,
i
the
4..2L.1
1)
e;0
ifl
it
C)
ze
,...
J.
J
.,
o'
O
L.:2
b .c
11
.he
CjQ.L&s
:)e
sixty £i' sixveyec hv
ai o
ct o1 ,,eir land irrited, they
ble buii.zs, and
3OLLe Li estoe.
The faci
CciiCCflS ud firther
±ns.nt. of OUC2L.0 funds s.Lould not be neoaS
Op1dt.
cases, 1over, tho
froxi
ius a need Thr
orees otc .r th fai.
Tables I and 2
101
North Untt,
escuts iro
c..rtion
of
191.8*
Per Cent of
o&;cL
te.ag
cal
Barley
0i
Ce
A1f.Lfa
Ci
0i-ier
2
17
112
cd
fa kiay
3oo$
120 ;
3111
0tv ha
3rJ s c edi
I
C
Totai
and Fori. :e
ii'
12
3
11
.$
31
Row Cr'o:
r0
o
t'CS
Oner row crs
i.oi.ai Row Crops
0ther Laid Jse
&oi1-i.
Fallowed land
cro
232
820
3
rat reported
Tot.1
Less thwlicated areas
cult'tLn
Less fallowed iuid
Thtal
100
:rr:
'Comi1ed iroi Crop Y±ei.
ort for 19Lä, North Unit,
Desehutes £ro1eet, Bureai. of Reclariation, iJ.D0I,
**
A eors1derabie ounv, of 1a
ia fora W.jiCii
provC.
S
t,
been
£O
Of eior
inc1ded ir order to reduce the iiuiToer of di1icated
C
aoie.
102
Table 2
0re,ori Far Costs, crlces index,
Compiled b:r tt A ;ricu1tur.t1 coj.lo1
(oi.Lee
ureofl S
19 0
126
l)LLJ.
1 3 .2
1LL1
1'
1 )Li.
3
207
226
19t!5
23',
1J10
100
11:
.nsion Servic
60 0
'7L
176
1 L; 6
l917
2
jfldCX adjui t0
t; p&X'2.J .LflQX .:LV6fl a
costs oe.
)t
OJL 1LOi costs with
and t).reo.C1 labor