:OVRNWT CW DIT nr FIJRAL
LIF
A3ILITA'iXON
1T'
L
YT
--
A
ubrdtted to the
partIal fu1fil1re!it of
t1.o requiremctr fr the
of
-
T
.-' '
.
APPROVED
Redacted for Privacy
Porescr of Ar1cuituia]. 'conomics and in
charge oi i)epartment ot Aricu1tura1 Economic8
or
Chirte
Redacted for Privacy
Chairan
ho <:I
u:t.
Coittee
Redacted for Privacy
Chairman of State Co1ieçe
raduato Council
y
The 'r±te' ?L
appreciation t
whose dir tLcn
constant advice
tc eprc
his atefu].
L. Potter, under
ae, for his
eicourancnt.
rfl C'
£ *.
CBAPT
Purpose of
I.
:i.
Baaic (.otepts 4 9 4 4 4 4 4
Of Government C:odits
.. .. .,
.
3
.
...........,...,,,.,.,,
Of flurai rt11of anu Rehabii.j.taton.,....,.,..
3
5
toi f ar
The Pro see of Low farn Incore
6
Xl. Foonornic
e.
Dnd Eto!1t,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Its natui:'
,
, ,,,
,#...i.,....,s.*.
Jnmic :',u.1 !ariin.
. .....,. ,.....,..
Dec1:o
inUustrio,
Its ca.'s
,..,,..,, ...,
fxtonon f one crop
The Grcth of iarm Tenancy........,,,,,,,,,.,
.
Its naturo an3
Its causc.s . . . . .
..,.
,
....
. ,, ,,,.
.
:reakin up of old ocoriap'.,.,9...,,..,,
pecu1ation anti investnont on farm land..
feetofthedepresr3ion..,..,.,.,,,,..,.
6
6
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
16
16
16
17
18
The Pressure of Farm Inuebtednes,,,,,,,,,,,. i9
its natute ai. tent,..494994449,,,,,,,,,, 19
ItS Causes , . ,
,*, ,.
,, ,,,. , ,
2].
Fluctuation e±. '1c and land values,.., 2].
.
±rrng,,,,,...,.,,,,.,.
22
Goverrir;ent Crdit tn Fliinting ii'm )1stress.
Dave1opt
u'a1 o1iof and chab1lita-
23
Low pay ai1i.ty
II
9.4....
drdnictro.tion.,...,,,,,,,,
It adI'ini$trative oranization..,.,,,,,,,.
Its princIples ari ob3eetives......,.,.,,,,
ttOfl.
The Ia
bocurity
4444
Rehabll.Ltaticn loans. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . * . ..
arinxjrmeana, emont Plan...,,..,.,.,..
The Derj-oncy efinancIn Prora
.L.C.A...
IV. ffectivenes cf ove
The
The Tenant Purchase Loan Pro ram,..,..,...
.it
In ilinthitir. 1arm Itres;
He1pIn
low 1icorne farmrs.....,,,,.,,,,.,,,.
EconomIc oiidort Ions.
Factual analysis . . , . , , ,
* ,.,,... ... .4
.,,
,
.
43
26
2o
1
J4
40
4].
4
6
46
4b
4j
Tabifi of
Chapter
IV. (Contiuio)
Incie
Cost c
$1).LV
f
:11Oflt3,.,.4,0.
t'on *
Peayrct f
io f
Noncz romic &ruients..... . .. . . .. ,.......
Cech.n
Conclu3 Ion
13 Ib1iortphy.
'ar;
**
0
. . *,
0a
...
49
4
60
62
6%
6b
67
b9
71
0
.
74
jr:
LIST OF
ia e
I
timatod jrnuu1 Value, at. l9.6 1rices, o
inimurn Physical and Cultural R:quire
monte for a .iara Frily of Two Adults
4
and
Three Childron in the 4-..
Three Major
.4
,.
AC J.OZ 5
., fl.
LJ.
es-i
4.
.. a
L i... S
aa
a
a
Distribution of Non-Relief Farr Families
by Incc.o Levels, 1935-36 I a a a a a S S
Sa
SS5
Percent. e of Iar Tency, lOi.4O.a*,,a,,
4
14
Related Stat istica of Farm MortFaL,e Debts
in the. ntted States, Stlected Years....... 20
Farm Loczn )elinquoncy, i'arri oreolonirc
and Farer Bankruptc1e In the United
Statce
21
a,..-.
..,...
F.S.A. fle;ion wd tho .tates CorIsir
Theme a a a a a a
0
aaaaa0
4
4*
. 28
0z'anizatIon of th U.S.D.A. Farn Security
Administrut Ion
40-a. 0*1,00.. a a4!*a00,a
c.f Far. Operators,
A Comparison i'
the Number Aided arid lI;iblo ior Aid by
States as eported by the Farm ecurit
Adi'inistrat iOfl. . , a a a a a I a a .
Number of iarm Fa'nilIos Iceivin; Loans
from Fsr: Security Athntn1tration, as
of June O, l4i..,,,a.......a....,.aa...a,
Economic tatus of
Clients before
feceivin. Aid
....a.a...ae
rth of Rehabilitat Ion Borrow'i
,e,..,,.,,,,,..
Expenditures of F.O.A. Coctod Ith
Change in Not Inco.ie
Loans and. (...rants,..,,,,,.,,,,-..,,..,,..,,,.
F.&.A, Rehabilitation Loans; Antount of Maturitics, and Amount and Proportion of aturi-
ties
i1cteo Thrcuh Juno O, 1941....,..
b3
55
58
61
6
L13t 0t i'ih1e
Thble
14
Averae S1
ot F...A. R&.ahilltation Loan3
Made furin !ar .n
Juiio 30, 1941. ....
66
T c:
::L1
Ai'
iT Là
URAL
PUF.
The crtuCoS oi £a'i istress in a country ray be
to eumucitive
it may b
ny arid varied. Part
factors in the lon
quence of which is irnpoverisbmt. Part
1tiato conseI
ay bo due
t1
industrIal doprecipitate factors arisin;, ;ut
icuItrc can harUy recover
pression, bcc.u. of ii oh
froi the collapso. The prcicis, accrdin4y, are complex
It is in part ceonoical, in part social, in part political, in art sy .ilorrieal and in part
and complicated.
cultural.
The farm credit arcs
by tho federal
overniont are bee in: Iner sir....1i lr.iportant In the
arncnt crenit
.an
Miorican agricuitural
be able tc do ay witb oe Larm distrs? It is the
purpose of this study:
1, To analyze the CCOflOiiC i'oundatlons of the
various s:ptom8 of larrn distress vhich rural
relief and ruhabilitat ion rc Intended to
elinina;c
o recapitulate the prIncip1s un.er which
rural ioIief and rehabilitation are intend'd to opurato.
¶Po evaluate t.
relief an
uoon
prticu
e'1vcnes
: tb r.wa1
111itt10 v;rorau as ba8ed
a r1 ii b
op'rating
I
f.
"J.t £ IL.)
2! Govern]1ont (:red its
The tczm .ovornitntal credit, s used in thIs
tudi, refers to thso uhsid lzd loin extended by th
government crdit
the benaf it
encles hith
.U1.f[LILO of t1e society.
A broader erllt roll
of rnaxImu
reeuz
t &o Into account
n :Lntcr
LT chan;o to idea
t,
ciI
as minirurn ap.
) or i
ri! practice. Al
prbisals, which
thowth the vapiat I
ti:c; introst rto .Ls afrected b
surplus £trnda
various tactcrs 3ue]..
available1 t co st
iIflitratIm. the e;.ree of risk
involved, tho seasonal dnand or cred
C., the
ovornment c oJit a ec.ics
:)sItion to of fez'
Interest t's b1
of rvtto I tItutl':s be-
cause en3oyln.
ob]dtgationa,
of
subsiriIs a.
viit' tax-e.xoirzpt
frd
social
security and n ployment t ao 8, of rco se
tho mAilS,
5
with appropriutl
or :rat in expenses,
and the aboor
y te public treasury.
d;
t
Ta
(CU5 cu1
overn*
mont credit uer:
evor, subject to
certain ].iyiItat
iL, toj are subjt to the
.
4
limitation of available
:ere arc
1ve ways for
thc governnierit crfd1t a m.ci to obteln fun
or Indirectly fre he tre&z..ry (1) 1unde
obtaIned from the ;rutury 'rou:.h the is euaxi
dirotly
loans are
of
;overnment oblitticns; (2) Funds ae obtained froi the
public sale of the acncics' evm obl1 .at;ions, wh are
he
fully uaranteod s 0 ')1'1C 1091 MnCJ inter3st
treasury; () j?i: arc obta :e ed frre the publIc salo of
ich are indirectly
the agencies' oi ob
uaranteed by th overeent; (4) be overeent uaran-
tees the payet ef losses suaied by private institU.
tions advaneth: crit under the rules and 0 U atim.e or
the aeny, In hieh. ceee ;he liability of the treasuiy
is conttnent enly; nd (5) Funds are approprIated by
le;islat Ion hest .overrent croci 1t aeencie u.ndertakiri
poor credit rIsk ohtn funds by the last way. hen
matter
Lepertar. i.O relief
are not availabi6,
gram Is, it will be Inpesaiblo er the a.enoies to carry
on their task3. The second limite1on is the cost of ad
minietration ne rIsk-inirance. ía th loi. iun, ii the
earnings on loans are net suf 1' Icient
eover pure in-
t erest, administrative exense,
risk insurance, the
credit agencico ea:e :;vor
their business
unless add jtial
Leien .er oo:ratJ.n.. 'xpenso is
the eersce.iel is insufficient oz'
available Fii,.al
J-I°-
;Q
ou rç .i
W4Xtj 9Uçuc
-UOW 9L
t13
ctoq
uqp
;-
pzc
U14
tzoq
LJXLd
fl uo
-''ii-' 'v.
eIp
ueU,Z9Ao
JTZI ItIfl,I JO U1J
stTtaJ
UI
O
U)T
C
OXc) jUt
çupzzy
rn3o3 ut1zwi
tr
OU,
UT3 QdOT
Llrb XtOU
0T
T"-TV °.
I irt
I
UoL4tto3eix
Jo
'4UQUUi4ed
z:) Ixxd;
tTUOUXtOO
b
J-t
LJ9t IO({tT8 OtXO
uor ;vqtrqo
Ot9.T tThxui Jo
toue!.T
otOjJTP UT
-ttOAt 'TUbUO
..2
TTTI PUTS 9ouo;gu
ttm
UZAC OU
-
o
u
o
zci
.::; IoJ OAt
'iiqozd u1zod
4
II
AT
ior any
ur
ar istre
There is no exact
definite method or ieterminin. Ite extent In a nationthis aoter to analyze
wide scale it Is ho turtoso
Jh :u.ra1 e1ie and reiabii1pt.or
thDee economic
r3: (1) The
tat ion are Intert':.; : "J
me; (2) Th .:rOth of farm tonan
presence of iw .r.ar
ir in ctetne s .
cy arx (3) 9he Dre
Phe Prosne c
iicorie
Lc;
its atro id "tent.
or limitirir: :otor
tant lrLdicatc.r
tional welfare
.co v' ir;
f
R. C. Srutth J::1
whose incom i too lcvz t
can
'rnjoy a decent
Phr condItion1n
it Ia also an irnpor.
oovertr. The na1r:..e1y on hIs inone.
lc' Ic cr
f'&ricir
viIo Lir
L?d
! Ivi.:
reaonsble de.rec o'
f±tI
1owin this
aI
minimum coat of liri J'
giped. To wo2k out such Jta,
1I5ofl 15
th.ins mi3t be thor-
:1 rqu!r:. :nt .nc1uded;
(1) T
oughly oonaI:;
:orIo tT y ac &md pcn; n: ()
(2) Price cf oert.
ab1
anp10 for this
$ize of th
Ac:3.
viorkout
O th3 t:aL1r,
annua'. 1uo. at
farni1y ot t
a1t u:
.T6$0, in the
ou
r: 1lir
n the crth
the
tb.c
::jflbUfl1 CUltU,Xtai
.820 in t10
West
.0.5 1
uth, an.
Either USfr ..;.5JO or :7O
a
relief fQr fii1i 3thirin. l95-6
858,
63 or
et
17
tb.t would be
34L in the
iaratofl, tho nonuld have iiore than
m
buon.s to th
it.i
Eatimatod Anua1 Valuo, a iG 1rice, of 1ninum
Phyalcal 1ri:
uiLnt
T1ro ':hildron in
Familr o,
o AUult
the Three ;.ajcr ECJ 10fl3
.
1
hy
rort
Food
Clothing
Shelter
Medical ca
Education
acration
75
13
jui..o-
1
.
out ioit
1i
a- -
- a_
-a-
Church and
charity
Fe8erve for
cont in :,CflCJ
a--a--
Total
&aurce: 3.
Program of Yu.ral
Farm
cono?2zic,
40b
30
Un1t
"f
iai
arid 'ulturc1 reciuiroinents
£120
pii
rt
:35
bout
75
u;
125
220
- _a -
10
-a*
10
-a
20
20
3I;f
0
70S
-
3O
1(30
20
-
10
Ve
i4O3
125
225
20
10
0
20
ina for a 'St1onal
a.....o::,
oicf. Jna1 of
iabic.
zr
oJ.. 21, .o. 4, 103, p. L
.
1 others in Lcir roort "Disadvantaged C1aos n kiric an A.rieu1ture conclu$od tha
30 wIll n:t
ot 'ari operatin. expenses
"an income
and provide the essentials 2;;r even a raininum standard o
living1 (33) fly usin, 600 as a tharcation, the authors
report:
There were in the United states in 1929,
aproximao1y 1,700,000 farms which yielded
roes farm income of loss than -600, based on
value of products sold, traded or used; few
more than 900,000 farms that yielded 1;. than
400 income; and almst 400,000 farms t:hat
yielded less than j25O.
Carl C.
ylor
Table
Distribution of flon-Lelief 1arrn Families
by :L:c< Levels, 195-36
ore
Income level
250
250* 500
O0.-
750
75041000
100Oø1250
1250-11500
150041750
1750.42000
20O0i2250
0
10$
232,040
853,963
1,108,400
1,027,044
793,250
601,671
433,590
297,221
18t,336
of total
families
V
percentage of
fai1iea in
ach
ou
16.6
3.8
17.7
:o .7
.3
a
74.9
4
1
7.O
4.8
5.1
3.1
1 .9
.36.7
.3
100.0
2500 and over
166.658
100.0
100.0
Al]. levels
Source: J. &. Mac..c;, Su est.ons for a 'at1ona1
Program of Rural iiah1littion and flelief. Journal of
Farm Economics, Vol. 21, fib. 4, TJov. 1939, p. 888.
;2250m'*2500
152,309
473,334
I-,
., .
:'V
Accord 5..
income farn fa::iii es em
nmtxae
aro. mich th
of the Unitei
ifighiands, thich onc:
ti;
U
Vippinia and }entuI1, tho Flue
iao
tU&fJ
c
low
rta ror.)ions
Lchian-Czark
eoctions f
'o.
ctxritaina of Vir
tnia and Penncse, the rt iokies ox rorth Carolina,
:f iiccuri
Aricaas
the first
rank. !ot t: the Aopelachian-'zarh Hi hiands is the
Cotton r3elt Th;h iS .;opo
ho cotton and tobacco
aectione of south camolina, the PIohont of Ceorgia, the
and the Ozark
Black Belt ed lar Hiliso
Lt1e
of Alabama, the low
land cotton
as of ie issippi, the suar
zuckinh;
cane, berry, westr-rn rice and cotton lands of Louisiana,
and the cotton, rice an Pin Yoods portion of EaBtern
irexas
Northern
exico and ArIzona are the third
rank, while the
tsto& cut-over which comprises the
75 or 80 nor iernmost ouItius of Ltehi.an, \isconsin,
and Minnoota ranz3 the fourth. (3)
amt.ir that tht roence or li farm
Its causea.
incom, did occur even in l29, the jcar before the de
pression, and auin, it .e a problem of relttively pex
manent character, now lot uz analrze its contributing
csU808.
land, There are 75 million acres
submar;inal land In noarly 450,000 farms in the United
on
10
n uh 1an robb1y iu:ibr t 4b4,000
States Pamil1
Li
t1at ter are
to 586,000. T.m.. tt
some 555,000 fr:
1 am1
covering ior
100, o,uo a;r
in tho
Appalachian-() zar -
cutover area n
rt
t::c
:Etrn .:otton nit, the
t:;
1on. tho.
parts of tho
wooded are
-
m-ar1d
the
f
iht3h u d er
.Z:( aa;'6)fl
normal price
not yield t1ii
oaily
an-
ccnt liv
line conoi
are 411,000
enlarged in order t
Larm them. Such iarn
1matt
there
I.1.LC). LeO(3 to 1e
pr
Jequateiy t;o families ho
re 1und iio.
: .o:ly in tht
Great Plains, th&
tcr arid :outhrn corn 3olt, the
general farii areas
iiio \TaIi.ry, ar the irri
t1
gated aroa
LIV'
uthorn Apptilaehians, alo&t one-fift c
aro under
acrc
in size, approi!nEteiy on-i.fth re 2c. to 50. Usually
L
farm operationa aie rostriiod bij topo.-raphy recrd1es
of the eiz
ho1±n.. In thc Ctton Belt, tho size of
holdings enerai1y opr
1j tho farers is vr' sa11.
(33)
:tui'a1 rCoUrceS,
such as timber, coal, I
r-'ther minerals
ii
have been orc,
pQX'ta
s
cGrt 'L I
of the Tnto Sti
I-
f
iicb.iari.
Ozark roion
bringlxiç. the
obIe:.
for ,rl- I urn
Ii
:a
II! a
;f Ofli11
T1n.)e3 neoc
ment their lii
du3trea.
u1:;un
1.1
ii.i:
dependent or.
ple
ir local in
fi 1, in..1nstries
nzc.t1t.
trrI rr .r
have dCClfrE3c,
t7 t
nvo b3 !I't coripietoll
:r te unp:.Juct1vø to mip
port thom
:xt 0fl8 :L on
the
'ro
7:;tcn.
trend in Aro1ean a
perdence n u
tobacco oet.onz
Lolt, the
In tho re
ion of ti)
if lad icr the
crops It accounts
one erop z:7ste
ottcn
for more than c.ro
arv;:ra tnd for even
hiher pct
The living of
the prociuctio nn
rai3e food an3 e3
farmer whc fo11;
mulate recrvc
Tha recent
ar3 £tieo lute
depe,t entir1.y
01 til
(:'
L
3
Ct2h C
on
0 Iit
CCfliit 1O1, ro email
..r-et:L
arc1y bie to accu
tide
hrcu : I cafl
home
12
ones or a
-I
tarket fails
:\
ar2
The Growth
£thniy sst&i
to that
on A3r1cn
!tiaI .iiation
steady frcn
et ton jea:cc ei
1a1f cont
of tsnaflo7 uJ
decreased r::
rort 1.n
.
1
LraJ
tha proviou doeeio.
ni1i
it]
ee was
tenarcy hotv
tiWO
..
1
:n ltS GiCflt.
lU :
L'i
:re
ar3
i8;O
.rt:o L5
tnIS
.LØC11r
:.i;-z, toct1
ac totI.
On trio otit3r
centa of to,,a.c
tt
,
as tbec:
settled an :ca
available
ith
:oe
;a
ly sett1c1
,oriod in Pen
1hode Is1r
cvr a
Lnccoc eei. ;d
the 19th Cent, ::iie I
In l6O fec xa-ipio, tha
ew
ip%'r1re
ieec
Yc por-
ra8
av'e
'arc.c or tnof
13
tenant2 hi North
South :ekot w
4 rCreen
espective1y ofli
thereas in if 4.0 the
erorot :Lo cf tnax:. cy
>r
was 45 perct
'rcu' 13, a
18O, the propc.rt ion of iiirm t C aney
erom IiO to
4!
eneral V
throughout the driltnl states e:o
Pacific dlv 1nn.
C 4,. Li. 4.
3
./
':
10() to 110, fe
tenants had ecte.ily
eatot In-
.L(IcJ to i0f
creases were
except Maine,
crease.
the ou:Lin snd
:cmi.t;
it6d States
2.hovT.! en
'rt1on of farii
iour of Uo fliflC
graphic dIvisIons. The Lc; .;.: ,iaif ef ftfli Atlantic
divisions hs4t p
.it1:i a.cf Ibe ir z:ire eorcsntae
of tenancy md L.af bo.:un
ciiru Ich eotIittcJ
190 or the divir,iion of iflo AtlantIc. The in.cr.ase
in the nwnber c.f cmr i:. th fot : a.ain suc.ii.elent
t( reduoe the r:ort
eeijne.c
:h
eeaite In tiat re'Ion.
From
1910 to 1920, lfie mnerree in tcnanc ws relative1
small, In this d
est
t..
rt.x
creee8 took
place in the ct i.e .n the ;rth (c tril state5 The
I Ic Atlt IC
New Eng1an an
e
cent 1'oi their
decrease of tho orovious
ovon in the orth
Central statee tT' ft;f 1Yi1r, oe e found inly in
newer states. .'o- if0
ona.r.c:Ttnc peased .r
ortionately In i et:.ef ae
ifl ]. etat.C,
.
14
any all
4.
c::)
the South a
farntn;.
in t er ant rit
,.
f
.;1i3': t':.::
ttor
,
creased to 13L
the increi
South AtltYW
divsione
tmants a
the ercenta
ion
te
U. S. Total
Nw ET1ari4
Maine
:ev7 Ilsznpshire
Ver71ont
.Wa8aao1rn6ct
Rhol e Ia land
Conneeticut
iddle t1nt i.
ew York
New erey
Pennsylvania
9 ,'
1320
.1
Indiana
illinois
ichian
i3 cons in
7.0
or
4.3
L0 8.1
4.5 13.4
8.2
ç
..
4.7
9.4
?s
.
7 .1
.6'\
10.2
.')
.:
.X,'-)
#'7
.1. .1, 14)
146
1.1
16.0
14
A..4.'..L
1;
L
13.6
1
4L;.l
.9 L .
4) '
.')
C
"'f
.... I 0
1e'
.I1*
f ) Ø4
27.2 24.6
23.3 21.2
r
b:)')
'-
..b tJj.
4.'
.1
1"
"7 7
If'
.LJ.
2C.O
4.'OlJ
.
2 .3
1880
25.6
.-
7$
Eaat lorth ('tra1 79
Ohio
10O 1890
19
:;3.3
jc)
3;,
11
.4.0
1'l
,L.4;3;tJ
,.L.i;/
-
31.4
ivision
and State
1;20
1?40
W08t North Centr
inrieota
4.,
47.6
Iowa
North 2)akota
South Dakcta
Nebr ak
0
1I
41.9
r'
47
1IQ 1900
('
r)r
..-n
2).8 14.3
45.1
r
42.
4 ,.
36.1
Georgia
P1ori1a
4.)
28,1
"
..- i,,'u
8.5
')
36.9
r'
4.)4._ . 4
j-,..
..)2
41.
411
*.L
c.hj.0
Ca
'4'r
Alaban*
4...1*4.'
".
- r'
'ait 3outh Coi;r:1 50.3.
Kentuccy
o.1 C.
Tennosoo
').3 4;
c.
..,e4.J
'_)
:.:i1
Cal 1 ria
.
?' 7
..1
:' r
0
r'
-t
..4..-.
33.
t.i.
6 .8
c).
.
4.5
46 8
43.8
3.4
C .4
r;
1
10.7 12
3.9
_; ....
Id aito
Waahingttn
Ore on
O.0
c.
41
T exa 8
Pacittc
1
2.].
uI
e4
'3.G
5.8
..
24.7 1.0
2.2 16.3
3
Lou18 tana
Oklahoma
Arizona
Utah
ciada
6.9
i
.4., 0
CS
iyomth
CQlorado
Now Mexico
r
L4.9
.4 0'.
r
South Caro1;,
ountain
!ontana
"I r\
t)A *'.J
1.
Vixgint
W8t
orth C9rc'11m
Arkansaa
180
)U
'.." 0.1
7 '
south At1e.nt'
1)elaware
Maryland
ost South
1890
.1
9
7.6
2.11.6
17
1 f
1 1')
18.
41
17.7
.:,±
41
4.-C.
- '.-
C
4
i 405
7 .)
)
2.8
13.0
8,1
13.2
4.6
3' *'
20.1
16.8
1.1 1.0. 21.4
14.3.
1'.-
1.G
17.2 19.7 14,7
1.7 1.7
14.'1
15.1 u.S
12.6
7.2
I 173 .19,8
18
its CELUSC3
U2tiOfl or frc
land.
The tenancy problem did
until aftor the
nat.urai tI t the rise of
not present ite1f in the Unted tat
Civil War.
it would
tenancy was directly a:oc1ato 1th the coraplete diethe declinin. quantity of
ppearanco of the frontier,
;ood land available fo boes..eadn-.: under federal Lrant.
a rorion I fs irly well ab
As soon as tho farnland
sorbed, the landless wo desire to farm iust either pur..
t tf the rood
cbaao a farn or conto'ipiate basin
farm land in ti-ic TJn1te States ha been occupied, the
cheap and available supply o± 1'ermin. land exhausted;
while the newly dcrelopinc areas where the land has to
be cleared, drained, irr
oro extensive mechanical operations are ceetary, the capital outlay is
oftentimes too Ia
iakc; ovinorship for the start in
e. Tho notable increso in tenancy durIn the
period of 1890-1900 as due
t to the fact that the
free land was practically exhaust d by 1900, and in part
to the hard tie v:Iich revai1ed in te nineties a
caused a lar;e number :f orta
reclosed,
making it necescary £02 rauy farm operators to rent farms
in order to contiTue fr-ain,
in
a
of old econom, The h1;h proportion of
17
farm tenancy in the south is a hr.rItae frcni the days of
].avory. It l not only a problem of tenancy itself, but
also one aspect of the cotton aa nero farmir problems,
Before the Civil War, the a;rieu1tural land of tho South
iaa owned and cultivated chiefly in lar:e areas by white
planters, But the Clvii ar, in vhteh nearly all the
able.sbodied white en of the South were cn;aed, made an
immediate and radIcal chanje in the a.ricultural system
of that re&,ion.
lar:e plantationa could not he culti.
vated as before by slave labor. Craduall a system de
veloped whereby the ewrcr orovidod the
,
a tearn
and often rations, and in return, received a share of the
products. Many plantations in the South remain as a sure
vival and haiie been divided into sn1i tracts and rented
to tenants. Today a lare breup or farmers in the South
remain permanently in the tenant cl
because of personal limitations, such ee i::iorance, intal baekward
noes, inertia, and poor na:ement.
Speculat ion and invstiort of farn land. Our ink: the
closing decade o the nIneteenth century hefan the stead
rise in the price of farn lan eich 1aste-1 for thirty
years to the lantj boon of lUl71o2o. Lane speculator and
investor were stIaIated, and a lonrer period was required
to save mccoy with eh!ch te buy a Lane. l'he richest land
i motly the hIhu
riced land, property promIsiri
values doclinø after the
further advaiee. i value
bt rhE: s cula Lear Investment
climax of lani
tendenclea persit frem tI cicte. 4xd as a result, some
farrnLn land Is held a pure .nve.stsients by individuala
and corporations
hae become
rcte.i t
t; or.ant farmers. Tenancy
rohIee In the ilc That largely because
the high Ian values we1 ;cro iet bd on productivIty
or the lana but 'eecce
sceulatIvo stu1tIon make it
necessary for
rather large ount
acquire
of capital befo
tarts buyin;.
S 0fl.
Effect
Vcstern states a1'.y farers ic
were forced ek !nto toacy by f eelosurs on rortaea which eeve n:.rous uriy: he eoroselo:e. This
was one of the causes
rowth of tonanc
the
United 8tate tn i01PS. he only dec3.ine ifl the oportion of tenancy
'osoo
curre d ifl the
South. An iree
ccet in tcnants ias nero than,
a rise
counter -balanccC
rccnt in oilnera The
increase wa entirely aeon; whIte ovraars wIth sriiiall farms
and most of the aIe core in rouh larn areas of poor
C
tenant aITis cCcU?ItDd iar;ei among
negroes in the South;
eelire of ,3OO ;eo tenants
was more than cancelled h se iricreese of 111,200 whIte
tenants. The erop occ.urrcc a.teot :tiroly aeon.;. th3
soil. The loss
4
1
rro share
ope!
:
;i
Cotton and tobacco acre
r::hn'
cf hcavy
cs
The pressure c..' farm iniebtoc1noss
a
atu:c
owred 59 percept
debtednea.
1
f
i3O
Thz'ouhcut tr.c ::.r:i.
in th Unitec
.
farr-era
90
.
.
;:tc..i. nibti
at .o ai
fI
rm ortao c:bt
2(:
increased ia
creased to
croased to 7
0,0O
.ed debt or the avira.
n 1910 to 'I
O0,QO0
j;. 1910.
1923, slowly
OX)
t; 1
.
t. 42 ercont.
11ne
.O19;.9,
tai:,
t ir
f.irth-r th..
(Ji1e 4)
Thc
700
orta;;e £ar
nt
i;oJ
ao
bte .Lor more
than 75 percent .;;I L]:r rr:; vaLo, n about 5 tercent in cxcei
...t1I
The 1ncro.cg and decrease of fri debts,
r, io not fficient to 1.n
dicate the roal bL4:r
inebt ,'o
It ro
1ato c1oe1y t
. ay abi1.; o
:a ci1ztor. A
arrner can hope
come or b7 'bxwin. L
tutiona, Tablo
to the nertcaL
of 1910-19,
c.it.a. :
c repr ii
Ltio.;a1
lLY1L t;5
.th..
.1as
ot
ut& ,;:i
irp1u
in-
3it insti
uavorab1e
:iYirst, over tho percd
ort e itcroat char;ea
Ro1ate.i tiaWi
in 1h:
Fari Mort,a
bt
Year
110
1915
1917
1919
1920
1923
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
103?
138
1c39
mil Iton
do11ar
3,208
4,994
5,828
7,142
8,449
10,751
9,213
8,638
7,887
7,786
7,639
7,396
7,214
ex
ot
IRi1X
rt, a. e Debts
Se1ctod Years
' a:::
?
,
t3rcen
krt a,c
Iitcrt
ur, au
Income
100
()
1910.14 1910-.3.4
J.0J
w ___j:i
U.3
126.
- ', a
214.2
151
190
229
271
213
2:;.5
193.7
Value
harjs
1910-. 14
Far
mo ore
(4)
8
3.5
4.6
11.4
.0
.6
I
114
a170
(.
89
73
76
79
I)
103
1 J .3
ate
of i'arm Acro
100
212
131
79
173
19,, .
107
Interest
98
108
190
-
219.0
Real
tap
farm
i'arIn
Farm
?f
154
14
143
---
4.4
13'?
7 091.
9
Soures
1) :. :. :ton, k1.r t-
&ga Debt. A1c1tura1
(9), (3), ;itua1or, Vol
:ar o.o10,
23,
October 1939,
(4).. Li.
norton, Jarit
Iortgage Interoct hars, Aric1Lr1 Sittation, Vol.
24, o. 3, March 140, p. 10.
and :arkets,
I
()
Vol. 15, No. 4, April 1063, p, 77.
was hi.er ;ha th' I
i::
' oa
ii 12O
fc:
except 193'?.
was never rest
Xt ind icate ta
for iore than
troa of I ebt
a1 ostatc. ViU9
o:
eon acrea$(3d
'i
pc
f the d:
(iaOncy &nã
21
rarricr
bayi:rc
cto o1
c
tarn I
h1h and the
cant.
er irc
arii Loa1
c1ty
nkDuptLe8 iD. tI.c UrtiteLl EItat
Fir Luat ei
Porccr?.t a
I arcr
"IC) .5? :'aior l3Urlkn
ne
tez C
Year
1931
192
4,649
5, 3r?
1933
1934
1935
1936
,716
311
1937
o.o
1938
1939
_c..
J
*.
:r
;t,t ar
(1) :. TjaLa::
Farm ForecIo8uro, Arcu1tur1 Situation, Vol. 24,
!Jkris, rror
No. 2, p4 21, ch. ID4c. (2)
L0
.-uIa:' i4, r'. 6,
Bankruptcies, 1Jb,
Sept. 1935.
$a
Fluctuat i
debt problem&
ad values, The tarm
4'I
.jfljtet
S
or 1on perioc
1920 and. the subcouuont
rom mainly out
a ":e
rie
rI ia. values before
in those values. Under
the stimulation I' or1u er I prices, the farmers bo...
f
borrowed
came victimIzed by tbe
1im
.
monet to. buy larvo acro
and
at;
ated value and
equip it with e:pensive iiach:iery In order to tako ad
vanta:e of hi pit es for
tuZ:a. Tho cost was
ceasive. The reat 1an bcoi. f l)l7-1O iarked the end
of the period vhon fartors could nake noney by siiply
holding land an a1lotr it to appreciate in value In
1920 a period of iec1ininr: value bernn, 'c1iich continued
down to 1933. Alone, !iti ;*e :ie in larii values, there
was naturally a vcry ir
i.-..
:arm
debts are lar.olv crc
;or ircp,'tv i acquired, and
they are liquilato.
.itio
;;rcperty i lost.
RisinL va1u..s aoc c:
x.I3a.3th. ict1'ity in
sales. To efftct tran:rn
;o'mts o1 credit are
'.
.
required.
a.i11t2 cf ±rius.
Inca a.rIcultirc is
;ii-, .rice, tLErsfore,
chars eteri
tends to equal
oquently the
V517 low.
rociucion.
I1tj
Thi
is
re
i.arts
Stc:art fro :'
'.0 I 3d
v.rir.: i1tor.t :c.
than ,69O far..
Con.
in the United ta ,
farms are riot rriii.. c.x,
1trrns in 20
t
.T
.
tctal ic
.
z
t.e.
x
i1
,-...,
u
-.
tat average
buy
.e
(
)
is because of t..is potnt faioi tia u11y croatd
overburdened iarri
etts a
farm L'a:-.
cIL.qusncis.
It
GOVEFN;IT Cr:DIT IF;
LIL1L.1'i:
It Was the opinion
Tbx;zi Jofiarn ht a
overnrnent w
eat v1
verriod 1eot. This opinion
'a;iv
stands on the
The
opinions were the
laissez.u.faire theory
Aiar rith,
1ott Iflg alone"
Idea of John Stewart I11,
the chooi of natural
liberty and Bnthamite choo1 doctrIne of utilitarianism
which urged tb OVe1W;nt to
quiet" In the
eighteenth century. But no .r:crnent
c o iple tely
refrained from Irect interventIon In coniic activity
in 80 sr as
1overnin.t rar taxo ari spend their
procee
The ar -nt c:rter3 tfl
ioe and kind
of act ion, VfhatI thc do, ree and k!n of action undo
taken by the AmerIcan ;:overnont credit e:encies in elim
inatin farm d.istre? It i tho purpo$e of this chapter
to recapitulate th rincip1 under nch rural relIef
and rehabilitat i
IntoncL
tc operate.
Development cf rur2l relief and rehabilitation
'irst, ruxal :elIef In the United States d
fered little fron urban relief in eftorts to relieve the
At
acute econonic conditIons that rouItod in part from the
depression o± t: <ly
to needy farm fainhlir$
'Os.
Gra
e
notoy or food
?ere :iade by the eijtin local
24
agencies who
izoI to tahc ci of tierncies,
Later on a £ev states rea1izc
th:i
L.HL
oui not
o1ve
their problemc unl,ss the :arrs olso hd tools, livestock, and seed for thc roxt :Joar's crop. Several states,
such as A1abaia
T
;an to advance rants
and loans to ncedy .iarm amiiIs by State olter Addnis..
trations in an atct to heilD the lO-iflO farmers to
become ae3.f-su2ta1n1r. he the :ubistenco !icsteads
Division of the Pc partmen
the interior was or::anized
in 1933, a nubor of rural m suburban conunities were
established wIth th I ieite objective of provIding re
lief employment an tth a vlcvi to supplementing Industrial employment with r:irt._tIe 2 arin". Somewhat simi-.
lar projects wcr establIshed by t;he i?edtral
r:;ency
Relief Adminlstrat; Ion, In uctoher 133, the Farm Credit
Administration lrinchoc A debt ac
prori with the
aid of the Federci ::nerney Lel:'Lcf fr1nIstratIon In an
effort to avert whenever psibie
diapoasosIon
irmer.
Fron 193 forward, th
i
Poderal
creclosure and
nr,ency Relief Ad-
ministration Iff:rentia&i th rural froi the urban part
of its problem, omoh Izin:.: the o3toratIve value of
bablUtat ion as superior
the e1iiative character
relief and a10 iih ccc oii
301f-.sustaInIfl life on
the land as aainst Ihe hi;:
Lect a:td work
reliof. Th AprIl l
erLiEu3 were
*lloated :'7O,OCO
r re1ie1 funds
for tb purpose of ddin rural
Tho 'ollow±nj
June there ap..eard a ocient ntltl Ob ctIvos and
3ugestive Procetjuro for Rural Ri.ahi11ttin, ba
upon
a ty of those state loans to low-income farcrs The
Federal er;ncy Reiif Atiitistrat on in that jear st
p a Rural flohabi).
t1on ):Lvision t;o carry out the r000ainendationa niadc
federal funds
n that
tu.dy,
et up ox.
The iro r finarice by
state
I The rJartici
pating states tcbl1:. .tato iahita;i Corporationa to haniie the
iro,rar,, Torora con1ted
of loans to farm imi11cs t. enable t} to buy the
necesaar livestock, fee,
supp1i. These loans were
to be repaid in cash, in kI? or in Work 0Th self
liquid at inr: pro
socn a
circutancue :'rrnItted.
Famere who roe iv loans from th.;se corporations ha to
work out a r ai }miio manu:en
an dosinod to pro
2..
vide the I aittily with
Ood
help
build up the soil and improve renoral farx practices.
,
In April 1935 tho creato:a of the Resettlement A
mirtistrat ion as an indceent a.oney by ?;xecutiv Orior
consolidated th va:'ioui state rohahilitat Ion corpora
tions, Federal cr:-cicy 1kele.f AUmin1trat ion resettlement projects, subten.:e hoi:estoad projoct8. the debt
26
adjustuent work o tl-e Far. credit Adr'initratIon, and
the eubmar.ina1 1
onservt ion nroam, along with
new funot ions to aid t enaii.t, ehareroppirs, and
:ra
tory workers Th3r
three ain divislon3 in the Resettlement Administration: (1) Land UtilizatIon, (2)
Resettlement )iviion, and (3) chabIlitation. The
settlement L.dministrat Ion also took ever the rural rohabilitat Ion
rai of th
deral der:oncy ttelief Ad:
mintetrat i'.
...y
xc cut; iv
e rerber 31, 1936,
i'd er o
the Resettin ont AdnInIstratic w transferred to the
1)epartment c A. ci1tun:,
e1ht rionths later, on
September 1, 1937, the eiett;1e:erit Adiiniztration became
the Farm Security / ninistrat i by rd or
the ;ecrotary of AjrIculture '1th the :ew funat on ci' adninIstering the tenant purche ero.:.ran iutho z'i. by the Rankhead
Jones Act, while
Iliz&t1on
the purchase a.ad c cnvc ' ion ;f
ct1'tieo, including
ub'r
land which had
been administered b the Reeettlment. iciministrat Ion., wore
aained to other aencIe3
T
ia
ur4
.diinistrt ion
-
Its adrlini3tr vo ernizat
?o mtirocrj.anization of the F'ari oourit
IC controlled
from a central 4'fice located
ahi. . TflC :a5i1flg
ton Office ccn$ists of an Imin1strar and his aistant.
27
The Administrator I
pnortd i 12 head3 of divisIons
who act as cc ulta:rts, hut have nc dIrect authorIty in
the field exceot that the
vision8, the Officee of
:tnestiation Y)i
C
hiof nIneor and Ledical
Care Staff diroct1.' suriorvIse their own staffs !ri tho
nanec
field.
The ecntlnentai Tinited $tates Is 1IvIced Into 12 regions havin istLnc
fr:Ir. c-.ndit Ions arid :prohlens,
(Table 6) In additic
o 12 reylone Ic the re:Ion
of Puerto Fico nf
1sl.d
T
ff of the re
gional offices inelu cs
Iom'i ire c ;or iho Is di
rectly responsible t t1e 5: riInIstrator In :sshIn:ton,
Asaistant Re::iona1 cIrectcr of o
1:
Region DIrectoz of iraI hehablilt c
ocutivo Asaistant, specl.alists i fpi
ment who have encra1
ervisor
staff of usi
r.t pj
ness man ::emot, personnel, labor rd ices and Informa
tion, a reprPserLtative
ho solicItor's office of the
United States )opari;cn of A
u1tiri, a regional ti.
rtance nanager and In:c Li anee ai e:inecr,
The state offices are lii fredIate charge of the
work of their stat;es.
of the ;tate Fural
RehabilitatIon ..Irectci rd
their dutIes to
carry out te fuct ions cf ;}:Lo re,Lionai fural ehabilIt&tion Division :ithin the state, t
the necessary
personnel, tc aivise
ct anu local personnel, to
1.
JO IO
TTPV
to
9g
d 't3t
err; IOt.}I
uc)
ePzo90
,
flZTTOX3 tt1lo
Ot3 TYr
A
Tt°O
UO1
4CN
euua
$ø
8TZPLXA
s9
Al
Ttno
oTto
uwr pu]
oI
9T0UttI
):;
th
uuoo;r
(qunoz
L)
':I:
(i
¶1
u
ttioz
c)
)it::F:
(;4i
w
2)
o: qqxio;
q
gz;)
OT
t) ophzoto:)
98ZQ1
opG;
III
putvl epo
gttonj
Tdd
UOWJeA
$ZtIV
I UOGj
UO
zeqr, :JuTcicf:i
D
9
tq
29
consult with ztat3 'tica1s, Etato a TL:os, Etc., to
coordinate the ectivitIes o1 a1] suborinate In the several phases oi tLci arm ecur:Lty AeintratIon proram,
arid to perfori itec1 dtIee.
The district off ices const of the Pistrict }ural
Rehabilitat ion supervisor an:.; $ aff. Thu uictrict suporcounties and asvisor overseos the icrh of a nun1r
eiat in dealth, nith problem eases.
The county .;ffICC coimist o the county supervisorR
and usually a hoioo n ia ent sut'orvisor toet3ir with the
necessary staff, They are the a;:.oncies which are primar
ily responsible for carryinLont the prorarrx aaI policies
as they are formulated by the central office. Their
duties are to upervise rural rehabilitation and tenant
purchase actIvitIes, to Inioni pete:tial borrowers am the
general publIc about the woric of the yarn SecurIty Admin-
istration, to receive application for rehabilitation aixi
tenant purchase loans, I OfldatC the i1iIh1lity of
applicants for such loans, to obtaIn debt adj trmnt from
applicants credItors If neceary, to reare loan a;recments and farm am hcse riana:enent plane for families
reooimneuded for starivard rehabilitation and tenant pur
chase loans, to obtaIn nec ar chattel ortae to ae-
cure loans, to collect parrnte on notes and issue temporary receipts, to approve or reconend aoroval of
30
capital
to ror
and to institu
Table 7 sh
ity Mrnin1rf;.:::.
ganizat io of tho
J
...
r1t An1tr&t.1on
3hiflgtan rffice
Sacretary of
Wminietrator
Assistant AThiin1stra;
Invsetiation Divaion
Finance Divion
Labor Divi ion
Buz.floz :.ana oiont Division
Reeettlement Division
Fural o'a.lit ion Division
Tenant Prchaeo Division
Proe.uTe iviion
Personnel Division
Infriiat ion Div te ion.
Medical eare Staff
OftiC(3 of kho Chir
e4onal Of.'ico
Regional Director
Fiueineas
anaorn- 3nt
Labor Relitioru3
Pereorinel
Ifor3at Ion
Resett lenient
Rural R&'abU itat ion (w tth T 1an.t Ptuchaso)
Regional Cwtodian (no corrosondin office in Wash.)
Finauoe (directly responsible for the Finance DivIsion
ot the Viashiru;ton office)
Field ?4edical o±ftcer (clirectlr responsible for the
Medical Care staff of the shInton office)
Investition (directly responsible for the Investia.
tion Division ot th E&shinton of fico)
Diatrict TnL3neer (tUrectly responsible for the
Off ice of the Chief nincor in
&sh1n.;.:ton)
'.
'
tatc Off
1urai Tehabiiitat ic/n
Farm Debt Adjtmont
i'..A. viscii;
Diatriet C
Fural Rehtbi lIt at Ion
County
Rural RebulItIon
County Tenant Purchase Condttec
County Jwal ohabllItatIo. LoIttee
County arm i)ebt Adjustment Conittc@
Project
ro(:tly repoib
Comntun
Direct
the ReIOItS1
::
Source:
Farm Socurit1r AcinItpat ion, Toward 1'arm
Security, l4l, p. 126.
Its
j'los azd oJctive. One of the most
basic factors cntrIbutIn: t tho nco ror rural rehabili
tation is consider by the Farn Security AdminIstration
to be the prevalence ot low farm Incowes. It is held that
if the causez of poverty are abolished, rural poverty will
disappear.
It is niso held that "tc
ari Security Ad-
ministration ;as croate for the poorest fariers ar farm
workers, and
t for t:o oe ozit Is
can rehabilitate t o
seconi ar
lor
1'vo
ut
.ocdad who
;Ithout .overoocnt aid.' The
bito Is that It is
t,
overrn' 's
d.roct )I
t3
:''tr r'
the cc& end 'rali
arid
hild t
lO
b'
the ba$icontinuation
a
rnonn
a
1
r'l 4 7'
'erv
:rcan ernocrac
.1is rc
La
tal vcic cf
or
duction,
e cur ity Actmini8trat ion' a
reent pibic
ha
ttO k1flC1$
ur::cd aa a
r:!.c'1tura1 iio-
n '"
Of Cbj.t?3, iiflte C
ultimate Qb.C.1VW:
rid1
A,
1.
rI i
8 Q11CI
,.,;
a3d rniser aon
'1.:in:, Lt posib1c t'or
313uptort1fl:.
icvo th
level of liVinc; among the
ncic 'arxQr ami .tryr
I rvz:eit n toir oaith,
orrs
sanitation, a
r1 i.ncoo h:r b;ttr nthod8
ratory
.:rov1I: ;?rter secu3't7
vcr1
b:::
v1E;
(fl titC
33
To rvuce tcoitof rural relief by
&idi: farm fa?1
ltiratc objoctive:
oif-supportin.
o recmtablisli eol nv farin poor
on 1az
Ith .00d
i:tch
1
Can
uaranteo tht fa'-ily a tcent 1ivin both
th the ruir
cash.
f1at1in1
. tcL
th
a $ource
.
iay become
a LLy-t7y'c .iiPfl2
To ;&v
;en:tb to heaiion a
(Y2a1 fabric
U
t.ho
bv
tc: -a;ce
of the pouIat l(r
ot of the
he1r low in-
6 adjwtment
involvinç
fr.m our populated
r1oc:.
&a; the rdiv1i1o.n. of
ca:bio of upert1
;Lar:e
inil1z on a satiic
iopront
lated cT1cu U;urL
ccVi tL.
co
a1i1s vich at
re ra a1ir 1orc
;or1
a
hold in
bez' of
love). of livinj,j
certain iuiderpopu-
To ok Loward a control of lan.. pricea
:th ita use
valuc rit.h'r tar. :1t1 1t8 speculative
values an thtrehy otfeuard the fartly
vin a;.:ainet just if 10
pitalization
wOuld be cone i t ont
throu1l incrooe. land prices,
To rcdi.c tio uhor of fari tnant in
ct earn1n
p
incrcase cooporative leasaccitions to eet
:t;w-i
o
t:Lo
livin.
olway
ruz
lance an value of rural
uxuit o. iriculture
Lcinin of
iViliZ313 1
It
sco' of oc.ti.;
iatr'at ion shc
ar Scurity Adn.in-.
3:
It is one of the new deal a:encies developed by the
American government to help solve the nroblem of direct
relief and aid destitute mid. iow-incoo barn families to
become self-support 1n. wic e elf rd Iam at a decent
standard of living thrcurh a system of supervised eredi
furnished upon th ba Is of Individual farmhomerana[.:od.
merit plans, and throuh the provision to such families
of gaidane necessary for the successtul conpietion of
such plans. AccordI.:, te the. Report of the dminIstrator
of 1939 the ork of the Farm Security Adeinistration is
carried on under three :.;emral d5irIs!ons which represent
the iodiate, the lon-terni, md the e:peririental prorams:
Rehabilitation:
10 familIes. which
cannot got adequate iredit ar:j. orc else, are provided
with small loans
able tho to ria]co a iIvin. from the
land. 3very loan e accoani&i by advice in planning a
sound system of 'arm anaioent. Rehabilitation borrowers are also noiped to ?egotiatc voluntary debt adjustments with their cidItors, and to form cooperatives to
provide necessary equipoie t ard services, such as oup
medical care, which no inilc bainlly could afford alone.
In case of extreme distress, usually ifl drought and flood
areas, small rants are 'ie to tide farmers over until
they can make a crop.
1;
rc.oe ho:ram: A limited nixit'bor of
tenanta, aharocrpers, n. Tarn labore aro ;rovidecI
.
Tena:it
with loans to enable- te
o hu
arm
their
n.
This program, authorizi by the banithoecl-Jones Farm
ant Act, i intended te check th irninr; increase in
farm tenanc7, anU te reei've the t Uitjcal American
institution of the f iilj-&;ized La
iestad Prcjeet;: The
ocurity Admin-
Xetratton is c p:.tLi, 8fl.i uma4r
projects of rny
different typoc startod I
Iosott1oient anU other
1
agenc ice.
The activ1j.iec ef
c.
Lt1Binistrat ion
cover a wide rangej tho Uohabiltaton roram, however,
is its bigrt job &mU :eochos aoro people- than an other
of its activitic. in adt±on to the ahove-meittoned
activities t
t1a: the
er coneervation and
utilization proirani under the authority of hliee-ler-Case
Act in the 17 far wotern tate, and the operation of
migratory iorker
riehabiltatior. loan, The ;eta 01' all the F.S.A.
rehabilitation icans to June O, 141 as 564,051,844.
The outstanciin.:; 1oam to Juno 0, 1'1 uiiounted to
332,417,000. The fj1'i outline iL the inortant
features of these 1oan:
37
Rehabilitation loans re do to finance the
purcha$e of rIccesai'y fax upp1ie, live.
8t)ck, eec1, frti11ze.. , ic4, tr)o18, house
hold equip:nt, and totporary food arid
ciotun icqu1. mts.
Loans camot to made for tio purohase of
land, payronts on land or refinancin: of
real estate aort'aos.
EliçiMli
1. toans are 'made to farn oiers, faxrn tenante,
sharecroppers, n
fern laborers, who actu
ally depend on ortculture for a livelihood,
and riced financiii.: afld dUIdanCC which they
cannot obtaIn fron other public or private
ae.:ency.
The familj ut cvrn or be able to rent land
on which .t can mako a ltvin:;, can furnish
inc;me ufii 5. ctnt to ay operating expenses
and repay the loan, un-er vcrat;e prIces for
the area aro rith ol t1at can be
reasonably expected.
he famIly also nust bc willIng, to cooperate
wIth 1;ho county supervIsor in working out a
zouncl clan of 1ar
ud home manu,emnt.
plan.
prictie
in ot11ned
app1Icnt Tbe 1.
ion pplicat
plIos
county the tu
hurne
a
farm aound uf use the upon
iarme1
th
ai
up d
charaeoi
rit:?
have, a'r
pos- other all on and crips, It:.i c his
loan, rehabIlItation a Ih r;urehase2 ood.
iiies bcrrorer P
2
:r.
all
nortao ehattel
on
a
1,
r'lan. fari Iriroved ble out
carry to rmer the cab1e t i&c I OO
to :3OO Usually area. caci n ar1cu1ture
&I
of tye t3.o V!Ith VaIe 1O,S f
percent. Is i:te intert innual
eriod. five-year U
oo1s ra113 h other
over repaid be
achincry,
iht
:avc
equipnt,
f'or
Amounts car. one v,Ithln also Is
sup- hOU8ehOld buy to 1oani oner
a such :ri.ar,
feed
th at
harvest the
ferti and
tbins
o end
fr
ieric
c,f
ion
pll;
tr
?ue
orv In ip
:nt
1oan of
to one from
ear five
are Lca 1,
fr
Terms
r ,z.
39
habilitat ion ;upervior of his county.
tion IrTho 5 iprtant 10
(1) Infcriatlort aboft i;
Pllcafl 's f&i
ily; (2) iar
f the am1icart
:ar ' c bwiness; (4)
cif 10i3t
tc iar
to be op:rated; a
the appli cant.
r the operatIon
of tho
iuporv1or
If tho pi:ootn 'wi i::nsfit morc Irolu
0
t purebred sires, heavy ±irri
e .uipent o other ooci,
1t
4
dpplicant and
ar
o
;}o lotn 'co sch it cos
iade t a
oc lamilies
rater than to tho livl...ival
;
Apiicat on "'ot
:viooi
to th?
8,
eceiood
county
c'o2ttoo oio
:. $ubrittc.
cal of1cer for final approval.
pplicat rmzst :.:.rt: :e all Items purchased
with tLo ;roccc
u1pnt ar
an:. tLo
toion,
ti:o Lan, all rarm
o
vostock previously owned,
0
kari ho cur it
Adxn1ni
lor Ioan t in:I'OVo land, or
nc chattel
ae lLiited,
o is also require.
iort
The F&
t -'oiti.on
tr1, :
vised credit Ic
ichnici1
nancta]. help
u1
T1
mnn:ement pl, ;hr
habilltation loan.
:0 t
iiIy
5c
foOd
at 1u3t
two sources io
methods that wi1:L
rc;t.:
p11int :st
the size of th 2, f.rt
nve.nto2
material rosouroos
things related
a:;
step, the next 5s 1flve8
visits to tho 2'
r.
to the yeir's
dali'y pocuct8,
fuel for the fa'U:r:
ain for itE 1vo3t:2ck; for
other soil con
ract.i
'V
w)rk out auch a
i:i
plan, the fIrst
give all I.nfo::.t
plan is workec
the county sup
farm will rov
nd
r tir:
::t .or
points i (1) i
supply and 11
f'i
f fi
r. tier
-'
t
tho firt
f C chockod by
The
aI3tacc of
bLe contrItt!.n
lruit 8
an coroals arsi
41
of sufficient cash crop to oect prat1r: oxp ses and rpay the bar. ani other obli: tit1.
The farmer z rife
and an administration ' I :io omL:eoont. spoc1a1it usually
work out a ctniiar plan i)r tho home, plannin.;: better and
thriftier ways of rciidin a ptd diet, decent clothes
and closer supe
n over the ependituro of the farnily income, Hal'.
o oontlnuinr step Is supervisIon,
After rehabIlitatiün loans aro approveo and the initial
portion has boon advanced follow-up
It are made by
the home supervisors and home mana;.onont ouperv1ors from
time to time to determine obethor or ot the money advanced is bein spent in accordance oth the terms ' the
loan agreement.
With the pu
pose of checkIn; the ,rowth of farm t cnncy, Congress in
l93 passed the Pank :adJonea Farm Tenant Act. The Act
provides a method which :ek
sble for farm ten
Tenan
I'ehLue Loan Fro.:ram
ants, croppers, and laborere :otth little, or r.o capital
to acquire farms. Loans e eon'inod ti: tse applicants
reaidin, tn oouritiro tonancy 5s 'oost prevalent.
Fndc are allotted tc he states, territoros, and
Puerto Rico, on the basis of i'ar1 population, prevalence
of tenancy and. tie availab11ty of rood i&nd at reasonable prices and other pertinent factors. An .dvisory
committee, compood of
i"ce far er
nthe
42
county, are app'.
by thc ecrei ry In orr to con
sider the qual1.icat. 1oy uf tho app1icLts. ApplicatIons
have numbered Twro than 3.O,QOO
of t
Tenant fw 1ec Loar
Purpose -- Loar tc
The important features
Le outlined az follows:
hf led tenmts, cropper
and fru laborers to :rche ['ail1y-slzc farms,
Eli lb iii
Unitei 3tatoe c1tim
1io arc farm tenants,
;flreCropper, 1ar1L 1abwers, or others who
cbt*
or recently h\c eb;a Inc
t;helr 5reeie
2.
:i
L
IOn
are
nod or oho have dotendent faii1ies to
pero:es oh..
oL'e a ewn paent or to
peeon oto ov lIvtcek ri equipment
3
to
-
receir to oper ae o farm.
loans !j b toi
ersons who can ob.
tam
and adoquato loan ±r L
purchase of a
farn froe ether sources at rcason&)lg tcri,
0 loans vtli to
ersons nho are not
I'iOtS fo l-d counties,
Farm owners are not ehleiblo id refinancing
loano will not be ac3e
Terms
1,
Loans are
adc for thc full cost of the
43
r;ize
c.red
loan i.
&t
1 .336perce!It
f1
y
6 Ofl
!provcnerts
I: uraec reor ; i e.nt In,.:, th full replacement
ij
Cfl 11 ULiCirL.
&cn ioan
upport..:
a arn
hoie
ia .. rit p 1ai ov :1
the borrower
ho
Li: :i
.
rit
Lh
az
.;
ti
}
ot1 a:rardm
3
iii2f0i finncirProrai o
A
Credit Awrlthi8tration is a coordlnatød
credit 8ystern InitIated
orbin the Feeral Farii
Board, the Feoeral ann Loan Board, the oconstruotion
Finance Corperatic, J
a:ricuitura1 loan cover of
The Far
the Secretary of AricuIture,
ot of Its activities are
44
xl credit rls
}Towvir, there are still
sures In it £i;ld.
B7 the .ierercy Farm ortae Ac
l94, Con-
confined to
some relief
ess authorized sevor1 rans of aiuin....lana-bark borrow
ers, stch as xtenaion of loans, doforr.t of principal
payinent for f
years
rrduct Ion
terest froi
the contract rate of
'rcent, siso for five
years, are a ..reat help to ho i.iebted
The
bigfe5t help, wev.r
the Incr :o
.e proportion
of t farm's apprai
ia1u.
authorIz1n the feder.al land bank Co .tissionr tc lan1 011 the scur1ty of
second mort.ages, iany :ar:rcrs ':!o.
suffin
clout funds to ref Inaco their Iriebt-ies.
were able o borrow
mch as
The farmers
flt of the cp-
praised valuc of their frs ith a co:misslonr loan,
Normal value ms .fIxe br ;he
the standard for
appralsir 1an3 c.ffe
it3 securtty, Fun]s for this refinancln- pro ra' re nrotch throu appropriations
and the sale
Thergercy Fari port at e Corporat ion bonds
which were guarantec by the deraI iovorent both as
to princIpal and Intrcst. The Imp:rtant rctures of the
Ind Bank Coissioner Loans ae a follows:
Pur'os e of I,oan
o turchase 1an. fur
ricuitura1 uses.
4
2e
TC
hU
':I V(-1. ppli.
To r_.IT2.CC
ea:; tz ;roraI1' iab1@
lion.
ort1 aE:x;uiura1
r
1
Pni
the uioney.
I
value o
ap:)rzis
f its vaiu at
Tez'
1.
2,
ri;r
cent (revi.T.)
I'C-2 :aV )t
Tt
vr 40
jg
if
opevt.y, 10 ytrs .
t
cTU
isona1 fazm proprty,
:itr.:.a;..O on real and
CAVIT;:R lv
IN
XMl dN FAifl L)ISTh
CW:DIP
rmcc
Holpifl; i;fi
Fononiic eons ieru ions
rob1eis cf el im1na
ting farm distre center on the Drogr& of helping low
income farmers. Probably the on1r y to raise their in
Farm credit
come is to rst'r ti:leir rcduct;i-ci'
1m iv1ival farmer
should constitute the uoan by uich
cornnands land mu
:
rrccz eonsurate with his
ability to et p au 1irit, calc mit. It should
result in a value atio cf oitput to Lxout which exceeds
interest, elc Lrc can c
iUO icturn ior hi oper..
.overruent crc.it a cncies absorb the
ations. if
defiott indetii1tely, th iult
u1d be a net loss to
the overint whch ou1d
funds and
ovrient
uuce the aiiount of public
sairi. Loan LunJs in this manner
and in the ion, run ae to cjifli1t to have practical
value except a a puiu1y relief pro..rarn,
It nas been not that the irm $ecurity Arn5.strat ion performs the lunot ions
helpin low income f&rm
families by of1ring, oacr anu
kr loans together
with a sound rarm mnnoruni; pla and other necessary
i
special aids to raise
aricuitural production of the
benef1ciaris. In roard to hi aeot, the Farm
4?
Security Admis
nut own or b
t
living, can 2r
expenie anc rc
e :ia1y oxpscte.
':jti' Pinit1oyi
area and with yili
In fact, th
borrowers i
cent over the
4O
t::.
:irn1l1tat1on
program,
hone
by rehabill
&
of 62 percønt
Security AiLY
farm
Howe vo
to dooreaso
greatcir wI]..1
fact the dea
ly inolastic
ist utr1a1
' LtI
ilOdUet5.
Neverthelcs, t i (
(.ae of tho Farri
Security Admi itrat;.cn cii:nt
st, the rohabilitation prora r;ach crily a fraction of the ;roup
4
whoh is roferrc-'.L t
ally produco r-iuc)
s
1; i
I u:
!
t:&vr. thr
the agricu1turi
znucb of this in(r
home food anc
fair
(port1ox1ate tharo of
11v, U is
1$
t
Anã
fina
1.;
ho no
air:t
that
ir3r prosuet1or of
iot help the
48
low income farm f
hiss to rehabilitate themselves, it
does not necessarily foilov; that the lanL vih±ch was
formerly farmod by them will be abar3onod,
Another consideration is the 000nnmy in the use
of resources. The contInuation of subsidizcd credit in
normal times nay actuall,r have the effoct of keeping farm
assets in the hands of inferior farmers since they have
experienced d 122 icuit I e s in farming
the past and are
moot likely to amo 1ar,e risks. If so, It is an uneconomic procedure to the use ct credit because the resources in azricultu.re will fail to pass to those who have
ability to use them.
The exiatin;:; resources ao also important to be
considered. It is a wato of resources to rehabilitate
those farm families who are now lIvinp; on very poor land
in an area whre it is expensive to mintnin public institutions such as roads ad schocl. Similarly, to
those who aro now iIvin In the uneconomic farming areas
where operations are rostrItod by topo:raphy, or on areas
wIre rural Industries havo been declined, it would be
very difficult to set up a loan so that the borrower
would eventually become self-sustaIning.
Factual analysis. In Its annual report of l94l
the Farm Security Aiminiatration reports the results of
rebabilitat ion a fofluws
49
The results f' rehabilitation can be aeon
clearly in the conclusions of a study of' all active
stari3ard bcrrercrs for tho 1940 crop year During
the year, thc families increased their annual
net ircoie bv total of' ;75,289,U38, or 35
percent, over the year before cor'iin6 on the
program. Their not worth
the value of al].
their beloninge over arid above all debts,
inoludtn their ovoriiment; loans -- increased
bl I75,608,48B, or 20 percent. These increases
represent significant additions to the pur
chaain power and wealth of hundreds of rural
Corwunit1cs.
Th survey ulsc icelosed that much of
this 1r.provornent can he traced to home food and
teed production. The avera1,e tlue of ;oods
produced at home by rehabilitation borrower8
264 in 1940, an increase ef 02 percent
over the year before they came to the Farm
was
Security AdiWstratjon or help..............
Durinr the past fiscal year 80,000
addoct to t
standard rehubflitaton
families of whon about 55,000 were tenant
were
pro
In addition to the new loans, Farm
Security Administration nade supplemental loans
ainountin to about 50 million dollars to
'ain.
standard borrovera. Iurin, t1e same
12
months
about 5). miUlon dollars in principal ropn.ymente
and U million dollars iri interest was received
on rehabilitation loans. A survey by Farm
Security Administration supervisors a).]. over
the country has shown that thoro
than 4Q,0O0 farm families -- about nil].ion
people
in need of' rehabilitation aid today
and eliCible for it. Aid cannot be given them,
however, because of the insufficiency of re
habilitation funds.
still are more
It needs,
hce.vor, :ore thorcu:;1 analysis before any con
elusion is finally drawn.
Number of fsri11es a4ded
Table 8 hors the nwi
bar of farm fami:s ai
Leo 'euiber reported by the
Farm Security Adninistra1;on as in need of aid , Other
Tab1c 3
A Comparon Of tho ubr of Fa:a 0pirao
the uber Ai!e atvJ 1iribie fr A1 by
Etatos a Pporte1 by th
uz'lty A
F&i
rat c
States
(1)
North AtlantiMaine
New
38,930
Vermont
Ma sa chieot
hoo Island
3, 0!4
200
21,163
153,233
New York
Icew Jersey
Pennsylvania
Eset North nt
5, d.3i
1
Wisoonoin
West North Go
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
$outh Dakota
?ebraska
Kansas
1,040
1, U9S
605
r4
r75
r..
14,146
*
186,735
al
Jan. i, 1941
13,0c31
17,C9
197,351
213,1U
256,100
73,962
72,454
121,082
.27
c ':
14,302
35,700
23,500
114,700
10367
ct)
62,OoO
64,400
,200
7,806
10,300
South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
Virgin La
West Vir1ia
North Carolina
South Car '1
10
174 ,U85
()t)
273,276
,.
400
5,400
,l00
9 jJ
.1-'2
2d,500
23,200
-
cli ibis for
ttL on
9,608
1,283
213,c
Illinois
iohian
-uinr no.
coivin
aid but
7
n c'"
c.. J.
Ohio
Irid tana
Juno 30, 11
23,332
3
Com.ecj icut
Approxiato
ihcr of
Fariil le
Aod t.;o
5,0)0
1,600
1,(00
16,54
1p5h:e
11ita: ion
,oO
G 90
19.818
190
690
036
3i
ThL.1 e
or no
of
'fz
tatas
:.Li1i
- t.
.
-
L
(1
I
South At1tic (1 o:it.)
Gooria
Florida
13, LJ5
South Central
Ientucky
iennøa 806
Alabama
rd.es ia ip4
Arkana o
Louis lana
Oklahoma
Texas
We stern
Montana
Zd&ho
Wyoming
2u, 858
6, 793
7,600
43,706
J,JJd
210,076
17),6.37
/
1
-
15,015
i00
U1,200
50'00
i2,i0O
'
e
13,100
Co3. OVCIO
ew Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Wabin ton
Oregon
Ca1i1ornia
J. 1, 1"
30
i%
201,O9
e.vinG
aid but
elir;iblo for
aid on
40,2)
2J,605
35,432
3,650
30,911
2O,O5
31,2Y7
2,729
60I53
1,820
, 552
25,411
3,573
10,100
2,470
i, 559
1,966
01,329
152,033
13,000
12,0O
4, 1J7
(h3,700
165
4,2OO
1,6;6
700
97
5.124
0067;4
1.600,300
342 112
iata from tho I ?0jer1su8 of A)rlou1ture.
ata fro 3rear !n; b fo:'e thu Sueoimittoo on Appropriatl.onz3, hwc 0 Rcprc8entat ivee, 77th Congress,
2nd
or. the Atru1tiwa1 epartinent Appro
U.S, ota1
priation Bill for 1343, Part 2, pa.e 274,
Source:
cTharuber of Cozorco of th Snited State8, ura1
oLLo ano
thoiiitat Ion uiior the iarn 1.ecurit
.ini&tru.io, a::
pp$.
5r
torrn8 of aid thr.r 'ohb1ta1;ion
1ief are included
in ca1cu1atn
n1r iicd but rt1y relief ad re
habilitat ion ce'ytmt ftr th 1a r rtiorx. The nunther
of fami1iez Ld
icl rcoortod appro.imately 1,600,300, hi1e the nu.ibr nct eeivin aId but
eligible or a1d on JaTiU:ry
1;4l t ostiratod t
L
iith ifernce
prevIous ta1le it is
noticeable that aon. the total nTher of i,600,öOO
aided fanI1I tere ee 7c3,9O0, or oarly 4 prcent
642,112.
n the Southern ts, The nwnb3r of eiIib1e for
aid again ir thc
nearly 60 percen
The number of Carm famiii. roe vin loans from iarm
Security Adri1ntrati o of JW).0 30, 141
c38,542
(Table 9).
te tut there gere a
3outh
more than goo,000
come in 1L29. whllo
than .40O
prioc o' l'5.l936 there
.iho eai. incoe not ioro
were b53,6
o:oiii
than 500 a year
ceivin: xii:1iit.L ..2.ci i¼.ar fr
tration as of Juno ::o, 14l
fai
faniiI,s ye-
;e curitv Iiin1oovor a consi.:erab1e
number of oxtrrely low Inco:ie farmers provided their
urgency of nee
Corid9ro tu ie a relatively main
factor in etr:Inin whethi they wore ehoen for rehabilitat ion.
td
r :E aiiii- s Leelvin. Lon from
0, 1341
Leceiving
ioan$
States
North 1t1antc
in 1
atne
CrafltB in
Additin
t l4OLtflU
-,- I
77
Mas Lachuset 1:.
ithode Island
i&3
376
Connect lout
New York
No'v Jersey
-"-'
--I
1.
,
L)O
233
zu
(34
I,75t)
ôb2
Pens1 van
Ci, 136
-,
rast iorth Central
OhIo
Lant
32J
116
Ncw Hamps1i.
V3rmont
fotal
eecivthC
Z,945
Indiana
i,U92
1.3,196
c19
!?tcbi c,sn
12,0L6
1(3,41 &)
flhicis
Wisconsin
L;i,'fll
Woat North iontra1
innosota
J67
Iowa
MI&sauri
*)'
-,640
florth Dtkota
South
1,2'74
Iflnketa
brasIt
,16
!c.aneat3
South Atlantic'
Dc lawar e
Maryland
Virginia
West Viz 1rla
North ar1 ma
South Carolina
Geor&ia
Florida
),L507
3,G(3O
72
620
LU7
-11
.1
.)II
)
11,941
6, iOO
.L ,404
,C 7
cu2
td7
933
11,679
.')f
11
/
18,33
I
.T:,
3
16,6O
54
Table 9 (Continued)
Recetving
Dant8 in
.iCC81Vifl&
Loans
A&iition
bnir
to Loans
States
South Central
Kentucky
Thnnossee
13,115
10,787
14,216
,370
29,577
Alabama
1ssisippt
Arkansas
Louis tuna
42,2&38
Oklahoma
Total
Re cetvin
Loan
9,050
6,834
30,297
22,955
19,307
12,193
27,165
17,621
45,113
41,325
4S,884
54,461
.669
Tcas
0,797
Western
Montana
J,937
7,045
6,021
14,701
0,233
2,208
6,582
Id a1io
Wyo
!2exjco
9,'43
7Z
Nevada
Wa ehin t on
140
Colorado
N
Arizona
Utah
Y74
Oroon
California
United States
Source:
r
ceiving aid
a Vera, c
..ii
17
'I:t:L1
aa
e
1 ,0.)
(.N.2cY.
c1icn. Table 10 shc,ws
.1trat1on cliente before reL:eore of 4 foi'
"i
states, Ala
ttes exce
s -epezt or
.:fflinLztDaticj, 141.,
crity A
that the kar
the United
ported wa
6,069
5,660
1,322
t.tc3
Co
631
,27l
.2L
,
st a
1ce&t.
v ra3d
;ats cx*ec
re
two
Four
Table 10
1!coflGIntC Status of F.3.A. Ciien
before Receivin Aid
north Atlantic
,979
Ma tue
950
993
New Hanpshire
Vermont
i4aachusett s
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
East orth Contri
Ohio
Indiana
IllinQtØ
Mi cbian
cons in
West North Central
innesota
Iowa
Missouri
?artb ukota
south Dakota
Nebra eka
Bansas
South Atlantic
Maryland
Virginia
West Vir:;inia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
1,027
1,300
Ia-
072
753
t__ '-,
929
1,692
1, F2
1,626
1 ,342
2,913
1,732
1,722
1,452
1,112
t355
t90
595
549
609
436
423
387
307
359
430
975
772
1,403
1,137
33
944
&42
543
279
513
909
538
'A
rf3
749
1,168
1,153
1,715
53fl
602
314
272
373
848
467
335
1,122
56
ble 10 (ontin
Aver
Not Worth
South Central
Kentuoki
Tennessee
Alabsn*
Misstslppi
Arkansas
Louis lana
Oklahoma
Texas
612
520
219
323
49
;5 c
221
480
1,105
393
443
407
526
1,002
764
1,010
1,071
459
Western
Montana
7d3
Wyoming
G98
s44
Idaho
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Waahthtton
0reon
Cal Uornla
1,981
2,292
1,751
680
500
05
415
1,907
1,146
1,020
2,464
,131
2,326
2,473
2,069
898
285
738
242
074
United State4 Avcra
iJ.951
Source: Chamber .V Corierce or t1c nit e.t States,
Rural Relief and Eehabilitatlon under the
Farii Security Adlni8trat ion, May 1?42,
pps. 16-17.
,
w7-eVett states eid a part of another state
dO0 with n rclatod iarbr of mere than
231,320 ehabi1itation fari1ie out : f 038,542. Only
the iorest Thrm income ;.rOUpS,
a very tia1i I ract ion
on one hand, huvo ever received aId from the iarm
exceeded
5?
Security Adrri itrato-i a, ;n tho other hanQ, loans
have been cxtc:d
certain iuljr rf far faiiil±es
having hi&her incomes eit1i
frcn farmi '
or from some
other source.
For the United tatc s aa voie the average in
crease in a;ual ineomo obtained
ho1drs of F.s.A.
rehabilitation loans a
the averae inerso i.n
1ovi ji ie1e 11
.rth
I7O
nd
Since the
F.8.A. clients hae an
arimal 1ncro of *430 before receiv1. rid, th r
nfter improving:: is
65O. This is only sufficient t
oet th value of
rnininnun physical reuuirents a
.. vm In Pablo I BeiuO.
ara
dee the avora. iure ino1ud3 consIderable vriatton
in the size of individual incono
Ven amori. the statea
with rapectte the results, there. ve a lar;est ai'ae
Increase ifl net amal ince f
47 reportt....i from one
aection of Ok1ahrna a s e:hat 1cr avera;o Increases
were reportod fr. :e 1aare ar Oo .-e ci; Cut, .Further'.
more ifl so 3tt.e
avera.e horro;cr Taa ct.ially
poorei" in lc}4O,
ithrr iith respect to net Incne or net
worth or both, than before obtalnino a rchabIlIta ion
Losn. Therc v;ee oI..ht states, with a related nwrber of
280,285
faiI1ies vtho avcrabe e.ndor 600 in annual
income after receivino aid, Twelve s taios wIth a re1ate
nwnber of 450,125 aided famIli
.rc under 650 average
82t
93
CI
ZOTJ
O33 tTLOS
9L41
tT
9'Yt.
tLT
3
UTtTA
tiFt
9M
PUJ
U19ty LttO
Lg
o
,
t
UEL
o:racr tno
3
mo ø;i
8c
to
I-to
BOG9UUT[
cc
661
t6t
ueuog
IT
09
EIT
OU1tTI
[t44tZ3
ruIuu
99X9
MG
)XOA *a
flT 39UUOO
n2r(4'C pO1}j
Bb
ci t
g'
-
r 4 anqz
3 L1 -
otc
UOW1DA
E9
919-
O6t O.
93UVdG3V
WOtj
OT %ttt ;y qio
O'6t °4
9OUdG3V
Ut01X3
eIuQzuI
U
0N
9 'Ut3 3
Jo u.tzo
tZ04J
tz
xcq UOT
uqbt
LZI
'CI 9'(84
2aUe 11
hane in
i3t iflCOfle
Chan.c in
Averae
ret Worth
Ac cepta ce
Aceotace
Avra; 0
fr::m
;o l4O
Stat o S
Soith Central
Kentucky
Oklahoma
173
132
30
bC)
247
109
447
Texas
273
Tanraee
Alabama
Liasiesippi
Arkan3a 3
Louisiana
:i2
1
Western
)ontcna
to 1040
439
335
-09
98
203
1]9
-290
114
256
42
Idaho
Wyomixg
Colorado
New toxico
Arizona
Utah
evada
Waahin;ton
C
504
331
415
310
17
-390
2C I
33
*) 0
696
76
16
173.
202
175
126
Oregon
727
-73
714
A0
California
United ;tate Avc a C
0
Source: hambr of Corrierci of the United
States, Rural 1i and ohabi1taL1on Unr t i'a
Security Admi.ni
annual incie,
of 597,600
ie
a1.On,
1;.iitOC
a;i1i
ay 1c42, pp. 3738.
L xe1ae nu.bor
aiO 9
rc ur.cr ;7i0.
nure tau8, there-
10, aric 11)
fore, Ia nct
TL
tr1a11y cnccur
rig.
Coat of supervision and administration. Accordort of ll the coat of
in to the Admir.istrator?s
the entire iarm Security Adrinistration rehabilitation
prorm includinb such itern cu maintenance
iashtnton, regional, ztate, distrIct, and county
ices and
personnel, 'ari and hone sup.;rvision rocos1n: of loans
and all administrative functIons, and oven including the
write-off of the sums t
seem unlikely to be repaid,
is '75 a year for each fa4ly aided.
No official f:L....urea on the coip1te cost of suparvision are available
onever
or a letter of a
district F.S.A. supervisor, I ;az Infone5 that '1The
coat
nakin a stsoard rural rehabilitation loan
has averac in
:c)rtv
ou rii.ht, the
supervisor SOi(1 "calculate supervision cost, In adcli*
tion to this, at perhaps ir trIps to the farm by the
county and hone ianoennt 8uerVi5oD5 at a cost of
about 4 a trip, ir±cludin, wages. Autonobi1e expense
would probably amount to about 4 and 5, Other services
may make the. cost perhaps about .2 ::oz'e." "In my estimation, then," the supervIsor concluded, 'Tthe cost of
supervision, iflClUdIfl. the makind of thee loan, would
anount to approIo ely
As tLo avcra:e size of F.a.A. rehabilitation loans
is around 600 (abLc 14) in the Sortncst, the cost of
61
n.ituros of i.S.A. Gonnocted
with Loans and Grants
Adi1ini3
tr.±t ion
Loans
86 650,113
65,756, 1
70,562,041
119,149,079
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
ot srec.
3,73L,63O
,149,429
2;,724, 103
16,6Q6,607
2].,127,400
16,170,349
19,306,931
, O CJ
7,144,144
97,EY/G,02
12.4,219 e70
2426044&
,'eri
Total
!
Source:
Statez,
Ura1
F.S.A, ay 1
Jnited
Chamber of Com
,liof i,ni Nohabill,
, pae
4tJ 4)'
unio:t the
22.
B1t if the same
i54 lB 9 poree1t
ifnited
tats as a whole,
cent. Whatever ay t
douthedly hl:h crc
percent ncu;ia1 Into
1ji h
V?11I be
-.
-
OS
..
ncriv 70 perrvis.Lc)n it 15 un
aTso.rh
rtts of thi J-ar
The total loans
Lecurity
.n Table 12 arc a.ppi.iiately
700,0O0, 000. Vhe total adiinistrat1on costs for th
six-year riud (1c6-4 ) oo ot oop1cto but iay cxceed 410O,O0O,000. ThI :ou1 ako te cost about 15
percent of t. e tott1 out;o. 1thou3i this cost can be
Adminlstratior n,
.
contraat.e
ox
';rc
year whtch is
62
required to maintain a a:rn faril on irect relief, but
direct relief etn r.a t1 üopths tc ;rhich one had
sunk.
Rcpancnt of leans. The success of rural rhahilitation deperi
ctur
oti
2
will eventually
cTe seif-s.
im..
The ropay.nt
of loans is vcrr cod r' cat:Ln, 91lo 13 shows the
amount of
ancurt o c'ollectiors and the
proportion 01'
uriti:
bilitation loans,
ccl1ted for the F..A. reha
hat the possible losses
1
arresult mr
i'hat 1ss than
20 percent. Fut 1.f tho .cllecticn of propaonts on
urmatured principal anouit.n to ..li3Oi,769 anc the
interest panent w'ow:
wro fioducted
670
from the toti collectioti
3,64,OOO, tl: proportion of aturit
would bo lc than (36 percent, or moro ta
:cCflt uripay :Oflt wcu1d appears
310 cf 1.ans.
ic of loans should not be
over the Ti
1
ezary a.ount a capital
the available rcource
Generally speakn?, tha a:ai1r th
for the prcuctlic
repay and beccm.o
tha
.
&rm far 1lLa.
dequato
an..r t.:a Lurr'or 1ll
elf-utainin,,
has been fiod 1>y
It w9 oxpectcd tia
to develop
arx iecur!ty
th garth aa
c 1.eflrujte riiaximuni
nstrat ion.
he loans
66.8
876
2
1 76
77.3
80.4
sJ.
t.
31
.6 G
q
1,795
*
,569
3,00%
5,463
211 ,,
35:
5,5(N:3
325
422
47
'
S _J
3,083
346
r
36.9
3.
7,314
5
43
3,061
2,173
71.0
33.1
1,244
74.0
4,7'71
4,024
4,374
,640
70.9
84.4
()
¶33.0
93
of
C36
3j4
,O29
om
:000
of Anount
Iiortda
Georgia
Carolina South
Cerolina North
Virginia West
Virtnta
Maryland
Delaware
Atlantic South
6
130 ,
3,615
,
6,635
131
633
314
114
306
b7 7
35 r,
74.4
.)
o._
t
Collected
1
Maturities collections
on Proport
1,6i.
1,05..'
Kansas
Nebraska
Dakota 8outh
*kota North
aour'i Mis
IO3
oizra1
Minnesota
North 3et
Wiconin
Michigan
is l].ltno
Indiana
Ohio
Central North East
?ennaylvania
Jersey New
York New
Connecticut
land Is Rhode
asacthuajtt3
Vermont
6,4
othTtE 00.
Hanpehre New
tue Ma
Atlantic North
Maturities
of Anount
ee Stat
194]. 30, June Through Collected
of ProportIon and Amount aM
aturtties
!aturities, of
Amou-t Loans:
Rebabilitation F.S.A.
Table
63
I
G,rt3
xr(TY
øt. JO
'U 't7
3
>; ,.V3T
uo pc'(xTnb9I
(
U
c
* ODZflO
'-, V.
pu
c'oLo'ta
69L'TOc'II: ç
po.xnrwxn uo G
O4
e?JJT3do.zi
UUflOU
ucad
PflttZT UUOT9ttO3
(t)
t'oa
-I
go
SpUSI UTtA
oaflj o,zrj
0' ca.i
i'
6'
I
t'I
UUZOJ 100
uooxo
uoitrg
k
UM
'
14
'3UOZTttV
3upuotM
OT*pI
0uUwoy
6
OXG MM
6O
9
,,
9 08
c ot 'i
90'OT
014
.
Fç)
L)
t to
0.
o_. ,_,
cc
9L
0
6O
t
wao co
(t)
uoT4oaito0
Jo
t
9O' P-n:
009'It
rs
L4Lc'2
p000ttoa
OT
Jo
xodozj
Uo
uTtoV
tBtuQ3
1IQQP
ge
JO
(poutrc
UflOU
ct
o
tq1L
'M3
85
efficient, economic unit.
ble l'i. ehows the avera..e
Ize of r abilitatiori loans by stte. or the United
States as a whole the ovora for the iear ending June
30, 1941 was ..2U6. A iarked variation between the
states is eviiont. The hi..host vera,.o, .1,ll4, was in
Connecticut
(
1th an averaecf 121 South Carolina was
the lowest. Throuhout t;he reion of South Central, ex
cept Louisiana, all states had a relatively low average
size of loans a'L with a !-iih propertlon of naturitlos
collected (Table 13). But the proportion of maturities
collected for Connect Icut wee also above avera;,e of the
states. however, since there. are stIll 600,000 farm
families olic;ible for aid it is worthwhile to think that
one borrower In Connecticut would have taken cars of nine
borrowers In South Carolina.
NOfl-OCoflOnic aru.ents. wphasis has been placed
on the Importance of the rehabil1taton program as a
means of preserving the £a:iilysized farm as the basis
of American doocracy. atural1y, axicuiture. is not
merely a way of nakIng on.ey, but siso a way of living,
The fami1ysIzod farm is a 1.. 1i>hly inte ..rated unit which
could produce both economic and social values, but this
argument depends larely on the Interpretation of the
ter7n "family-sized farm8 ani the reu1ts of the rehabilitation nroiram Itself. If by family-sized farm is
66
Ta;lo 14
Average Size
f F.S.A. Re1atil
During Year mitng June
North Atlantic
Maine.,..,.....,.'711
ew Hanpahire..,. 622
Vernont..,,...... 410
aeeachusetta,.., 754
Rhode Xslarzd....,
36
Connecticut.... 1,114
New York......,. 489
New Ji3reey......
9
Pennsylvania....
54d
East
. , . .
. . . .
tndians..........
Illinois ,......
C
,-Ihi.
sia..*.,
407
47U
451
ade
41
South Atlantic (continued)
ost
crth arciina.,..,..,. 295
bouth Carolina...14,1., 121
oia..........,,,,,, 147
iiori'ia......,,,,,..... 1b
south
entral
A labaria. . . . . .
Miisaippt... *
North (entral
Ohio. .
LoaThe
Arkanecis,
.
ukiahoma.
I.....
.
161
167
146
271
, , * .
. ..
a . .
208
284
,
315
Wizoonsin. I *40 Se
obern
West north
entra1
i;ontana.,.,..,,,.,,
Minnesota.... ...
I
Missouri...,.05,
North Dakota.,..
South IF.
Dakota...,
..,....
tr
anaae. . .
. . . . . .
402
o62
819
idaho. ....... *l5$*I b44
7Oi fl50.141111.1.. J,)
,
Coiorado.,....,.w....434
iew Mexico..,..,,,
o56
Arizona,,..,,,.,.,..,
,
,
T4-
.aa. . , . . . * . , . . , . . * . . , .
rf
evaua . a
a a .
a a . .
a .
'702
)re)
r
ashinton....,,.,..,., 964
Oreon....,..,.,,,,., 5 559
South Atlantic
.728
Maryland........
Virginia....,00.
504
243
Unite5 T'tats Averae for
year
i.in1. Juno 30,1941
$ouree: (habcr f Commorce of the United
Statoa, Rural ic1ief anl
h¼i LarP.I
Security Admin3trat1c, ay 1Y42, pa:e 19.
Tehabil1toa n or
$7
ieant the smL&1ica10
tth
unit iith n1y a iiritea
productive capcty to p v1:J a oa or income to the
operator, thure i ieacu to doubt
1rab1iity of
continuin a iohabllitat ion urograi which .ar interfere
with occupatioi. dtwtment thin
culture an be
tween aric.1t.uooui thor Inoutr±
t }it; IDeen
noted that the
a> e a-.nua1 not income f
. ( %S
A
rehabilitat; ion c1iint .
fiuret arc avruc,
ater
may
urovin
c au.c that thoro are a
consid erable nubfr
Oldeci ian1iocwh!.'go Inoonec are
be10 avers o
ui'th i' iore,
cpnor:t of tecIxiO
O
$Oi11Ot
O'TO that even
ilTzec1 farm
iht better e
rae if tt i to ho operated with
1.
imwLl off.c!cne
io to Lntorfere
would be
with this adjutro
çheckin L
uirLtort3 Icport of
AccorC
atiws :atenant urchae loan that
141 about 2'
coiie tc>r e'ory
a'm
ecuritj A.tni8tra.
tion has been atle to mko out
o11ab1e fund ,
Since the b inn!ac of tiic pro ..rau in 137 to 1941, the
Farm Seeuity Aw1iiu.. at:icn o
.rtot.3 O174B tonnts
to become o'rs The be oiers had. made ayrient
L
Iriaturitie3 aiow
,63,
.
porcent o;
66
unties, tota1t
It also staf
rl (
11at
rowera for t?n
i;:
a1O21iiar
ne
worth had ii.crad
from an vr
of June 1941.
;uX'eiie bort:a; t2eir ot
acce:.tance
e
,(X)f
OX'
19
percent.
:lt :r
Hov;cv.;.r, a
irlitiate(1
tenancy, i
c
n ;:tet1 thit the prormi is
put
;rOWt7 C
'fcr
WO
its efectIvene
J'1
t.o CV.11iatO
Apprcprit i:.n3
authorized f. r
O,C'CO
3,OOO,OOO n ).21- $
.5U,3OO,OOO arrnai1y In each
succoTh
TL:) ::5
that therr'
rox1; ely
share crop
I
:iitcd
:catod
,000 fe.ri ternt
,
tats
aric
Tiiey operated farms
with a total vJ.e o :L.iot 11,000,000,000.
dd
tion, there are tili ucorne. ;ouan of farm iabai'
ers PrcIdec th' a. r
year and C j<rcet; ol.
cr ::.int.
hi
trative purpoc, tci
COUl
be
one-half
CL
e::
rcent
1oan
fL4
a\ra.;in
5,OO
Ies ti
sharecroppers
kver a porlod of 10
rt7nLr ;.ou.L
in the Unitoi tato i 19;5.
rears only about .: 3,400 .Vus i!1l b Lhus financed and
no great proportion o1 raricr
11 be afrected.
69
There aro no ad6quate saTeiiar against inflation
of land valuos
alieat.o
tho hldIn,s purchased
by the liberal loans.
biyor i land will be
added to the market
v
n l5, for instance,
the estimated valuc o1 the rarm la: ifl the United
It is questionable, thero
fore, whether
cifl over a tenyear period o an
amount equal to I parccmt or eo of this for land will
affect values very nch over the country as a whole (26).
states was ;43OO,OOO,QOO.
*tIL arr. iebts
It has been noted that the major causes of the
farm debt probleus are L.ain1y arisin, out, on one hand,
from the f1uctuatin of prices and land values, and, on
the other hand, it is also becauce of low pay ability of
farms. GovernL-ient credit w1t. iibr1 terms can save
the indebtect farm onrc only If theIr farms have not
been too roatly ovorvolued and too ;.reatl mort;aed
To refinance nebted farmers wnr
cannot be dealt
with by indivithial ad3u
S
likely to :ive then a
fair opportunity to return to 3OUfl conditions The
an of the iari Credit idin
tetration as coupleted by t1e iiddlo of 1938. ith the
ernereney ret 1nu
ro
improvement in iarra prices and low 1nterot rates, pay
menta an dobts hocar loss difficult. oroover, with
70
the pas!n;,
prs:1on the.
money market 1'1aem by 1G
able to once pore
eli tir bon]
rin:ency in the
1an
ban1s
(XjiCLj. ICNS
t.... iihrcl
Govern ient
oz th
riak
ith
aame t1:cc
£arrneis v;hose incoic
because crx1it,
no rnor
i1on bub, t the
pcnt, i
pet.aLn
fct:i:o intr
not an
cn
3t111
heli, ct1stresed
arc e tr:cely 1;. Thi i
a sourc3 ot carri capItal, can
as a ncas
cha
..r croit
s,
th lan, labor
and !aent ts;ther,
, Ic difficulty of
the lo incoie
n'prouctivity. Corise
quently, tho loer hI procuctivty the less likelihood he haz cf becor,
ef Ic lary
In area. w
c or: po,r ian3
lös little
net 1n
arc
Come, or
agricuiu'l
1utci iniorior In
cclt ivu ! ica u:T hav 'cract Ically r:o
resourcc
tTr!r
to offcr th
Iil be
reLnt;
Ian
.cc r
ec.no1cl
end thn a
edit.
ea cthere
land 18 ::r(dut1c.
certain mcunt of ret
come i aurd to
:arcr. whc
abilIty hut those inancia1 pot;oa' i crItical, a
82pexviicd croiit is ju'tI:ici:.
BUbSIUIZOd
3. There 1 ro 1into
cranc.c to incrca;c a;ricu1tural I):.Uct Ion 71t1r:.ut do crca
prIce8.
Zn th ce
thoi'uri ccu:t'
c. 11) i1.o bccaru;o tb.
&]..cLnjtratIon t}cLs
r babllitet .
72
program reaches only a fraction of the iroup which
is referred to c the low neoe farmers who
normally produce rrtc less than their proportionate
share and ruch of the increase, tx there is any, i8
the to the iarer prodution of hcio food and feed.
The tenant purchao loan of the Farm Security Athnin-
istratton i a fairly acoptab1e neane of aid1n:; the
tenants havin
xperienco, ability and hii:hor econo
mic status, but it will provide aid for only an in-
aiificant proprtion :f the total nwiber of fara
tenants, brecropors and farm laborers in beceii
ovner*s.
. There are no edquate
cuard for the tenant prchase pro.:rarn a-ainst nf1at ton of land values and
alienation of the holdns puchs.sed by the liberal
loans. Hovevnr, the available loan funds of the
program seeaod t be too all to have any effect
n the value of te Airican £axn lana even over a
certain -riod,
An indebted farn: cwr can be 3aved only if his farm
haa not boon too .ratly overva1ue ard too reatly
mortaod. To rot thanco indebted Thriers is only to
give thoe a Lair opøortunit'y to return to sound
conditIons.
Since rural rohabilitat Ion pro.:
ivsablo to 3et a
help low iflCOflO faricrs,
Thich lois y n)t
nax1nnun ricorio abv
U. lai loan
t
ne.ccsary
Thie
funds urK1es.rab17
xto
and tc nah1c such
of lower 1noo;ie roups.
.r iUco:w
armor6
a lar.er iwbor
'74
( )
Ntiona1 cono:ic 3ocurit1. Univor'f 911thoua
:.rai,, 1c36. chap.
12, pp. 54-16.
Adem.5, A. B,
it
habi1itation for th
A1exaner, W. W.
Se)Od T'arier.
10(4)z 5O-1.
Wl1Ofl
April 19.
aniu, A. R.
AscIi, Eerta anu
ac
Di8poB
t:rV.CO i.,EV1OW,
'armcr3 on ie1iot
V!.P.A. ..iivision o±' Social
Re8earch, Pcarch non. VIII, U. S. Government
Printin Of'iice, 'a;hin:..:ton, 1P37.
Bean, L. H. Th Pain I' eocwi'ic. ecui'1tr for
Farm Fwill.:s. kn;12 cf the Airican
ider of 1J;..cai an. cocial 3cienc
I
Boned it, I.
3oN6 Policy Pr1
in a
Fethral Farm Credit. Jour. of Farm con.
16(1.) :4i-4.
14.
c1our
.. Yjal-r. Iir
rc"u)bu..'a1
.
--ebt arid Farm Fore
iti&tion, '4(2) :1-21,
iii, irity,
lack, A. C. Toa:d a1i
)f Arlcultural
lV3u.
B1ac1, J. b
Al1cn,
Th
13uroa
ub. To. oOB.
urowth of' Farm
Tenant in tIb tJrited Stat-. Quarter1 Jour.
of con. 1() :Z95-423. Ma 1937.
B1aisie11, D, C,
t a!L ,A.rtuiture.
(10)
Farrar, J. L5eh&r, I. LC. New York, 1940.
Chap. 7, pp. L1-16.
Boart, P L. The Canirig conomio Fwictions of
An;a1e o
(loverrmjent
thn American Academy of
Political and ocia1 cicnce, O6:1-, Uov.
(1 ) Co3n,
The ?rictiona Of Government in the
Lit ora tur of
can Acado
206
C
cno:i±cs. ia1a of the Amen-
of Political and Social cienc,
"ov. 139.
'c;t '
flpst:Ir:,
ezp
Economic 3ecurity. Ar'a1 of the American
f
Th
1Lx1
oci.
Nov. 1939.
206:31-.U5.
Farm Security Ainitrat ion
14
Far'.
r
ity.
nnuai
.ecm1'-
1U41,
Farr Tenancy. Report of the Prcsident' Committee V.
overet
Oftce,
\ashin ton, 1Z7
(1S
Farn Tenancy in the United tats. Supplementary
Report :' t Lc Pia:in
ittte to the
Nat 1oia1
sources Board
Part VII) Section
11, pp. 17-24.
Hart, S. K. ovrnnt &cnci ol' Credit.
Arina1 of the American Acadery of Political
sn(J. 3o1 .i'.:ne It1&.l7, rch 19S8.
South.
Horton,
V
of
iura1 .Aerica, 15:3-10, Feb. 1937,
Far. Vot ';a;e in r t Charge,
uitra1
24(3) :0-12, 3arch
1940.
(20)
Horton, D. C
A:r iui.tu
l99.
ThIrty Yearz
ittion, 23(10) :1Oi3.
I)b
Su, C'DflS for c. 11tion1 ?roram
}iri.I e abI1itor ar3 Re11ef. $or. of
I?ar !con. 21(4):U31-96, nov. 1239.
(22) ManLu8, A. . Chanin, Aspccts f R'ra1
1ie1',
i..P.A., ivt.1or rf oeI1 Boseari), ioercb
Mon. XIV, U. S. (overncnt Printin. Dff ice,
Mad.ox, T, G.
o
(
(24)
toil, 19.
t, F, V.
Te:ey. U.S.D.A. Yearho1c o
V7-9OG.
enthnha
The Ri2e f
:'(l):110-1.2C,
outrn Te
L37.
1s
76
)
ortao an
Murray,
the Government,
Jour. oi .arrn 1'eon. 22(l):133..147, Feb. 1940.
(26) Norton, i. J. 1Eining Aricu1ture. .eanville,
Illinois, l9L0, chap. 2, pci. '49-73.
(21) Reid, T. h. Public Asitanea to iaIncome
Farxriero of the South.
of Ym con.
Jour
21(1) :1-14, Fh. 1939.
Renno, I. R. 'ssntial Featuroc of a Planned
A'.r1cuItw1 Rohab litatiort Proram. Proceecin.:s ci etern Farn ycono1c; Asociation,
Seventh Annual
tin,
pp
9-96.
ovrnent's ObliLatton for
curity. Annals of korican Acadc
of Political
3octal Science. l78:5988.
flubinew, I..
Economic
1:arch 1935.
.. h. A. :conomics of trm R1iof.
Colwnbia University Prs, N
ork. 1929.
(31) Smith, r. C. Public isitance to LowIncome
(3G)
elLf3T1an,
Farmers in t1
21(1) :17SL3'7.
Stewart
North. Jour. of larm con.
Feb, 1239.
eore, Can the Jarnis cf the United
States Pay icr Th7se1es? Jour of Fazi
?con, 2(4):17?-1c32, Get. 1920.
(33) Taylor, C C., Che o lox',
Kirkpatrick,
L. i;isadvaiitared C].assos In American
Aricu1ture. U. S. .
S. A. :. .A. 2,
Social os3areh Report Pe. III, ahIn ton,
D.C., Apr11 1938.
S
(34)
Paylor, U. (;.
Tenancy.
16
'hat Should be Pone About Fa
Jour, of Farm con. 21(2):2-6,
''.H
tJ S. Cha;er of Ccnrnorce.
Iehab1litat Ion Uor t
Istre io
(36) Wion
ura1 Relief and
ari Security Admin...
.: L. Farmer LankruptcIes, 1t39B-1935.
77
(37 }
(38)
Yom, . . Thrii c.;it wi (cternrent
. 1C38.
Ysrt ';con. 20()
-572,
Jour. o1
L. 1ura1 ia111ea
Ztnernan, C. . aii ".htten,
TIVIBIOn of ocia]. Iesoar'ch.
on ie1ief4
Research on, :.:vII, U. S. ovornent Pr1nt1n
01± ce1
ci, iO3).