PRESENTATION
ACRP Project 03-17
Evaluating Airfield Capacity
Presented by
Pam Keidel-Adams, Landrum & Brown
Brian Poe, Landrum & Brown
DEN572
February 13, 2012
Objectives of Research
ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
 Develop Guidebook for airport planners
– All types of airports
– Runways, taxiways, apron areas, aircraft parking positions,
approach/departure procedures
 Assess existing modeling techniques beyond AC 150/5060-5 and
ACM
– Identify capabilities and limitations of the existing techniques
– Develop specifications and functional prototype for new model
 Present capacity modeling guidelines for
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– Determining the appropriate level of modeling sophistication
– Making the process more consistent from airport to airport
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM
ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
ACRP Project 03-17 – Panel and Project Team
LeighFisher
 Bill Dunlay, PI
 Suzanne Akkoush, Project Manager
Landrum & Brown
 Matt Lee, Deputy, Deputy PI
 Pam Keidel-Adams, Deputy PM
 Brian Poe
University of California, Berkeley
 Mark Hansen
 Liuyi Feier
George Mason University
 Lance Sherry
Presentation & Design, Inc.
 Patti J. Douglas
Panel and ACRP Support
 Rick Busch, Denver – Chair
 Greg Albjerg, HNTB
 Monica Alcabin, Boeing
 David Byers, University of Nebraska
 Nancy Dorighi, NASA
 Bruce Love, URS
 Scott Marsh, PANY&NJ
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ACRP Support
 Theresia Schatz, ACRP
 Joseph Snell, ACRP
Liaison members
 Aimee McCormick, FAA
 Chris Oswald, ACI-NA
 Kent Duffy, FAA
 Don Guffey, FAA
 Richard Cunard, TRB
 Timmy RoIf Schindler, GAO
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM
ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
ACRP 03-17 – Deliverables
1. Guidebook
2. Decision Hierarchy – How to Choose a Level of Modeling
Sophistication
3. New and Newly Available Tools
a.
b.
Prototype of New Spreadsheet Tools
Assessment of MITRE runwaySimulator (plans for public release)
4. Final Report
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Project deliverables will provide comprehensive
tools for evaluating airfield capacity
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
Scoping Issues for the Project
Three major scope items that define project
1. Definitions of Capacity
2. Capacity vs. Aircraft Delay
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3. Airfield Components
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
1. Definitions of Capacity
 Maximum Throughput:
– How many aircraft operations can a particular airfield accommodate in
given period when there is a continuous demand for service in that
period (i.e., the period is saturated)?
 Practical Capacity or Service Volume:
– How many aircraft operations can a particular airfield accommodates at a
specified level of service (e.g., at a specified level of aircraft delay)?
 Time interval (15-minutes, hourly, daily, annual)
 Guidebook will suggest under what circumstances the various
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definitions are appropriate.
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
2. Estimating Capacity vs. Aircraft Delay
 Will focus on methods for estimating capacity not delay
 Will emphasize “maximum-throughput” definition of airfield
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capacity rather than practical/service-volume capacity
 Will provide guidance and examples for using capacity
estimates in analytical models for estimating aircraft delay
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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3. Airfield Components
 Major emphasis will be on runways and close-in terminal airspace
 Taxiways, aprons, and gates will be included only in terms of how
they affect runway/airspace capacity
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– Runway exit and entrance taxiways, parallel taxiways, runway crossings,
bypass taxiways, aprons
– High-level measures of gate capacity vs. airfield capacity
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
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Guidebook Overview
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Chapter 2 – Review of Airfield Capacity Concepts
Airport Geometry
Runway Exit Design
Runway Entrance Taxiways
Staging Pads/Taxiways
Runway Crossings
Parallel Taxiway
1. Capacity definitions
a.
b.
Maximum sustainable throughput
Delay-based
Airport User Information
Aircraft Fleet Mix
Daily Demand Distribution
Aircraft Performance
2. Factors that Affect Capacity
Avionics Equipage
Braking Action
Random Variability
21 Factors
Runway Use & ATC Procedures
Applicability of Visual Flight Rules
Wake Turbulence
Weather
Multiple Approach Technology
Runway Specific Fleet Mix
3. Levels of Capacity Modeling
Sophistication
Human Factors
Air Traffic Controller Workload
Air-Ground Communications
Random Variability
Airspace Factors
Departure Fix Restrictions
Neighboring Airports
Missed Approach
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM
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Chapter 2 – Levels of Modeling Sophistication
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Chapter 4 – New and Newly Available Capacity Evaluation
Tools and Guidance
1. Prototype of New Spreadsheet Models (Levels 1, 2, and 3)
2. Soon-to-be-released Level 4 Model – MITRE runwaySimulator
3. Guidance on Estimating Capacity of Specialty Cases
a.
b.
c.
d.
Effects of partial parallel taxiways and runway crossings
Effects of staggered runway thresholds/runway ends
Aircraft type runway-use restrictions
Airports without an operating Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Chapter 4 – Prototype of New Spreadsheet Tool
 Addresses 3 levels of modeling sophistication in 1 tool
 Macro-enabled Excel-based file using “tabs”
 Will have 3 model options
– Single runway
– Parallel runways
– Intersecting runways
 Can calculate hourly capacity and Annual Service Volume
(ASV) as defined in FAA AC 150/5060-5, Airport Capacity and
Delay
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
Chapter 4 – Levels of Modeling
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Chapter 4 – Prototype of Spreadsheet Model
Airfield Capacity Estimation using Spreadsheet Models
Use the spreadsheet model to quickly estimate airfield capacities for Arrivals only, Departures only and Mixed Operations.
INPUTS
ENTER OR ADJUST MODEL INPUTS
Light Green fill, with Bold Green text
OUTPUTS
OBSERVE AND EVALUATE OUTPUTS
Blue fill, with Bold White text
USE RESET BUTTON TO RETURN INPUTS TO DEFAULT SETTINGS
Calculated/Linked Values & Descriptions have white backgrounds
Reset Inputs
Grey fill, with Bold Red text
Calculated Values
Linked Values
Comments are attached to Input descriptions to provide understanding/definitions to input titles
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Chapter 4 – Partial Input Screen
INPUTS
Meteorological Conditions
VMC, % Occurrence
VMC-Departure-Arrival Separation
IMC-Departure-Arrival Separation
Length of Common Approach
Operations Assumption on Touch -N- Go's
2.0
2.0
7.0
90%
nm
nm
nm
0%
IMC, % Occurrence
10%
Arrival - Arrival Std. Dev.
Departure ROT Std. Dev.
Z-Value, 95% Confidence
T-Factor (Touch-N-Go's)
18.0
6.0
1.645
sec
sec
-----------1.00
RESET INPUTS
Aircraft Classification
New Category
Small - S
Small - T
Small +
Large-TP
Large-Jet
Large-757
Heavy
Previous FAA Category
A
B
C
C
C
C
D
Boeing 757
Series
More than
300,000 lbs
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
52
55
60
140
150
Maximum Gross Takeoff Weight
(MTOW)
Less than
Between
Between 41,000 Between 41,000
12,500 lbs 12,500 lbs and lbs and 255,000 lbs and 255,000
(Twin Engine)
41,000 lbs
lbs
lbs
Fleet Mix
Share Allocations
Enter the actual or expected % share each aircraft class
Arrival Runway Occupancy Time
Time in Seconds
Enter the estimated time from touchdown to runway clearance
Average Approach Speeds
Velocity in Knots
Enter the average suggested manufacturers final approach speed under normal conditions
Runway Exit Availability
Full Parallel Taxiway
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Less than 12,500
lbs (Single Engine)
0.0%
35
80
0.0%
0.0%
40
42
90
115
100%
1.00
Excellent (4 or more Exits)
Full Taxiway
16
0.0%
48
130
135
Runway Crossing Demand
No
0
Approach Control Radar
Yes
Availability
Use Advanced Settings to change ATC procedures and adjust
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Arrival/Departure
mix and priority
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
Chapter 4 – Advanced Features Example
Use Advanced Settings to change ATC procedures and adjust
Arrival/Departure mix and priority
Arrival Gap Spacing Buffer
Departure Hold Buffer
0.0
0.0
sec
sec
<----OR----> Arrival Gap Spacing Buffer
Distance in Nautical Miles (nm)
VMC
IMC
1.9
3.0
1.9
3.0
1.9
3.0
2.7
4.0
1.9
3.0
3.7
5.0
2.7
4.0
4.6
6.0
3.6
5.0
2.7
4.0
Departure - Departure Separation Requirements
Trailing Aircraft
Leading Aircraft
Small-S --- Small +
Small-S- Small +
Large -TP --- Large 757
Small-S- Small +
Heavy
Small-S- Small +
Small-S --- Small+
Large
Large --- Heavy
Large
Small-S --- Large 757
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Time in Seconds
VMC
35
45
50
50
60
120
90
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Arrival-Arrival Separation Requirements
Trailing Aircraft
Leading Aircraft
Small-S --- Heavy
Small-S, Small-T
Small-S --- Small+
Small +
Large --- Heavy
Small +
Small-S --- Small+
Large-TP, Jet
Large --- Heavy
Large-TP, Jet
Small-S --- Small+
Large-757
Large --- Heavy
Large-757
Small-S --- Small-T
Heavy
Small + --- 757
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
IMC
60
60
60
60
60
120
90
3
3
3
1.0
nmiles
Alternate IMC Minimum
(if Observed AROT < 50 Seconds)
Use 2.5 nm in place of 3.0 nm?
No
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Chapter 4 – Partial Output Screen
OUTPUTS
Arrivals Only Capacity
Arrivals Only Capacity (including TNG's)
Departures Only Capacity
Mixed Ops - Departure Capacity (including TNG's)
Total Mixed Operations Capacity
VMC
34
34
60
34
67
IMC
26
26
60
26
52
Average
33
33
60
33
66
Arrivals Percentage
50%
50%
50%
Pareto Frontier Chart Selection
Capacity estimates for:
• Arrival priority
• Departure priority
• Various percentages
of arrivals
VMC
VMC Arrival -Departure Capacity Frontier
VMC Arrival -Departure Capacity Frontier
Similar to capacity
charts in the FAA
Airport Capacity
Benchmark Report
2004 (and upcoming
2011)
40
Save -35Used for Graphing only!
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Used in Graph
Departures
Arrivals
25
0
34
34
34
20
60
0
15
VMC
Arrivals/Hour
34, 34
0, 34
Departures Arrivals
0
26
26
26
60
0
IMC
Departures Arrivals
0
33
33
33
60
0
Average
0
34
60
34
34
0
10
60, 0
5
0
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0
10
20
30
40
Departures/Hour
50
18
60
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity
Chapter 4 – MITRE runwaySimulator
 ACRP 03-17 Project will provide an independent assessment
of the runwaySimulator for purposes of airfield capacity
evaluation
–
–
–
–
–
Developed at MITRE CAASD
Discrete-event simulator based on link-node system
Simulates aircraft on runways & terminal airspace
Comparison with data from ASPM database
Appropriate level of modeling sophistication and applications
 MITRE plans to release this model to the public in 2012
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Jennifer Gentry and Bill Swedish of MITRE will cover this model in more detail
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Chapter 5 – How to Select the Level of Modeling Sophistication
Hierarchy/Decision Tree (see next 6 slides)
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 1: Data Requirements / Availability
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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 2: Checklist Items (1 of 3)
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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 2: Checklist Items (2 of 3)
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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 2: Checklist Items (3 of 3)
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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 3: Questionnaire (1 of 2)
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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 3: Questionnaire (2 of 2)
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Chapter 6: Subsequent Uses of Capacity Information
1. Demand-Capacity Comparisons
2. Aircraft Delay Estimation
3. Aircraft delay-based definitions of capacity (e.g., annual
service volume as defined in FAA FACT studies)
4. Reference ACRP Project 03-20, Defining and Measuring
Aircraft Delay and Airport Capacity Thresholds
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Guidebook Appendices
A. User’s Guide for Spreadsheet Model
B. Available Guidance on MITRE runwaySimulator
C. Definitions of Terms
D. Essential References and Data Sources
E. Case Studies – lessons learned
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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Next Steps
1. Submit draft Guidebook, draft Final Report, and results of
modeling tasks to ACRP Panel for review in February 2012
2. Submit final Project deliverables to ACRP by end of March
2012
3. Expect publication of final ACRP Report a few months
thereafter
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Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting
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ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity