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BT 15,
1953
PIETRO BELLUSCHI,
DEAN
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
MASSACHUSETTS
CAMBRIDGE
39,
AND
PLANNINg
INSTITUTE Or TEC4NOLOQV
MASSACHUSETTS
DEAR DEAN BELLUSCHI:
IN PARTIAL PULPILLMENT
07 THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE Or MASTER Or ARCHITECTURE,
SUBMIT
t THESIS,
A THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL FOR TH
GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH
I RESPECTPULLY REQUEST YOUR ACCEPTANCE AND
APPROVAL,
SINCERELY,
JOHN JAMES
EUGENIDES
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ECCLESIASTICAL
DESIGN CONCEPTS
FOUNDING OF THE SC00L
*
.0
PAQE
0
12
,
OS4ECTIVES Of THE SCHOOL
I
*
.
,
..
*
00
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
23
5PACE REQUIREMENTS .
.
,
USE RELATIONSHIPS*
.
.
39
,q * .
.
44
.
48
STRUCTURE.
,
.
DESIGN INTEORATION
*
.
.
*
ABSTRACT
THIS THESIS
IS A STUDY
FOR THE *REEK
CROSS, LOCATED
CROSS
IS
OF THE BUILDING NEEDS
HOLY
ORTHODOX THEOLOGICAL 80HOOL,
IN BROOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTS.
HOLT
THE ONLY THEOLOG1CAL SCHOOL OF THE GREEK
ORTHODOX CHURCH IN NORTH AND SOUTH
AMERICA.
THE
MAJOR oIFFERENCE sETWEEN THE THEOLOOICAL SCHOOLS
07 OTHER FAITHS AND
THE GREEK
THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS OF
IS THAT THE STUDENTS
ORTHODOX CHURCH
Or THE QREEK ORTHODOX
A MUCH MORE MONASTIC
IN THE MORNINS
TEN O'CLOCK.
THEOLOGICAL SC0OLS LIVE
LIFE.
THEY ARISE AT
8X
AND 00 T0 SED IN THE EVENING
THEIR TIME
AT
IS WELL PLANNED AND
THEY ARE CLOSELY SUPERVISED IN THE OBJECTIVES
AND
IDEALS
OF THE ORTHODOX FAITH.
THE OSJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY
IS TO MAINLY
TERMINE A DESIGN FOR THE FUTURE
THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL.
DE-
DEVELOPMENT OF
THE DESIGN
IS MAINLY
A DERIVATIVE OF THE USE, SPACE REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE SOOOL, THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE EXISTING
SITE AND THE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ASSOCIATED
WITH BUILDINGS OF THE GREEK
ORTHODOX
FAITH.
REALIZINn THE
DYNANIC NATURE OF SUCH A BUILDING
THE MAIN EMPHASIS
COMPLEx,
THE ST DY HAS BEEN
Il
THE SITE SOLUTION
PLACED ON THE SITE SOLUTION.
IN THIS PARTICULAR PROBLEM
BECAUSE OF TWO
MOST DOMINATE
BUILDING
SITE WHICH HAS AN
IMPORTANCE
ONE 13 AN
IMPORTANT rACTORS.
NEOmRENAISSANCE
EXISTING
IS OF PRIME
BUILDING LOCATED ON THE
SITE AND THE
OTHER IS THE
ELEVATION CHANGE FROM THE EN-
TRANCE TO THE HIGHEST POINT ON THE SITE OF ONE
NUNDRED
AND
TWENTY
FEET.
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES
OF THE SUTE SOLUTION WERE TO OBTAIN
OF THE BUILDINGS WHICH WOULD
A GROUPING
HAVE A SENSE OP
UNITY AND HARMONY FROM WITHIN THE BUILDING COMPLEX AND FROM THE
BUILDIONS
SITE,
INTRODUCTORY
AND A CLOSE
APPROACH TO THE
INTEGRATION
BETWEEN
EXISTING BUILDING AND NEW BUILDINGS.
THE
ECCLESIASTICA. DESIGN CONCEPTS
OF PAST AGES
THE STYLE
IN CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
IS A GREAT BARRIER TO THE CONTEMPORARY
ARCHITECT.
SOCIETY HAS GROWN To SIMILATE GOTHIC, ROMANESQUE,
CLASSIC, OR BYZANTINE WITH DIFPERENT CHURCH CEfm
NOMINATIONS.
ORTHODOX CHURCH STRONGLY
THE GREEK
THE BYZANTINE
STYLE.
WE MIQT ASK.
WHY?
FACTORS ARE VERY STRONGo.
DITIONAL
ADHERES
I
TO
TRA-
WAS IN THE
BYZANTINE PERIOD THAT THE GREAT CHISIM OF THE
CHURCH OCCURRED,
THE LITURGY Or THE
A.D.
DEVELOPED IN BUILDiNGS BUILT SN THE
CHURCH WAS
BYZANTINE
1015
PERI00.
THEREFORE,
IT IS UNOERSTANOw
ABLE THAT THERE OVELOPED A STRONS
BETWEEN
THE BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURAL FORMS AND
THE LITURGY
SAROLESS
INTEGRATION
OF THE GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH.
OF THE FACT THAT SINCE
BYZANTINE,
RE-
THE OAYS OF THE
GOTHIC OR RENAISSANCE
GREEKS#,
ROMAN,
CHURCH,
WE HAVE PRODUCED AND BECOME FAMILIAR
WITH MANY A REVOLUTIONARY BUILDINO MATERIAL,
STEEL AND OTHER METALS, PROCESSED WOOD, REINFORCED CONCRETE, SUSTITUTES FOR CONVENTIONAL
MASONRY
SUCH AS CAST CONCRETE AND TILE, PLASTICS.
WE HAVE
MECHANICAL MEANS FOR CONTROLLING
DEVELOPED
ARE
REVOLUTIONARY
FECTIONS.
THESE
EQUIPMENT9
NOT BECAUSE
MATERIALS AND
STILL NEW
THEY ARE
AND APPROACHES
TO EXPLOIT THEM IN FULL ENTAILS
IS UNFETTERED
OR SEe
BUT BECAUSE
CAUSE THEY SUPPLANT THE TRADITIONAL;
THE DESlON WHICH
AND IN-
AIRBORNE MOISTURE
HEAT, COLD AND N0OIE,
TRADITION, HOWe
BY
EVER MUCH IT MAY LEAN UPON THE PAST FOR TRUE
PERHAPS IF THE RELIGION HAD RE-
INSPIRATION.
TAINED
ITS PROMINANCE
IN OUR SOCIAL STRUCTURE
HAVE BEEN ABLE TO MOVE ALONG WITH THE
IT MOT
HOWEVER, WE HAVE SEEN
PROORESS OF OUR SOCIETY.
IMPORTANCE
THE RELATIVE
TYPE OVERwSHADOWED
APARTMENT
OF THE CHURCH BUILDING
IN IMPORTANCE
BUILDINGS, FACTORIES
BUlLOINS TYPES.
A GREAT DEAL
BY THE SKYSCRAPER 9
ANO COMMERCIAL
THE CHURCH NEVERTHELESS
MAINTAINED
OF MYSTICISM, THE FEELING oF THE Um
KNOWN AND UNOBTAINABLE.
THE USE OF BYZANTINE OR
OTHER FORMS WHICH ARE UNFAMILIAR AND STRANGE
OUR SOCIETY HAVE HELPED TO
TO
1NOREASE THIS FEELING
OF MYSTICISM.
IT
IS OFTEN
ON THE SASIS Of BUDGETARY
THE BEST ARGUMENTS
CAN BE ADVANCED
OF CONTEMPORARY MEANS OF BUILDING.
'THE
LIMITS THAT
FOR THE USE
FAITHFUL AND
SLOW EVOLUTION Of RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE*,
DECEMBER RECORD,
1949,
2
VOL.
106,
ro.
128
DURASLE ACOMPLIS#MENT Or TRADITIOMAL APPEARANCES
CONDITIONS
ARE EXPENSVEAND
vV
LONO SERVICE, HARD
USAGE AND MELLOWING WITH TIME ARE USUALLY NOT TO
BE MET
IN SURFACE
EVERY INSTANCE
APPROXIMATIONS.
Of PERSUASION THAT MORE Of THE DESIRED OBJECTIVES
IN A PROGRAM CAN BE ATTAINED THROUGH DISCARD Or
SUPERrLUOUS TRAPPINGS
INHERENT
IN FAVOR O7 THE ECONOMICS
IN MODERN MATERIALS AND METHODS,
AND THE
IN CONTEMPORARY
DESGN,
BRING US
CLOSER TO A CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
$HOWING
AN INSPIR-
GRAVE POTENTIAL
IQUIVALENT TO THAT
ATION AT LESS
IN OREAT PERIODS
Of THE PAST.i
THE REDUCTION
OF CONERtS
CURVES AND UNDULATINO
WALL SURFACES, WOULD GREATLY
BUILDINGS.
CUT THE COST OF THE
HOWEVER, IN THE ATTEMPT TO CUT THE
COST OF THE BUILDING, ONE MUST BE VERY CAREFUL
NOT TO
SACRIfICE THAT ELEMENT WHICH MAY
CHARACTER,
THIS
ATMOSPHERE OR THAT ELEMENT
BE CALLED
WHICH SAYS
TO DESIGN ANY
IS A GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH.
CHURCH OR BUILDINGS OF THE CHURCH, THE ARCHITECT
MUST
HAVE A COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING
FOR THE SERVICE
OF THE WORSHIP.
IN THIS CASE MUST
CONOVER,
E.M.,
AND FEELING
THE BUILDINGS
RETAIN THE ELEMENTS
AO.ECTURAL
1947, Po. 16
:3
2OD,
OF MYSTERY
SEPTEMBER
THAT QUALITY
A000 EARTH.
OF MYSTICAL LINK
IN THE EXPRESSION
BETWEEN HEAVEN
IDEALS
OF MANI$
AND BELiEFS,
COST SHOULD NOT BE THE PRIME CONw
SIDERATION.
NOWEVER,
THE COST MUST BE KEPT WITH..
iN THE FINANCIAL STATUS
OF THE CHURCH.
AN ECCLESIASTIC DESIGN PROBLEM, HOWEVER, IS NOT
A FACTORY NOR CAN THE DESIGN OF
IT
BE APPROACHED
AS IF WHAT APPLIED IN ONE CASE MiGHT FT
THE OTHER.
A LItE HONESTY,
WOULD BE RIGHT
RELIGIOUSLY EXPRESSED,
IN A CHURCH, AND
ABLE FACT THAT IT
WITH
IT
IS A REGRET.
80 RARELY EXISTS THERE.
A TASTE
CONDITIONEO BY A LACK OF HONESTY ON ARCHITECTURE9
WE CAN BE CERTAIN, WILL FIND THE PRESENCE OF HONESTY
A RATHER TRYING CIRCUMSTANCE IN ANY CASE.
SUCH A
0ONDITIONING OF TASTE PROBABLY EXPLAINS THE ATTIa
TUDE OF SOME CRITICS.
THE PROBLEM THE MODERN ARCHITECT FACES
BUILDiNGS FOR THE GREEK
ORTHODOX
IN DES0hm
CHURCH IS TO
PRODUCE BUILDINGS WHICH HAVE AS MUCH DIGNITY AND
CHARACTER AS THOSE TVPICAL OF THE BYZANTINE PERIOD
AND STILL USE MODERN MEANS AND METHODS Of COHSTR!UO
TION9
THE ARCHITECT IN SOLVING THIS PROBLEM WILL
BRING CHURCH CONSTRUCTION
WITHIN THE COST
OF A GREATER NUMBER OF CONGREGATIONS,
4
RANGE
THE AVERASE MODERN
ARCMITECT IS VERT
RELUCTANT
ABOUT TAKING A CHURCH PROBLEM BECAUSE OF THE
STRONG TRADITIONAL
ELEMENTS.
I HAVE OSERVED
IN MANY COMMUNITIES THIS ELEMENT OF TRADITION,
HOWEVER,
IT 13 THE FIRST GENERATION THAT CAME
TO AMERICA WHO STILL REMEMBERS
THEIR TOUTH,
THE CHURHES OF
THE CHURCHES IN WHICH THEY LEARNED
TO WORSHIP THEIR
00, THAT EXPECT ALL OTHER *REEK
ORTHODOX BUtLDIRGS TO BE SIMILAR IN CHARACTER
AND EXPRESSION.
SAINT
SOPHIA
THE AVERAGE ORTHODOX FEELS THAT
IS PERFECTION IN CNURCH ARCHITECTURE
AND IT WOULD BE WONDERFUL
LOOKED SIMILIAR TO
IF ALL OTHER CHURCHES
IT WITH DOMES
AND TOWERS.
THE
VIEWS Of THE YOUNGER GENERATION ARE SOMEWHAT
FERENT.
THEY ARE MORE CONCERNED
DP-
IN A BUILDING
WHICH WILL PROVtDE FOR AND SATISFY THEIR NEEDS
IN THE MOST LOGCAL AND ECONOMICAL MANNER.
INCREA$IN
EDUCATED
THE
NUMBER OP YOUNGER PRIESTS WHO ARE
IN THIS COUNTRY WILL ALSO
ABLE TO CHANGE AND
PROGRESS
THE MODERN APPROACH TO
BE MORE ADAPTs
IN CHURCH DESIGN.
DESIGNING
A CHURCH IS
FIRST
AS A PRACTICAL PROBLEM THAT MUST SE SOLVED IN A
PRACTICAL WAY.
PEOPLE
A PROBLEM OF ACCOMODATING S0 MANY
80 THAT THEY CAN PURSUE CERTAIN
ACTIVITIES
OMFORTABLY, CONVENIENTLY AND ECONOMICALLY AND
5
AT THE SAME TIME MAINTAIN
AN ATMOSPHERE
WHICH
IS IN KEEPING WITH THE PUNCTiON OP THE SUILDINOS.
WITH THIS PACT
MAY BE OBTAINED
O
ACADEMIC
IN MIND A NEW VIEW
THAT PUTS ALL THE MUMBLEwJMSLE
STYLE
INTO ITS PROPER PERSPECTIVE.
THE MODERN ARCHITECT
CONSIDERATIONS
Or
MUST
ARE NOT
COMPELLED TO TAKE
THE PRODUCTION
OF ARCHITECTURE
REMEMBER THAT PRACTICAL
EVERYTHING,
ITS CHANCE.
OF BEAUTY
WITH BEAUTV
ON THE CONTRARY,
IS PART Of
THE PROCESS
DESIGN, NOT AN AFTER THOUGHT IN THE WAY OP
APPLIED LISERATION, AND
PROPRIATNESS
ITS LIVELINESS AND APe
IS THERESY INCREASED.
APPROACH TO AWCHITECTURE
BUT 17 IT HAD SEEN KEPT
THIS SIMPLE
MAY APPEAR VERY OBVIOUS,
MORE CLEARLY
IN MIND
DURING THE PAST HUNDRED YEARS, OUR BUILDINO8 WOULD
BE MORE
MODERN
IN KEEPING WiTH OUR PRESENT
ARONITECTS,
00 BACK
CULTY
NEW NEEDS
BUILDING
PACED WITH NEW PROBLEMS,
TO ELEMENTARY
IS
DAY SOCIETY.
MUST
PRINCIPLES, BUT ONE DIPFIft
THAT EVEN THOUGH WE MAY BE AWARE OP THE
AND ARE WILLING TO SEEK
THAT WILL
SATlUPY THEM,
AWARE OF THEIR EXACT NATURE.
$TILL A TRANSITION ONE.
IT
WE ARE NOT ALWAYS
THE PRESENT AGE
BUT A QUESTION
DEFINED FUNCTION FOR THE
6
I$
18 NOT ONLY A QUEStION
OF A NEW TYPE OP ARCHITECTURE
A MORE CLEARLY
A NEW KIND OF
Or
DIPFERENT
ARCHITECTURAL
TYPES.
THE PRINCIPAL REASON WHY A NEW ARCHITECTURE
INTO ExISTENCE 13
COMING
AGE ARE IN NEARLY
FROM THE NEEDS
THAT THE NEEDS
IS
OF THIS
EVERY CASE TOTALLY DIFFERENT
AND 80 CANNOT BE
OF PREVIOUS AGES9
SATISFIED BY METHODS
OF SUILDING THAT BELONG TO
ANY AGE BUT THE PRESENT.
SATISFY THEM IN
WE CAN
A PRACTICAL SENSE, BY UTILIZING MODERN BUILDING
TECHNIQUE AND MODERN
SCIENTIFI4
INVENTIONS TO
THE FULL; AND WE CAN SATISFY THEM IN
THE AESTHETIC
OTM BY SEING HONEST CRAFTSMEN IN OUR OWN
SENSE,
MATERIALS
AND BY TAKING SPECIAL ADVANTAGE
OF THE
OPPORTUNITIES THESE MATERIALS OFFER OF CREATING
EFFECTS
AND QUALITIES
IN TUNE WITH OUR OWN TIME.
THE SEMANTICS or PAINTING AND SCULPTURE AND# TO
A LESSER DEGREE, IN ARCHITECTURE BECOME SOMEWHAT
CONFUSNI.
WE ARE AWARE
OF THE CONTROVERSY WHICH
RAPES BETWEEN THE EXPONENTS oF "ANCIENT" AND
'MODERN"
VERSY
ART.
IN THE SECULAR FIELD THIS
ONTROe
IS NO LONGER AS KEEN AS IT ONCE WAS.
VALIDITY
OF CONTEMPORARY
ESTABLISHED.
CONCEPTS
THEREFORE, IT IS
FOR AN ARCHITECT
TO RELIEVE
THE
HAVE BEEN WELL
RELATIVELY EASY
HIMSELF OF THE LIMI-
TATIONS OF HISTORIOAL STYLES WHEN DESIGNlNG A
7
SANK OR AN OFFICE BUILDING; HERE
REASON$
Or
iN BuILDING METHODS HAVE LED
ECONOMY AND CHANGES
TO A MORE BENlIGLE POINT Or VIEW* AND THE
Or A FROZEN TRADITIONALISM It
HOWEVER,
MENTALISM
FAST LOSING GROUND.
IN THE FIELD OF CHURCH
AND
DESIGN,
*ENTw
A BENIGHTED ADHERENCE TO PAST STAN-
DARDS ARE STILL PREVALENT.
NEVERTHELESS, If WE
CALMLY GiVE THE MATTER THOUGHT IT WILL SE
THAT THIS CONTROVERST,
PRE4UCICES, HAS NO
REALIZED
ARTIFICIALLY FEC ST OUR
REAL BASIS, FOR THE PAST IS
CONTINUED IN THE PRESENT AND TRADITION
BUILDINGS
INFLUENCE
IS DYNAMIC.
DESIGNED FOR THE OREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH
IN MODERN TiMES HAVE SUFFERED FROM AN OVERDOSE
OF WHAT MIGHT SE CALLED AWAEOLOGISM, DUE
IN A
GREAT PART TO A SENTIMENTAL lNTERPRETATION
OF
HISTORY.
TIMES NAVE CHANCED, AND WE ARE REGIME.
KING TO SEE NOT ONLY THE END OF THIS SHACKLING
BOND
AND
RUT ALSO THE DAWN
OF A PERIOD OF
SENSIBLE CREATIVENESS.
PROGRESS
INTELLIGENT
15 NOT EASY
AND THERE ARE TWO PtTFALLI; ON THE ONE HAND THE
CONTINUED OPPOSITION OF DiEmARDS AND OF THE
LAISSEZ.FAIRE SCHOOL OF THOUGHT, AND ON THE OTHER
THE OVERZEALOUS EFFORTS OF THOSE WHO MIGHT BE
TEMPTED TO CAST OUT ALL CONTINUING TRADITION.
8
6
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LEFT TO CHANCE,
THAT THE ONE KNOWS WHAT THE OTHER
CLIENT ASSUME
HAS
NOR SHOULD THE DES IONER OR THE
TIMIDITY WHICH
MADE BY A KIND OF DIPLOMATIC
To LEARN THAT ONE MAY BE
THINO HE
IS
HISTORICALLY
STEMS
THE OTHER
HUMAN TRAIT OF NOT WANTING
PROM THE VERY
FELLOW
HAVE BEEN
MANY COSTLY MISTAKES
IN MIND.
OF SOME-
IGNORANT
TO KNOW ABOUT HIS JOB,
PRESUMED
IT WAS CUSTOMARY
TO CONSIDER
A
THAT
CHURCH, TO SE TRULY THE HOUSE Of GOD, SHOULD BE
PERHAPS
DECORATED.
HEAVILY
SIMPLICITY WAS
IT WAS FELT THAT
SYNONYMOUS WITH POVERTY;
RATE PEW SEEMED TO APPRECIATE
THE DIONITY AND
RICHNESS of WELL PLANNED SIMPLICITY.
CITY Or DESIGN
AND DECORATION
THE JUXTAPOSITION OF
AT ANT
WHICH
A BEAUTIFUL
TRUE
THE SIMPLIe
RESULTS PROM
DETAIL, BE IT A
PAINTING OR A STATUE, AND THE SIMPLE LINES Or A
WELL ORDERED DESIGN.
IN
RECENT TEARS REDUCED
BUDOETS HAVE FORCED AN eONOMY Of MEANS, AND THIS
MAKES
IT NECESSARY
FOR DESIGNER$ TO USE THEIR
GOD GIVEN TALENT AND INTELLIGENCE AND TO RELY LESS
ON THE BOOKISH TYPE OF KNOWLEDGE WHICH HAS PROs
DUCED
0
MANY STILL.BORN CREATION$.
NOT BE rORBOTTEN THAT THE
nuMBLEST CHAPEL
WHICH THE MASS IS CELESRATED WITH
IN
DIGNITY AND
WHICH EVERYTHING THAT SHOULD BE DONE
10
IT SHOULD
IN
IS DONE AS
WELL AS POSSIBLE IS FAR MORE PLEASING THAN
GAUDIEST OF BUILDINS,
IN WHICH IT
THE
IS APPARENT
THAT THE PRIDE OF THE DESIGNER OR EVEN THAT OF
HIS CLIENT HAS SUPERSEDED THE REALIZATION THAT
A CHURCH
IS
FIRST AND LAST THE
ONCE THESE BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
HOUSE OF 000#
ARE UNDERSTOOD9
WILL BECOME POSSIBLE FOR AN EVOLUTION IN
It
COCLESI-
ASTICAL ARCHITECTURE, AN EVOLUTION WHICH WILL REa.
FLECT THE ASPIRATIONS
OF OUR TIMES AND ANSWER
MORE DIRECTLY THE LEGITiMATE NEEDS OF THE CONOREGATION.
IT IS IN THIS SENSE THAT WE CAN OIVE
EXPRESSION TO THE WELLaKNOWN FORMULA1
FUNCTION.
WE NEED NOT WORRY UNDULY
SINCE, WHATEVER IT 18,
"FORMI FOLLOWS
ABOUT "STYLE"
IT WILL FLOW NATURALLY
FROM THE EXERCISE OF THE TALENT AND INTELLIGENCE
OF THE
DES$INER AND WILL INEVITABLY
A CONSIDERATION OF FUNCTION.
Of A CHURCH STYLE
BE BASED ON
THE NORMAL EVOLUTION
DOES NOT NECESSARILY
IMPLY
10-
NORANCE OR ELIMINATION OF ALL STYLES OF THE PAST*
ACTUALLY SUCH AN EVOLUTION
CONTINUES
THE CREATIVE
PROCESSES Of MAN. 1
"FoRMs AND FUNCTIONS oF 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE",
VOL. 3, CHAPTER 9, PG. 308, BY TALBOT HAMLIN
F.A.I.A. PUBLISHED BY NEW YORK COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
PRESS, 1952.
11
FoU7NIONG
P THE SCHOOL
ORTHODOX ARCHDIOCESE
THE GREEK
TUTE OF AMERICA WAS FOUNDED
HIS HOLINESS
QORiS
I,
THEOLOGICAL
IN OCTOBER,
SNSTI-
1937.
THE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH ATHENA=
AT THAT TME ARCHBISHOP OF NORTH AND
NOW ECUMENICAL
AND
SOUTH AMERICA
PATRIARCH OF
THE GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH AT CONSTANTINOPLE,
FOUNDED THE THEOLOGICAL SCH00L.
HE CLEARLY
CREEK
ORTHODOXV WAS TO
IN THE
AND
AND MOST WISELY UNDERSTOOD
DEVELOPMENT
STRENGTHEN
OF THE CREEK
MAKE
IT
MUST
FROM WITHIN
THE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH ATHENAGORAS 4,
THE
RENEW
THE RANKS
PEOPLE OF AMERtCA.
ORTHODOX
FELT THAT WITHIN
IF
ITS CONTRIBUTION
OF AMERICA,
ITS CLERGY
THAT
DEMOCRACY
STRONGLY
OF AMERICA,
THE
LAND WHERE THE HELLENIL CONCEPTS Of DEMOCRACY,
FREEDOM
AND THE CITY
HAD MOST FULLY BEEN
STATE FORM OF GOVERNMENT
REALIZED, THE ORTHODOX FAITH
AND THE HELLENICmCHRISTIAN
AS A GREAT
INSPIRATION
12
PRINCIPLES
WOULD SERVE
TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
HIS
HOL#NCSS
WITH THE ABLE ASSISTANCE
MOST REVERAND ANTHENAGORAS
CAVADAS,
OF THE
METROPOLITAN
BISHOP OF THYATIRA, WHO WAS THEN CHANCELLOR
THE ARCHDIOCESE
AT POMPRET,
IN NEW YORK$
FOR AN
WAS FIRST SUCCESSFUL
CONNECTICUT.
HEAVILY WOODED,
THE SITE WAS AN OLD ESTATE*
PLEASANT,
A PARADISE-LIKE
WHERE AMERICAN
COULD BE PREPARED FOR THEIR PRIESTLY
RAISED BY THE WIDELY KNOWN GREEK
NATIONAL
HERALD",
YOUTH
VOCATION.
THE ESTATE WAS BOUGHT WITH MONET THAT HAD
"THE
QUIET,
ENVIRONMENT SUITABLE
EDUCATIONAL CENTER,
NEW TOMK,
OF
BEEN
NEWSPAPER
IN
AND APPROPRI-
ATIONS FROM THE ARCHDIOCESE.
THE FIRST CLASS
THEOLOGICAL
OF THE GREEK
INSTITUTE
ORTHODOX
ARCHDIOCESE
IN
OF AMERICA MET
CLASS WAS COMPOSED OF FOURTEEN STUDENTS
1927.
THE
PICKED
FROM ALL PARTS OF THE UNiTED STATES.
THESE FOUR-
TEEN STUDENTS WERE TO FORM THE EMBRYO
OF AMERICARS
FIRST GREEK
ORTHODOX
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL.
SPREAD OVER A FIVE-
THE SCHOOLIS
CURRICULUM WAS
YEAR PERIOD,
AFTER THE COMPLETION
STUDENT$
WERE
TO EMERGE
13
OF WHICH THE
AS ORDAINED
PRIESTS,
WITH
THE KNOWLEDGE,
FAITH AND LOVE NECESSARY
A SOUNCE OF GUIDANCE
TO ACT AS
AND FAITH FOR THE ORTHODOX
PEOPLE OF AMERICA.
THE BASIS Of ALL STUDIER AT THE SCHOOL WAS THE
OREEK
LANGUAGE, FOR IT
IN THE GREEK
WAS
THAT THE HEW TESTAMENT WAS WRITTEN.
LANGUAGE
IT WAS THROUI
THE GREEK LANGUAGE THAT CHRISTIANITY AND THE LIGHT
OF CIVILIZATION
WERE GIVEN TO THE WORLD.
IN ORTHODOX THEOLOGY, HISTORY
COUR$ES
AND CLASSICAL STUDIES
WERE OFFERED.
THE FOUNDER$
IT
OF THE SCHOOL,
HOWEVER,
IN MIND TO PRODUCE THEOLOGIANS,
PURPOSE WAS TO
EQUIP THE STUDENTS
WHICH ARE NECESSARY FOR SUCCES8
OFFICE.
DID NOT
RATHER. THEIR
WITH THE MEANS
IN THE PRIESTLY
IT WAS WITH THIS THOUGHT THAT SPECIAL
EMPHASIS WAS
LAID ON CHRISTIAN MORAL TEACHIMGS.
THE PRIEST MUST BE A MAN OF HIGH IDEALS
PERSONALITY.
EMPHASIS
HAVE
To
AND MORAL
THE SCHOOL WAS OBLIGED TO GIVE THIS
BECAUSE
THE
DIRE NEED OF ABLE CLERICS
WHO
ITS EDUCATIONAL
ARCHDIOCESE WAS
IN
PROGRAM,
COULD MEET, AND SATISFY, THE DEMANDS OF AN EVERINCREASING GREEK ORTHODOX
A SERIES
OF EVENTS
YOUTH.
AND FACTORS
LED TO THE ABANDONm
MENT OF THE SCHOOL AT POMPRET, CONNETICUT AND THE
RELOCATION
sETYS
IN
or THE SCHOOL
AT BROOKLINE,
MASSACHI)m
OCTOBER, 1948.
EVENTS WHICH
THE FIRST
LED TO THE
RELOCATION
OF THE SCHOOL IN BROOKLINE WAS A SERIES OF TWO
WHICH AAZED AND DESTROTED THE SCHOOL BUILD-
FIRES,
IW9o, THE DWING
NAS I M.
ALL,
THE LIBRARY
AND THE GYMe-
MOREOVER, PONFRET WAS Too FAR FROM THE
LARGER UNIVERSITIS AND THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES;
AND IT WAS
REALIZED THAT CONTACT AND ASSOCIATION
WITH OTHER EDUCATIONAL
THE
CENTERS WAS MECESSARY TO
THERE-
DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS OF THE SCHOOL.
FORE,
iN OCTOBER 198 THE OREEK
WAR MOVED TO
CMUSETTS.
A BEAUTIFUL
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL IN
BROOKLINE REMAINED SIMILAR TO WHAT
IN POMFRET, CONNETICUT, Wit"
THEOLOGICAL HORIZON.
A SOMEWHAT BROADER
WERE
AND MORE THEOLOOT COURSES
TO THE CURRICULUM;
AND SPIRITUAL PREPARATION
MADE MUCH
IT HAD BEEN
THE THEOLOGY COURSES
MADE MUCH MORE ExTENSIVE
WERE ADDED
MASSA-
SITE IN BROOKLINE,
THUS
THE PROFESSIONAL
OF THE STUDENTS
HAD SEEN
RICHER AND FULLER.
THE SCHOOL CONTINUES
EACH
TEAR TO GRADUATE
PRIESTS WHO ARE INSPIRED WITH FAITH
YOUNG
IN THE PRINCI-
PLES AND CONCEPTS OF THE ORTHODOX FAITH AND FILLED
WITH THE LOVE OF OUR HELLENI0eCHRISTIAN
15
IDEALS.
GRADUATES
SCHOOL'S
THE
FROM THE TIME OF THE SCHOOLIS FOUNDs
AND ELEVEN.
ING TILL JULY
ATHENAGORAS
THE
FROM
BISHOP OF BOSTON,
THE DEAN
fiT.
THE DEAN WAS THE MOST REVERAND
1949,
OF THYATIRA,
KAVADAS, NOW METROPOLITAN
WHO THEN WAS
TODAY,
TO DATE NUMBER ONE-HUNDRED
or THE THOLOGOAL
EZEDIEL
REV.
194.9 TILL
INSTITUTE
D. TSOUCALAS,
IS
BISHOP OF
NAZIANZOB.
IS
THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL
PROFESSORS;
COMPOSED Or ELEVEN
THEY
FIVE OF WHOM ARE CLERGYMEN.
ARE SPECIALISTS
IN THEOLOGY
AND CREEK
AND
AMERICAN
LETTERS.
A BOARD OF DIRECTORS (UNDER
or
THE ABLE LEADERSHIP
HIS EMINENCE THE ARCHIBISHOP,
TIME ARCH.MICHAEL)
*OVERN
or THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL,
AT THE PRESENT
THE ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
THIS BOARD IS COMe
POSED OF CLERGYMEN AND LAYMEN,
SEVENTEEN
IN ALL,
WHO ARE SELECTED FOR THEIR FINE CHARACTER AND
LOYALTY TO THE CHURCH.
IT MUST BE NOTED THAT FROM
SCHOOL HAS FACED MANT
WHEN
IT WAS
ITS FIRST STEPS, THE
SERIOUS ECONOMICAL PROBLEMS.
FIRST FOUNDEO, ALL THAT EXISTED WERE
THE BulLONOS
AT POMFRET,
16
CONNECTICUT,
ITS WORK,
HOWEVER,
PROGRESSED,
or ITS FOUNDERS.
STARTED COMING
WORK.
CERTAIN
THANKS
TO THE ZEAL AND FAITH
GENEROUS DONATIONS
IN FOR THE SUPPORT
IMMEDIATELY
Or THE SOHOOL#S
COMMUNITtES OF NEW ENGLAND BECAME
STAUNCH SUPPORTERS OF THE NOBLE IDEA WHICH THE
SCHOOL STMOLIZED.
By
1939,
THE SCHOOL WAS KNOWN
TO THE GREEK ORTHODOX POPULATION
UNITED
STATES.
IT
WAS
THEN
ALL OVER THE
THAT THE *SROTHERHOOD
OF THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL" WAS FOUNDED5 THIS
FRATErfNmTY OF GREEK
ORTHODOX PEOPLE,
IS A
WHO CONTRIe
SUTE YEARLY TO THE SUPPORT OF THE SCHOOL#S WORK.
IT IS FROM THIS BROTHERHOOD
THAT THE
0EIVES ITS MAJOR SOURCE OF SUPPORT.
SCHOOL REM
THE BROTHE-
HOOD WAS FOUNDED BY MRe STAMATIOS STAMATELOS,
CHRISTIAN GENTLEMAN9
TORS,
MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIREC-
FREELY GIVING HIS TIME AND
ON THE BROTHERHOOD$$
A
EFFORT TO CARRY
0000 WORK.
AT THE PRESENT TIME THE BUILDINGS AT BROOKLINE
CONSIST OF A LARGE NEORENAISSANCE
THREE*STORY
RESIDENCE WHICH HAS BEEN CONVERTED INTO AN ADMINte
STRATIVE
DOIITORY BUILDING.
BUILDING
IS
AN OLD STABLE BUILDING
CONVERTED TO HOUSE CLASS
MODATIONS
THE ONLY OTHER
AND
ROOMS,
DINING
ROOM*
KNOWN AS CONGOLETTOS
HALL.
17
WHICH HAS BEEN
DORMITORY ACCO
THIS BUILDING
IS NOW
BOTH OF THE EXISTING
BUILDINGS
INADEQUATE
ARE OBSOLETE AND VERY
HOUSE THE ACTIVITIES THEY ARE HOUSING.
BOARD 07 DIRECTORS
TO
THE SCHOOL'S
IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING
ARE
PLANS POR AN EXTENDED BUILDING PROGRAM WHICH WILL
INCLUDE NEW
LIBRARY,
DORMITORY
FACILITIES,
SCHOOL
DINING HALL, ADMINISTRATIVE
ROOMS 9
ACCOMODATIONS,
OYMNASIUM, ATHLETIC PLANT AND OUTDOOR AMPHITHEATER.
THE OREEK
TUTE
ORTHODOX ARCHDIOCESE
IS LOCATED IN AN AREA WHERE THE
oF AMERICA
TRADITION OF LEARNING
IS
ITS CLOSE NEIGHBORS ARE
HARVARD,
TUFTS,
MASSACHUSETTS
WELLESLEY,
NORTHEASTERN,
ORTHODOX
DEEPLY ROOTED.
AMONG
SUCH INSTITUTIONS
AS
INSTITUTE
RADCLI7FE,
AND 00STON
OF TECHNOLOGY,
BOSTON COLLEGE,
UNIVER$ITY,
THEOLOOICAL SCHOOL,
TO MERIT THE
INST1w
THEOLOGICAL
THE GREEK
HOLY CROSS, HOPES
RIGHT TO STAND WITH DIGNITY
IN THIS
COMPANY.
TUFTS 0
HARVARD 0
?.I.T. 0
BOSTON UNIVERSITY *
HOLY CROSS 0
NORTHEASTERN 0
* WELLESLEY
Is
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3HM.S0 S3ALLO0f'O
OF THE SCHOOL
IS THE TRAINING
OP STUDENTS
FOR
RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON
OWEVER,
THE PASTORATE.
APPLICATION
OF
IT
THE MINISTRY
RECOGMIZES THE VARIED
LIFE AS
IN MODERN
WELL AS OTHER LINES OF CHRISTIAN SERVICE.
IT
SEEKS THEREFORE TO TRAIN MEN TO MEET SPECIAL
IN CITY AND RURAL CHURCHES,
NEEDS
AND COMMUNITY
EDUCATION
SIGNS,
DATE
AND
SERVICE,
IN RELIGIOUS
IN FOREIGN MISm
OF HIGHER EDUCATION.
IN FIELDS
THE SCHOOL HAS GRADUATED ONE HUNDRED
THESE PRIESTS ARE SERVING AS LEADERS
COMMUNITIES
DIFFERENT
IN ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPACITIES
THESE YOUNG PRIESTS
PARISHES
SERVE
THROUOHOUT
TO
PRIESTS.
IN MANY
THE COUNTRY
AND
FOR THE ARCHOC0ESE.
IN WORKING THROUGH THEIR
AS A GREAT
INSPIRATION FOR THE GREEK
SOURCE OF GUIDANCE
ORTHODOX YOUTH.
AND
IN
WORKING WITH THE YOUTH OF THE COUNTRY THE PRIESTS
WILL BE ABLE TO OUIDE STUDENTS WHO ARE INTERESTED
IN THEOLOOT AND THE PRIESTHOOD.
THE YOUNG PRIESTS
WILL OE ABLE TO ADVISE THE YOUNG MEN WHO ARE
INTERESTED
IN GOING INTO
THE PRIESTHOOD,
BE IN A POSITION TO RECOMMEND
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL.
IN
STUDENTS
THEY WILL
TO THE
THIS WAY BETTER QUALIFIED
AND MOOECOMPOTENT STUDENTS WILL BE SHOWN THE WAY
INTO THE PRIESTH000
20
THE ARCHDIOCESE
TORS
FORBEE AND
AND THE
BOARD OP
SCHOOL#
INCREASING
RECOGNIZE THE
DIRECe
DEMANDS
WHICH WILL BE PLACED UPON THE PRIESTHOOD.
THE
Of TOMORROW WILL NO LONGER BE PLAIN
PARISHIONERS
IMMIGRANTS WITH SIMPLE DEMANDS UPON THEIR SPIRITUAL
LEADERS.
FUTURE CHURCHeOOERS WILL BE OF THE YOUNGER
THESE WILL COME FROM HIGH SCHOOLS,
OENERATIONS,
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, AND THEY WILL WANT THEIR
THAN BEFORE.
PRIESTS TO STAND ON A HIGHER LEVEL
TO MEASURE UP WITH
THEY WILL WANT THEIR PRIESTS
THEIR NEIGHBOR CLERGYMEN OF THE OTHER FAITHS
AMERICA,
WHO RECEIVE
A PULL AND WELLoROUNDED
OVER MANY TEARS
THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION
GREATER KNOWLEDGE
YEARS
OF THEOLOGY
AND THE
IT WILL BE NECESSARY
or STUDY
INSTEAD OP FIVE
BE EXTENDED
TO SEVEN
TWO BRANCHES.
THAT THE
YEARS
TEARS TO
ACCORDING
SEMINARIES IN AMERICA.
NECESSARY
INCREASE
TO
OF SPECIALIZATION
PRIESTHOOD,
TIONAL STUDY,
SOCIAL
THE
INCREASING TREND TOWARDS
WITH AN
THE POSSIBILITIES
SE
OF STUDY.
PRIESTS OP TOMORROW WILL NEED A
THE ORTHODOX
SCIENCES.
IN
WITHIN
THE
SHOIALD
THE PROGRAM
ALLOW FOR THE ADDI-
TO THE
IN THIS
STANDARDS
OP OTHER
INSTANCE,
IT
WILL
SCHOOL BE SUBwDIVIDED INTO
THE ONE BRANCH WILL CONSIST
Of A
FOUR YEAR COLLEGE COURSE, WHICH WILL EQUIP THE
21
A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF GREEN
STUDENTS
WIT"
ENGLISH,
THE CLASSICS,
A THREE
AND A CULTURAL AND S0010
THE OTHER BRANCH WILL CONSIST
LOsICAL EDUCATION.
0
AND
YEAR ECCLESIASTICAL COURSE,
THE THEOLOGICAL SUBJECTS
IN WHICH
WILL BE TAUGHT MORE
STRICTLY.
INDISPENSABLE
TO
THIS PROPOSED PROGRAM 13 THE
NEED FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND THE ACQUISITION
THE PHTSICAL MATERIALS
ZATION
OF THI
PROGRAM.
22
NECESSARY
Or
POR THE REALI-
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
CHAPEL
CHAPELOR THE
THE CHARACTER OF THE BTZANTINE
ONE EXPERIENCE8
IMPRESSION
ORTHODOX
CHAPEL,
HUMILITY
Of MAN BEFORE
ENTERING A OREEK
WHEN
1S ONE Or
INSIGNIFICANCE
HIS 000.
ON ENTERIMS
CHAPEL THE RiTUAL BEGINS
IN THE NART"EX.
EARLY CHRIST!AN TIMES AN
INDIVIDUAL
CHRISTIAN
HAD
THE
IN
TO BE A
ALLOWED TO
FOR A YEAR BEFORE HE WAS
IN THE NARTHEx
PROCEED INTO THE NAVE.
AND
IS
A SLOP..
#NO DESK
KNOWN TO THE ORTHODOX AS THE PROSKTNI..
TARION.
ON THIS TABLE THE ICON Or THE PATRON
SAINT
18 EXPOSED
FOR VENERATION.
CROSS
THEMSELVES
AND KIS$ THE
CEEDING TO THE NAVE.
ING FROM THE NARTHEX
THE FAITHFUL
ICON BEFORE PRO.
THE EXPERIENCE OF TRANSCENDTO
THE NAVE
IMPRESES THE
WORSHIPPER OF THE ruLL siONiriCANCE
LATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE LITURGY
Or THE
RE.
AND THE STRUCTURE.
THE WORSHIPPER ENTERS THROUGH THE LOW, SOFTLY
LIGHTED NARTHEX INTO THE HIGHER LARGER NAVE,
TERMINATING
AT THE HIGHEST PART 07 THE CHURCH
WHICH IS USUALLY COVERED BY A DOME WITH WINDOWS
AROUND THE PERIPHERY Or ITS BASE.
ALLOW
LIaHT TO FILTER DOWN
AREA IN FRONT OF THE
THESE WINDOWS
INTO THE SOLEA, THE
00NOOSTASIt.
THE ICONO$TASIS
18
ON WHICH
A SCREEN
STASIS
THE
SEPARATES
ICONS
THE
ARE HUNGO
bCONow
FROM THE SOLEA.
THE SANCTUARY
THE HOLT
ICONOSTASIS HAS THREE OPENINGS -
TABLE WITH THE GOSPEL UPON IT AND THE BLESSED
SACRAMENT,
IN
RESERVED
THE PEELINO
BE SEEN THROUGH THE MIDDLE OPENING.
ONE EXPERIENCES ON ENTERING THE NAVE IS
REVERENCE AND HUMBLENESS.
THAT
HE
18 AN
REVERENCE,
INTRUDER ENTERING
THAT HE
ONE OF
THE WORSHIPPER FEELS
AN
INOLOSURE Of
HE FEELS AS NE
PURITY, AND HONESTY.
SHOULD FEEL,
CAN
A SMALL TABERNACLE,
IS AT THE THRESHOLD OP THE
IS MORE
THAN
HOUSE Of HIS #00.
THIS ATMOSPHERE
MERE SENTIMENT, IT
IS A DIONIPIED APPEAL TO MAN#S
BETTER EMOTIONS.
THERE
IS THIS CHARACTER WHICH
OUT OP THE TRANSITION THROUGH
WE MAY
SAY *ROWS
SPACES
OP VARYING CHARACTER,
QUALITY AND VOLUME.
THE CHAPEL MUST PRESERVE AND EMPHASIZE THE
CHARACTER
OP THE
RITUAL.
THE STRUCTURE
ITS HONESTY AND PURITY SHOULD
ALTAR
THE RIGHT PLANNING OP A CHURCH
ENHANCE
1
THROUGH
THE RITUAL.
LARGELY
DE-
PENDENT ON A KNOWLEDGE OP ITS FUNCTIONAL NEEDS.
PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IS THAT THERE
SHOULD SE A CLEAR VIEW OP THE ALTAR FROM
ALL THE
FIKED SEATS, WHETHER THE BUILDING HAS A NAVE WITH
24
OR WITHOUT
SECOND,
AISLES.
OLEA SHOULD
THE
BE LARGE ENOUGH FOR THE PERFORMANCE
Or FUNCTIONS
THAT
ARE NORMALLY CARRIED
OUT.
THE MORE DIFFICULT
IS THE
LARGER THE CHURCH,
ESPECIALLY WHEN
PLANNING,
THE TYPE
OF
THE SIE
tRREGULAR IN SHAPE OR NOT LEVEL.
THE
I$
AVAILABLE
THERE IS MUCH
TO BE SAID IN FAVOR OF THE PRIMITIVE GREEK CROSS
PLAN.
CIRCULAR OR OCTAGONAL
SOLUTIONS
POSED,
IN THE CENTER OF THE ROTUNDA,
WITH THE ALTAR
IN THE VERY MIDST O
TO OFFEND
SENSE O
IS THAT THE ARRANGEMENT
TOO INTIMATELY
AESTHETIC
IN THE EXECUTION
THAT VERY
MYSTICISM WHICH
OF THE
PR0w
THE GREAT DANGER
THE PEOPLE.
IN THIS TYPE OF SOLUTION
TENDS
HAVE BEEN
I8 SO
DELICATE
IMPORTANT
RITUAL.
THE ALTAR
IS THE MAIN FOCAL POINT OF THE CHURCH$
THE ALTAR
IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL
THE BUILDING OF A CHURCH.
THAT WHAT
IS OVIOUSLY
ONE$S NOTICE.
EVOLVED
BUT IT
REASONABLE
DESIGNER
FOR
IS ALSO TRUE
OFTEN
MANY A FAULTY CHURCH
IN WHICH THE
REASONS
ESCAPES
PLAN HAS BEEN
HAS LATER FOUND
IT
DiFFICULT TO GIVE THE PROPER EMPHASIS TO THE ALTAR.
EVENTUALLY
HE HAS
EXCEPTIONS
AND OTHER
HAD TO
25
TAKE
REFUGE
EXPEDIENTS
BEHIND TOLERATED
m MAKESHIFTS THAT
HAVE
RESULTED
FROM THE
INDIFFERENCES
Of THOSE WHO rAILED To THINK OUT
OR STUPIDITY
STRAIGHT
SOLUTIONS
ORSOINALLY.
THE BUSINESS
WITH THE EMPHASIS CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD,
EVIDENT,
Or THE DES#QMER BECOMES
SANCTUARY
AND THE SACRISTY
ACCESS AND AN UNDERSTANDINO
PUNCTIONS
IN A CATHEDRAL,
TO PLAN THE
OF THE LITUMbCAL
IN DEGREE
A PARISH CHURCH9
CHAPEL,
I$
ON THE BASIS OF EAST
THESE LITURGICAL
TO RE PERFORMED THERE.
FUNCYIONS WILL DIFFER,
A CONVENT
IT
BUT NOT IN XIND,
A MONASTIC
HOUSE,
AND A CHAPEL FOR AN INSTITUTION
SUCH AS A COLLEGE, SCHOOL OR HOSPITAL.
THE CHRISTIAN ALTAR IS A TABLE ON WHICH THE
EUCHARISTIC SACRIFICE IS OFFERED.
OP ALL THE
ACCESSORIES Of CHRISTIAN WORSHIP, THE ALTAR HAS
ALWAYS
RANKED
THE CHURCH
FIRST
IN
DIGNITY AND *MPORTANICE.
IS BUILT FOR THE
FOR THE CHURCH.
THE SKY,
NOT THE ALTAR
THE SUPREME ACT Of CHRISTIAN
WORSHIP CAN BE PERFORMED
OCCASION DEMANDS,
ALTAR,
IN THE OPEN AIR WHEN
WITH NO OTHER COVERING
THAN
BUT THE HOLY SACRIFICE CAN NEVER BE
OFFERED UP WITHOUT AN ALTAR, NO MATTER HOW SMALL,
SIMPLE, AND UNADORNED.
THE ALTAR $HOULD
THE FOCAL POINT Or THE DESIGN.
26
BE MADE
DURING THE FIRST CENTURIES
OF CHPISTIANITY,
THE
HOLY ENOHARST WAS CELEBRATED
IN PRIVATE HOUSES
ON ORDINARY
THE WORD "ALTAR"
DOMESTIC
TABLES.
WAS CAREFULLY AVOIDED BY THE EARLY CHRISTIANS
BECAUSE OF ITS PAGAN ASSOCIATIONS, AND MOST HISs
TORIANS ARE OF THE OPINION THAT I7 WASN 1 T USED
BEFORE THE F97TH CENTURY.
DEPICTED
IN THE FRESCOES
OF VARIOUS
SHAPES:
CIRCULAR.
SOME HAVE
ARE MORE
OF THE CATACOMBS
SQUARE,
ROUND,
THREE LEGS,
THE
OMMON.
THE WOODEN TABLES
HOLY
ARE
AND SEMIw
BUT FOUR LEGS
U'%HARIST WAS ALSO
CELEBRATED ON OR NEAR THE TOMBS
OF THE MARTYRS
IN THE CATACOMBS
FROM THE FIRST QVARTER OF THE
SECOND CENTURY.
IN THIS CASE, THE
OVER THE
TOMB SERVED AS THE ALTAR,
STONE SLAB
WHICH OFTEN
OCCUPIED A SPACE HEWN OUT OF THE ROCK,
ARCOSOLIuM,
WHICH FORMED A SORT OF CANOPY OVER IT.
MORE FRE-
QUENTLY THE ALTAR WAS DETACHED FROM THE WALL AND
00$ISTED OF AN OBLONG OR SQUARE SLAB OF STONE
OR MARBLE
RESTING
ON ONE OR MORE COLUMN$.
WHEN
CHRISTIANS GAINED FREEDOM
OF WORSHIP
CENTURY,
OF WOOD OR STONE WERE
ERECTED
PERMANENT
ALTARS
FOR THE FIRST TIME
OREAT WAS
THE VENERATION
ALLY IN ROME,
THAT
IN WESTERN
27
EUROPE.
FOR THE MARTYRS,
IN ALMOST
STOOD OVER THE TOMB
IN THE FOURTH
EVERY
OF A MARTYR.
CHURCH
so
ESPE0lTHE ALTAR
At 4p
4p
v--
Ik%
e
PLAN
THE GREEK CROSS PLAN
BAPTISTRY
IS LOGICAL FOR AN
OR A MONUMENTAL MAUSOLEUM.
OTHER HAND0
IT
ISOLATED
ON THE
IS PRACTICAL, LOGICAL, AND PSYCHOQ
LO4ICALLT VALID BOTH FOR THE PROTESTANT CHURCH
AND FOR THE ORTHODOX CHURCH.
TO THE ARCHITECTURAL
EVEN WITHOUT REOARD
THE CHURCH9
TRADITION OF
IT
MAT BE ADVOCATED FOR SIX PRACTICAL MEANS:
1.
THE SERMON IS STILL IMPORTANT,
IF NOT DOMINANT,
ESPECIALLY IN THE ORTHODOX SERVICES.
CHURCHES BUILT
IN THE EARLY
IN MANT
TWENTIETH CENTURY,
IT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE MORE
IMPORTANT THAT THE
PEOPLE BE GROUPED NEAR AND AROUND THE PREACHER
THAN
IN FRONT OF HIM.
IN THE OREEK CROSS PLAN,
WITH EITHER A CENTER OR A SIDE PULPIT, A MUCH
LARGER PEROENTABE
SPEAKER AS WELL AS
OF THE GROUP
IN FULL
IS OLOSER TO THE
DIRECT VIEW
Of THE
CHANCEL.
2.
THE GREEK OROSS PLAN MAKES MORE EFFICIENT USE
OF THE GROSS AREA.
RECTANGULAR BLOCKS Of STRAIGHT
PEWS, USING THE SAME UNIT $PACINGS0
TEEN PER CENT
MORE SEATING
IN THE
CURVED PEWS AND RADIATING AISLES.
28
PERMIT FOUi.
SAME AREA THAN
3.
FOR A GIVEN AREA THE
ECONOMY IN THE REPETITION
IS ALSO
AND THERE
RULESOFmTHUMS
PRINCIPAL THAT THE COST
IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
TRUSSO
THE COST
LIZED PLAN
Or
ASSUMING CORRECTNESS OF THE
SIMPLER UNITS.
THE
ARE SHORTER
ROOF $PANS
OF TRUSSES
SQUARE OF THE $PAN
OF THE
OVER A CENTRA-
Of ROOF CONSTRUCTION
IS TWO AND ONE-HALF TO THREE AND ONES
HALF TIMES AS MUCH AS THAT OVER A GREEK CROS$
PLAN.
4.
IN
REPETITIVE
THE
THE LONGITUDINAL
STRUCTURAL
SCHEME
SYSTEM INHERENT
PERMITS BUILDING IN
CESSIVE STAGES, WHICH IS OFTEN DESIRABLE
Sli.e
IN $UBw
URBAN AND MISSION CHURCHES.
5.
VOLUME
BUT ALSO
IS A FACTOR
NOT ONLY
IN MAINTENANCE
THE GREATER THE MAXIMUM
HEIGHT AND HENCE
IN ORIOINAL COST
AND HEATION.
IN GENERAL,
SPAN THE GREATER THE
THE GREATER THE VOLUME FOR A GIVEN
AREA.
6.
A PART OF THE SASIC ARCHITECTURAL
REATER THAN THE WIDTH,
OF THE CHUICH
IS A HEIGHT
AND THE GREEK
CROSS PLAN PRODUCES
EFFECT
REDUCED
THE
Or HEIGHT WITH LESS VOLUME.
OF HEIGHT CAN BE FURTHER
FOR THE
ENHANCED,
SAME PROPORTION,
29
TRADITION
DESIRED
THE EFFECT
OR THE VOLUME
BY THE USE Or
COLONNADES
AND CLERESTORY WINDOWS.
FUNCTIONAL COLUMNS ALSO ENHANCES
RHYTHM ESSENTIAL
FORWARDeMOVING
THE USE OF
THE DYNAMiC,
IN THE CHURCHS
TRADITION.
THE SANCTUARY
THE SANCTUARY
18 THAT PART OF THE CHURCH WHICH
ENCLOSES THE ALTAR AND EXTENDS
THE
IN
HUN
AND
THE EARLY HISTORY OF
ON THE COMMUNION
SCREEN9
KNOWN
0NOSTA$1S,
DEVELOPED rROM THE COMMUNION
ICONOSTASIS
ICONS WERE
TO THE
GRADUALLY
THE COMMUNION
THE PORTION OF THE
THE
IT NECESSARY
SANCTUARY
TO
DEVELOPMENT
RELOCATE
(BEHIND THE ALTAR)
RESERVED FOR THE BISHOP AND DIGNITARY O
CHURCH.
RAIL
INTO A SINGLE
INTEGRATED
AS THE ICONOSTASIS.
Of THE ICONOSTASI$ MADE
ICONS WERE
THE CHURCH9
RAIL.
RAIL.
THE
THE SISHOPtS CHAIR WAS MOVED OUT INTO
THE SOLEA IN FRONT o
THE CHOIR WHERE THE BSOP
COULD ONCE AGAIN BE SEEN BY THE WORSHIPPER$.
IN A LARGE NUMBER
THE
SANCTUARY
IS
OF MODERN GREEK
ORTHODOX CHURCHES,
PAR TOO SMALL TO PERMIT LITURGICAL
FUNCTIONS TO SE CARRIED OUT WITH EASE AND DIGNITY.
IT MAY BE SAID WITH TRUTH THAT A SANCTUARY
NEVER SE TOO LARGE TO
SATISFY THE PRIEST.
CAN
THERE
SHOULD BE A BARE MINiMUM OF SIX FEET BETWEEN THE
30
ALTAR AND THE IOONOSTASIS.
IT
IS OFTEN DESIRED TO RAISE
THE LEVEL Of
siX
THE SANOTUARY
ABOVE
STEPS OF
THE NAVE, PREPERABLY THREE
THE FLOOR Or THE SANCTUARY
9NCHES EACH.
SHOULD SE OF A MATERIAL EASILY CLEANED A$ THERE
IS ALWAYS
THE DANfER OF GREASE MARKS
ACOLYTES#
CANDLES,
PROM THE
OR HOT CHARCOAL BEING
THE SANCTUARY
8? THE THUCIPER.
TAIN A BASIN WITH A PIPE
DROPPED
SHOULD ALSO CO..
RUNNING
INTO THE GROUND,
INTENDED FOR THE DISPOSAL or WATER THAT
AND 1
HAS SEEN USED
FOR ANY SACRED PURPOSE.
THE BASIN
SHOULD ALSO BE A SMALL CUPBOARD, AUMSR?, TO CONTAIN THE HOLY
TAINS
WINES AND OTHER ARTICLES
OILS9,
PER
TO THE EXECUTION Of THE LITURGY.
SACRISTY
EARL?
CHURCHES SELDOM
VESTRIES.
KEPT
POSSES$ED $ACROSTIS
THE VESTMENTS
IN AUMBRIES
OR CUPOARDS
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES1
DEVELOPED
MATELT
SACRED VESSELS WERE
IN THE CHURON.
ENSLANDO,
SOME VERY PINE
EVEN IN A SMALL CHURCH
VDED.
AND
OR
RANCE AND
IN
ITALY
SACRISTIES.
A SACRISTY
SHOULD BE PROm
THE AREA Or THE SACRISTY SHOULD SE APPROXIM
250
SQUARE FEET.
31
THE
SACRISTY SHOULD PROVIDE SPACE
A STEEL,
FiREPROOF
SHOULD HOLD THE SACRED VESSELS,
AND PARISH
CANDLESTICKS,
CAPES,
SAFE
FOR VESTMENTS,
VASES.
REt ISTERS.
THE SAPTISTRT
THE BAPTISTRY
IS USUALLY LOCATED NEAR THE
OR PONT
FRONT or THE CHURCH, OFF THE NARTHEX.
THE PRESENT TREND
SUCH A WAY THAT
13 TO LOCATE THE BAPTISTR
IT
EASIER FOR THE
TO PERFORM THE RITUAL AND QIVES MORE
THE CEREMONY.
IN THE MIDDLE,
PLATFORM
THE WATER ENTERED
ON THE EDGE OF THE TANK WAS A
ON WHICH THE
PRIEST STOOD WHEN BAPTISINO
EIGHTH CENTURY
ABOUT THE
HAD BECOME
THE NORMAL CUSTOM.
THE CHURCH
WAS
TO WHICH A PLIGHT OF STEPS
CONVERTS.
INTO
DIGNITY TO
ROMAN BATH CHAMBER, WITH
LED DOWN FROM THE FLOOR LEVEL.
THROUCH PIPES,
PRIEST
THE ORIGINAL FORM OF BAPTISTR
SASED ON THE TYPICAL
A TANK
IN
IT IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE
THIS MAKES
SANCTUARY.
HOWEVER,
ITSELF,
INFANT BAPTISM
THE FONT WAS MOVED
OR ELSE PLACED
IN THE
NARTHEX, OR INNER PORCH.
SEATING
FIXED SEATING ACCOMODATIONS
32
FILLING UP THE WHOLE
OR THE
GREATER PART OF THE CHURCH
IS
SOMETHING
WHICH HAS DEVELOPED IN MODERN TIMES.
AQES OF CHRISTIANITY
PERMANENT
IT
S
HIGHLY
IN THE EARLY
IMPROBABLE
SEATS WERE EVER OONTEMPLATED.
THAT
IT WAS
U$UAL FOR THE MEN AND WOMEN TO BE SEPARATED,
17
THERE WAS A BALCONY IN THE CHURCH THE WOMEN WERE
PLACED IN THE BALCONY AND THE MEN ON THE MAIN
FLOOR.
STOOD
PENITENTS
IN THE NARTHEX,
CATFOHISa
MENS OCCUPIED THE REAR OF THE CHURCH, THE REST OF
THE FAITHFUL AOCORDIN
TO THEIR SOCIAL STATUS
STOOD
IN THE FRONT PART OF THE NAVE OR IN THE AISLES.
THE ONLY PERMANENT
STONE SEATS
IN THE EARLY CHURCHES WERE
SEATS
AGAINST THE SIDE WALLS
PIERS OF THE NAVE.
OR AROUND
THE
THESE CHAIR$ WERE OCCUPIED BY
THE DIGNITARY OF THE CHURCH.
THE SEATING
VERY
ACCOMODATIONS
IMPORTANT.
FAIL TO
OCCUPY
REALIZE
SUCH
07 A MODERN CHURCH ARE
TOO MANY PRIESTS
THIS.
THE SEATS,
A GREAT PROPORTION
AND ARCHITECTS
INASMUCH
AS THEY
OF THE INTERIOR,
MAY MAKE OR RUIN THE VISUAL APPEARANCE
OF THE
CHURCH.
MOST CHURCHES ARE OVERmOROWDED
IS A GREAT VALUE
GREATER EASE
IN OPEN SPACES
IN KEEPING
WITH CHAIRS.
THERE
IN THE TERMS OF
THE CHURCH
CLEAN,
VI*UAL
THERE SHOULD ALWAYS
EASE Or CIRCULATION.
HARMONY9
SE WIDE 6ANGWAYS AROUND THE ENTRANCE 000R8,
PLENTY Or SPACE IN THE AISLES.
AND
IN A SMALL CHURCH
A WIDTH OF SIX PEET IS CONVENIENT
IOR THE CENTER
AISLE, AND NOT LESS THAN THREE FEET POR SIDE AISLES.
IN PLACES WHERE THE CONGREGATION
FLUCTUATES
ING TO THE SEASONS Of THE YEAS, THERE
ACCORDSw
18 MUCH TO
BE SAID IN PAVOR OF ONLY PROVIDINO PERNANENT SEATe
ING ACCOMMODATION$
IN PART OP THE CHURCH, ADDING
OHAINS WHEN NEEDED AND KEEPING THEM STORED AWAY
AT OTHER TIMES.
THE SIZE AND SPACING OP PEWS
THAN
e
BACK TO SACK OP AISLES
FOR SEATS TWENTY
SHOULD BE NOT LESS
THREE FEET, WIDTH
INCHES, AND PEW HEIGHT TWO PEET
EIGHT INCHES.
THE PORCH AND MAIN ENTRANCE
A PORCH
$
ENTRANCE
OF THE BIJILONO.
TURIES Of
PRIMARILY A COVERED APPROACH TO THE
IN THE FIROT SIX *EN.
NRISTIANITY THESE COVERED
WERE PUT TO A VERY PRACTICAL USE.
APPROACHES
MORE OFTEN
THAN NOT THERE WAS A COURTYARC7 WSTH OPEN *LOISTERS,
AROUND IT.
IN THE CENTER Of THE COURTYARD, KNOWN
AS AN ATRIUM, WAS A WELL OS FOUNTAIN WHERE THE
WORSHIPPERS
WASHED THEIR HANDS SEFORE
ENTERING
THE SuILDIMs.
LARGE PORCHES
OR COURTYARODS WERE
NECESSART IN
PRIMITIVE TIMES, FOR THERE WERE CLASSES
OF PEOPLE
WHO WERE NOT ALLOWED TO ENTER THE CHURCH PROPER.
THEY
THEY STOOD
WERE KNOWN AS PENITENTS.
IN THE
OPEN COURTYARD OR PORCH AND ASKED FOR PRAYERS OF
THE FAITHFUL.
SOMETIMES THERE WAS A PORCH KNOWN
AS A NARTHEX.
THIS ARRANGEMENT
SURVIVAL
Of THE PLANNINO
OP
IS MERELY
A TYPICAL
THE
ROMAN HOUSE
WHICH THE FIRST CHRISTIANS USED AS A CHURCH.
TODAY MAINLY BECAUSE OF ECONOMIC LIMITATIONS THE
PORCH HAS BEEN GREATLY
AN AREA OR COURTYARD
REDUCED
HOWEVER,
SHOULD BE PROVIDED lN FRONT
OF THE CHURCH
TO RECEIVE
PERS WHEN THE
SERViCE
USUALLY GATHER
IN $IZE.
THE OVERFLOW
ENDS.
OF WORSHIPe
THE WORSHIPPERS
IN FRONT OF THE CHURCH AND EXOHANCE
IDEAS AND OPINIONS AFTER THE RITUAL.
DORMITORIES
THE DORMITORY PROVISIONS
NATURE9
0OULD SE OF A SIMPLE
DESIGNED IN A MANNER TO PROMOTE A PEELING
OF FELLOWSHIP BETWEEN THE STUDENTS AND THE FACULTY
MEMBERS
OF THE SEMINAR.
35
IT-WILL BE DESIRABLE IF
AND FACULTY MEMBERS
ALL STUDENTS
ACCOMMODATIONS
OF A SIMILAR QUALITY AND CONSIDERo
THE $TUDENT DORMITORY QUARTERS SHOULD BE
ATION.
DESI4NED TO ACCOMMODATE
FOUR
IMMEDIATE
EACH
POSSESSIONS.
COMMON WASHROOM, LAVATORIES
CONSULARS.
MEMBERS MAY
AND QUARTERS
VIEWS AND
AND CURRENT PROBLEMS.
FOR FLOOR
IDEAS
AND FACULTY
ON ACADEMIC
THE BUILDING MAY BE BUILT
THE FIRST STAGE WOULD COMPLETE A
FOR STUDENT QUARTERS,
WING OF THE BUILDING
SECOND WOULD COMPLETE
ADMINISTRATIVE
AND THEIR
LOOR SHOULD HAVE A
AREAS WHERE STUDENTS
EXCHANGE
STAQES.
STUDENTS
FLOOR MAY BE ADVANTAGEOUSLY
THE GROUND
USED FOR MEETING
IN TWO
ARE PROVIDED WITH
THE
A WINO FOR FACULTY AND
MEMBERS.
THE PLUMBINO WHERE CONCENTRATED IN GENERAL WAS..
ROOM$
SHOULD NOT BE TOO LARGE;
EACH
SHOULD SERVE
NOT MORE THAN THIRTY OR THIRTTwFIVE STUDENTS9
APPROXIMATELY
ONE FIXTURE
IN ROOMS
SHOULD BE
SEPERATE FROM THE ROOMS WITH LAVATORIES
THE CEILINGS IN ALL THESE
AND SHOWERS OR TUBS.
SPACES
OF EACH TYPE FOR EVERY
WATER CLOSETS
FOUR OR FIVE STUDENTS.
WITH
SHOULD BE TREATED WITH SOUND-ABSO0SNC
MATERIAL.
DORMITORY CORRIDORS
PROVIDE MEANS
SHOULD BE WIDE
OF EGRESS
36
AND SHOULD
TO 00ORS OR STAIRS LOCATED
AT THE
EXTREMITIES
OF TRAVEL.
Or DIRECTIONS
SOUND ABSORPTIVE BQRFACE FOR THE CEILING ARE
ESSENTIAL.
THERE HAVE BEEN MANY SURVEYS
AND STUDIES MADE AS
TO THE MOST DESIRABLE NUMBER Of STUDENTS
GROUPED IN ROOMS AND OTUDENT
NUMBER CONSIDERED DESIRABLE
RESIDENCES.
TO SE
THE
VARIES WITH DIFFERENT
HOWEVER IT SEEMS THAT FORTY TO PIPfTT
INSTITUTIONS.
MAY BE A 4000 AVERAGE,
LARGE
ENU0SH FOR DIVERSITY
Of TEMPERAMENT AMONG THE STUDENTS AND SMALL ENOUOH
FOR THEM TO PORM A COHE$IVE BODY.
PER ROOM AND FORTY PER FLOOR SHOuLD
A GROUP PROPORTION
DINING
FOUR STUDENTS
TEND To GivE
DESIRABLE.
FACILITIE8
EFFICIENCY
FROM THE STANDPOINT
FOOD PREPARATION USUALLY
PROVIDING
FOR NOT LESS
THE BUYING
PERSON,
Of BUYING AND
REQUIRES AN ESTABLISHMENT
THAN TWO HUNDRED
PERSONS.
Of P000 SHOULD BE CONTROLLED BY ONE
rAMILIAR WITH THE NEEDS
OF THE KiTCHEN.
AND REQUIREMENTS
FOOD MAY BE STORED IN CENTRAL
DRY STORAGE 9
COLD LOCKER ROOMS AND REFRIGERATOR.
WHATEVER THE
$IZE, THE KITCHEN SHOULD BE ON THE
37
SAME LEVEL WITH THE DINING ROO , THOUGH DELIVERIES
AND FOOD STORAGE
AND SOME PREPARATION AREAS
MAY
BE PROVIDED FOR ON A LOWER AREA.
LIBRARY
PROMOTE A GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
LIARITY WITH THE CATALOOUE
OF ROOKS AND A FAMt#l
AND
ALL UNNECESSARY 0SSTSUCTIONS.
INOEXES.
REMOVE
THE ROOK STACKS
SUFFICIENT
MAY St FREELY OPEN TO THE STUDENTS.
SEATS FOR TWENTTOfIVE PER CENT OF THE STUDENT BOOT
IS NOW CONSIDERED MINIMUM, AND FORTY OR FtITT PER
CENT PREFERABLE.
THERE IS NO ACCEPTED STANDARD
FOR THE RELATION BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF
ROOKS AND
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS.
THE POSITION OF THE LIPRARY $OULD
RE CENTRAL
WiTH RESPECT TO CLASS ROMS AND OTHER ACADEMIC
FACILITIES.
DIRECT ACCESS
SHOULD BE PROVIDED
TO THE CORE OF THE LIBRARY AND ALL LIBRARY FUN0
TIONS SHOULD BE RELATED TO THAT CORE.
AREAS
SHOULD BE COMPORTABLE
THE READING
AND ATTRACTIVE AND
THE BOOKS SHOULD SE READILY ACCESSIBLE.
THE CIRCULATION DESK SHOULD BE AMPLE FOR CHARGING
SOOKS, BEHIND IT THERE SHOULD BE SPACE FOR WORK
DESKS AND BOOK TRUCKS,
38
ROOKS HELD IN RESERVE.
US E RELATI ONSHIPS
THE INTERaRELATIONSHIP OP THE SPACES
THE
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL $OULD
SE So
USED WITHIN
RELATED AS TO
MAKE THEIR USE AS EFFICIENT AND EN4OYABLE
POSSIBLE.
AS
IN oRDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND AND APw
PRECIATE THE INTERmRELATIONSHIP
OF THE SPACES
USED IT 15 NECESSARY TO INVESTIGATE THE DAILY
ACTIVITIES OF THE INDIVIDUALS
THE BASI6
PATTERNS OF USE WITHIN THE SCHOOL ARE
A DERIVATIVE
SCHOOL.
USING THE SPACES.
OF THE FOUR COMPONENT
PARTS
OF THE
MAINLY THE ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY,
STUDENT AND SERVICING BODIES.
ADMINISTRATIVE
SECRETARIES WHO TAKE CARE or ALL CORRESPONDENCE.
THE DEAN AND ASSISTANT DEAN WHO
DEVELOP SCHOOL
OIRRICULUM POLICY AND MEET WITH THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS OF THE SCHOOL AND MEET WITH OFFICIALS
FROM THE ARCPHDIO@ESE TO REPORT ON PROGRESS OF
THE SCHOOL AND INDIVIDUAL
TRATIVE
STUDENT.
THE ADMINISa
ODT GOES TO CHAPEL AND EATS WITH THE
STUDENT BODY.
39
FACULTY
THE FACULTY
IS COMPOSED OF TWO GROUPS.
TEACHES
COURSES
COURSES
IN THE LIBERAL ARTS.
ONE GROUP
IN THEOLOGY AND THE OTHER GROUP
THE FACULTY LIVES
WITHIN THE SCHOOL SEPERATED FROM THE STUDENTS
BUT WITHIN CLOSE
RELATIONSHIP WITH THEM TO MAKE
IT POSSIBLE FOR THEM TO SUPERVISE STUDENT ACTIVIe
TIES AND HOLD MEETINOS
FACULTY TAKES PART
AND LECTURE SESSIONS.
IN THE WORSHIP
EATS WITH THE STUDENT BODY.
FORMAL ACTIVITY
TRAT1VE BODY
ANNOUNCEMENTS
SESSIONS AND
THE DINING IS A VERY
IN WHICH THE FACULTY
ARE GIVEN A COMMANDING
AND DAILY REPORTS
AND ADMINI S..
POSITION.
ARE GIVEN IN THE
DINING HALL.
DORM.
CHAPEL
4o
THE
DINING
CLASSES
0ERVICES
THE MAIN
SERVICES
SUPPLIED TO THE THEOLOGICAL
SCHOOL PRM OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL PROPER ARE THOSE
RELATED
DINING HALL AND THE SCHOOL.
To THE
STUDENTS
THE STUDENT#S
DAY BEGINS AT
MORNINO AND ENDS AT
ACTIVITIES
10,00
6:oo
O'CLOCK
o'CLOO
IN THE
AT NIGHT.
AND TIME ARE VERY WELL PLANNED
His
0
THAT
HE WILL BE ABLE TO UTILIZE HIS EFFORTS TO THEIR
A TYPICAL
PuLL ADVANTAGE.
STUDENT
AND WORK AT THE THEOLOGICAL
CHAPEL AT
6:30
DINING HALL.
THE
REST Or THE MORNimG
IS A NOON RECESS
TILL 4400 P.M.
SCHOOL CONSISTS OF
A.M. AND THEN BREAKFAST
AT CLASSES AND SUPERVISED
THERE
DAY OF LIFE
STUDY.
TILL
THE HOURS
41
is SPENT
AFTER LUNCH
2:00 P.M. AND CLASSES
BETWEEN
O'CLOCK ARE AT THE STUDENT$
IN THE
FOUR AND SIX
DISPOSAL FOR
MEDITATION,
Ot CLOCK
RECREATION
OR RELAXATION.
VESPER SERVICES
ARE HELD
NAMES
IS ANOTHER SUPERVISED
IN THE EVENING CERTAIN
PERIOD.
IN THE CHAPEL,
PROM SEVENeTHIRTY
AFTER WHICH SUPPER FOLLOWS.
TO MINEwTHIRTY THERE
STUDENTS,
ARE POSTED ON A BULLETIN BOARD,
TO CLEAN THE CHAPEL, CLASS
KITCHEN,
AT SIX
ROOMS,
STUDY
WHOSE
ARE REQUIRED
DINING HALL,
HALLWAYS AND THE SCHOOL OFFICES.
THESE
NAMES ARE CHANGED EACH MONTH.
THE FIRST
THE DISHES
THURSDAYS
YEAR STUDENTS TAKE TURNS
AND THE SECOND
ALL THE STUDENTS
OPT FROM ONE TILL SIX P.M.
IN WASHING
YEAR MEN WAIT AT TABLES.
HAVE THE AFTERNOON
THIS TIME CAN BE SPENT
ANY WAY THE STUDENT FEELS TO BE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS
ON SATURDAY
TO THEM.
INS
AFTERNOONS, A GENERAL CLEAN.
IS MADE OF THE BUILDINGS AND SCHOOL GROUNDS.
AT CERTAIN
SEASONS
THE GOAS$,
TAKE CARE OF THE FLOWER GARDENS,
OF THE YEAR, THE STUDENTS
CUT
AND
CULTIVATE THE VEGETABLE GARDEN AND SHOVEL $NOW.
SUNDAY
IS A DAY
AND RECREATION.
AND THE
DEDICATED
TO PRAYER, MEDITATION
IN THE MORNING, MATIN SERVICES
DEVINE LITURGY ARE HELD IN THE CHAPEL.
42
IN THE AFTERNOON
LECTURES
ARE GIVEN,
OR FILMS
WITH A RELIOWOUS OR SOCIAL CONTENT ARE SHOWN.
THE SCHOOL CONTRIBUTES TO THE SPIRITUAL WELLS
REINO Or THE
ORTHODOX
PEOPLE THROUGH THE
WHICH ITS STUDENT PRESS PRINT$;
THE SERMONS
AND TALKS,
AT PARISH CHURCHES
BROOKLINE,
ITS WEEKLY
DELIVER
HALF-
HELD OVER STATION WVOP OF
WASSACHUSETTS.
43
THROUGH
WHICH THE STUDENTS
AND THROUGH
HOUR RADIO BROADCAST,
ALSO,
BOOKS#
STRU T1R
THE STRUCTURE
SHOULD BE
IT MAY BE DESIGNED
#7
SOUND$
IT
8
NO MATTER HOW WELL
STRUCTURALLY
UNSOUND
THE SUILDING MUST SE CAPABLE
IT IS A FAILURE.
Or
RESISTRNO ALL THE PHYSICAL FORCES WHICH MAY BE
DIRECTED
AGAINST
THE STRUCTURE WHEN PROPERLY
IT.
INTEGRATED INTO THE
DESIGN CAN
ADO A GREAT
DEAL
TO THE CHARACTER Or THE B0ILDING.
WORST OF ALL IS THE PRESENT MANIA
INSURANCE
STRIJCTION.
FOR CHEAP CONe
TABLES DISCLOSE THE FACT
THAT A CHEAP FRAME CHURCH HAS AN ECONOMIC LIFE
OF TEN
TEEN
TO FIrTEEN YEARS9
TO TWENTY
YEARS,
CHEAP BRICK VENEER PIPF.
CHEAP BRICK TWENTY-FIVE
TO
THIRTY YEARS,
OOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION TWENTY-PIVE
TO THIRTY-rIVE
YEARS,
SIXTY YEARS9
THE BEST FRAME FORTY TO SIXTY YEARS,
THE BEST BRICK
FIFTY TO
STONE SEVENTYeFIVE
BEST
GOOD BRICK( THIRTY-FIVE To
SEVENTY-FIVE
TO A HUNDRED
YEARS,
YEARS,
AND THE
STONE FOURH-UNDRED TO EIGHT HUNDRED
YEARS.
THUS AN ORDINARY
SMALL FORTY THOUSAND DOLLAR
CHURCH
VENEER,
9
IN BRICK
OREGATION
ABOVE
TWO
THOUSAND
ALL INTERESTS,
ORDINARY
WILL HAVE COST
DOLLARS A YEAR
INSURANCE
THE CONe
OVER AND
AND UPKEEP.
STONE CHURCH COSTiNG FORTY THO'SAND
44j
0000
AN
DOLLARS MAY HAVE A FEW LESS
SITTINGS
WILL HAVE NO
BRICK VENEERED ONE, BUT IT
AND THEN
ATION FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS,
ANNUAL
THAN THE
IT
DEPRECIw
AVERAGE
DEPRECIATION WILL BE BUT PIFTT TO A HUNDRED
DOLLARS PER YEAR.
THE BUILDINGS OF THE THEOLOCICAL SCHOOL WILL BE A
STRUCTURE ON A MODULAR GRID
REINfORCED CONCRETE
THE ROOF CONSTUCTION WILL SE A THREE
SYSTEM,
SHELL VAULT SPANNING SIXTEEN FEET.
OF THE VAULTING FORM WILL ALLOW
BE USED OVER AND OVER AGAIN
AND DINING BUILDING, THE
IN THE CLOISTER,
THUS
THE SAMC FORMS TO
3N THE OTM, AUDITORIUM,
DORMITORT
ON MASONRY BEARING WALLS,
SHELL DOMES
FACTURE
OF FORM
A THREE
AND SUPPORTED
SIMILAR IN CONSTRUCTION
OF THE FACTORY FOR THE MANl
OF RUBBER PRODUCTS
MOUNTAINOUS
BUILDING AND
REDUCING THE COST
INCH SHELL DOME SPANNING FORTY FEET
TO THE
THE REPETITION
THE CHAPEL DOME WILL BE
A MINIMUM.
WORK TO
INCH
DISTRICT
IN
BUILT IN THE SLEAK
SOUTH WALES.
CLERESTOREY
LIGHTING ON ALL FOUR SIDES OF THE SHELL WILL GIVE
THE MAIN
SOURCE
OF LIGHT
INTO
SINO THE AREA UNDER THE DOME.
THE SOLEA,
EMPHASI-
THE ONLY OTHER LIGHT
INTO THE CHAPEL WILL 9E THROUGH SMALL SPOT LIGHT
WINDOWS.
THE
PARTITION WALLS BETWEEN
THE DORMIh
TORTIS SLEEPING CELLS WILL BE OF LIGHT CINDER BLOCK
45
CONSTRUCTION, WITH A PLAIN CINDER BLOCK FINISH.
THII WILL REDUCE THE BUILDINOfS DEAD LOAD AND THE
COST OF
THE FLOOR COVERING WILL
INTERIOR FINISH.
BE A SIMPLE ASPHALT TOLE AND THE CEILING WILL BE
COVERED WITH AN
Rooms$
ACOUSTICAL TILE TO HELP REDUCE THE
REVERSERATION
TIME.
THE EXTERIOR WALLS
SKIN CONSTRUCTION COMPOSED OF
WILL BE A THIN
A
PRE-CAST MASONRY PANEL BACKED UP WITH CINDER SLOCK.
THE FINISHES
IN THE CHAPEL AND GYM, AUDITORIUM,
DINNG BUILDING WILL BE THE NATURAL BUILDING MATERIw
AL FINISHES.
TERRAZZO
THE CHAPEL AND
DIMINO
ROOM WILL HAVE
AND THE GYM AUDITORIUM
FLOORS
ROOM WILL
HAVE A HARDWOOD FLOOR FOR GREATER RESILIENCE.
THE BUILDINGS
WILL BE $UPPLIED WITH HEAT FROM A
CENTRAL HEATING PLANT LOCATED IN THE BASEMENT Or
THE EXISTING BUILDING.
UNDER THE WALK$
S0
THE HEAT TUNNEL WILL BE
THAT THEIR HEAT LOST WILL MELT
THE WINTER $NOW$*
AT THE PRESENT
QUIREMENT
SPACE.
is FOR MORE DORMITORY
TORY HAS BEEN
IN TWO
TIME THE MO4T CRITICAL SPACE RE-
STAGES,
DESIGNED 80 THAT
IT CAN BE BUILT
IF SUFFICiENT FUNDS TO
WHOLE BUILDING ARENOT COLLECTED.
46
THE DORMIt
0UILD
THE
THE LONG UNIT
or THE DORMITORY COULD BE BUILT FIRST
THE SMALLER UNIT COULD BE BUILT LATER.
47
AND TN
DESIGN INTEGRATION
IN APPROACHING THE DESiGN OF THE HOLY CROSS THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL THREE FACTORS
IMPORTANCE.
TO BE Or PRIME
THE
IN THE PROBLEM SEEM
FIRST PROBLEM LIES
IN THE VISUAL
AND FUNOTIONe
AL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXISTING BUILDING
AND THE NEW PROPOSED BUILDINGS.
BE THREE WAYS
WAY
THERE SEEMS TO
ONE
IN WHICH THIS MIGHT BE SOLVED.
IS TO ACCEPT
THE STYLE AND CHARACTER OF THE
EXISTING BUILDING AND DUPLICATE IT
IN THE NEW
BUILDINGS.
HOWEVER,
THI$ WOULD NOT BE AN HONEST
REALIZATION
OF MAN 9 S
ADVANCEMENT
YEARS$
HUNDRED
AN APPROACH WHICH
IN THE PAST
IS
IN OPPOSITION
TO ALL CONCEPTS OF CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT.
APPROACH WOULD BE TO REPEAT
SECOND
FORMS
AND CHARACTERISTICS
IN THE NEW BUILDINGS
SOME OF THE
OF THE EXISTING BUILDING
AND S0 DEVELOP
A VISUAL
TEGRATION BETWEEN THE NEW AND THE OLD.
OF THIS APPROACH
LOSE ANY CHANCE
THE
INs
THE DANGER
IS THAT THE NEW BUILDINGS MIGHT
OF A POSSIBLE
POSITIVE CHARACTER
Of THEIR OWN RELATED TO THE ACTUAL FUNCTION THEY
ARE MEANT TO SERVE.
APPROACH
WHAT
IT
IS TO ACCEPT
THE THIRD AND PERHAPS THE BEST
THE
EXISTING BUILDING FOR
IS WORTH AND MAKE AS POSITIVE A BREAK AS
48
POSSIBLE BETWEEN
THE NEW AND THE OLD CONSTRUCTION.
THE
IN THIS WAY EXPRESSING
GROWTH AND ADVANCEMENT
OP THE SCHOOL IN A WAY SIMILAR TO THE GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
OF MANY OF OUR MI0WESTERN
IN THE INTECRATION
THE SECOND MAJOR PROBLEM LIES
OF THE NEW BUILDINGS WITH THE SITE.
A VERY BEAUTIFUL
CHANGES
OF
UNIVERSITIES,
THE
SITE IS
SITE, HEAVILY WOODED WITH VARYINC
ELEVATION
VARYING ABOUT ONE HUNDRED
AND TWENTY FEET FROM THE ENTRANCE ELEVATION TO THE
HIQHEST POINT ON THE SITE.
THE THIRD MAJOR PROBLEM
DEALS WITH THE CONSIDERm
ON THE SITE.
ATION Of FUTURE
EXPANSION
IS A VERY YOUNG
INSTITUTION 9
AND LOCATED ON THE PRESENT
LEADERS
THE SCHOOL
BEING FOUNDED
SITE
OF THE SCHOOL ARE VERY
1937
IN
THE
SINCE 1918.
OPTIMESTIC AND ALL
61CN$ LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THERE WILL BE
FUTURE EXPANSION ON THE SITE FOR CLASS ROOMS,
DORMITORIES,
OFFICES AND LIBRARIES.
SHOULD SE PROVIDED FOR
SEPIRATE MEANS OF ACCESS
PEDESTRIANS,
FOR VEHICLES,
EACH BUILDING.
TIAL.
ADEQUATE
THESE ARE COMPLEX
PRACTICAL AND AESTHETIC
49
AND FOR SERVICES
PARKINO AREAS
PROBLEMS
TO
ARE E$SEN-
OF PARwREACHING
IMPLICATIONS.
NO LARGE AND IMPORTANT INSTITUTION FOR HIGHER
EDUCATION IS COMPLETED ALL AT ONCE.
AND
OBJECTIVES
REQUIREMENTS CHANCE WITH THE YEARS9
THE PLAN
VISIONS MUST ALSO BE MADE FOR GROWTH.
WHICH
AND
$
LEAST COMMITTED To
AND PROs
FORMAL ARRANGEMENT
SYMMETRY WILL PROVE TO BE THE MOST ADAPTABLE.
UNFORTUNATELY,
SOME HISTORICAL
TOO OFTEN A "STYLE"
OR CONTEMPORARY
INFLUENCED BT
PROTOTYPE HAS
BEEN A FOREMOST CONSIDERATION
IN
BEST MODERN
REST ON THEIR OWN
PLANS NOW TEND TO
MERITS AND ON STRAI0T
PROBLEMS
IN HAND.
DESIGN.
BUT THE
FORWARD SOLUTIONS OF THE
THEY AVOID9
ON THE ONE HAND,
THE RESTRICTIVE EFFECTS OF AXIAL TREATMENTS, FORCED
SYMMETRY AND UNNECESSARY BALANCE AND, ON THE OTHER,
THE SACRlFICES REQUIRED BY
A STUDIED, ARTIFICIAL
OR THE ARBITRARY
USE OF BANDS
THERE SHOULD BE A HARMONY WITHIN
THE BUILDINO
PICTURESQUENESS
OF GLASS.
GROUP.
THIS UNIFYING OF ELEMENTS MAY BE ACCOMs
PLISHED THROUGH THE USE OF TEXTURES,
MATERIALS,
COLORS AND EMPHASIS OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
SUCH AS
ROOF TREATMENT 9
CANAPIES, COVERED WALK$
AND OTHER ELEMENTS WHICH ARE COMMON
MENT.
TO
EACH ELE-
THE
FiRST CONSIDERATION
OF THE POLICY-MAXING
AUTHORITIES SHOULD BE To DETERMINE
UPON A PLAN
WHICH WILL SERVE AS THE PHYSICAL PROJECTION
THE IMPORTANT
ITS FUTURE.
THE
FACTORS
OF
DETERMININO
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLAN SHOULD BE CAREPULLY
DETERMINED.
THE EDUCATION
INSTITUTION,
ITS OBJECTIVES, AND SPECIFIC NEEDS.
DETAILED
INFORMATION AS TO
FUNCTIONAL
POINT OF VIEW Of THE
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
AND
RELATIO$NSHIPS 8ouLD BE STATED WITHOUT
SUGSESTION AS TO PLAN ARRANGEMENT OR DESIGN, WHICH
ARE THE PROVINCE OF SPECIALISTS.
TASK
IS TO COORDINATE
AND TO BRING
SHIP
THE PHYSIVAL REQUIREMENTS
THEM TOGETHER
IN PRACTICAL,
IN HARMONIOUS RELATIONm
DURABLE,
HIS CONTRIBUTION CONSISTS
QUALITIES
THE AR0NHTECTfS
AND CHARMING
IN
ESTABLISHING THE
OF MASS AND VOID* OF DISTANCE
AND OF CHARACTER,
STRUCTURES.
AND SCALE,
OLOR AND TEXTURE.
THE PLAN DECIDED UPON SHOULD BE RESPECTED AND ADHERED TO
BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE
SUFFICIENT
FLEXIBILITY
COMMITTEE.
WITH
THE PLAN SHOULD LONG GOVERN
THE PLACING OF ALL NEW FACILITIES, UNTIL AT LAST
UNFORESEEABLE
CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRE
A COMPREHENSIVE
CHANGE.
THE COLLEGE PLANT MAY BE BROKEN
51
DOWN INTO
SPECIAL
SUILDINO TYPES WHICH MAY 5E CLASSIFIED UNDER THE
FOLLOWING HEADINGS.
1.
ACADEMIC
STUDY
BUILDINGS, USED FOR REFERENCE, FOR
AND LABORATORY
2.
LIVING QUARTERS
3.
EATINO FACILITIES
4.
RELISIOuS EXERCISES
5.
sTUDENT UNION
6.
AUDITORIUM
7.
SPORTS
8.
ADMINISTRATIVE
9.
FACULTY HOUSING
WORK
FOR STUDENTS
FACILITIES
THE SPECIFtC AREA
OFFICES
REQUIREMENTS OF THE HOLY CROSS
THEOLOeICAL SCHOOL ARE BASED ON THE REQUIREMENTS
Or A HUNDRED
A TWENTY-FIVE
ENROLLMENT
AND FIFTY STUDENTS.
PER CENT
INCREASE
OF A HUNDRED
THIS ALLOWS
FOR
IN THE PRESENT
AND TWENTY STUDENTS.
THE PROPOSED DESIG N FOR THE SCHOOL REQUIRES THAT
THE MAIN
EXISTING BUILDING BE CONVERTED
0COOL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING.
INTO A
THE FIRST
FLOOR OF THE SUILDING WOULD BE FOR ADMINISTRATION
AND THE SECOND FLOOR CLASS ROOMS
FLOOR DEVOTED
TO LIBRARY
PRESS WOULD BE LOCATED
52
SPACE.
AND THE THIRD
THE SCHOOL*S
IN THE BASEMENT OF THE
ST COULD TAKE FULL AD-
EXISTING BUILDING WHERE
VANTAGE
OF THE SOLID GROUND FLOOR FOR ITS HEAVY
SERVICE
AND THE NOW EXISTINO
EQUIPMENT
THE SCHOOL
SEVEN CLASS
REQUIRES
DRIVE.
ROOMS, THREE FOR
SEMINAR DIGNITY AND TOUR FOR LIBERAL ARTS COURsES.
THE PROFESSORS WHO TEACH
HAVE A COMMON
PROFESSORS
OFFICE
LIBERAL
ARTS COURSES MAY
OR TWO OFFICES WITH THREE
THE PRIESTS WHO
IN A ROOM.
TEACH
IN
THE SEMINAR WILL HAVE SMALL INDIVIDUAL OFFICES.
THERE SHOULD BE ABOUT
SIX OP
THESE SMALLOFFICES
ALL ALIKE.
THE CHAPEL SHOULD BE DESIGNED
AND PIoT
THE SPACE
PEOPLE.
TO SEAT A HUNDRED
REQuIREMENTS ARE:
FEET
SIX'HUNVRED AND SEvyENTY-FiVE SQUARE
NARTHEX;
SQUfARE FEET
TWo.TOUSAND
AND TRANSEPTS;
TWO-HUNDRED
IN THE SACRISTY;
IN THE NAVE
AND FIFTY
TWO HUNDRED
SQUARE FEET
AND FIFTY SQUARE
FEET
IN THE CHOIR ROOM AND FOUR HUNDRED
FEET
IN THE SANCTUARY.
IN THE BASEMENT
IN THE
SQUARE
THE TOILETS WILL BE PLACED
UNDER THE NARTHEX,
THE DORMITORY SHOULD BE DESIONEDTO
AND FIFTY STUDENTS.
THE
DORMITORY
VERY SMALL SLEEPING CELLS,
53
HOUSE
A HUNDRED
ROOMS WILL BE
HOUSING FOUR STUDENT$
IN A ROOM.
THE DORMtORY
ARE SEPERATED FROM THE PRiESTS
THAT THE STUDENTS
AND PROFESSORS,
THE sTUfENTS,
ABLE
WHO LIVE AT THE
PROFESSCRS
TO MEET EASILY
IN
HOWEVER 9
BE
A O0MMON LOUNGE.
THr
0Oo
SO THAT IT CAN BE BUILT
STAGES IF DESIRED.
THE DINING
TAINED
4CHOOL.
AND PRIESTS SHOULD
MITORY SHOu3D BE DESIGNED
IN TWO
SHOULD BE DESUiNED 80
ROOM4
GTM AND AUDITORIUM WILL OE CO.m
IN ONE BUILM!NO.
THE tYM AND AUDITORIUM
WILL SE A SINSLE MULTIeURPOSE
ROOM AND THE
ROOM WILL 6E DEtiED FrR,A VERY
DINING,
WITH THE
STUDENTS AND
IN 5EPERATE AREAnt.
THE
DNIl'G
DINING
fORVMAL TYPE OF
DIGNITARY
ROO,
SITTINO
AND KITCHEN
WILL CONTA 1N F(UR T!USAND AND EIGHT HUNDRFD SQUAE
FEET.
THE GYM AND AUDITCRIUM
THOUSAND
AND FIVE HUNDRED
9+1
WILL CONTAIN
SQUARE PtET,
FIVE
8L; COGRAPrHY
ORAPAR, A., "L'ART BYZANTIN'
(LES
ET D9HISTOIPE a PARIS)
EMERSON AND VAN NICE,
0CT.e0EC. 1943,
*AMERICAN J.
HAGIA SOPHIA
EDITIoNS DIART
OF ARCHAEOLOGY",
KR4UTHEIMER, RICHARD, "EARLY CHRISTIAN BASILICAS
Of R$ME", (ROMAmVIA
NAPOLEONE IlI, PCNTIe
rciV INSTITUTE i ARCHEOLOOIA CRISTIANA)
CROWVOOT, J. We,
"EARLY CHUPOHES IN PALESTINE*,
(LONDON, oxrORD UNIV. PRESS AMEN
iUSE,
E.c. i
1)
"$ELECTIONS OF BYZANTINE ORNAMENT VOL.
(wM. HELeuRN, 63 C. 9TH ST., NEW YORN)
DE"LI,
COUCHANO, A.* "DIEGLISES RYZANTINES",
LENOIR, QUAI MALAQUAIS,
(PARIS,
CASTEELS, U.0 *NEW STTLE", (NEW
OeRISNERIS SON$, 1931)
CHARLES
5)
YOR,,
0., 'DIE BEUE SAUKUNST", (STUTTGART,
HOFVMANN VERLAG)
TAUT 9
2',
JULIUS
WATKIN, w. W*, 'PLANNING AND BUILDING THE MODERN
CHURCH" 9 (NEW YOR,
W. DODGE
W.
CORPORATION,
1951)
WESBER,
F. R.,
OHIO, J.
"THE SMALL CHURCH",
H. JANSEN, 1937)
(CLEVELAND,
ANSON,
P. F., 'OmURCHES", (MILWAUKEE, THE ORUCE
PUBLISHING COMPANY)
DUELL,
SLOAN AND PEARCE, "PAINTINO TOWARD ARCHIe
TECTURE",
(THE MILLER COMPANY, MERIDAN,
CONNECTICUT)
ELEK,
"ARCHITECTS
YEAR
BOOK
4",
(PAUL
ELEK,
BITTERMANN, "ART IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE",
PUSLISHING 00., NEW YORK)
LoNDoN)
(REINHOLD
0
O"*.",.'L0**."
CHAPEL
G R EEK
RCHDIOCESE
IN S TI TUT E
HOLY
CROSS
a.-
.... L..
..........
emas6
..
Iowa3
"Avon
§NIVA1
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'N-,131
a
olons
§010.41300R
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