SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY:
Seeking Sustainable Potentials in an Urban Community in Kobe, Japan
by
Masaki Furukawa
Bachelor of Arts in Architecture
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
March, 1994
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
AT THE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FEBRUARY 1997
© Masaki Furukawa 1997. All right reserved.
The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly
paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in pat
Signature of the Author
Masaki Furukawa, Department of Architecture
January 15, 1997
Certified by
Shun Kanda
Senior Lecturer of Architecture
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
Andrew Scott
Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students
MAR 2 6 1997
Kristina Hill
Assistant Professor of Urban Studies and Planning
Thesis Reader
Roy J.Strickland
Associate professor of Architecture
Thesis Reader
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Abstract 5
4
1. Approach 7
2. Site Background 8
3. Criteria 9
4. Community Design 19
Proposed Site 20
Community Design Proposal 21
Community Design 33
5. Proto-Type Housing Design 45
Program 46
Proto-Type Housing Proposal 47
Proto-Type Housing Design 55
Conclusion 63
Related Precedents 65
Credits 75
Bibliography 76
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many friends, colleagues, and professionals have helped and advised me in the process and writing of
this thesis, and I am so grateful to them all. Afew, however, must be acknowledged with particular
gratitude:
Ikuo Kobayashi and staffs in CO-PLAN in Kobe for helping me collect information of my thesis site and
Kobe in general;
Shun Kanda as my thesis advisor;
Kristina Hill and Roy Strickland as my thesis readers;
my colleagues and professors at MIT and the University of Washington;
Dr. Raymond T. Sekiguchi and his wife Manami for encouraging me during most of my stay in the States;
my uncle Noboru Furukawa and aunt Sachiko Furukawa for giving me accommodation during my thesis
site research in Kobe;
my wife Masako Furukawa for not only encouraging me but also helping me in drawing and modeling;
finally my family in Japan, especially my father Hideharu Furukawa and mother Kazuna Furukawa for giving
me an opportunity and financial support in studying at MIT.
SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY:
Seeking Sustainable Potentials in an Urban Community in Kobe, Japan
by Masaki Furukawa
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 15, 1997 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture.
ABSTRACT
Sustainability was once inherent in many communities of the pre-modern society; however, it has
been lost under the progress of the modern society through humankind's rationalized and short-term
visions in pursuing more comfort and convenience in their life. Consequently, humankind is gradually
heading toward destruction of not only their own systems, but also whole systems on the earth. Inthe
context of the modern society, how can sustainability in communities be regained to promise the future of
humankind, the earth, and the universe.
The intent of this thesis is to investigate the possible forms and systems of urban communities, whose
compact forms and efficient social and physical systems have more potentials for sustainability than those
of suburban types' do, while urban communities have been major consumers of energy and resources
and major producers of various kinds of pollution and wastes. Inorder to explore this, the thesis seeks
sustainable potentials in an urban inner-city community in Kobe, Japan and develops a sustainable
community with proposals of systems and community design in the scale of urban design, a block, streets,
and architecture. The site islocated in Takatori-Higashi district in the city of Kobe where was totally
devastated by the major earthquake in January, 1995 and where is needed to be restructured and
reconstructed soon.
As the outcome of this exploration, this sustainable community will establish some possible answers to the
question of how the communities for next generations should be and address possible issues of
sustainable communities to be further explored and discussed.
Thesis Supervisor:
Title:
Shun Kanda
Senior Lecturer of Architecture
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APPROACH
1. APPROACH
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY (ABSTRACT)
CRITERIA
eTo
COMMUNITY
make most use of the natural processes at the site
e
To minimize human impact to nature
.To create comfortable environment for people
SCALE
ARCHITECTURAL
SCALE
PROPOSALS
PROPOSALS
DESIGN
DESIGN
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY
(DESIGN)
7
SITE BACKGROUND
2. SITE BACKGROUND
Takatori-Higashi District
Climate
Takatori-Higashi district is
located about 6 km west of
downtown Kobe in Nagata ward.
The climate in Kobe is relatively
mild and dry. Winter is mild with
less precipitation, but summer is
hot and humid. There is a rain
season around June, and
typhoon season is during
autumn.
Within 5-minute walking distance
to the west, there is a rail way
station, and 10-minute walking to
the east, there is another station
and a new commercial district.
Every block in the district
consisted of narrow streets, so
called "roji". and many old
wooden row houses, so called
"nagaya", built right after the
World War II. It was a mixed
used district with housing,
commercial and light industrial
buildings with a human scale
quality.
However, in January 17, 1995, a
major earthquake hit the region,
and most of the area of the
district was destroyed and burnt
down by the fire.
Average Monthly Rainfall
250
200
(50
-- KOBE
....a..BOSTON
-.- ATLANTA
;200
350
0
Month
-.- KOBE
.- BOSTON
-&-ATLA NTA
1
3
5
7
Month
9
11
figure 2.1 Mean Temperature
-*KOBE
-.-
BOSTON
.,-ATLANTA
3
5
7
9
11
Mnnth
figure 2.2 Mean Relative Humidity
figure 2.3 Average Monthly Rainfall
CRITERIA
3. CRITERIA
SUN
WIND
WATER
AIR QUALITY
WASTE
ENERGY
9
CRITERIA
SUN
Sun governs radiation and
temperature that are two of the
most significant natural
conditions which have an effect
on heating and cooling
requirement of buildings.
Effects of radiation and
temperature on buildings should
be controlled in the community
scale before dealt with in the
scale of buildings. Building
configuration, surface materials
and plants are the important
elements to be considered.
Building Configuration
Surface Material
N
Highest Elements
" Paved surfaces like city
streets store and conduct
heat much faster than soil or
vegetated surfaces.
" The different physical
characteristics of the various
surfaces exposed to radiation
give a very contrasting
temperature rise. (Graph)
A
Surface Temperature nf Materiala
Lowest Elements
figure 3.1
It is important to avoid placing
taller building between sun and
lower buildings and place
highest buildings down sun from
lowest buildings to minimize
winter shading.
20
24
4
8
12
...... Asphat
16
--
Grass
.....
Water
Surface
Tim. of day
figure 3.3
Avoid
figure 3.2
In addition, roofs, walls, and
streets in the urban setting act
as multiple reflectors. They
absorb heat energy and
reflect it back to other
surfaces.
CRITERIA
* Reduction of paved surfaces
will reduce heat accumulation
in the urban areas. Increase
in the pervious surfaces will
also reduce the temperature
in the urban area. It is said
permeable surfaces decrease
the temperature on the streets
by 3 degree C through
evaporative cooling effect.
(Group Raindrops p78)
Plants
" Plants have a significant role
in the urban area to control
radiation and temperature.
" The transpiration of water by
plants helps to control and
regulate humidity and
temperature. A single large
tree can transpire 450 liters
HEAT
HEAT
OUT
HEAT
(120 gallons) of water a day,
and this is equivalent to
230,000 k calories of energy
in evaporation.
" The mechanical equivalent to
the tree transpiring 450 liters
a day is five average room
air-conditioners, each at 2500
k calories per hour, running
19 hours a day.
(Hough p263)
* The air-conditioner only shifts
heat from indoors to outdoors
and also uses electric power.
The heat is, therefore, still
available to increase air
temperature.
HEATt f
IN
figure 3.4
For example, in Davis,
California, various studies
have shown that
neighborhoods with shaded
narrow streets can be 6
degree C cooler and uses
only one half the amount of
electricity for air-conditioning
than unshaded
neighborhoods.
11
CRITERIA
WIND
* Wind is one of the most
significant natural conditions
which have an effect on
heating and cooling
requirement of the structure.
Wind affects temperatures,
evaporation, the rate of
moisture loss and
transpiration from vegetation.
Winter Wind
* The community and buildings
have to be buffered against
cold winter wind. Street
direction, vegetation, and
buildings can be used to
buffer against winter wind.
Avoid
" There are two types of wind
conditions to be considered
in site design: cold winter
wind and summer breeze.
figure 3.5
The preferred configuration is
one with a strong vertical
outline. The most effective
windbreak configuration is an
irregular one which is more
effective in reducing eddying
than a uniform one. Also, a
mixture of species and sizes
producing a rough upper
surface is more effective in
controlling wind.
More Effective
figure 3.6
CRITERIA
Summer Breeze
* A sufficient air ventilation
using summer breeze is an
essential condition for
maintaining the purity of the
air and reducing heat
accumulation within the
community. Street direction
and building configuration
are the important conditions
to be considered.
not like this
Wind-
1
U
-
U
U
figure 3.7
but like this
I..E
Wind corridor in area
with low wind-velodty
Eu..'
figure 3.8
13
CRITERIA
WATER
* Japan has a great amount of
precipitation through a year
(average 1800 mm / m/year,
which is twice as large as
world average). Yet, it is very
hard to make a use of this
great amount of water since
Japan has a mountainous
landscape characteristic.
Average Monthly Rainfall
-- KOBE
...... BOSTON
--- ATLANTA
* Urbanization creates a new
hydrological environment.
Asphalt and concrete replace
the soil, buildings replace
trees and the catchbasin and
storm sewer replace the
streams of the natural water
shed. This situation
sometimes produces
problems like urban flood and
dried underground water. It is
important to make a urban
hydrological condition as
close as pre-urban one.
Pre-Urban Condition
Precipitation
Evapotranspiration
4%
Surface Run-Off
10
10 %
Groundwater
50 %
figure 3.10
Urban Condition
Evapotranspiration
Predpitation
20 %
100 %
13 %
52
Storm Sewer Run-Off
'
65 %
Groundwater
1
3
5
7
Month
9
11
figure 3.11
Sustainable Community
figure 3.9
Predpliaton
100%
Empotranspiration
35%
12%
Storm Sewer Run-O
12%
13%
Groundwater
40%
figure 3.12
14
Recyced
CRITERIA
In Kobe, more than a half of
water is provided from out of
city sources even though the
city receive a great amount of
precipitation.
figure 3.13
* Within daily usage of water,
about half of it can be
covered by recycled gray
water or rain water.
figure 3.14
15
CRITERIA
AIR QUALITY
* Air quality in urban setting is
a very important issue.
* The site has two major
arterials and a elevated
express way very near-by,
and pollution by automobile
exhaustion is serious issue.
* Leaves of trees can take up
or absorb pollutants such as
carbon dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, and sulfur
dioxide to significant levels.
e
e
Urban vegetation can also
mitigate ozone pollution by
lowering city temperatures
and directly absorbing the
gas.
Some vegetation also
collects heavy metals in soil.
" For example, a Douglas fir
with a diameter of 38 cm can
remove 19.7 kg of sulfur
dioxide per year without
injury from an atmospheric
concentration of 0.25 p.p.m.
(Hough p265)
NOzAbsorption Rateof StreetTrees
P. EOJp-19
)
P.:r=OP-1049
KV.6
PelSws41
spi.&
cy..r
T"
Tr.
0
0.1
0
02
NO,Absopfion
Rawe
(enge/iknday)
figure 3.16
figure 3.15
CRITERIA
WASTE
* Every year, the amount of
waste disposal increases and
the area of landfill site
decreases instead. However,
most of wastes including
organic waste are renewable.
Solid wastes like metal and
Daily Waste Discharge Per Person
plastic can be recycled , and
organic gas and natural
fertilizer can be produce from
organic waste. In this
manner, only tiny portion of
waste is actually wasted.
figure 3.17
Transition of YarIy Wante Dinpnai
(kt / day)
150
140
130
120
100 i
.
.
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
figure 3.18
17
CRITERIA
ENERGY
"
A hierarchical system of
energy infrastructure is less
efficient in terms of energy
loss and distribution cost. It is
also fragile to the natural
disasters like earthquake and
typhoon. So a self-sufficient
system is a considerable
feature for a new type of
communities.
Infrastructure Recoverv after the Hanshin Earthauake
-Electricity
--- Telephone
-. Water
......G as
0
3 6 9
12 15 18 21 24
Daysafterthe Earthquake
" Use of renewable energy,
such as solar energy and biogas is also key to
sustainability since it has low
impact on the environment
and it is limitless.
* Energy efficiency and less
use of energy within the
communities are also
important.
figure 3.19
COMMUNITY DESIGN
4. COMMUNITY DESIGN
Proposed Site
Community Design Proposals
Community Design
COMMUNITY DESIGN
PROPOSED SITE
One block (Wakamatsu-cho 11
chome community) in TakatoriHigashi District
Area
Population
20
1 ha (2.5 acres)
104m x 104m
(345ft x 345ft)
100 households
250 people
N:
717M.
COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY DESIGN PROPOSALS
Sun & Buildings
Summer Breeze Paths
Winter Wind Buffer
Street Plants
Solar Energy
Green Pavement & Roofing
Organic Waste Recycling
Rain Water Recycling & Recharging
Community Center & Open Space
Streets
21
COMMUNITY DESIGN
SUN & BUILDINGS
" Taller buildings (max. 4 storyhigh) are located on the
northwest and northeast
edges of the community to
make most use of solar
energy within the community.
" Building set-back
requirement is necessary to
allow more natural light onto
streets as well as adjacent
buildings.
* Maximum use of grass roof
and vegetation on vertical
surfaces will minimize heatup of buildings by solar
radiation.
F~flFJbJXV~/A
\
COMMUNITY DESIGN
SUMMER BREEZE PATH
" Most of the streets in the
community are oriented along
the direction of the summer
breeze (which is from the
southwest to northeast).
.
Summer breeze paths should
be kept as open as possible
to allow maximum air
movement.
Sufficient air ventilation
through the community is an
essential condition for
maintaining the purity of the
air and reducing the heat
island effect.
" The water stream on one of
the summer breeze paths
makes air temperature down
through evaporative cooling
effect together with the
summer breeze.
.
23
COMMUNITY DESIGN
WINTER WIND BUFFER
" Taller buildings on the
northwest edge work as a
wind buffer against severe
cold winter wind from the
northwest and create "wind
shadow" within the
community.
" Vegetation,
especially
evergreen plants on the
streets along the direction of
winter wind works as wind
buffers and create a more
comfortable environment for
pedestrians.
J JZ I
COMMUNITY DESIGN
STREET
PLANTS
* Most of the plants in the
community are native to this
region for less maintenance
and more perseverance
toward diseases.
" The priority in plant selection
is based on the plants with
high air purification ability,
such as:
Poplar
White oak
Spindle tree
Cherry tree
Ginko
* Plants in the community
significantly contribute to the
reduction of air temperature.
" Mixed species of plants are
planted against pest and
disease problems.
PLANT LIST
Max. Height
Street Trees
Poplar
White Oak
Ginko
Zelkowa
Japanese Maple
Cherry Tree
Japanese Pine
Willow
20 m (65 ft)
9 m (30 ft
20 m (65 ft)
20 m (65 ft)
20 m (65 ft)
6 m (20 ft)
6 m (20 ft)
6 m (20 ft)
High Air Purifying
High Air Purifying
High Air Purifying
Fruit Trees
Japanese Persimmon
Tangerine Tree
Apple Tree
Chestnut Tree
9 m (30 ft)
6 m (20 ft)
4.5 m (15 ft)
10 m (32 ft)
Fruit Bearing
Fruit Bearing
Fruit Bearing
Fruit Bearing
2 m (7 ft)
2 m (7ft)
1 m (3 ft)
1 m (3 ft)
High Air Purifying
Air Purifying
Winter Wind Buffering
Air Pollution Indicating
Shrubs
Spindle Tree
Blue Japanese Oak
Azalea
Box Tree
Groundcovers
Clover
Chinese Milk Vetch
Silver Grass
Cluster Amaryllis
Cosmos
Rape Blossoms
1.5 m (5ft)
0.6 m (2ft)
0.6 m (2ft)
0.6 m (2ft)
25
COMMUNITY DESIGN
GREEN PAVEMENT
& ROOFING
* The green pavement reduces
surface temperature of streets
as well as air temperature.
* The green pavement has
high permeability and
recharges storm water into
the ground. Consequently, it
will reduce urban flood.
.
The green roofing reduces
heat reflection and surface
temperature on the roof, and
it lowers air temperature
around the buildings as well
as inside.
" The green roof also works as
a filter for rain water and air.
COMMUNITY DESIGN
ORGANIC WASTE
RECYCLING
* Solid organic waste and
human organic waste as well
as yard organic waste are
collected by the vacuum
system within the community.
Water Use
1.13 liters
(1 quart)
/flush
Diameter
Length
1.8 m (6 ft)
5.4 m
(17.7 ft)
13.7 m3
(500 ft3)
45.4 kg
(100 lb)
of Volatile
Solid/day
Volume
Capacity
Pipe Diameter 63 mm
(2.5 in)
Pressure
60 m3
(1800 ft3) of
methane gas
/day
-0.5
atmosphere
Max. Transportable Range
Horizontal 192 m
(640 ft)
Vertical
5 m (16 ft)
e
Production
Organic waste is sent to the
methane gas producing
digesters located in the
community open space
I I~~I iF I I I I
Pump
Gas
Out
* Two cylindrical horizontal
continuous feeding digesters
are used to produce methane
gas.
27
COMMUNITY DESIGN
RAIN WATER RECYCLING
& RECHARGING
The community utilizes
recycled rain water for
household use, community
garden watering, street
stream, and fire hydrant.
Area
Total Collectable
TotalGroundwater
6000 m2
Average Precipitation
1315.5
mm/year
Recyclable Rain Water
7893 m3/year
" Every building in the
community is required to
have the rain water recycling
system.
Min. Cistern Capacity
Roof Area x C (0.1)
" Over-flowed water from the
cisterns and streets is
recharged into ground
through recharging pipes.
o5%
100%
12%
Sto Sewer Ru
13%
1
40%
COMMUNITY DESIGN
SOLAR ENERGY
* Solar generated electricity is
used for all public facilities
and systems such as street
lights, the community center,
and a vacuum waste
collection system.
* Street lights in the community
are a self-sufficient type,
which is integrated with
photovoltaic panels and a
battery. Photovoltaic cells
produce electricity during the
day time, and generated
electricity is stored in the
battery. The street light uses
electricity from the battery to
light up during the night time.
* All buildings in the community
have photovoltaic cell units to
produce, at least, electricity
needed in case of electricity
shut-down.
29
COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY CENTER
& OPEN SPACE
* The community center is
located on the ground floor of
one of the mixed-use
building, which faces 1150 m2
(0.3 acre) of a community
open space.
" The program for the
community open space is as
follows:
1. amphitheater
2. organic waste recycling
facility/ green house
3. Methane gas tank/
fertilizer storage
4. orchard
5. grape trellis
6. community garden
7. storm water wetland.
" The community center as well
as the open space support
various kinds of activities
related to sustainability and
community issues, such as
recycling workshops,
lectures, conference, and so
on.
30
Community Garden
e 576 m2 of community garden
is located in the community
open space in the middle of
the block.
" Recycled rain water is used
for watering, and organic
fertilizer recycled from
community's organic waste is
used to fertilize vegetables.
* Grapes are harvested on the
trellises over the streets and
in front of the community
center.
COMMUNITY DESIGN
STREETS
* Inthis community, streets are
not merely circulation for
vehicles, but useful open
space. Vehicle speed is
controlled by a characteristic
of pavement and street plants
so that all people can be
safely on the streets.
* There are four types of streets
in the community:
Commercial Street
Winter Wind Buffering Street
Summer Breeze Street
Roji
and each street has different
kinds of characteristics.
31
COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY DESIGN
Community Site Plan
Roji Street Plan
NW-SE Street Plan & Sections
SW-NE Street Plan & Section
Community Sections
33
COMMUNITY DESIGN
Community Site Plan
Scale: 1:1000
10
20
0
40
60m
0000
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34
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Scale: 1:200
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Scale: 1:200
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37
COMMUNITY DESIGN
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Scale: 1:200
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39
COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY
SECTION A
(Community Open Space)
Scale: 1:200
0 1 2
WW
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COMMUNITY DESIGN
41
COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY SECTION
Scale: 1:200
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COMMUNITY DESIGN
COMMUNITY
DESIGN
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
5. PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
Program
Proto-Type Housing Proposal
Proto-Type Housing Design
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
PROGRAM
Lot Area
99 m2
(9 m x 11 m)
1st Floor (67
M2)
Living Room
Kitchen
Bathroom
Toilet
Mechanical Room
2nd Floor (49 M2 )
2 Bedrooms
Toilet
Mechanical Room
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING PROPOSAL
Spatial Organization
Structure
Passive Cooling & Ventilation
Solar Collector & Heating
Photovoltaic Roofing
Rain Water Recycling
Organic Waste Disposal System
47
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION
* Space is organized around
concrete core, which works
as vertical circulation,
structural, and
cooling/ventilation core.
* The buffer zone is located on
the north side against heat
loss. (which is heat producing
or enclosed space such as a
kitchen, bathroom, toilet,......
mechanical room)
* The living room faces the
...
.....
............................................
.
south with lighter structure,
especially toward the
.......
southeast. (Most of the
windows are concentrated on
the south side)
* Interior space is kept as open
as possible for allowing
natural ventilation in summer.
4
ij~4
/
/Q4
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
STRUCTURE
e
Most of the structure consists
of wood construction. Wood
has high structural strength
per unit weight, and strength
and lightness is necessary
against earthquake force.
" Wood is an organically
grown, renewable, and
biodegradable material;
therefore, it is an
environmentally friendly
material.
" Post and beam construction
with trussed roof structure is
used on the south side (for
the light and open space).
These wood columns and
beams are glulam members
made out of recycled wood
and non-toxic glue.
. Wood light frame construction
is used on the north side (for
the buffer zone).
* The concrete core stabilizes
wooden building structure
against large forces such as
an earthquake or typhoon
gust.
49
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
PASSIVE
COOLING
&
VENTILATION
" Stack effect (chimney effect)
takes up and exhausts
interior warm air out at the top
of concrete core.
.
Fresh and cool air is supplied
from the shaded north side of
the building without any
mechanical means.
.
Supplied air is further cooled
down in the crawling space
by water radiation pipes and
water cistern below, then
dispersed into the interior.
.
Heat absorbed by concrete at
the top of the concrete core
facilitates stack effect even
during night.
" Passive cooling contributes to
reduction of heat island effect.
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
SOLAR COLLECTOR
& HEATING
* The evacuate tube solar
collector collects solar energy
and heats up water running
through pipes.
.
Recycled rain water in the
cistern below the building is
used as a liquid medium for
the solar collector.
" Water is sent from the cistern
to the collector, heat
exchanger, radiation pipe in
the crawling space, and then
back to the cistern. The
cistern holds heated water
and works as heat storage as
well as insulation.
" The heat exchanger
exchanges heat in the liquid
medium to water and makes
hot water for domestic use.
" The radiation pipe warms up
the air in the crawling space
and then the air is supplied
into the interior space.
" The system is backed-up by a
boiler for extreme conditions.
51
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
PHOTOVOLTAIC
ROOFING
" Photovoltaic cells are
installed on the south facing
roof with the slope angle of
34 degree (which is same as
the latitude)
" Photovoltaic cells cover all
electricity needs within the
building during a day.
" Sufficient electricity is stored
in a battery or sold to a
electricity company.
* Insufficient electricity is
covered by the battery or
electricity from a electricity
company.
* The photovoltaic system is
able to supply electricity in
case of emergency such as
electricity shut-down by
natural disturbances.
* Technical Requirements
3000
Installed Capacity
Watt
27 m2
Installed Roof Area
2700
Annual Production
kWh
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
RAIN WATER RECYCLING
" Precipitation fallen onto the
roof is purified through the
filter and stored in the cisterns
below the building.
* The first cistern is always kept
full and works as heat
storage.
* The second cistern receives
over-flow water from the first
cistern. Water in this cistern
is used for toilet flushing,
laundry, plant watering, and
so on (not as potable water).
" Water in the second cistern is
also connected to the fire
hydrant and used in case of
emergency, especially during
water shortage.
" Cisterns Capacity
Collection Area 73.5m 2
8.9 m3
First Cistern
Second Cistern 7.4 m3
53
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
ORGANIC WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEM
" Kitchen organic waste and
human organic waste from
toilets are carried through the
vacuum collection system.
" The vacuum collection
system saves up about 80
percent of flushing water
used in the water-borne
system (about 47.5 liters or
12.5 gallons of water per
person per day)
" Requirements
13 liters
Water
(1 quart)
/flush
-0.5
Pressure
atmosphere
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING DESIGN
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Sections
Details
55
I
M:N
U
g o
l
f
l
NI
M
#R
R oo
M
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m
Wi
M I
!
18
IN
M III
U
i
M
il
mINM
U
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U
U
U
AIN
M
IN
M II
I
mI
U
U I U
No INK
U11
I
II
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kl
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l
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INN OR
-0)
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o
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U
0
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-
I
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
Second Floor Plan
Scale: 1:100
1
2
0
4
6m
57
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
Section A
Scale: 1:100
2
0
1
4
6m
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
Section B
Scale: 1:100
1
2
0
4
6m
59
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
Heat Chimney Detail
Scale: 1:25
0
0.5
1
1.5 m
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
Green Roof Detail
Scale: 1:25
0
0.5
1
1.5 m
1
1.5 m
Air Intake Detail
Scale: 1:25
0
0.5
61
PROTO-TYPE HOUSING
62
CONCLUSION
Through the process of the thesis, a sustainable community was developed from the community design
to a proto-type housing design based on the criteria established from sustainable potentials found in the
proposed site. First of all, criteria were set considering how to make most use of the natural processes at
the proposed site, how to minimize human impact to nature, and how to create comfortable environment
for people. Then the community and proto-type housing design were developed utilizing both natural
processes and technology.
However, it seems that the physical aspect of sustainability was more focused in this thesis. Ideally, all of
the aspects of sustainability, not only physical one, but also social and cultural ones as well as economical
one should be considered in the process of developing a sustainable community. Regarding the cultural
aspect, the thesis is based on my thought that the existing community already has strong cultural
characteristics and how I can create physical environment which will sustain these existing characteristics.
Therefore, this thought was somehow reflected in the design, but was not fully discussed in the thesis.
Talking about other aspects of sustainability, it might involve more complex processes to deal with all of
the aspects, and it is too broad to deal within the thesis. However, it is really necessary to consider all of
the aspects of sustainability in order to develop a sustainable community in the real world. Itwill not be
made possible merely by architects or urban planners, but it will require the participation of various kinds of
professional and non-professional people. The issue of sustainability or a sustainable community isa
topic that has to be explored and discussed more and further in the society, and the role of architects and
urban planners is, I believe, to remind people about the issue of sustainability and guide them to solve the
issue. I hope my thesis will take one tiny step inthis process and remind some people, including
architecture students, about the importance of considering sustainability within the design process.
64
RELATED PRECEDENTS
RELATED PRECEDENTS
The Ahwahnee Principles
Village Homes
Next 21
65
RELATED PRECEDENTS
AHWAHNEE PRINCIPLES
The Ahwahnee Principles was
established by six architects,
Peter Calthope, Michael Corbett,
Andres Duany, Elizabeth PlaterZyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides,
and Elizabeth Moule, in a
conference held at the
Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite
National Park in 1991. It states
principles that have to be
followed in designing
communities with less
dependence on automobiles,
more concern on ecosystem, and
stronger identity which these six
architects advocate. The
Ahwhanee Principles consists of
four sections, preamble,
community principles, regional
principles, and implementation
strategies.
Preamble
Community Principles:
Existing patterns of urban and
suburban development seriously
impair our quality of life. The
symptoms are: more congestion
and air pollution resulting from
our increased dependence on
automobiles, the loss of precious
open space, the need for costly
improvements to roads and
public services, the inequitable
distribution of economic
resources, and the loss of a
sense of community. By drawing
upon the best from the past and
present, we can plan
communities that will more
successfully serve the needs of
those who live and work within
them. Such planning should
adhere to certain fundamental
principles.
1. All planning should be in the
form of complete and
integrated communities
containing housing, shops,
work places, schools, parks
and civic facilities essential to
the daily life of the residents.
2. Community size should be
designed so that housing,
jobs, daily needs and other
activities are within easy
walking distance of each
other.
3. As many activities as possible
should be located within easy
walking distance of transit
stops.
4. A community should contain
a diversity of housing types to
enable citizens from a wide
range of economic levels and
age groups to live within its
boundaries.
RELATED PRECEDENTS
5. Businesses within the
community should provide a
range of job types for
community's residents.
6. The location and character of
the community should be
consistent with large transit
network.
7. The community should have
a center focus that combines
commercial, civic, cultural
and recreational uses.
8. The community should
contain an ample supply of
specialized open space in the
form of squares, greens and
parks whose frequent use is
encouraged through
placement and design.
9. Public design should be
designed to encourage the
attention and presence of
people at all hours of the day
and night.
10. Each community or cluster of
communities should have a
well defined edge, such as
agricultural greenbelts or
wildlife corridors,
permanently protected from
development.
11.Streets, pedestrian paths and
bike paths should contribute
to a system of fully-connected
and interesting routes to all
destinations. Their design
should encourage pedestrian
and bicycle use by being
small and spatially defined by
buildings, trees and lighting;
and by discouraging high
speed traffic.
13.The community design
should help conserve
resources and minimize
waste.
14.Communities should provide
for the efficient use of water
through the use of natural
drainage, drought tolerant
landscaping and recycling.
15.The street orientation, the
placement of buildings and
the use of shading should
contribute to the energy
efficiency of the community.
12.Wherever possible, the
natural terrain, drainage, and
vegetation of the community
should be preserved with
superior examples contained
within parks or greenbelts.
67
RELATED PRECEDENTS
Regional Principles:
Implementation Strategy:
1. The regional land use
planning structure should be
integrated within a larger
transportation network built
around transit rather than
freeways.
1. The general plan should be
updated to incorporate the
above principles.
2. Regions should be bounded
by and provide a continuous
system of greenbelt/wildlife
corridors to be determined by
natural conditions.
3. Regional institutions and
services (government,
stadiums, museums, etc.)
should be located in the
urban core.
4. Materials and methods of
construction should be
specific to the region,
exhibiting continuity of history
and culture and compatibility
with the climate to encourage
the development of local
character and community
identity.
68
2. Rather than allowing
developer-initiated,
piecemeal development,
local governments should
take charge of the planning
process. General plans
should designate where new
growth, infill or
redevelopment will be
allowed to occur.
3. Prior to any development, a
specific plan should be
prepared based on the
planning principles. With the
adoption of specific plans,
complying projects could
proceed with minimal delay.
4. Plans should be developed
through an open process and
participants in the process
should be provided visual
models of all planning
proposals.
RELATED PRECEDENTS
69
RELATED PRECEDENTS
VILLAGE HOMES
Home is
Village Homes is a new townPedestrian
newtown1.
Automobile Streets
community in Davis, California,
which was designed by Michael
Corbett and built in 1981. It is a
small town of sixty acres with 240
& Bike Paths
3.Village's Athletic Field
4.Orchard
5. Grape Yard
6. Village Common Garden
residential buildings that
7.
Space
8. Parking
CommonArea
implemented coexistence of
9.Community Center
10. Typical Housing Cluster
M
ecosystem and human's
comfortable life.
The main goal of the Village
Homes is the creation of the
ecologically sustainable
community. The characteristics
unique to the Village Homes are:
11. Office Complex
" Edible landscape
(On site food production)
" Natural storm water drainage
L
Use of solar energy
" Streets shaded with
vegetation
" Undulating streets
* Pedestrian & bike paths
public space
EE
:
3.Large
figure A(Village Homes Site Map)
FieXd
RELATED PRECEDENTS
figure B (Community Center)
figure C (Pedestrian & Bike Paths)
RELATED PRECEDENTS
Next 21
NEXT21 is an experimental
housing designed by a
committee for the Osaka Gas
NEXT21 project, which is located
in Osaka City, Japan. The
committee of this project consists
of six working groups:
Architecture and Structure,
Housing Design and Supply
System, Energy and
Infrastructure, Life Style, Site
Development and Management,
and Environment. The main
objective of this project is to
consider possible ways of
housing for future to be through
experiments in the aspects
mentioned above. Currently,
eighteen families live in this
experimental housing as
monitors, and housing
experiments have been being
made since 1994 for five years.
The characteristics unique to
NEXT 21 are:
" Ecological garden
" On site organic waste
treatment
e
Gray water recycling
* Photovoltaic cell units
* Co-generation system
figure D (NEXT 21)
RELATED PRECEDENTS
figure E (NEXT 21 Section)
73
RELATED PRECEDENTS
74
CREDITS
figure 2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.11
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
A
B
C
D
E
Japan National Astronomical Observatory. Science Almanac, p.199.
Ibid., p.207.
Ibid., p.209.
Robinette. Energy Efficient Site Design, p.90.
Ibid.
Hough. Cities and Natural Process, p.248.
Robinette. Energy Efficient Site Design, p.92.
Ibid., p.66.
"Climate Data Book" Working-Group. Applied Climatology, p25.
Ibid.
Japan National Astronomical Observatory. Science Almanac, p.209.
Hough. Cities and Natural Process, p.40.
Ibid.
Harland. Eco-Renovation, p.144.
Funase. Chikyuni Yasashiku lkiru Houho, p.116.
Osaka Gas. NEXT21.
Ibid.
Ohno. Toshigata Saigaini Manabu Shimin Kougaku, p.76.
Kawamura. Sustainable Communities, p.55.
Ibid., p.60.
Ibid., p.61.
Osaka Gas. NEXT21.
Ibid.
All of the other figures and illustrations that are not listed above were done by the author.
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