NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
CONFÉRENCE DES
NATIONS UNIES SUR
LE COMMERCE ET
LE DÉVELOPPEMENT
UNITED NATIONS
CONFERENCE ON
TRADE
AND
DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability in the Coffee Sector: Exploring Opportunities for International Cooperation
Towards and Integrated Approach
BRAINSTORMING WORKSHOP, FEB. 17TH- 18TH, 2003
1. SUSTAINABLE COFFEE INITIATIVE BRIEF
Agenda 21: Paragraph 2.11
“The international community should aim at finding ways and means of achieving a better functioning and enhanced
transparency of commodity markets, greater diversification of the commodity sector in developing economies within a
macroeconomic framework that takes into consideration a country's economic structure, resource endowments and market
opportunities, and better management of natural resources that takes into account the necessities of sustainable
development.”
The Least Developed Countries Report 2002: Escaping the Poverty Trap
“The commitment to reducing extreme poverty by half by the year 2015 necessarily implies attention to the primary
commodity problem.”
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International
Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) have launched the Sustainable Commodity Initiative
(SCI) in recognition of the fundamental link between commodities and sustainable development. The
principal objective of the SCI is to improve the social, environmental and economic sustainability of
commodities production and trade by developing global multi-stakeholder strategies on a sector by
sector basis.
Despite a rapid growth in the diversity and number of NGO, government and industry led initiatives
addressing sustainability within commodities markets over the past two decades, there has been
comparatively little coordination at the international level—either between initiatives or the diverse
approaches they have adopted. The development of multi-stakeholder market based mechanisms at
the global level thus represents an important, and as yet, largely unexplored avenue for improving the
social, environmental and economic impacts of commodities trade in an integrated and coherent
manner. The SCI aims to take advantage of this opportunity by providing a multi-stakeholder forum
for the identification of concrete sustainability strategies and instruments at the global level.
Through a process of workshops and meetings, producer, NGO, industry and government
representatives will be invited to explore:
•
•
•
Sustainability with respect to social and environmental issues from both market structure and
supply chain perspectives
Opportunities for collaboration between existing sustainability initiatives
New global instruments for the sustainable management of commodities trade through
public/private/civil society partnerships
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
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The SCI will provide a preliminary but significant testing ground for proposed initiatives through a
process of stakeholder feedback and in-depth analytical research. By leading a constructive and
proactive process the SCI hopes to provide a foundation for further multi-stakeholder collaboration
and the eventual implementation of novel global strategies for addressing commodities problems at
large.
THE COFFEE PHASE OF THE SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE
The first phase of the SCI will focus on the identification of strategies for the coffee sector. The coffee phase will build
upon existing initiatives 1 with the objective of identifying novel ways for addressing supply chain and market issues in a
coordinated way that is suitable for substantial application within the coffee sector. In an effort to ensure
comprehensiveness, the coffee phase will use the following principles, drawn from existing initiatives, as a guide in the
development and testing of proposed actions:
Principles for Sustainable Development in Coffee Trade2
Principle 1:
Principle 2:
Principle 3:
Principle 4:
Principle 5:
Producers should be paid a price/wage that covers basic production, living and environmental
costs and which displays a measured degree of stability
Employment relationships should be maintained in accordance with core ILO conventions and
local law.
Production practices should be environmentally sustainable
Producers should have enhanced access to credit and opportunities for diversification
Producers should have enhanced access to trade information and trade channels.
In order to ensure the relevance of the SCI’s work, mechanisms proposed by stakeholders from the coffee sector will form
the focus of its activities for this phase. The main activities of the coffee phase will involve:
• Two international multi-stakeholder meetings
• A multi-stakeholder survey and interview process
• Legal, economic and impact analysis research
In addition to establishing a process for the development, testing and analysis of new ideas for action, the SCI will also
provide a unique forum for generating multi-lateral and multi-stakeholder cooperation towards sustainable practice within
the coffee sector.
For more information about this initiative please contact:
Jason Potts
Project Coordinator
IDRC
Montreal, Canada
Tel: (514) 522-2000 x235
jpotts@idrc.ca
Amos Taporaie
Commodities Branch
UNCTAD
Geneva, Switzerland
Tel: (41 22) 907 5776
Fax: (41 22) 917 0509
Amos.Taporaie@unctad.org
1 Initiatives by the following institutions are among those providing an important basis for further work in this area: 1. The
International Coffee Organization 2. Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International 3. Rainforest Alliance 4. UTZ Kapeh
Foundation 5. GTZ 6. European Coffee Federation.
2 Principles for sustainable development drawn from the UN Global Compact’s 9 principles, Fair Trade “Goals and
Objectives” as defined by FINE, Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International Fair Trade Generic Criteria and the
Conservation Principles for Coffee Production.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
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2. BACKGROUND DOCUMENT - For Brainstorming
Mechanisms for Sustainability in the Coffee Sector
As one of the most important commodities in
terms of value traded globally, coffee plays a
crucial role in the livelihoods of millions of
rural households across the developing world.
In addition to the estimated 25 million small
coffee farmers who depend directly upon
coffee as their primary source of income,
coffee contributes significantly to foreign
exchange earnings and plays a leading role in
determining opportunities for employment and
infrastructure development in more than 50
developing countries.
The breadth and
intimacy of the relationship between coffee
producers and a host of intermediary
institutions along the coffee supply chain
makes the sector of critically important to
sustainable development at the local, regional
and global levels.
1.0 Challenges to Sustainability within the
Coffee Sector
Although 'Sustainability’ has been defined in a
variety of ways over the past several decades,
the Brundtland Report (1987) has provided the
most widely accepted and enduring definition
at the international level. According to the
Brundtland report:3
“Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own need. It contains within it
two concepts:
•
the concept of 'needs', in particular the
essential need of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and
•
the idea of limitations imposed by the
state of technology and social organization on
the environment's ability to meet present and
future needs".
The report is particularly notable for its
insistence on the treatment of social, economic
and environmental pillars of sustainability in
3
World Commission on Environment &
Development (WCED), 1987. Our Common
Future, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, at 43.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
an integrated and coherent manner. Since the
Rio Earth Summit in 1992, the international
community at large has endorsed the
conception of sustainable development
outlined in the Brundtland Report—a
commitment recently reaffirmed at the World
Summit on Sustainable Development. Coffee
production and trade faces significant
challenges along each pillar of sustainable
development in ways that highlight their
interconnectedness.
1.1 ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
The current “coffee crisis” has brought the
economic situation of coffee producers to the
forefront of media and policy discussions.
Since the 1980s, oversupply on international
markets has resulted in a near 70% decline in
nominal coffee prices.4 According to a rough
calculation made by the UNCTAD secretariat,
between 1999 and 2002 alone, producing
countries earned US$19 billion less in
revenues than if prices had remained at their
1998 levels. 5 For the small farmers that
account for approximately 70% of coffee
production, declining prices have a direct
impact on overall household revenues and
access to basic needs. Declining prices are
also associated with declining job quality and
security for employees serving plantations,
many of whom represent the poorest section of
the population serving the coffee supply chain.
Although low prices on the world market are
one of the most important determinants of
economic sustainability in the coffee sector at
present, they form part of a larger web of
economic constraints facing coffee producers
generally.
The damaging effects of long term declining
terms of trade facing coffee producers are
exacerbated by high price volatility. Over the
past several decades, global export revenues
4
OXFAM GB, The Coffee Market: A Background
Study (OXFAM, 2001), at 1.
5 1998 price levels are considered to be a
historically “average” price level. United Nations,
World commodity trends and prospects, A/57/381,
5 September 2002, at 5.
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from coffee have fluctuated between $5 and
$14 billion per annum.6 Price volatility
together with rigidities of production and the
consequent distribution of costs make it
extremely difficult for coffee producers and
policy makers alike to determine optimal
production strategies.
Meanwhile, fiscal
uncertainty at the local and national levels
places a significant constraint on the
generation of a stable economic base for
development. While price volatility has its
root in climatic variability, there is evidence of
increasing volatility since the 1980s due
largely to:7
•
•
•
Reduced
co-operation
at
the
8
international level;
Increased speculative activity by large
funds in commodities markets;9 and
Deregulation in national markets.10
Coffee, like other agricultural goods, is a
seasonal product requiring investments prior to
harvest and revenue returns. Small farmers
with a low capital and savings base, frequently
rely on advances and credit to supply requisite
pre-harvest inputs and living expenses. In
many coffee-producing communities, local
coffee buyers fill the credit gap through
advance purchases at highly discounted rates.
Although local buyers fulfill an important role
through such credit provision, poor infra-
Requirements associated with selling on
international markets also present significant
barriers to higher revenues for smaller
producers.
For example, export license,
minimum volume and quality requirements
can operate as bottlenecks that effectively
reduce the ability of producers to reap the
benefits of the international trading system.
Meanwhile, tariffs on processed forms of
coffee in importing countries can also have an
effect on the revenue captured by producer
countries from the supply chain.
The
imposition of such tariffs effectively restricts
producing country access to the higher value
added associated with processing activities.
EUROPEAN UNION IMPORT TARIFFS FOR
P ROCESSED COFFEE
Format
Tariff
Unprocessed Green
0%
Decaffeinated Green
8.3%
Roasted
7.5%
Decaffeinated Roasted 9.0%
Substitutes Containing 11.5%
Coffee
Source: European Fair Trade Association
(EFTA) Yearbook 2000-2003
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
6
International Trade Centre, Coffee: An Exporter’s
Guide. (ITC, 2002), at 3.
7 OXFAM, supra note 4 at 13.
8 The elimination of economic clauses from
International Coffee Agreements since 1989 has
reduced the effectiveness of international
cooperation for stabilizing prices.
See, for
example, R. Bates, Open-Economy Politics: The
Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade.
(Princeton University Press. 1997).
9 Increased activity by large funds in commodity
futures markets over the past two decades has led
to a weakening of the connection between price
determination and market fundamentals giving rise
to greater price uncertainty. UNCTAD, New types
of Non-trade Related Participation in Commodity
Futures Markets UNCTAD/COM/83 (UNCTAD,
1996).
10 Stefano Ponte, The ‘Latte Revolution’? Winners
and Losers in the Restructuring of the Global
Coffee Marketing Chain. (Center for Development
Research, 2001).
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
structure development and anti-competitive
practices regularly result in a net transfer of
value down the supply chain placing still
greater financial pressures on producers.
8 FEB 2002
Although traditional coffee farming systems
have relatively low level environmental
impacts, efforts over the past several decades
to increase productivity have intensified the
negative impacts of coffee production on the
natural environment considerably.
Public
policy aimed at increasing productivity in
Latin America in particular, has led to
substantial transition from traditional shade
grown production to “sun” coffee or “monoculture shade” coffee.11 In Colombia, for
11
Different forms of coffee production form a
gradient between sun and shade grown systems. At
least five general types of coffee production
systems have been identified: traditional;
traditional poly-culture; commercial poly-culture;
shaded mono-culture and sun. The ‘traditional’ and
‘traditional poly-culture’ systems utilize the
original forest canopy while the commercial and
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example, it is estimated that 68% of the total
area devoted to coffee production has been
converted to “technified” systems of
agriculture (also known as ‘modern’ or ‘High
External Input Systems of Agriculture’) over
the past 30 years.12 Such production methods
pose clear dangers to the environment through
the synthetic external inputs and reduced
biodiversity they typically introduce.
The traditional sites of coffee production
around the world make environmentally
intensive production techniques particularly
dangerous to environmental integrity—not just
for local eco-systems but also for the planet at
large. More than 80% of the 11.8 million
hectares devoted to coffee production around
the world are planted in areas of former or
current rainforest.13
Coffee is currently
grown in 13 of the world’s 25 bio-diversity
“hotspots”—areas of high biodiversity
importance and vulnerability.
No. of bird species per 100
census points
Number of Different Bird Species By Coffee
Production Method (Peru)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Sun
Coffee
Scrub
Shade
Coffee
Diverse
Shade
Coffee
Source: Greenberg, R.and R. A. Rice. Manual de café
bajo sombra y biodiversidad en el Perú. -The Peruvian
Shade-grown Coffee Primer. Migratory Bird Center,
(Smithsonian Institute, 2000).
Research comparing the biodiversity of
technified and traditional shade coffee farms
has found significantly higher flora, fauna and
mammalian diversity in the latter.14 In Latin
America a 50% reduction in avian biodiversity has been observed under sun growing
conditions. In addition to aggravating soil
erosion, reduced forestation associated with
sun and mono-culture production reduces
overall carbon sequestration. The shift from
“diverse shade” systems to “monoculture
shade” systems has been estimated to have
reduced carbon sequestration between 30%
and 50% in Latin America. 15
Carbon Sequestration in Different Agroecosystems (tons C/Ha and year)
Forest
Forest
Shade
Grown
Coffee
Forest
Diversified MonoShade
Shade
culture
Grown
Shade
Coffee and
Grown
Domestic
Coffee
Plants
196
174
118
101
77
Source: PROCAFE, Differentiating Salvadorian Coffee.
Paper presented at the World Bank, October 2001 cited
in Kristina Sorby, Background paper to World Bank
Agricultural Technology Note 30, “Toward more
sustainable coffee” (World Bank, 2002).
Coffee hulling can also have considerable
impacts on the environment. Wet processing
techniques, which are used for approximately
40% of global production,16 generate wastewater with a Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD) of up to 150 g/l. The expulsion of high
quantities of waste-water in the initial bean
processing leads to reduced oxygen levels in
14
Faminow, supra note 11.
The role of coffee production as a stimulus for
deforestation is not, of course, limited to Latin
America. Research commissioned by UNCTAD
on the environmental effects of coffee production
in the Ivory Coast concludes that coffee has played
a major role in reducing the country’s forested land
from 16 million to 3 million hectares.
Denis
Ouhoble Seudieu, L’impact de la production et de
la yransformation du café, du cacao et du riz sur
l’environment en cote d’ivoire. (UNCTAD, 1993)
UNCTAD/COM/24.
16 EDE Consulting, “Coffee and Environment:
Study of Environmental Issues Relating to the
Coffee Chain Within a Context of Trade
Liberalization Through a Life-cycle Approach”
(ICO, 2001).
15
shade monoculture varieties utilize commercially
introduced shade cover. See Merle D. Faminow
and Eloise Ariza Rodriguez, Bio-diversity of Flora
and Fauna in Shaded Coffee Systems. (CEC, 2001).
The average rate of conversion to shade
monoculture and sun coffees for Northern Latin
America as a whole has been estimated to be 40%.
Rice, R. and J. Ward, Coffee, Conservation, and
Commerce in the Western Hemisphere. (Natural
Resources Defense Council and Smithsonian
Migratory Bird Center. Washington, DC, 1996.)
12 Rice, supra note 8.
13 Halweil B. (2002) “Why Your Daily Fix Can Fix
More than Your Head.” World Watch Vol. 15. No.3
May/June 2002.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
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water which can threaten many forms of
marine life.17
17
Jan von Enden and Ken Calvert, Coffee WasteWater: Post Harvest Processing (GTZ, 2002).
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
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Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
…defines the amount of oxygen required to
biologically break down organic wastes
diluted in water. Some typical values:
Distillery waste-water
100 g/l
Meat processing waste-water
10 g/l
Paper mill waste-water
2 g/l
Coffee waste-water
150 g/l
Source: Enden and Calver, 2002.
1.3 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Arguably, the greatest threat to the social
sustainability of coffee production results from
the economic conditions facing coffee
producers. Coffee farmers typically depend
upon coffee as their primary source of hard
currency. As a result, declining and volatile
coffee prices can have a direct impact on
access to education, housing, food, medical
services and other basic necessities. Although
producer organizations can provide an
important avenue for democratic, equitable
representation
and
infra-structure
development, the relative isolation of many
small coffee farmers often places prohibitively
high
transaction
costs
on
effective
participation in such organizations.
On the other hand, hired labour serving coffee
plantations and estates typically represents the
poorest segment of the population serving the
supply chain. Although workers are not
directly exposed to the vagaries of the market,
evidence suggests that the performance of the
market is transmitted to workers through
general working conditions and wages. In a
recent survey of coffee plantations in
Guatemala, for example, it was found that
none paid the country’s minimum wage and
that a majority of them did not even pay half
the minimum wage.18 Housing conditions
among such plantations have also been
reported to be below national requirements.19
18
Bart Ensing, ‘The viability of a code of conduct
in the coffee sector in Guatemala’, Fair Trade
Organizatie July 2000; The Guatemalan
government regards minimum wage as being
sufficient to cover on 40% of basic needs. See
OXFAM, supra note 4 at 12.
19 GTZ, Working and Living Conditions in Large
Scale Coffee Production in Latin America accessed
at
http://www.dieSUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
Meanwhile, child labour is reported to be
widely used on plantations in some countries.
In Kenya, for example, it is estimated that 30%
of the coffee pickers serving plantations are
below the age of fifteen.20
Meanwhile, the shift toward technified
farming systems, in addition to threatening
overall environmental integrity, poses direct
health and safety risks for coffee workers and
their communities. The use of the insecticide
endosulfan on coffee plantations in Colombia,
for example was linked to more than 200
poisonings between 1993-1994.
Underregulated agrochemical use also threatens
farmers and other rural residents with exposure
to toxic substances in water supplies. In a
1987 case, more than 200 people became sick
from drinking water contaminated with
agricultural pesticides and fertilizers in the
western Mexican state of Jalisco.21
Meanwhile, the use of nitrogen fertilizers in
Costa Rica has been linked with unsafe levels
of groundwater pollution.22 High levels of
exposure to agricultural pesticides have also
been linked to reduced activity of
cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for proper
neuro-muscular activity, among the population
in Nicaragua.23
gdi.de/DIE_Homepage.nsf/ViewAttach/51EFF03B
641F9792C1256C2F0029A34E/$File/Summarye2.pdf?OpenElement.
20 OXFAM, supra note 4 at 11.
21 Ivan Restrepo, 1992 Los Plaguicidas en México
(México, D.F.:Comisión Nacional de Derechos
Humanos), at 126-127, 130.
22 Levels in excess of World Health Organization
acceptable levels have been documented in Costa
Rica. Olman Segura B. and Jenny Reynolds,
"Environmental Impact of Coffee Production and
Processing in El Salvador and Costa Rica,"
(Geneva: UN Conference on Trade and
Environment, UNCTAD/COM/20, August 27,
1993), at 15-16. In high concentrations, nitrates
can cause infant methemoglobinemia ("blue-baby
syndrome"), a potentially fatal condition that
impedes oxygen transport in infants' bloodstreams.
Other human health concerns surrounding nitrate
contamination of groundwater include suspected
links between nitrates and certain cancers, birth
defects, hypertension, and developmental problems
in children. E.G. Nielson and L.K. Lee, 1987 The
Magnitude
and
Costs
of
Groundwater
Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals,
(Washington, D.C.: USDA Economic Research
Service), at 22.
23 Rice, supra note 11.
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Finally, the coffee sector, like other
agricultural sectors, exhibits traditional gender
distinctions that can place women at a social
and economic disadvantage. In addition to
outright gender discrimination observed in
plantation settings, 24 there is evidence that the
role of women in household decision-making
is often disproportionate to the work they
devote to actual coffee production.25
The
coffee trade can reinforce gender inequity by
maintaining
patriarchal
supply
chain
structures. Alternative trading structures may
hold the opportunity of improving the gender
balance along the supply chain.
2.0 Sustainability in Action: Past and
Present
Over the past half-century, the social,
environmental and economic problems facing
the coffee sector have inspired the creation of a
wide range of initiatives each addressing
specific aspects related to sustainability within
the sector. Among such initiatives there has,
however, been a general tendency to treat the
economic
or
“market”
aspects
of
“sustainability” separately from its “social” and
“environmental” components—a trend which
presents both an opportunity and a need for the
development of new approaches which draw
upon the conception of sustainability called for
by the Rio and WSSD processes.
Since the first International Coffee Agreement
in 1962, national governments have sought
global mechanisms for the creation of more
stable and lucrative coffee markets, primarily
by setting in motion conditions for effectively
matching supply and demand at the macroeconomic level. The use of export quotas in
ICAs prior to 1989 as a means of controlling
the supply (and thus price levels) on the
international coffee market provides the most
explicit example of the macro-economic
approach that has distinguished the ICA
system to date. More recently, Resolution 407
24
Ensing, supra note 18.
In Uganda, for example, it is estimated that
women provide 60% of the labour for coffee
production with only 17% reporting any input into
spending decisions within the household. Diane
Elson and Barbara Evers, Gender Aware Country
Economic Reports: Working Paper No.2 Uganda
(University of Manchester, 1997) at 25.
25
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
set a quality standard for international export
with the intent of reducing overall supply and
improving demand, thus raising prices, of
coffee on the international market. The macro
approach of the ICO/ICA structure is notable
for its emphasis on the “economic” pillar of
sustainable development.
Another series of “sustainability” initiatives
focuses on providing a structure for
implementing, administering and monitoring
social and environmental standards through
the product chain—particularly at the
production level. These initiatives typically
incorporate certification and labeling as a
means for accessing a growing consumer
interest in “sustainable goods.” The table
below provides a brief overview of some of
the initiatives developed or underway for the
coffee sector at present.
COVERAGE OF SELECT ECO-LABEL
SYSTEMS FOR COFFEE
Criteria Coverage
Environment
Social
Integrated
pest Health and
Rainforest
management; eco- safety;
Alliance: Eco-OK system
labour
label
conservation; waste standards.
management etc.
Reduced pesticide Health and
UTZ Kapeh
use.
safety;
Foundation
labour
standards.
No
synthetic
International
pesticides
or
Federation of
chemicals,
soil
Organic
conservation,
no
Agriculture
GMOs etc.
Movements
(IFOAM)
Shade grown; No
Smithsonian
synthetic pesticides
Migratory Bird or chemicals, soil
Centre
conservation,
no
GMOs etc.
European Coffee ????
Labour
Federation: Draft
standards
“Ethical
Sourcing
Guidelines”*
Environmental
Health and
management; ????
safety,
Eurepgap Coffee
labour
Protocol*
standards;
????
*Draft guidelines under development
Initiative
Although the breadth and approach of these
types of initiatives varies considerably, they
share an emphasis on:
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1. Influencing individual or institutional
decision making along the supply
chain; and
2. Ensuring that supply chain decision
making
promotes
social
and
environmental sustainability 26
The focus of these initiatives thus provides a
clear contrast with the macro-economic
approach adopted by the ICO system. While
most of these initiatives are built on the
development of transparent, verifiable criteria,
the growth in the number of initiatives without
effective inter-initiative collaboration poses a
threat to their ability to meet stated objectives
on a broad scale.
Project and institutionally based initiatives,
launched variously by industry, NGOs and
government, form a third general category of
sustainability initiatives within the coffee
sector. Although it would be impossible to do
justice to the large number of such projects
undertaken at this level, a few examples
emanating from the private sector include:
•
•
•
Procter and Gamble has signed a
partnership
agreement
with
Technoserve to promote capacity
building of small coffee farmers in
ways that enable higher returns on
international markets.
Kraft and Douwe Egberts through a
public-private partnership with GTZ,
have undertaken work aimed at
identifying, among other things, more
environmentally sound production and
processing techniques available to
Vietnamese coffee producers.
Starbucks has undertaken a work with
the Global Environment Facility and
Conservation International aimed at
helping Mexican farmers become
certified to shade and organic
standards.
Although these initiatives show the greatest
flexibility for adapting to specific geographic
and institutional requirements, they are
nevertheless limited in their ability to address
problems associated with the macro-economic
conditions of the market at a systemic level.
They are also vulnerable to many of the same
challenges facing eco-labelling initiatives such
as lack of consistency across initiatives and
reduced access to economies of scale. Although
the experiences arising from such work provide
important lessons for action at the international
level, the absence of a clear, transparent forum
for implementation, has hindered movement in
such a direction.
3.0 An Integrated Approach: Rationale and
Challenges
The Rio Earth Summit presented an
international consensus recognizing the need
for adopting an integrated approach to
sustainable development based upon the
simultaneous treatment of the social, economic
and environmental branches in a coherent and
holistic manner. At the World Summit on
Sustainable Development the international
community recognized the need for designing
specific tools at the global level for
implementing the integrated approach
underlined in the Rio process.
The
interdependency of the three pillars on a global
scale within coffee production and trade makes
the development of such instruments for the
coffee sector an imperative.
Direct dependence upon the international
coffee market for revenue generation at the
household, community and national levels
makes the inter-relationship between the social
and economic pillars particularly evident in the
case of coffee. Economic uncertainty and
declining terms of trade at the international
level translates directly to reduced resources
for basic needs such as education, medical
services, safe living spaces and other
environment-related goods.
Sustainable
economic conditions are thus a clear prerequisite to fulfilling the social and
environmental objectives of sustainable
development within the sector.
At the same time, however, the adoption of
environmentally
sustainable
production
practices holds the promise of improving
economic returns to producers over both the
short and long term. On the one hand,
certified socially and environmentally
responsible coffees typically receive a
considerable price premium over conventional
26
Many of the initiatives also address economic
components on a case-by-case basis.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
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coffees.27 On the other hand, transition to
sustainable production practices on a large
scale has the potential to improve the macroeconomic sustainability of the coffee sector.
Some maintain, for example, that certain
environmentally
sustainable
production
practices produce coffees of a higher quality
than their highly technified counterparts.28 In
addition to earning higher returns over the
short term for producers, the transition to
environmentally sustainable production could
have a positive influence on overall rates of
coffee consumption (and thus prices across the
coffee market as a whole). There is also
evidence suggesting that environmentally
sustainable production practices produce
smaller but more stable crop yields than
technified practices. 29 To the extent that this
is the case, large-scale transition to sustainable
practices could improve both the stability and
price levels on the international market—key
criteria in determining the overall economic
sustainability of the sector.
Potential Macro-Economic Impacts of Transition to
Environmentally Sustainable Coffee Production
MacroEconomic
Impact
Technified
(Sun, Monoculture,
Synthetic
Inputs)
Parameter
Sustainable
(Shade,
Organic,
IPM)
MacroEconomic
Impact
-
+
Yield
-
+
-
+
Risk
-
+
-
-
Quality
+
+
many of those serving any given supply chain.
The presence of coordination and information
problems within the coffee market can give
rise to frequent opportunities for market failure
which operate as a major obstacle to the
adoption of sustainable practices on a broad
basis.
It is well known, for example, that producers
and producer countries commonly seek
methods for increasing production as a
response to declining prices—despite the fact
that price declines are principally the result of
oversupply. 30 In the absence of guarantees
that others will restrict output, increasing
output is the “rational,” albeit sub-optimal,
strategy. Similar prisoner dilemma problems
face producers31 and consumers32 with respect
to the maintenance of social and
environmental goods (through their respective
production and consumption practices). The
existence of market failure throughout the
coffee sector, underlines the intimacy of the
relationship between the social, environmental
and economic components of sustainability.
Fair Trade Labelling, as administered by Fair
Trade Labelling Organizations International
30
The experience of the last century also
indicates however, that increased returns at the
individual level can be achieved over the short
term without noticeable improvements, and at
times even at the expense of improvements, in
the social and environmental conditions of
27
A 2001 survey of US coffee importers revealed
premiums of between US$.11 and US$1.10 for
certified organic coffees from Latin America.
28 See, for example, “Coffee Contact” at
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/1290
/basics.html#shade.
29 The transition from sun to shade production
techniques can entail up to one-third reductions in
output. Gerd Fletscher, Agriculture Technology
Notes (Rural Development Department, World
Bank) June 2002 at 3. See also Greenberg, R.and
R. A. Rice. (2001): Manual de café bajo sombra y
biodiversidad en el Perú. -The Peruvian Shadegrown Coffee Primer. Migratory Bird Center,
Smithsonian Institution.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
The fact that high coffee prices also lead to
increased production suggests that market signals
are not working efficiently in the sector.
31 Where the cost of maintaining sustainable social
and environmental conditions associated with
production are not reflected in actual prices,
producers have an incentive avoid such costs as a
means to remaining competitive. Since social and
environmental benefits, unlike economic benefits, are
shared with others, individual producers have a
“rational” interest in promoting their individual
economic interests at the expense of the larger social
and environmental interests—even where they are
directly impacted by social and environmental
degradation.
32 At the global level, consumers are faced with
imperfect information on the production practices
behind the products they purchase and so often
cannot act on social and environmental values
effectively. Even where credible information on
socially and environmentally sustainable products
is available, consumers may be uncertain as to the
effects of such purchases on the overall
environment in the absence of information on the
actions of others. In the face of such uncertainty,
consumers (and consumer governments) are more
likely to opt for the status quo, forcing producers
(and intermediaries) to compete on the basis of
externalized social and environmental costs.
- 10 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
(FLO),
stands
out
among
existing
sustainability initiatives as one of the most
explicit efforts to integrate the three branches
of sustainable development under a single
initiative. The case of Fair Trade Labelling
provides a particularly vivid example of the
depth of the relationship between market and
supply chain forces which give rise to public
goods problems and other sources of market
failure in coffee sector. As such it provides a
useful case study for considering the
challenges
and
opportunities
facing
international
strategies
toward
the
development of an integrated approach.
3.1 F AIR TRADE LABELLING
The core of the FLO system is built upon a
certification scheme designed to ensure that
select social, environmental and economic
criteria are maintained throughout the coffee
supply chain.
The principal eligibility requirements for FLO
coffee certification are:
1. That a minimum price covering basic
production and living costs be paid for
the coffee
2. That producer organizations provide
opportunities for democratic producer
self representation
3. That importers offer partial advance
payment to producers when requested
4. That
producers
commit
to
environmentally
sustainable
production practices
5. That producer groups commit
premiums received from the sale of
FLO certified coffee to investments in
diversification and reinvestment in
community projects
By combining price, producer representation,
diversification, stable long term contractual
relations and sustainable production practices,
FLO offers one of the broadest coffee
sustainability systems to date.33 Despite this
achievement however, FLO products have
been unable to earn large-scale presence
within mainstream markets. For coffee, Fair
33
FLO provides licensing through national
initiatives in 17 consuming countries around the
world and sources coffee from producers in 23
countries.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
Trade labelling’s banner product, total global
sales account for a mere 0.24% of total world
coffee production.34 The current low level of
market penetration for Fair Trade products,
despite its international presence, operates as a
significant obstacle to the overall effectiveness
of Fair Trade labelling as a tool for improving
the conditions of commodity producers in
developing countries on a large scale.35
A key challenge facing the FLO system stems
from its reliance upon supply chain relations
alone for the administration and management
of its “sustainability criteria”. Although Fair
Trade attempts to provide a mechanism for
“economic” sustainability at the producer
level, it does not offer a response to the macroeconomic conditions of the market
fundamentally responsible for price and credit
behaviour.
The solution to such market
problems, on the Fair Trade model, is sought
through the development of a consumer
market for Fair Trade labeled coffees.
To date, the market for Fair Trade coffees has
primarily been built through the persistent
publicity efforts of Northern based NGOs.
Despite consumer surveys showing high levels
of awareness and willingness to purchase Fair
Trade labeled coffees in some markets, actual
market shares for such coffees remain well
below the 5% mark with the European average
at around 2% of total coffee sales.36
Research in the North American context
suggests that Fair Trade’s attention to the
economic criteria through supply chain
approach aggravates the public goods
problems facing the adoption of sustainable
practices generally. Coffee roasters, retailers
34Calculated
on the basis of FLO statistics 2000
and “Coffee Review of 2001” in F.O. Lichts
International Coffee Report Vol. 16, No. 15. at 1.
35Despite low overall market shares, it is important
not to overlook the significant positive benefit
provided through FLO to coffee producers. In
2001 it is estimated that $30 million in additional
revenue was earned for coffee farmers through the
FLO system. FLO Annual Report 2001-2002 at 9.
36 Jean-Marie Krier, Fair Trade in Europe 2001:
Facts and Figures on the Fair Trade sector in 18
European countries (EFTA, 2001) at p. 14
accessed at http://www.eftadvocacy.org; See also
Oxford Policy Management, Fair Trade: Overview,
Impact, Challenges (UK: Department for
International Development, 2001) at 14.
- 11 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
and consumers all display high price
sensitivity in their decision making
behaviour.37 Fair Trade coffee is roughly
between 50%-150% more expensive than
comparable coffees at the retail level. 38 Fair
Trade coffee is more expensive due not only to
the minimum floor price associated with such
coffee but also due to the licensing and
transaction costs associated with certification
per se. The additional costs associated with
Fair Trade on the consumption side of the
supply chain present a significant obstacle to
the generation of larger market penetration.
Meanwhile, on the production side, there is a
risk that the Fair Trade pricing scheme may
not be sufficiently responsive to market
conditions to promote sustainable development
on a widespread basis. On the one hand, the
establishment of a minimum floor price,
through supply chain standards alone, has the
potential to provide incentives toward
oversupply thus aggravating overall price
decline.39 On the other hand, the detachment
of the Fair Trade pricing system from coffee
quality has the potential to reduce the capacity
of producers to respond efficiently to
international market conditions thereby
leading to increased vulnerability over the long
run.
The specific constraints facing Fair Trade
demonstrates the overall importance of
building sustainability in a way that reflects
the forces of the market while acknowledging
the need for adjusting the market in ways that
prevent market forces from threatening
sustainability over the long term.
The
orientation of mainstream coffee markets
towards positive change fundamentally
depends upon the identification of a meeting
37
Although coffee consumers display low price
elasticity with respect to overall coffee
consumption, they nevertheless show considerable
price sensitivity as between competing brands.
38 Note this figure applies to conventional retail
markets. Fair Trade is only marginally (about 5%)
more expensive than specialty coffees on the North
American retail market.
39 This problem may be inherent to the application
of a single minimum price across all producers.
Without a technique for distinguishing between
different production environments, Fair Trade will
likely be prone to generating market distortions in
some cases at least.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
ground between these two points and forms
the fulcrum of an integrated approach.
4.0 The Potential
Cooperation
for
International
Coffee production is intimately inter-twined
with international markets. Since the vast
majority of coffee is produced for export, the
circumstances of coffee production and trade
are, to a large degree, a direct response to
signals from such markets. The information
and coordination problems that present
obstacles to producer and consumer transition
to sustainable coffees are also operative at the
national level.
In the absence of clear
information and coordination between national
actors, the “rational” strategy for reducing
overall losses is also often sub-optimal at the
macro level. The prevalence of prisoner’s
dilemma problems at the international level
provides a basic rationale for internationally
coordinated action towards the adoption of
sustainable markets and production practices.
On the other hand, growth in the number and
diversity of market based social and
environmental initiatives addressing the coffee
sector entails a risk of generating new nontariff barriers as well as providing inconsistent
stakeholder representation.
A multistakeholder mechanism for establishing and
administering the implementation of flexible,
coherent and transparent sustainability criteria
at the international level could play an
important role in ensuring a trade-neutral path
toward sustainable development within the
sector.40 An enhanced system of collaboration
and coordination between existing initiatives
could also improve the rate of adoption of
sustainable production practices throughout
the coffee market on the whole by reducing
costs associated with criteria administration,
development and enforcement.41
40
Trade neutrality, being the cornerstone of
obligations under WTO agreements, is likely a prerequisite to earning significant policy support on a
systemic basis.
41 TerraChoice Environmental Services Inc.,
Environmental and Other Labelling of Coffee: The
Role
of
Mutual
Recognition—Supporting
Cooperative
Action.
(Commission
for
Environmental Cooperation, 2000).
- 12 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
The following “principles for sustainable
development”, drawn from existing initiatives
within the coffee sector, provide a broad
foundation for the development of an
integrated approach within the coffee sector:
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
- 13 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
P RINCIPLES
FOR
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN COFFEE TRADE 42
these approaches is possible, themes for
consideration include:
•
Principle 1: Producers should be paid a
price/wage
that
covers
production,
living
and
environmental costs within a
competitive framework and
which displays a measured
degree of stability.
Principle 2: Employment
relationships
should be maintained in
accordance with core ILO
conventions and local law.
Principle 3: Production practices should be
environmentally sustainable.
Principle 4: Producers should have enhanced
access
to
credit
and
opportunities for diversification.
Principle 5: Producers should have enhanced
access to trade information and
trade channels.
The potential benefits, both micro and macro,
associated with the transition to socially and
environmentally
sustainable
production
practices provide a clear rationale for the
adoption such practices on a large scale. The
general separation between the social,
economic and environmental aspects of
sustainability among past and present
sustainability initiatives within the coffee
sector, presents a special opportunity for the
identification of hybrid mechanisms toward
this end. The presence of widespread market
failure, on the other hand, suggests the need
for multi-stakeholder and multi-lateral
cooperation at the international level. The
impending question before the international
community remains, “how?”
On the basis of the above, there is both a need
and
opportunity
for
improving
the
sustainability of the coffee sector through the
adoption of multi-lateral, multi-stakeholder,
market-based approaches that integrate
economic sustainability within social and
environmental sustainability. While a wide
range of potential instruments for combining
42
Principles for sustainable development drawn
from, inter alia, the UN Global Compact’s 9
principles, Fair Trade Labelling Organizations
International Fair Trade Generic Criteria and the
Conservation Principles for Coffee Production, Utz
Kapeh Foundation criteria.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
•
•
•
•
Mechanisms for streamlining the
administration and efficiency of
sustainable practices at the global level
through multi-stakeholder processes
(coffee stewardship council; interinitiative collaboration; coordination
with multi-lateral agreements (ICA))
Mechanisms for ensuring higher
and/or more stable returns to coffee
produced according to social and
environmental criteria (use of hedging
tools, price differentials, floor prices,
long term contracts etc.)
Mechanisms for improving access to
credit for those involved in social and
environmental production practices
(financing of credit, development of
new, more accessible credit instruments)
Mechanisms
which
build-in
opportunities for diversification either
along the value chain or through the
development of other product areas with
the adoption of social and environmental
production practices (financing for
diversification linked to sustainable
production practices)
Mechanisms for ensuring enhanced
market access to producers involved in
social and environmental production
practices (preferential tax treatment;
financing for the development of trade
institutions and channels of sustainable
coffee)
The Sustainable Commodity Initiative, a joint
project of UNCTAD and IISD, 43 will offer a
43
Established in 1964, the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development is the focal
point within the United Nations system for
intergovernmental
and
multi-stakeholder
deliberations
aimed
promoting
sustainable
development within the international trade arena.
Pursuant to this role, UNCTAD has played a
critical role in the establishment and development
of many International Commodity Bodies. The
International
Institute
for
Sustainable
Development, a Canadian based NGO established
in 1990 in response to the Brundtland Report, has
played a key role in forwarding the sustainability
debate at the international level since the Rio Earth
Summit. IISD offers extensive research experience
on the linkages between trade and sustainable
- 14 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
neutral, multi-stakeholder forum for assessing
the potential of concrete instruments
addressing these and other themes within the
coffee sector.
Through a process of workshops and meetings,
producer, NGO, industry and government
representatives will be invited to explore:
•
•
•
Sustainability with respect to social
and environmental issues from both
macro and micro perspectives
Opportunities
for
collaboration
between
existing
sustainability
initiatives
The potential of new global
instruments for the sustainable
management of commodities trade
through public/private/civil society
partnerships
The SCI will provide a preliminary testing
ground for proposed initiatives through a
process of stakeholder feedback and rigorous
analytical research. By leading a constructive
and proactive process the SCI hopes to provide
a foundation for further multi-stakeholder
collaboration and the eventual implementation
of
global
strategies
for
addressing
sustainability in the coffee sector at large.
development, particularly as these issues relate to
developing country perspectives.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
- 15 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
3. DRAFT AGENDA
Day 1: 17 Feb 2003
Part I
9:30-10:00
10:00-11:00
11:00-11:15
11:15-12:00
12:00-12:30
12:30-1:30
Part II
1:30-3:45
Overview of Current Initiatives
Introduction to the project: the rationale for multi-lateral
cooperation
Brief descriptions of existing initiatives
• International Trade Centre (Coffee Guide) (5-10 minutes)
• Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (10-15 minutes)
• Sustainable Agriculture Network (ISEAL, Rainforest
Alliance) (10-15 minutes)
• Utz Kapeh (10 minutes)
Break
Brief descriptions of existing initiatives continued
• Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (10
minutes)
• GTZ (10 minutes)
• Sustainable Trade and Innovation Centre (10 minutes)
• RaboBank (5-10 minutes)
Outline of “Principles for Sustainable Development”: the rationale
for an integrated approach
Lunch
Identifying Hybrid Mechanisms
Working Group 1A: mechanisms Working Group 1B: Mechanisms
for improving price and/or
for Improving Credit and Risk
market demand for sustainable
Management for Producers of
coffees
Sustainable Coffees
•
•
•
3:45-4:00
4:00-4:45
Price differential proposal
(Utz Kapeh)
Starbucks model proposal
(Starbucks)
Carbon credit/tax
proposal (Counter Culture
Coffees)
•
•
Risk management
proposal (World Bank)
Sustainable coffee credit
facility proposal (North
American Commission for
Environmental
Cooperation)
Break
Review and discussion of ideas generated in working groups
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
- 16 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
Day 2: 18 Feb 2002
Part II
9:00-9:15
9:15-11:30
Identifying Hybrid Mechanisms Continued
Re-grouping
Working Group 2A: Mechanisms Working Group 2B: Mechanisms
for Improving Access to Markets for improving value retention and
diversification along the supply
and Information
chain
• Diversification proposal
• International Information
(Nestle)
Network proposal (CABI)
• International (sustainable)
• International support for
coffee fund proposal
local sustainability
(Walter Zwald)
organization proposal
(Consejo Mexicano de
• Promoting sustainable
Café Sostenable)
proposal (Rainforest
Alliance)
• Local and international
infrastructure proposal (P
and A marketing)
11:30-11:45
11:45-12:30
12:30-1:30
Part III
Break
Review and discussion of ideas generated in working groups
Lunch
Bringing the Pieces Together
1:30-3:45
Linking mechanisms with each other and with social and
environmental standards
• Coffee Stewardship Council proposal (Nestle)
• The ICREA idea and experience (UNCTAD/IISD)
Break
Conclusions and future work
3:45-4:00
4:00-4:30
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
- 17 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
4. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Mr. Pablo Dubois
Head of Operations
International Coffee Organization
22 Berners Street .
London W1T 3DD
England
Tel: +44 (0)20 7580 8591
Fax: +44 (0)20 7580 6129
E-mail: Dubois@ico.org
Mr. Mehmet Arda
Officer in Charge
Commodities Branch
UNCTAD
Palais des Nations
Geneva, Switzerland
Tel : 41 22 907-5780
Fax: 41 22 907 0509
E-mail: mehmet.arda@unctad.org
Ms. Lilian Volcan
Economist
International Coffee Organization
22 Berners Street .
London W1T 3DD
England
Tel: +44 (0)20 7580 8591
Fax: +44 (0)20 7580 6129
E-mail: Volcan@ico.org
Ms. Chantal Line Carpentier
Acting Head
Trade and Environment Program
North American Commission for
Environmental Cooperation
393 St. Jacques St.,
Montreal, Quebec
Tel: 514-350-4300
E-mail: clcarpentier@ccemtl.org
Mr. Panos Varangis
Senior Economist
World Bank
1818 H St NW
Room MC3-535
Washington, DC 20433
Tel: 202 473 3852
Fax: 202 522 1151
E-mail: Pvarangis@worldbank.org
Mr. Enzo Barattini
Deputy Head of Unit - Commodities
European Commission
200 Rue de la Loi (G-12 5/76) 1049 Brussels
Tel: 0032 2 2992636
E-mail: enzo.barattini@cec.eu.int
Ms. Evelynne Change
Consultant
UNEP-Economics and Trade Branch
11-13 Chemin des Anemones, CH 1219
Chatelaine, Geneva
Tel: 41 22 917 8609
E-mail: evelynne.change@unep.ch
Mr. Morten Scholer
Senior Market Development Adviser
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO
(ITC)
54-56 Rue de Montbrillant, CH-1202 Geneva,
Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 730 0378
Fax: +41 22 730 0446
E-mail: scholer@intracen.org
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
Ms. Louise Curan
DG Trade
European Commission
CHAR 7/38, 200 rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels
Tel: +3222951342
E-mail: louise.curran@cec.eu.int
Mr. Caleb Dengu
Project Manager
Common Fund for Commodities
1072 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)20 5754971
Fax: +31 (0) 20 6760231
E-mail: Caleb.Dengu@common-fund.org
Mr. Gerd Schönwälder
Senior Program Specialist
International Development Research Centre
250 Albert Street, Ottawa, ON, K1G 3H9
Tel: (+1-613) 236-6163 x2141
E-mail: gschonwalder@idrc.ca
- 18 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
E-mail: ctaopcd@telecom.net.et
Mr. Amos Taporaie
Economics Officer
Commodities Branch
UNCTAD
Palais des Nations
Geneva, Switzerland
Tel : 41 22 907-5776
Fax: 41 22 907 0509
E-mail: amos.taporaie@unctad.org
Ms. Josefina Aranda Bezaury
External Relations Commission
CONSEJO CIVIL PARA LA
CAFETICULTURA SUSTENTABLE EN
MEXICO A.C. (CCCSM)
caeo@prodigy.net.mx
Tel: 52-951 5134001
E-mail: caeo@prodigy.net.mx
Mr. Jim Howell
Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs
DEFRA
Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P
3JR, UK
Tel: +44 (207) 237 3178
E-mail: jim.howell@defra.gsi.gov.uk
Mr. Ulrich Sabel-Koschella
Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Dag-Hammerskjoeld-Weg 1-5, PO Box 5180,
65726
Eschborn, Germany
Tel: 0049 (0)6916 - 791438
E-mail: ulrich.sabel-koschella@gtz.de
Mr. Carsten Schmitz
Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Dag-Hammerskjoeld-Weg 1-5, PO Box 5180,
65726
Eschborn, Germany
Tel: 0049 (0)6916 - 791437
E-mail: carsten.schmitz@gtz.de
Mr. Doan Trieu Nhan
Chairman
Vietnam Coffee - Cocoa Association
05 Ong Ich Khiem Street
BaDinh District, Hanoi
Vietnam
Tel: +84 4 733 6520 / 845 2818
Fax: +84 4 733 7498
E-mail: vicofa@hn.vnn.vn
Mr. Assefa Tigneh
Department Head
Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority
P.O. Box 3222, Addis Ababa
Tel: 251 1 15 21 21
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
Mr. Ricki Mitio
Chef Executive Officer
Coffee Industry Corporation
P O Box 137
Goroka, EHP
Papua New Guinea
Tel: (675) 732 1266/ 732 2466
Fax: (675) 732 1431
E-mail: cicgka@daltron.com.pg
Webpage: http://www.coffeecorp.org.pg/
Mr. Henry A. Ngabirano
Managing Director
Uganda Coffee Development Authority
P.O. BOX 7267 KAMPALA (UGANDA)
Tel: 256 041 233073/ Mob. 256 75 760142
E-mail: ngabirano@ugandacoffee.org
Mr. I. David Kiwanuka
Manager, Quality & Information Systems
Uganda Coffee Development Authority
P.O. BOX 7267 KAMPALA (UGANDA)
Tel: 256 041 233073/ Mob. 256 77 507717
E-mail: kiwanuka@ugandacoffee.org
Mr. Eduardo Sperisen
Executive Director
Anacafe
502-363-3138
eduardos@anacafe.org
Mr. Carlos Brando
P&A International Marketing
Praça Rio Branco, 13 - Caixa Postal: 83
13990-000 - E.S.Pinhal - SP - Brazil
Tel: 5519 3651-3233 / Fax: 5519 3651-2887
E-mail: pea.marketing@rantac.com.br
Mr. Thomas Lines
Trade Policy Advisor
Oxfam GB
274 Banbury Road
8 FEB 2002
- 19 -
NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
Oxford OX2 7DZ
Tel.: +44-1865-312470
Fax: +44-1865-312245
E-mail: TLines@oxfam.org.uk
Langemarckstr. 4-20, 28199 Bremen,
Germany
Tel: +49-421-599 3369
E-mail: AWijn@krafteurope.com
Mr. Chris Wille
Director
Sustainable Agriculture Program
Rainforest Alliance/Alianza para Bosques
Apdo. 138-2150, Moravia, Costa Rica
Tel: 506/240-9383
Fax: 506/240-2543
E-mail: cwille@racsa.co.cr
www.rainforest-alliance.org
www.eco-index.org
Mr. Hans Jöhr
Corporate Head of Agriculture
Nestec Ltd.
Avenue Nestlé 55
Vevey1800
Switzerland
Tel: 41-21-924-2277
Fax: 41-21-924-2861
E-mail: hans.joehr@Nestle.com
Mr. Lucas Simons
Utz Kapeh Foundation
Phoenixstraat 66
2611 AM Delft
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 15 2120558
E-mail: simons@utzkapeh.org
Mr. Étienne Rouge
Public affairs manager
Nestlé SA
55, av. Nestlé / 1800 Vevey
Tel: +4121-924-3712
E-mail: etienne.rouge@nestle.com
Mr. Konrad von Moltke
Senior Research Fellow
International Institute for Sustainable
Development
C-402 International Environment House
13, chemin des Anemones
1219 Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland
41 22 979 9373
E-mail: Konrad.VonMoltke@Dartmouth.EDU
Ms. Cecilia Oh
Third World Network
Rue de Lausanne 36
1201 Geneva
Tel. 41 22 908 3550
Fax 41 22 908 3551
Emai:l twngeneva@bluewin.ch
website: www.twnside.org.sg
Mr. Frank Bakx
Programme Manager
Rabobank Foundation
P.O. Box 1711, 3500 HG Utrecht, Netherlands
Tel: 31 (30) 2164638
E-mail: f.w.f.m.bakx@rn.rabobank.nl
Ms. Annemieke Wijn
Senior Director Commodity Sustainability
Programs
Kraft Foods, Inc.
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
8 FEB 2002
Mr. Maurice Blanc
Coffee Scientific Advisor
Nestec Ltd
55, avenue Nestlé, CH-1800 Vevey
Tel: +41 21 924 4441
E-mail: maurice.blanc@nestle.com
Mr. Michael Opitz
Executive Officer NKG Partnership for
Sustainability
Neumann Gruppe GmbH
Am Sandtorkai 4, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
Tel: +49-40-36123431
E-mail: michael.opitz@nghh.de
Mr. Marc Schonland
Managing Director
Starbucks Coffee Trading Company
Rue du Grand Chene 1-3
1003 Lausanne
Switzerland
Tel : 41 21 321 25 05
mschonla@starbucks.com
Mr. Walter Zwald
Coffee Consultant
Coffee Buying & Consulting
Spissenstrasse 76 – P.O. Box 442 – CH-6045
Meggen
Tel:0041 41 379 6 1 21
E-mail: wzcbc@tic.ch
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NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
Mr. Markus Fischer
Sustainability Coordinator
VOLCAFE GROUP
Postfach, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
Tel: 052-264-94-94 (attn Mrs J. Laebli or
Mrs. M. Poda)
E-mail: mfischer@racsa.co.cr
Mr. Robert F. Nelson
President
National Coffee Association of USA
15 Maiden Lane, Suite 1405
New York, NY 10038
Tel: 212 766-4007
Fax: 212 766-5815
djpacheco@ncausa.org
Mr. Rick Peyser
Chair of Specialty Coffee Association of
America’s (SCAA) Sustainability Committee
Specialty Coffee Association of
America/Green Mountain Coffee Roasters
33 Coffee Lane, Waterbury, VT 05676 USA
Tel: (802) 244-5621, ext. 1117
E-mail: Rick.Peyser@GMCR.com
Ms. Cornel Anna Kuhrt
Secretary
Deutscher Kaffee-Verband e.V. (German
Coffee Association)
Pickhuben 4, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
Tel: 0049/40/36 62 56 or 57
E-mail: info@kaffeeverband.de
Mr. Roel Vaessen
Secretary
EUROPEAN COFFEE FEDERATION
Tourniairestraat 3
P.O. Box 90445
1006 BK Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Tel. +31 20 511 38 15
Fax + 31 20 511 38 92
E-mail: ecf@coffee-associations.org
Mr. Sandy McAlpine
Coffee Association of Canada
885 Don Mills Rd., Ste. 301
Don Mills Ontario
Canada M3C 1V9
Tel: 416 510-8032
Fax: 416 510-8044
E-mail: sandym@coffeeassoc.com
Mr. Hans Perk
Solidaridad
Goedestraat 2, 3572 RT UTRECHT,
The Netherlands
Tel: 0031-302661114
E-mail: hans.perk@solidaridad.nl
Ms. Cynthia Mercer
Adviser to the General Manager
National Federation of Coffee Growers
(Colombia)
Tel: 571 3136605
Fax: 571 2176536
Cynthia.Mercer@cafedecolombia.com
Mr. Gary Dowdell
Coffee Sustainbility
Procter and Gamble
dowdell.ga@pg.com
Mr. Peter White
Associate Director for Sustainable
Development
Procter and Gamble
New Hedley House,
Cobalt 12A, Cobalt Business Park
Newcastle NE 27 0QW
Tel: +44 191 297 6208
E-mail: white.pr@pg.com
Ms. Liselotte Isaksson
DG Development
European Commission
Rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
(office G-12 5/18)
Tel: +32 – 2 – 296 7149
E-mail: liselotte.isaksson@cec.eu.int
Ms. Maryline Guiramand
Manager
Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI)
29 route de Pré-bois, BP 896, 1215 Geneva
Tel: +41 22 929 57 58
E-mail: mguiramand@saiplatform.org
Mr. Duncan Burnett
Principal Scientist (Economist)
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
Natural Resources Institute
Medway University Campus, Central Avenue,
Chatham
Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
Tel: +44 (0) 1634 883072
E-mail: D.G.Burnett@gre.ac.uk
Ms. Emeline Fellus
Platform Coordinator
8 FEB 2002
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NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD
Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI)
29 route de Pré-bois, BP 896, 1215 Geneva
Tel: +41 22 929 57 59
E-mail: efellus@saiplatform.org
Mr. Phil Jones
Agriculture Specialist
USAID Washington
1300 Penn Ave. NW Wash DC 20523:
Tel: 202-712-0079
E-mail: phjones@usaid.gov
Mr. Frederick J Houk Jr
Founding Partner
Counter Culture Coffee
Route 5, Box 226-F
Tel: 1-919-929-7403
E-mail: fred@counterculturecoffee.com
Ms. Roberta Piermartini
Economic Officer
WTO
154 Rue de Lausanne, Geneva
Tel: + 41 22 739 5492
E-mail:Roberta.piermartini@wto.org
Mr. Robert Teh
Counsellor
WTO
154 Rue de Lausanne, Geneva
Tel: + 41 22 739 5608
E-mail: Roberta.piermartini@wto.org
Mr. Rene Vosenaar
Chief
Environment and Trade Section
UNCTAD
Palais des Nations
Geneva, Switzerland
Tel: (4122) 917 56 79
E-mail: rene.vossenaar@unctad.org
SUSTAINABLE COMMODITY INITIATIVE 17–
Mr. Andreas Leisenger
Product Manager Coffee/Cocoa/Sugar/Tea
Max Havelaar Foundation (Switzerland)
Malzgasse 25, CH-4052 Basel
Tel: +41-61-271 75 00
E-mail: a.leisinger@maxhavelar.ch
Mr. David Boyer
Associate
International Institute for Sustainable
Development
C 404 International Environment House
13, chemin des Anemones
1219, Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel: 41 22 979-9491
E-mail: dboyer@iisd.ca
Mr. Peter Baker
CABI
Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW20 9TY UK
Tel: +44 1491 829 031
E-mail: P.BAKER@CABI.ORG
Mr. Gilberto Carlos Cerquira Mascarenhas
PRONATURA/Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro/CPDA
Rua Visconde de Pirajá, 444/302 – CEP:
22410-002 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ - Brazil
Tel: +55 021 22476967
E-mail: gccmascarenhas@uol.com.br
Mr. Jason Potts
Sustainable Commodity Initiative
Coordinator
International Institute for Sustainable
Development
4062 Mentana St.
Montreal, Que. H2L 3S2
Tel: 514-814-1967
E-mail: jpotts@iisd.ca
To be confirmed:
Daniele Giovannucci-Consultant-world bank
Celine Charveriat-OXFAM International
Rolland Vaxelaire-Carrefour
Guillermo Braga-Cecafe-Brazil
8 FEB 2002
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