John C. Palumbo
Peter C. Ellsworth
A Grower Initiated Approach for
Sustaining Neonicotinoid Efficacy
Across Commodities
Sweetpotato Whitefly
Bemisia tabaci – B biotype
From 1991-1993 in AZ and CA,
outbreaks of whiteflies caused
> $ 500 million worth of damage
to cotton, melons & vegetables.
Whitefly “cloud” over newly established produce field
Imperial Valley – Fall 1991
•
•
•
Multivoltine pest
Polyphagus pest
Exponential population
growth
•
Adults very mobile
Highly Mobile Pest in Diverse, Cropping system
Shared Whiteflies Among Key Whitefly Hosts
Winter Vegetables
Fall Melons
Spring Melons
Cotton
J. Hatch
1
Imidacloprid Admire®
Neonicotinoid
Synergized Pyrethroids in Arizona Cotton -1995
•
•
•
Ideal Whitefly Control :
• Pre-plant injection
• Drip Chemigation
• Immediate plant protection
Documented reduction in susceptibility in lab bioassays
Reports of poor field performance in Central Arizona
Prompted the Section 18 registrations of IGRs in 1996
45-60 d residual control
Impact of Admire and IGRs on Whitefly Suppression
Sustained Efficacy in
Commercial Broccoli
Sustained Susceptibility
Palumbo, in press
Nymphs / cm2 / leaf
60
Admire (Sec. 18 in vegetables/melons)
50
40
Whitefly Nymphs/ cm2
Admire Standard
Untreated
30
n=4
20
20
IGRs (Sec. 18 in cotton)
10
0
Admire
Untreated
15
10
5
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
Dennehy 2004
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
Palumbo 2004
2
Passive “de facto” Management
Cropping system
• Large acreages of untreated host plants serve as refugia
• Alfalfa, seed crops, weeds, ornamental landscape
Whitefly biology and ecology
•
Polyphagy, mating behavior, and dispersal capability
IPM Practices
• Limitation and segregation of chemistries
- 1 use of imidacloprid in vegetables and melons
- 1 use of IGR’s in cotton
• Spatial and Temporal Insecticide Rotations
• Exposure to other non-neonicotinoid a.i.s for other pests.
(acephate, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, methomyl)
Whiteflies have not affected Yield or Quality in Yuma for the
past 13 years where Admire has been applied properly.
•
Foliar Neonicotinoids (Provado) not used in cotton,
Not labeled in melons
Expansion of the Neonicotinoid Chemistry
Neonicotinoid Registrations in Arizona - 2005
2001
So why was the Ag Industry leadership concerned ?
O
S
N
N
N
Cl
N
Cl
N
O2N
N
Thiamethoxam
S
Cl
H
N
N
O 2N
Clothianidin
NC
Acetamiprid
Cl
N
O2N
Imidacloprid
N
NH
N
N
NH
H
N
O
N
NH
N
O2N
Dinotefuran
Cl
N
NC
S
N
Thiacloprid
N
A.I.
Product
imidacloprid
acetamiprid
imidacloprid
imidacloprid
dinotefuran
Admire,
etc.
Soil
Assail , Intruder
Foliar
Gaucho, etc.
Seed
Provado,
etc.
Foliar
Venom
Foliar, Soil
Application
Melons,
Cole
Lettuce,Lettuce,
Cole, Cotton
Cotton
Lettuce,
All Cole (Cotton)
Crops Uses
thiamethoxam
imidacloprid
imidacloprid
imidacloprid
Platinum
Admire, etc.
Gaucho, etc.
Provado, etc.
Soil
Soil
Seed
Foliar
Melons Lettuce, Cole
Melons,
Cotton
Lettuce, Cole (Cotton)
thiamethoxam
thiamethoxam
thiamethoxam
Centric
Cruiser
Platinum
Foliar
Seed
Soil
Cotton
Cotton
Melons
3
Arizona Cross-Commodity Working Group
Proactive Management
• Arizona Cotton Growers Association
• AZ Cotton Research & Protection Council
• Cotton Incorporated
• Western Growers Association
• Arizona Veg Growers Association
• Yuma Vegetable Shippers Association
•
•
•
•
Arizona Crop Protection Association
Arizona Department of Agriculture
University of Arizona
AgriChemical Industry
• Insecticide Use Patterns
• Seasonal Crop Diversity
• WF Population Dynamics
Understanding Cropping Systems
Central Arizona- Low
Insecticide Usage ( Treated Acres, x1000 )
400
Buprofezin
Chloronicotinyl
Non-Pyrethroids
Pyrethroids
Chloronicotinyl
200
90
60
100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cropping System (Acres x 1000)
300
Melons
250
80
200
60
Leafy
Vegetables
40
Melons
Leafy
150 Veg
Cotton
Cotton
100
20
50
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
F10
Leafy
Vegetables
F8 F9
F7
Leafy
F11
Vegetables
F12
F3 F4 F5 F6
J
F
F1
F2
Alfalfa
M A M J Ju A
S
O N D
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
0
0
F5
Leafy
Vegetables
F8
F9
F1
F11
J
F10
F12
Alfalfa
F M A M J
Ju A
S
Non-Pyrethroids
Pyrethroids
Chloronicotinyl
4
2) Cotton Intensive
6
Melons
4
3) Melon / Cotton Intensive
Cotton
2
Leafy
Veg
Alfalfa
0
F6 F7
F3 F4
F2
Leafy
Vegetables
O N D
1) Multi-crop Community
• Cotton
• Melons
• Vegetables
Buprofezin
8
Alfalfa
Alfalfa
F13
Pyriproxifen
12
0
8Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cropping System (Acres x 1000 )
30
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
100
Cropping System (Acres x 1000 )
16
Pyriproxifen
Buprofezin
300
Non-Pyrethroids
Pyrethroids
120
Insecticide Usage ( Treated Acres, x1000 )
Pyriproxifen
150
Defining a Crop Community
Central Arizona- High
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Insecticide Usage (Treated Acres, x1000 )
Yuma
Leafy
Vegetables
F5 F6
F7
F3 F4
F2
F8
F1
F10
J
Alfalfa
Leafy F9
Vegetables
F M A M J Ju A S O N D
Palumbo et al. 2001
4
1. Fundamentals of Whitefly Management
•
•
•
Avoid Problems through Cultural Controls
Scouting, Sampling and Detection
Ensure Effective Chemical Use
http://ag.arizona.edu/crops
Ellsworth 2001
Resistance Risks Associated with Shared
Neonicotinoid Uses in a Multi-Crop Community
2. Limit Neonicotinoid Use
(eg., Yuma – potential usage)
Multi-crop Community
Melons
• Not more than one use per crop
• Soil at-planting recommended.
• Split applications are not
recommended
• Do not apply any neonicotinoid
product to cotton
Neonicotinoid
Vegetables
Cotton
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
in melons and vegetables.
Not Sustainable
5
3. Exclusion
3. Exclusion
Preserve a Neonicotinoid-free Period in MCC
Melons
•
Do not apply a foliar applied neonicotinoid
following the use of a soil applied neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Vegetables
IIGRsII and III
Non- Syn
IGRs
Conventional
Pyr Pyr
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Cotton
2. Limit Neonicotinoid Use
Cotton- Intensive
Community
Resistance Risks Associated with Neonicotinoid
Uses in a Cotton-Intensive Community
Neonicotinoid
• This includes seed treatment
• Sprays should not be applied
consecutively, but rotated with
alternative chemistry
Cotton
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
• No more than two neonicotinoid
uses per cotton crop
F5
Leafy
Vegetables
F3
F6
F7
F8
F4
F2
F9
F1
J
F
M
F10
F12
F11
A
M
J
Ju
A
S
O
N
D
6
4. Harmonize Chemical Use
•
Rotation of chemistries
AZ Whitefly
IPM Program
I
II
III
Cotton-Intensive Community
Cotton
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
IGRs Neo Pyr
F5
Leafy
Vegetables
F3
F6
F7
F8
F4
F2
F9
F1
J
F
M
F10
F12
F11
A
M
J
Ju
A
S
O
N
Will Adoption of the
Cross-commodity Guidelines
Passive “defacto” IRM
Poster # 427
D
Adoption / Assessment
Anecdotal Evidence
• Guidelines have definitely created
awareness of the issue
“I apologize, I sprayed some Intruder
on my cotton today”
Pro-Active IRM
Sustain the long-term efficacy of
Neonicotinoids
in our cropping communities
Yuma PCA –July 2003
Survey Data
• 2005 Cotton Insect Losses Workshop
Yuma Co., 8 PCAs responded (4987 acres)
- 4 had used Intruder in cotton
- on 27% of the acres, 1.3 sprays
???
7
Challenges and Constraints to Sustained Efficacy
A. Generic imidacloprid
•
Section level pesticide records
•
Measure temporal & spatial
changes in adoption
•
E.g., neonicotinoid usage in cotton
•
•
Lower cost could mean more use or higher rates
Confusion in class recognition
B. Expansion of neonicotinoid labels
•
•
•
CI: 2
Products – effective seed and foliar alternatives
Crop labels– acetamiprid on melons
New A.I.s - clothianidin
C. Market forces
CM: 1
MC: 0
Poster # 428
•
Cotton - cost of IGR’s relative to cotton prices
- free demo product
•
Lettuce/Cole/ Melons – cost of Admire vs. Generics
Challenges and Constraints to Sustained Efficacy
®
Admire Efficacy in
Commercial Broccoli
D. New Chemistry in the Pipeline
•
•
•
1998-2005
Trends toward selective chemistries
Grower: “ Industry always comes through with new technology“
n = 5- 9 field sites / year
Industry: “ Resistance is a source of innovation ”
Avg % Reduction of Large Nymphs compared to UTC
E. Grower-consultant complacency and apathy
•
•
•
“ Little Suzy Needs New Shoes ”
100
100
80
80
60
60
Reduced rates / split (multiple) applications
Sloppy soil applications on vegetables and melon
40
40
20 DAT
40 DAT
60 DAT
20
20
0
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
8
Yuma Valley – Arco Ranch #7
Oct 10, 2005
Untreated
All IPM Programs are Local
Admire Field Standard
9