ULTIMA Meeting, AGU, at San Francisco, Dec.4, 2011
Study of Sun-Earth
Coupling using
MAGDAS/CPMN Data
Kiyohumi YUMOTO
Space Environment Research Center
Kyushu University, Japan
Main Controlling Factor of
Sun-Earth Coupling System;
SUN
Interplanetary Field
B
S Wind V
II)
SolarRadiation
Radiation
a) Solar
Ionization
Ionization by
by EUV,
EUV, X-ray
X-ray
Ionospheric
Ionospheric Conductivity
Conductivity
σ
I) Solar Wind
Magnetosphere
Earth’s
Mag. F.
Ionospheric
I) Solar Wind
Current
Ionosphere
４
７
・Energy〜10 - 10 MW
Tidal wind
Auroral substorm, Pi 2 pulsation
II) Solar Radiation
Atmos.
・Energy〜1012 MW
δB
Ionospheric Sq current
Lithos.
III) Uncertain Others
Induced
・Solar Effect on Seismic Activity
Current
III) Uncertain Others
・Cosmic Ray Effect on
Earth
Atmospheric Cloud
1/23
1-1. Outstanding
Problems of Substorms
(1) Generation mechanism (?)
of auroral substorms, of
Auroral Breakup
which onsets can be
identified by Pi 2 pulsations.
(2) Corresponding ｔailphenomena (i,ii, iii) to
auroral breakup (?).
EBF
(i) Near Earth Tail Reconnection
(iv) Field-aligned
? Auroral
Acceleration
Substorm Current Wedge
(SCW)
(ii) Tail Current Disruption
(iii) Tail Ballooning Instability
2/23
1-2. Simultaneous Ground-Satellite Substorm Observation
MAGnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) Project
(2005〜 )
KTN
CHD
ZRK
HVD
JAXA
EWA
ETS-VIII
KAG
JAXA
(http://winds-ets8.jaxa.jp/ets8/
specialty/index.html )
ETS-8
MBL
CAN
Fig. 3. MAGDAS [Yumoto et al, 2006] . ETS-8
at geosynchronous orbit ［Koga & Obara, 2008].
3/23
Sampling 3/50
ΔT=10Hz MAG-9 MAGNETOMETER
Z
Y
Dipolarization Front
Y
X
-Z
X
H
SCW
Pi 2 pulsation
D
SCW
(Substorm Current Wedge)
UT
Fig. 4 A simultaneous ground-satellite observation of magnetic substorm variations
and Pi 2 pulsations at the ETS-8 geosynchronous orbit and at MAGDAS KAG and
EWA stations during a period of 11:50-12:20 UT on April 12, 2008.
4/23
1‐2.3 Correlation of Pi 2 Pulsations at MAGDAS/YAP and by ETS‐Ⅷ by Imajo et al.(2011)
Dip Equator
Coord.
(N9.50°,
E138.08°)
Y (North)
YAP
ETS-Ⅷ
(N0°,E146°)
D (East)
Z (Vertical)
36000km
Z (Earth)
X (Azimuthal)
H (Magnetic
North)
MAGDAS
ETS‐Ⅷ
H
Y
+59 s
H
Y
γ=0.93 Fig. 6 Time delay of H-comp. Pi 2 at YAP to ETS-IIIV.
5/23
6/23
Fig. 8 Coherent D-comp. Pi 2s at ground and ETS without time delay.
The D-comp. bay variations at ETS and YAP show the SCW structure.
1-2.5 Summary of Simultaneous Ground-Satellite
7/23
Pi 2 Observations
SCW(FAC)
HL
δHG
δDHLG
LL
LL
δD
δHG
G
MAGDAS
/CPMN
δDS
〜 δHS
at ETS‐8
・ δHLLG; 〜50 sec delay with respect to .
δHS
LL
HL
LL
δDG δDG δDS
・ δHG, , , ; simultaneously occur.
HL
LL
δDG δDG δDS
・SCW( , , ) oscillation
commences when
δHS
compressional Pi 2 ( ) from a source region arrives LL
δHG
at Earth’s surface and drives a cavity oscillation( ). 1-3. Summary of
Substorms
② substorm current
wedge
① tail current disruption
NENL
(1) Auroral substorms must be excited around
Reconnection in
the mid-tail region
the tail current disruption
region, and the earthward flow from tail reconnection is not directly related with the auroral excitation. (2) When compressional Pi 2 at ETS-VIII arrives at Earth’s surface, the
SCW oscillation and magnetospheric cavity oscillation commence.
(3) The generation mechanism of compresional Pi 2 pulsations at ETS‐VIII and
its correspondence with auroral breakup is not understood.
substorm current
wedge
cavity wave
SCWD‐Pi 2
Generation Mech. of
Compressional Pi 2 Source ?
δHS
〜
HFH‐Pi 2
at ETS‐8
plasmapause
8/23
2. Ionospheric Sq Current
by MAGDAS/CPMN Data
・Analysis Period:
1996 - 2007
Ionospheric
Sq Current
・Magnetic Quiet
Days:
Kp≤2+
・21 Stations:
(Yumoto et
al., 2001)
・Hourly Value of
Horizontal Sq
Amplitude:
24

i 1
H i2  Di2 / 24
9/23
2-2. Empirical Sq Model by fitting LeastSquares Method (Yamazaki et al., 2011)
S = ∑(dj – Xj(tj))2, where X(tj)=F・G・H・I
dj : observed values, Xj(tj): empirical model
10/23
2-2.2 Solar Cycle and Seasonal Variations of
Solar and Lunar Eq. Current Intensity
Externally-driven Current Intensity during 1996-2007
SA=250
SA=150
SA=70
4/16
11/23
2-3. Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW)
■ The upper and lower panels show polar stratospheric temperature
and altitude-profile of East-West wind speed in the polar region.
10 [hPa] ~ 30 [km]
Temperature[K]
2008 - 2009
300
80˚N
250
200
100
60
45
30
15
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
East-West Wind
Speed[m/s]
75
Altitude[km]
70˚N
12/23
[Manney et al., 2009, JGR]
2-3.2 A New Definition of EEJ Amplitude at Equator
nT
ANC
LEEJ
LEEJ
CEJ
n
T
LEEJ
ΔLEEJ
EEJ
LEEJ： Hcomp – EDst
at Each Station
LEEJ：±45 day‐
averaged LEEJ
; Solar component
ΔLEEJ= LEEJ ‐ LEEJ
; Luni‐solar component
CEJ
Semi‐diurnal
13/23
Temp.
[K] at 90°
2-3.3 Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) and EEJ & Sq
・∆H (each STA) ＝ H (each STA)
– H (each
STA)・EEJ (DAV) enhancement in
the morning and depression in
the afternoon at the dip equator.
Solar Local Time [hr]
(Yamazaki et al., 2011, submitted)
・Quaternary-vortex structure in
the northern and southern
hemisphere during SSW.
F10.7[s.f.u.] Kp Index
Lunar age
14/23
地磁気緯度 [˚]
CEJ時の全球電流系 (2002-2003年イベント)
Sq
地磁気緯度 [˚]
2003/01/05
R=SR - Sq
地方時
■ Sq電流系は各半球に１渦、R電流系は２渦
2. Coupling of Solar Radiation Ionosphere - Atmosphere
2-4. Summary
(1) The solar cycle and seasonal variations of Solar and Lunar current systems
are clarified by the MAGDAS/CPMN 210 MM data.
(2) The total ionospheric Sq current intensity shows clear solar cycle, semiannual, and day-to-day variations.
(3) The anomalous enhancement of the Luni-solar semi-diurnal variation (EEJ,
CEJ) is related with Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW), showing a
quaternary-vortex structure of ionospheric current in the N/S hemisphere.
(4) The rapid change in day-to-day Sq current intensity may be explained by
the strong coupling with atmospheric neutral wind, which is a new
scientific target of the MAGDAS Project.
15/23
3. Relation of Global Seismicity to
Solar Cycle (Activity)
Objectives
• To investigate the solar‐cycle (activity) dependence of earthquake occurrence for different magnitude.
• To study which of the earthquake magnitude mostly affected by the solar activity.
16/23
3‐1. Occurrences of Earthquakes with Solar cycles
Superposition of SSN and EQ Mag. 5.0-5.9 from year 1963 to 2010
3407 events
10113 events
6535 events
7966 events
17/23
Superposition of SSN and EQ Mag. 6.0-6.9 from year 1963 to 2010
1141 events
12906 events
271 events
734 events
632 events
277 events
Superposition of SSN and EQ Mag. 7.0-7.9 from year 1963 to 2010
84 events
27 events
73 events
28 events
Superposition of SSN and EQ Mag. 8.0-9.9 from year 1963 to 2010
100 events
2 event
s
1 event
2 event
s
6 event
s
11 event
s
3‐2. Occurrences of EQ at Different Depth during SC 20 to 23
45 %
17 %
Lithosphere layer
Upper Mantle layer
38 %
33 %
25 %
• Number of EQs occurred at 0 to 40 km depth during the solar minimum phase, and a few events at deeper‐depth from 40 to 100km.
18/23
3‐3. Coronal Hole (CH)‐ High Speed Solar Wind (HSSW)
http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov
B
T
Magnitude of IMF
IMF temperature
N
Proton density reaches its peak before the speed maximum
Vsw
Plasma speed increases relatively slowly to reach its maximum
Ey
A typical CH‐HSSW (detected on 8 Nov 2008). Observation period is from 1 Nov to 15 Nov 2008.
19/23
3‐4. Day to day variation of High Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure with Earthquakes Magnitude 6.0‐9.9
Correlation of High SW Pdyn and EQ
(Mag. 6.0-9.9) during SC 23
High SW Pdyn during
decreasing phase of SC 23
High SW Pdyn during
increasing phase of SC 23
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
+3
+4
Day of High SW Dynamic Pressure Onset
•
•
Total EQ: 1067 events
Total EQ: 112 events
Total High Pdyn: 968 events Total High Pdyn: 316 events
18 % of EQ recorded on the day of high SW Pdyn pressure detected; gives the maximum number of earthquakes occurred.
In total, 75 % of EQ events observed during the period within 4 days (before and after) of the arrival of high SW Pdyn.
20/23
3‐5. Relationship of Solar Wind Energy with Earthquakes:
5 – 25 March 2011
SW Pdyn
IMF Ey
5
6
2011)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 (Mar
23
24
25
SW Energy, Ɛ
EQ Mag. 3.0-5.9
SW Energy, Ɛ
EQ Mag. 6.0-9.9
9.0 Tohoku Mega EQ
5
•
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15 16
March 2011
17
21
22
On 11 Mar 2011, SW Pdyn increased more than 4 times, on the same day SW energy reached its maximum. SW energy starts to increase 1 day before max number of EQ. 21/23
3‐6. Summary
1. The number of earthquakes (EQs) of all kinds (M=4.0‐9.9) is larger during the descending and minimum phase than that of during the ascending and maximum phase of solar cycle (SC).
2. The EQs tend to occur at 0 to 40 km epicenter depth, and fewer events at deeper‐depth of epicenter from 40 to 100km.
3. 78 % of the EQ events during the solar cycle 23 were observed in the period within 4 days (before and after) of the arrival of
high solar wind dynamic pressure.
4. Preliminary analysis of the SW energy and the Tohoku Mega earthquake shows that the increase of solar wind energy/ high solar wind dynamic pressure increases the probability of the occurrence of EQs during the entire SC.
22/23
Study of Sun-Earth Couplings
using MAGDAS/CPMN Data
4. Summary
I) Solar wind - Magnetosphere Interaction (Solar Terres. Phys.);
・Storm, Auroral Substorm, Magnetic Pi 2 Pulsations, etc.
II) Coupling of Solar Radiation - Ionosphere - Atmosphere
・Climate & Weather, Ionospheric Sq Current, Planetary Wave
III) Coupling of Sun and Earth’s System
・Solar Effect on Seismic Activity
・Cosmic Ray Effect on Atmospheric Cloud
Thank You for Attention
23/23