Contents
The Wider Caribbean in the 20th Century: A Long-Run
Development Perspective
Victor Bulmer-Thomas
PhD, Director, Royal Institute of International Affairs.
Summary
This paper takes a long view of economic development and inter-country income inequality
in the 28 countries making up the wider Caribbean. Using a specially constructed data base in
two parts (1900-1960 and 1960 to 1998), the paper uses exports per head as a proxy for
living standards in the first period (1900-1960) and finds that the coefficient of variation
widened significantly after 1900. This finding is supported by evidence on public revenue per
head, another proxy for living standards. This confirms the hypothesis that inter-country income
inequality widened in the first half of the century, as some countries were much more successful
than others in diversifying exports. In the later period (1960-1998), for which GDP per head
figures have been constructed for all countries, inter-country income inequality narrows as a
result of other countries following the example of earlier success stories in introducing new
exports, especially services. This finding is supported by the evidence on public revenue per
head and years of schooling per head for the same period. However, the gap between the richest
countries and the poorest remained enormous, confirming that geography -as far as the Caribbean
is concerned- is not destiny.
INTRODUCTION
This paper explores long-run development patterns in the wider Caribbean over
the last 100 years. It uses a specially constructed data base for 28 Caribbean countries
divided into two time periods: 1900-60 and 1960-1998.1 All countries of the Caribbean
have been included whether or not they are independent together with the mainland
countries of Belize and the three Guyanas. Where country names have changed, the most
recent is always used. Where countries have separated (e.g. Aruba from Netherlands Antilles),
an effort has been made to treat them consistently as if they had been separate entities
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
5
throughout the last 100 years. The result is a data base covering all the former British
colonies (12 countries), former Dutch (Suriname), French (Haiti) and Spanish (Cuba and
the Dominican Republic) colonies (4 countries), the British Overseas Territories (5 countries),
the US territories (2 countries), the Dutch-speaking territories (2 countries) and the French
Departments d’Outre Mer (DOM)(3 countries).
One hundred years is a long period in economic development. One has only to
think of the transformation of the US economy between 1800 and 1900 or the changes in
Japan between 1870 and 1970. An annual growth of income per head of three per cent
leads to a doubling in just under 25 years and therefore a 16-fold increase in living standards
in less than a century. It is possible therefore for countries with even modest growth rates
to make the transition from poor to rich status in a relatively short period of time.
The wider Caribbean was a poor region in 1900 and it still suffers a hundred
years later from a large gap with rich countries. Thus, we are not looking at a region that
has transformed itself from less developed to developed in this time period. This is not a
success story in contrast to South-East Asia for example. However, the wider Caribbean
includes a wide range of cases from very poor (e.g. Haiti) to very rich (e.g. Cayman Islands).
Thus, it is relative performance that needs to be explained as well as absolute performance.
This is all the more challenging given the assumption made by many that geography is
destiny (Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger [1999]). Clearly, in view of the wide range of living
standards, that is not true of the wider Caribbean.
In this paper we proceed as follows: the first part is devoted to an examination of the
long-run trends found between 1900 and 1960. This section relies heavily on the data base
referred to above, although it has been supplemented by secondary sources in view of the gaps
that still remain in the data base for this period. The second part of the paper examines the
trends in the period after 1960; this also makes use of the data base which for some series
includes data on all 28 countries for every year. The third part of the paper provides the
conclusions, while the statistical appendix contains a number of tables from the data base.2
I. FROM 1900 TO 1960
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Caribbean countries had all the
characteristics of ‘classic’ developing countries: high birth and death rates leading to modest
demographic expansion; a productive structure orientated towards exports; an export
structure dominated by one or two primary products; and a heavy dependence on trade
with the colonial power. In the case of the three independent countries (Haiti, Dominican
Republic and Cuba), the situation was very similar as the United States was playing (Cuba)
or was about to play (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) a de facto colonial role. None of
the indicators available to us suggest that there were at this stage any exceptions to the
generalised poverty and backwardness of the region.
DEMOGRAPHY
As in Central and South America, the crude death rate (CDR) began to fall steadily
after 1900 as a result of medical advances in treating such tropical diseases as yellow fever
and malaria,3 improvements in sanitation and better social conditions.4 With unchanged
crude birth rates (CBR),5 this led to a rise in the annual rate of population growth from
approximately one per cent in the first third of the century to two per cent in the second
6
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
third. However, the small size of the population in some countries meant that emigration
was often just as important as the CBR and the CDR in determining the population increase.
These migration patterns took workers not only to the United States, but also to Panama to
build the canal, to Central America to develop the banana industry and to Europe during
the two world wars.6
As a result of migration, the growth of population in some of the smaller countries
was therefore far lower than might be expected from an examination of CBRs and CDRs.
The population of Montserrat, for example, was almost the same in 1960 as it had been in
1900.7 The same was true of the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as the Cayman Islands.
Only in the larger countries, such as Haiti, did the demographic pattern conform to what
was occurring in the rest of the developing world. And in a small number of countries there
was net inward migration with Cuba in particular receiving a significant number of migrants.8
The growth of population is shown in Figure 1 for the wider Caribbean. In 1900
there were just under 7 million inhabitants – less than London or New York today. Cuba had the
largest population with nearly 1.6 million followed by Haiti (1.25 million), Puerto Rico (953,000)
and the Dominican Republic (600,000). Jamaica (750,000) was the most populous of the British
colonies and Anguilla (3,872) the least. The largest of the French colonies was Martinique with
215,000, while the largest of the Dutch territories was Suriname estimated at just under 80,000.
By the end of the period in 1960, the population had trebled to 21.3 million
(see Figure 1) – not much larger than the conurbation of São Paulo today. This overall
growth conceals wide differences at the national level (see Table A.1 in the statistical
appendix). While the population of Trinidad & Tobago, for example, approximated the
regional trend, the population of Barbados barely increased over the sixty years. By contrast,
the population of Cuba increased almost five-fold to nearly 7 million – the same size as the
Caribbean as a whole in 1900.
EXPORTS
The small demographic size of all the Caribbean countries has made it virtually
impossible to use the domestic market as the main destination for production. Exports have
therefore played a crucial role in the productive system and have provided the foreign
exchange for the import of both luxury goods and necessities. For that reason, the size of
the export sector in relation to the rest of the economy has traditionally been a proxy for
the standard of living. In the absence of GDP figures, we can therefore use exports per
head as a crude approximation for the trend and variance of GDP per head in the Caribbean.9
The mean of exports per head 10 is shown in Figure 2. In 1900 its value was just
over US$14. Following the First World War, there was a sharp rise that reflected the shortlived boom in sugar prices (by far the most important Caribbean export at that time). The
sugar price then fell back and with it the value of exports per head. The 1930s depression
led to another steep fall in the value of exports per head, which was only reversed at the
end of the Second World War. From then until 1960, the value of exports per head rose
rapidly aided by the dollar inflation as well as increases in volume.
The mean value of exports per head is heavily influenced by the export
performance of a small number of countries in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Dominican
Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico). Another way of showing the data is to use the
unweighted mean, i.e. the average of exports per head for all the countries.
This is done in Table 1 for 1900 to 1960, where the unweighted mean is reported
alongside the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the median and the extreme
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
7
values. The unweighted mean is usually higher than the weighted mean, reflecting perhaps
the greater openness of small countries, although this was not true in 1905 nor during the
sugar boom at the end of the First World War.
The generalised poverty of the region in 1900 is captured by the low standard
deviation and coefficient of variation (CV).11 The median is also very similar to the mean,
suggesting an absence of skewness in the distribution. Even in 1900, however, there was
a significant gap between the highest and the lowest value for exports per head. The
value for Trinidad & Tobago (the highest) exceeded the value for Haiti (the lowest) by a
factor of twenty-one.
Ten years later (1910) little had changed. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient
of variation had all risen (see Table 1), but the gap between the highest and lowest values was
still modest. Furthermore, St. Kitts had overtaken Trinidad as the country with the highest level
of exports per head suggesting that no country was as yet able to pull away from the rest on a
permanent basis. Cuban and Puerto Rican exports, however, had risen rapidly as a result of the
tariff preferences on sugar granted to the islands by the United States.
At this time there was very little diversification of exports. Bananas had begun to
be exported from Jamaica, Belize and a few other countries. Arrowroot was already a staple
in St. Vincent. The most important cases were gold from Guyana and asphalt from Trinidad.
The British colonies as a whole, however, were still very dependent on the export of sugar,
which had been in decline for much of the 19th century as a result of the reduction of
imperial preference and the rise of beet sugar in continental Europe. This had reached a crisis
in the last two decades of the 19th century forcing the British government to appoint a Royal
Commission in 1897. The report had no immediate solutions to offer, but it did argue in
favour of ending the system of bounties under which beet sugar exports were subsidised.
This was partially achieved by the Brussels Convention of 1902 and the conditions under
which sugar was exported from the Caribbean did improve, although not so radically as to
lead to a major increase in the value of foreign exchange receipts (Burn [1951], Chapter 6).
A brief surge in exports per head followed the First World War. This was made
possible by exceptionally high prices for sugar in 1920, which helped to push Cuban and
Puerto Rican exports per head in particular to record levels. The sugar boom proved shortlived. Yet the 1920s did bring one important change - the introduction of oil refining in the
Netherlands Antilles. Exports per head in the Dutch colony by the end of the 1920s were
far higher than in the rest of the Caribbean and remained so for the rest of the period. This
had a dramatic effect on the coefficient of variation as well as the ratio between the highest
and the lowest values (see Table 1). It also explains the rise in the mean between 1920 and
1930 at the time when the median had fallen back to its 1900 level.
During the Second World War both exports and imports were subject to numerous
difficulties. In Dominica, for example, the level of exports per head had fallen to $6.5 by
1940 and the average for all British colonies was a mere $30.2. Cuban exports per head, as
well as those from the Dominican Republic, were also back to the level in 1900 while
exports per head from Suriname were far below what had been achieved at the beginning
of the century. Haiti, whose exports per head were almost invariably the lowest throughout
the period, saw their value drop below $2 at the beginning of the war.
By 1950 the mean value of exports per head had increased significantly from the
British colonies and from the other countries as well. Much of this was due to inflation, but
the high coefficient of variation (see Table 1) suggests that at least some countries were
pulling away from the rest. The figures, however, do not include exports of services which
8
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
would acquire special importance after the Second World War. These are included in the
1960 data in Table 1.
By 1960 there were a small number of countries with very high levels of exports
per head . These included, among the British colonies, the Bahamas (boosted by tourism
and financial services) and Trinidad & Tobago (helped by oil). The star performers, however,
were found elsewhere. The US Virgin Islands and the Netherlands Antilles benefited from
oil refining, while Puerto Rican exports per head reflected the gains made under Operation
Bootstrap since 1940 in the export of manufactured goods.
There were some countries by 1960 where exports per head were well below the
regional average. These included Haiti, where exports per head had consistently lagged
behind other countries throughout the century, as well as the Dominican Republic. Two of
the French territories (French Guyana and Martinique) also lagged far behind the regional
average. Indeed, French Guyana had the second lowest value of exports per head (after
Haiti). The worst performing British colony was Montserrat.
PUBLIC REVENUE
There is a tendency for public revenue to increase as a share of GDP with rising
incomes. Thus, public revenue per head is an alternative proxy for the trend and variance
in GDP per head. Since public revenue is spent in part on education, health and
infrastructure, all of which are assumed to impact positively on living standards, there is
a two-way causality running between public revenue and GDP. This makes trends in
public revenue per head of special interest.
The data on public revenue per head are less complete than for exports. The
main results are presented in Table 2 for the period from 1900 to 1960. The unweighted
mean in 1900 was seven dollars (the weighted mean - $2.5 – was even lower). Even after
making allowance for the change in the price level, this suggests a parsimonious attitude to
public spending. This is borne out by the low standard deviation and coefficient of variation,
which suggest that even the more prosperous colonies were subject to tight restrictions on
public spending. By 1910 the position was virtually unchanged. The main exception was
Suriname where public revenue per head ($24) was the highest in the region and much
higher than the average for the British colonies ($7.4).
The sugar boom at the end of the First World War brought a predictable surge in the
mean value of public revenue per head (see Table 2). This was especially true of Cuba (by now
the highest in the region), but not in Puerto Rico despite the importance of sugar to the island.
By 1930, however, the value of revenue per head had failed to increase. This was mainly as a
result of the fall in the value of trade (especially imports), on which public revenue depended.
Throughout the Caribbean social conditions deteriorated sharply in the 1930s
leading to social unrest and in some cases riots. The British colonies were not exempt from
these pressures and a Royal Commission was set up in 1938 to make proposals for
improvements. The Commission’s report was not published until 1945, but its findings
echoed the gloomy picture presented by W.M. Macmillan in his Warning from the West
Indies [1936]. The Second World War provided little opportunity to raise public spending,
although a small number of countries benefited from the opening of US bases as a result of
the wartime agreement with Great Britain. Although these bases later became a source of
political tension (particularly in Trinidad), they did lead to a substantial transfer of resources,
an increase in employment and a market for local producers.
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
9
The value of public revenue per head rose sharply after the Second World War
(see Table 2), but the low value of the coefficient of variation suggested that little had
changed with regard to colonial spending – at least in the British colonies. Public revenue
per head in Puerto Rico, for example, was far higher than the average for the British colonies
as was the figure for Suriname.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
The data on GDP before 1960 are very incomplete. There is a series for Cuba
and Puerto Rico for the whole period and for a very small number of the British colonies. In
the 1940s, however, Benham estimated GDP per head for several countries and the British
authorities collected data also on the structure of the labour force. This is often a useful
proxy for the state of development since there tends to be an inverse relationship between
the level of GDP per head and the proportion of the labour force in agriculture.
This information is presented in Table 3 for the 16 British colonies. Barbados stands
out as the country with one of the lowest shares for the agricultural labour force (27.6%) and
the highest income per head (£30). The poorest colonies recorded were St. Lucia and St.
Vincent. However, the highest agricultural labour force share was found in Montserrat (59.9%)
so that it would not be surprising if GDP per head there had been even lower.
The most complete figures on GDP per head are for the final year of the period
under examination (1960). For the 28 countries we have data of variable quality giving an
unweighted mean of $3,302 at 1995 prices. This figure appears to be high and this perception
is correct as the mean has been pulled upwards by a small number of outliers (see Figure 3).
The median figure for GDP per head in 1960 was approximately $1,500 and a third of the
countries were found in a narrow ($500) range around the median.
The two outliers, for whom the GDP figures are not reliable, are the US Virgin
Islands and the Netherlands Antilles. The very high figures (greater than $10,000) reflect
the impact of oil refining rather than tourism and this was true also of Aruba ($9,484).
However, the Bahamas also scores high ($8,171) showing the impact of high service exports
on GDP per head as early as 1960. This is confirmed by the figure for the Cayman Islands
($6,944), where service exports were still in their infancy. (Figure 3) .
The next richest countries were both French territories (French Guyana and
Martinique). As these two countries both had low levels of exports per head, this might
seem surprising. However, GDP in the DOMs is affected by the pattern of public transfers
between mainland France and the Caribbean and these had begun to increase sharply at
the end of the 1950s.
There were also a small number of countries which were already lagging far
behind the others. Haiti was particularly unsuccessful on almost any indicator used. However,
no less than seven countries had a GDP per head below $1,000 in 1960 - less than one
third of the mean level and two-thirds of the median. These other countries were Montserrat,
Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Turks and Caicos Islands and the Dominican Republic. This is a
sufficiently heterogeneous group to suggest that low levels of GDP per head had no simple
cause since the list included populous and large states as well as thinly populated and tiny
countries. It also included English-, Dutch-, Spanish- and French-speaking countries.
By 1960, therefore, there were clear signs that a number of countries were
deviating sharply from the regional average. Among the successful countries, the
explanations appeared to be found either in export diversification or metropolitan transfers.
10
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Among the unsuccessful countries, the most common reason appeared to be the low level
of exports per head. There was no perfect correlation, however, between these variables so
that the pattern of GDP per head was hard to predict from any single variable.
II. FROM 1960 TO THE PRESENT
By the end of the 1950s, the traditional pattern of economic development in the
Caribbean had begun to break up. Export diversification was well advanced in a small number
of countries and exports of services were beginning to be highly significant in a small number
of islands. Independence from the United Kingdom for the larger countries was on the horizon,
although the short-lived experiment in Federation was about to come to an end. The Cuban
Revolution was a further reminder that the status quo could not be taken for granted.
The last four decades of the 20th century accentuated many of these trends. By
the end of it there was a huge gap in economic and social terms between the most successful
and the least successful countries. Indeed, by the end of the century the gap in income per
head between the richest and the poorest country was a factor of 65 - far bigger than
between the Caribbean as a whole and the developed countries. Even the gap between the
second richest and the second poorest was a factor of 23 suggesting that both virtuous and
vicious circles have been at work in the Caribbean in recent decades.
POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
The demographic expansion of the Caribbean peaked in the 1960s as in mainland
Latin America. However, even at its peak the annual rate of growth was only two per cent.
Thereafter, the rate of growth steadily declined, falling to one per cent in the 1990s for a
long-run growth after 1960 of 1.6 per cent. Even this figure is misleading as the median
rate of growth over the whole period (1960-98) was a mere 1.25 per cent.12
Outward migration is largely responsible for this contrast with mainland Latin
America rather than a difference in CBRs or CDRs. Migration had been a powerful force in
the smaller countries even in the first half of the century, but the phenomenon had now
become generalised. At least a million Cubans left the island after the Revolution and a
similar proportion of the population migrated from Haiti, the Dominican Republic and
Suriname. Taking the period as a whole, no less than nine countries had population growth
of less than one per cent (see Table 4), although in one case (Barbados) this was mainly due
to the low birth rate rather than migration.
Migration could also be inwards. The high standard of living and wages paid in
hard currency attracted migrants into some of the Caribbean countries. Three countries
had population growth rates in excess of three per cent (Cayman Islands, French Guyana
and the US Virgin Islands) and there was inward migration into the Bahamas, the British
Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands as well. Finally, Belize had both: net outward
migration (mainly English-speakers) in the 1960s and 1970s and net inward migration
(mainly Spanish-speakers) in the 1980s and 1990s.
The different demographic patterns in the Caribbean affected the pressure on
land in a predictable fashion. Six countries began the period with abundant land reserves
(defined as five hectares or more per person). The extreme case was French Guyana, where
33,000 people each had an average of 275 hectares. By the end of the period, the six had
been reduced to four (Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guyana).
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
11
Elsewhere the situation was a more familiar one of very limited land availability.
Fifteen countries in 1960 had less than one hectare per person - more than half the 28
territories. By 1998 this number had risen to 21 - three-quarters of the total - and thirteen
had less than 0.5 hectares per person. This might not matter where economic activity no
longer depended on natural resources, but that was true of very few countries. Tourism, for
example, is a natural resource-intensive activity even if financial services are not.
EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES
By the 1960s the domestic market in all Caribbean countries had increased, but
only in a very few was it possible to embark on a programme of import-substituting
industrialisation (ISI) as was taking place in mainland Latin America. The most important
experiment was in Cuba, but this was driven by the US embargo which had raised the
shadow price of foreign exchange to very high levels. Elsewhere, it was hard to justify ISI at
the national level since the cost per unit tended to be so much higher than the unit price of
imports (net of tariffs).
ISI at the regional level, however, was another matter. Once the bitter legacy of
Federation had been overcome the Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA) was launched
and was converted into the more ambitious Caribbean Community (CARICOM) in 1973.
Regional integration in the Caribbean, however, suffered from two main weaknesses. First,
it was politically and constitutionally difficult to extend it to all 28 countries (even today
CARICOM only embraces half the countries and several of these do not apply the common
external tariff). Secondly, and perhaps in part because of the first reason, intra-regional
trade accounts for a very small share of total trade in goods and an even smaller share of
trade in goods and services.
This has meant that exports of goods and services have continued to be dominated
by sales to countries outside the Caribbean - mainly the US and the European Union.
Exports of goods and services on a per capita basis have grown rapidly (see Table 5), rising
from $350 in 1960 to $3,259 in 1980 and $5,111 in 1998. Although these figures reflect to
some extent dollar inflation, the aggregate performance is still impressive.13
What has not been so impressive has been the sub-regional distribution of the
gains from trade. The high (unweighted) mean is to some extent explained by a small
number of outliers at the top end. In particular, the oil-refining territories of the US Virgin
Islands, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles distort the mean - especially so in the earlier
years. When the median is used rather than the mean, we find a much lower figure for
average exports per head (see Table 5). Indeed, the ratio of the median to the mean fluctuates
between one quarter (1980) and a little over half (1970). Much of this is explained by the
variation in world oil prices.
Clearly, therefore, the export performance is affected by a small number of
very successful countries. Thus, the coefficient of variation in 1960 was no less than 2.6
(see Table 5), reflecting the high standard deviation. In that year only six countries recorded
a figure for exports per head that exceeded the (unweighted) mean. Among these the
only non-oil exporters were Puerto Rico, where exports of manufactured goods were
responding to fiscal incentives provided by the US federal authorities, and the Bahamas,
which was the first to demonstrate the gains from exports of services. Ten years later
(1970), Trinidad & Tobago had dropped out of this privileged list, but the Cayman Islands
and the British Virgin Islands had joined it. Both were exporting services rather than
goods, showing what could be done even by micro-states.
12
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
By 1990 this list of successful exporters (defined as those where exports per
head exceeded the mean) had expanded to ten, this time with the addition of Antigua &
Barbuda, Anguilla and French Guyana. All three were exporting services, although in the
case of French Guyana this had little to do with international competitiveness and everything
to do with strategic decisions taken by the metropolitan French government. By the end of
the period (1998), the list had expanded to 11 (nearly 40 per cent of the territories) with
the inclusion of Barbados - another exporter of services.
The virtuous circle implied by these above average export per head figures must
be set against the vicious circle of failure by several states. The most dismal has been Haiti,
which has almost invariably occupied the last position in terms of the value of exports per
head. If this poor performance had been matched by a dynamic internal market, it might
not have mattered. However, this was far from the case.
The other under-performers have not remained the same, suggesting that it is
possible to break out of the vicious circle (and also unfortunately to break into it). In 1960 the
second lowest figure was recorded by French Guyana, in 1970 by the Dominican Republic, in
1980 by Dominica, in 1990 by Guyana and in 1998 by Montserrat (where the volcanic eruption
in 1995 had played havoc with the economy). The third lowest figure for exports per head
has also rotated, being occupied by Cuba in 1998. The rapid growth of tourism had not yet
compensated the island for the collapse of exports to the former Soviet Union.
INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION
While there is broad agreement about the role of trade in economic development
in the Caribbean, there is much less consensus on the role played by institutions and human
capital formation. While few would depart from the premise that the quality of institutions
and human capital are important determinants of long-run growth, it is much more difficult
to find proxies that capture accurately what one wants to measure.
In the case of human capital, the trend in public expenditure on education per
person is shown in Table 6.14 This is a measure of inputs rather than outputs; it ignores
private expenditure and it ignores the differential impact of expenditure on the three
branches of educational spending: primary, secondary and tertiary. Nevertheless, it is all
we have for the complete set of countries and, despite, its imperfections, it still contains
much useful information.
Table 6 shows, once again, the imbalance between countries – this time in terms
of spending on public education. The (unweighted) mean has been consistently higher
than the median, pulled up by very high figures for a small number of countries. The wide
spread in spending per head on education has been a feature of the whole period and the
coefficient of variation (ratio of the standard deviation to the mean) reflects this.
The highest expenditure per head in 1960 ($115) was in the US Virgin Islands and
the lowest ($1) was Haiti, where public spending on education has never been a priority.15 The
US Virgin Islands was also the highest in 1970, but was temporarily relegated to third place in
1980 by Martinique and Guadeloupe. By 1990 the US Virgin Islands had regained the first
place, which it still occupies today. Public expenditure on education per person in Cuba has not
been particularly high by comparison with other parts of the Caribbean. Even in 1980, when
spending was not affected by the subsequent economic crisis, the Cuban figure was only equal
to the median for the whole group of countries and therefore less than the mean.16
The lowest figure by far has always been recorded by Haiti, followed by the
Dominican Republic until 1998 when it was replaced by Guyana. Other low spenders have
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
13
been Montserrat and Antigua. The dollar value of spending per head in Suriname also fell
sharply in the 1990s, although it had exceeded the median in all previous decades.
A proxy for the quality of institutions is even harder to find. One possibility is the
stability of the nominal exchange rate on the grounds that ceteris paribus fixed exchange
rates bring low inflation, which leads in turn to macroeconomic stability and secure public
finances. Falling exchange rates, by contrast, in small open economies tend to be associated
with high inflation, undermining public finances and weakening institutions.
It is not difficult to criticise this proxy, but it is interesting to explore the picture
that emerges.17 If we consider the period since 1960, six countries have experienced a
collapse of the nominal exchange rate; Guyana (after 1986), Jamaica (after 1983), Suriname
(after 1993), Haiti (after 1990) and the Dominican Republic (after 1984) with Cuba
experiencing a collapse of the black (later parallel) rate after 1990. None of these countries
was able to achieve much by way of real exchange rate devaluation as a result of currency
fluctuations so that the gains for the tradeable sector were largely illusory (with the possible
exception of the Dominican Republic) while the costs were very real.
Both Guyana (1971-86) and Jamaica (1968-83) managed controlled
devaluations before collapse, but the only Caribbean country to have achieved a controlled
depreciation on a permanent basis has been Trinidad & Tobago (since 1984). No doubt
oil exports have been part of the reason why depreciation did not ultimately lead to
currency collapse as in the other countries.
The other 21 countries stand out for the stability of the exchange rate. They
include the Eastern Caribbean states where the nominal exchange rate for all eight states
is underpinned by the regional central bank: five countries where the US dollar circulates
freely (Bahamas, British and US Virgin Islands, Turks & Caicos Islands and Puerto Rico):
three countries where the local currency is pegged to the US dollar (Barbados, Belize and
the Cayman Islands): two where it is pegged to the Dutch guilder (Netherlands Antilles
and Aruba): and three where the French franc is legal tender (Martinique, Guadeloupe
and French Guyana).
These 21 countries have had stable rates for a very long time. Furthermore, most
of the other countries have taken steps to stabilise their nominal rates in recent years. Thus,
fluctuations in the nominal exchange rate are not viewed with much sympathy in the
Caribbean despite their widespread use in much of mainland Latin America.
Stable nominal exchange rates has not eliminated inflation in the Caribbean, but
the inflation rate has tended to track consumer prices in the main trading partners (the
United States and the European Union). During the mid-1970s, inflation surged as a
consequence of imported inflation combined with the impact of the commodity boom on
the domestic money supply. In the 1990s, however, inflation has been reduced to
international levels in all countries except those with depreciating exchange rates. Only
Guyana (1991) and Suriname (1993-5) experienced three-digit annual inflation.18
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
Although the early estimates are less reliable than those for the later years, a
series for GDP per head in US dollars (at 1995 prices) for all 28 countries has been constructed
covering the years from 1960 to 1998. The picture that emerges is once again very different
depending on whether one uses the aggregate figures or looks at the individual countries. 19
The weighted mean for GDP per head is shown in Figure 4. It shows a steadily
rising trend and a doubling in value over the four decades. However, the openness of the
14
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Caribbean economies renders them vulnerable to external shocks. The 1970s oil shock
caused GDP per head to stagnate for a number of years, while the debt crisis at the start of
the 1980s led to a small fall in GDP per head. However, the greatest drop in GDP per head
came at the beginning of the 1990s. This is heavily influenced by the sharp drop in GDP in
Cuba after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. (Figure 4)
Using the unweighted mean (see Table 7), the figure for GDP per head in 1960
was much higher ($3,302). This suggests a highly skewed distribution and this is confirmed
by the median income per head of $1,479, which was a mere 45 per cent of the unweighted
mean. The skewness is due – as we have already seen – to a small number of outliers with
very high values of GDP per head.
Once again, as for exports of goods and services per head, this draws our attention
to the skewed distribution. Thus, in 1960 the gap between the poorest country (Montserrat)
and the richest (US Virgin Islands) was a factor of 26, while even the gap between the
second poorest (Haiti) and the second richest (Netherlands Antilles) was 21.
By 1960 nine countries had an income per head above the unweighted mean.
These countries had already broken away from the traditional pattern of development and
they were all to remain among the elite group in the next four decades. They included the
three DOMs, the two Dutch dependencies, the virtual US dependencies (Puerto Rico and
the US Virgin Islands) and two British colonies (Bahamas and the Cayman Islands).
During the last four decades, the unweighted mean rose from $3,302 to $7,666,
an annual average growth of 2.24 per cent. This impressive figure was dwarfed by the
growth in median income from $1,479 to $6,827 - an annual average growth rate of 4.11
per cent. This raised the median as a percentage of the mean to nearly 90 per cent, implying
a narrowing of the skewness of the distribution from what it had been in 1960.
This was indeed the case. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation was also falling
steadily reaching 0.77 by 1990 (the same as in 1998) compared with 1.06 in 1960. The example
of the earlier successes was followed by others so that by 1998 13 countries - almost half the
total - had an income per head above the unweighted mean. In addition to the nine countries
that enjoyed this privileged status in 1960, the list now included Barbados, Antigua, Anguilla
and the British Virgin Islands. All these countries had invested heavily in the export of services.
Despite the example offered by these relatively successful countries, a handful of
states failed to break out of the vicious circle. Haiti is the best known case with GDP per
head falling by 1998 to 72 per cent of what it had been in 1960 (even then a very low
figure). However, the seven countries in 1960 with income per head less than $1,000
(Montserrat, Haiti, Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Turks & Caicos Islands and the Dominican
Republic) had been reduced to three by 1998 (Haiti, Guyana and Suriname).
Five countries achieved annual growth in GDP per head above four per cent (St.
Kitts, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Turks & Caicos, and Montserrat), including some of
the poorest states in 1960. This suggests that ‘catch-up’ is a real possibility in the Caribbean.
By contrast, some of the slowest growing countries (e.g. the Netherland Antilles and the
US Virgin Islands) were those that had already achieved by 1960 a high standard of living.
Nearly 20 countries managed growth in excess of two per cent per year and only Haiti was
unable to avoid negative growth in GDP per head.
III. CONCLUSIONS
The outstanding feature of the wider Caribbean is the small size of the average
unit. At the beginning of the 20th century, the average size of population was a mere
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
15
250,000; even by the end of the century it was not much greater than one million.
Thus, it is not surprising that the wider Caribbean has experienced a pattern of
development in the last 100 years that in a number of respects distinguishes the region
from other parts of the developing world.
With its geographical proximity to North America and colonial ties to Europe,
migration has played an important part in the demographic patterns of the last 100 years.
After the 1995 volcanic eruption, for example, over half the population of Montserrat
moved to the United Kingdom. Outward migration has also brought inward remittances.
These have not been studied here, but they constitute an increasingly important part of
foreign exchange receipts in most Caribbean countries.
The small size of the domestic market in almost all countries has placed a special
burden on the export sector. The ratio of exports to GDP has always been very high in a
number of countries. For the region as a whole, in the mid-1990s, it exceeded 50 per cent
-very high by the standards of developing countries in general and Latin America in particular.
In the first half of the 20th century, exports consisted mainly of primary
commodities and these were dominated by sugar. This changed dramatically in the second
half of the century with the growth of service exports. In many cases, service exports are
now more important than commodity exports and this is no longer true only of the smaller
countries. Tourism in Cuba, for example, has overtaken all other commodity exports in
gross value and will soon overtake sugar in terms of net value.20
The variance of economic performance appears to have widened significantly in
the last 100 years. The generalised poverty in 1900 has given way to a much more complicated
picture in which some countries have reached levels of GDP per head equal to those of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average. At the other
end of the spectrum are a small number of countries where GDP per head has stagnated or
even fallen. This pattern is too complicated to be explained by any single variable, but there
does appear to be a high correlation between GDP per head and exports per head (see the
paper by Shelton Nicholls in this collection). Other seemingly relevant variables, such as the
management of environmental resources, do not appear to be closely linked with movements
in GDP per head (see the paper by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope in this collection).
The case studies in this collection are designed to shed light on why some countries
have been more successful than others in increasing exports. What emerges is very
complicated, but several general themes are apparent. The quality of institutions and the
stability of the macroeconomic framework is of major importance, but this is not necessarily
linked to constitutional status. Some independent countries, such as Barbados, score highly
in this regard as do some colonies, such as the Cayman Islands. Investment in human and
social capital is more problematic. In some cases, such as Suriname, it appears to have led
to a rise in emigration rather than an increase in productivity.
The increases in exports and GDP per head are evidence of the ability of at least
some Caribbean countries to shape their own destiny. Yet nothing can be taken for granted.
In the next few years, the privileged access to the European Union for many traditional
exports will be lost while the future of offshore financial services is now in doubt. Tourism
is also under threat from domestic violence on the one hand and environmental disasters
on the other. Maintaining the dynamism of the export sector even in the hitherto successful
countries will not be easy.
16
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Figure 1
POPULATION OF THE WIDER CARIBBEAN, 1900-1960
25.000.000
20.000.000
15.000.000
10.000.000
5.000.000
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Figure 2
EXPORTS OF GOODS PER HEAD FOR THE WIDER CARIBBEAN, 1900-1960
(in US Dollars)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1900
I
N
T
E
G
R
1910
A
T
1920
I
O
N
1930
&
1940
1950
T
R
A
1960
D
E
17
Table 1
EXPORTS PER HEAD, 1900-1960
(in US dollars)
UNWEIGHTED
MEAN ($)
YEAR
STANDARD
DEVIATION
CV
MEDIAN
HIGHEST
LOWEST
1900
21.6
12.3
0.57
23.5
46.8
2.2
1910
28.5
18.2
0.63
22.3
68.6
9. 2
1920
72.2
69.3
0.96
62.8
269.6
1.8
1930
138.7
484.3
3.49
23.8
2194.0
5.9
1940
74.0
253.9
3.43
21.7
1237.5
1. 9
1950
135.9
342.2
2.52
46.2
1677.5
12.0
1960
209.1
418.9
2.0
75. 0
1741.7
9. 8
Source: 1900-50 derived from Table A.4 in the statistical appendix and refers to exports of
goods; 1960 from Table A.6 and refers to exports of goods and services.
Table 2
PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD, 1900-1960
(in US dollars)
YEAR
UNWEIGHTED
MEAN ($)
STANDARD
DEVIATION
CV
MEDIAN
HIGHEST
LOWEST
1900
7.0
2.9
0.42
6.99
12.6
2.7
1910
8.6
5.7
0.67
6.6
24.3
2.4
1920
13.6
9.8
0.72
10.6
36.7
3.2
1930
12.6
8.6
0.69
9.6
37.4
3.6
1940
13.1
8.0
0.61
11.7
30.1
1.9
1950
31.7
14.9
0.47
29.9
56.1
7.0
1960
69.6
21.5
0.31
59.9
106.6
46.9
Source: derived from Table A.5 in the statistical appendix.
18
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Table 3
STRUCTURE OF THE LABOUR FORCE AND GDP PER HEAD C. 1945 (POUND STERLING)
IN BRITISH COLONIES
LABOUR
FORCE
YEAR
AGRICULTURE
%
TRADE
%
DOMESTICS
%
PUBLIC/
PROFESSIONAL
%
MANUFACTURE
%
FORESTRY
NATIONAL
INCOME PER
HEAD
(POUND - YEAR)
Bahamas
1943
34,762
39.4
25.8
18.1
4.6
Barbados
1946
91,369
27.6
13.2
15.6
20
6.1
30 (1942)
Guyana
1940
93,523
40.1
6
7.9
14.6
11.1
29 (1942)
Belize
1946
20,133
29.1
8.5
5.5
12.7
11.1
10.1
Jamaica
1943
505,092
43.8
7.8
14.1
12
4
0.5
Cayman
Island
1943
2,531
11.4
4.9
18.8
17.4
2.7
Turks and
Caicos
Islands
1943
2,689
38.2
4.1
16.1
7.6
1.7
British
Virgin
Islands
1946
1,994
51.2
1.7
5.6
9.8
3.6
Antigua
1946
18,605
42.3
5.8
14.6
11.8
5.5
St. Kitts
1943
20,809
51.8
5.5
10.9
8.9
4.0
Montserrat
1946
6,617
59.9
3.5
8.6
9.3
3.4
Trinidad
1946
213,093
25.3
8.8
10.6
17.8
3.6
1.6
Dominica
1948
21,300
54.0
4.5
8.5
11.7
4.5
1.4
Grenada
1946
27,606
45.0
8.3
14.8
14.4
NA
0.5
24 (1942)
St. Lucia
1946
31,891
50.2
4.1
5.0
14.9
5.7
0.7
14 (1942)
St. Vincent
1946
22,691
49.8
6.1
7.9
10.7
5.8
1.5
14 (1942)
27 (1942)
16 (1946)
Source: derived from British Colonial Reports.
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
19
Figure 3
GDP PER HEAD AT CONSTANT PRICES
(1995 dollar)
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Table 4
POPULATION GROWTH, 1960-1998
ANNUAL
RATE OF
GROWTH
COUNTRIES
%
< 0.5
Barbados; Grenada; St. Kitts; Montserrat
0.5 – 1.0
Suriname; St. Vincent; Dominica; Antigua; Martinique
1.0 – 1.5
Trinidad & Tobago; Guyana; Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Netherland
Antilles; Aruba; Puerto Rico; Cuba
1.5 – 2.0
St. Lucia; Haiti
2.0 – 2.5
Anguilla
2.5 – 3.0
Bahamas; Belize; British Virgin Islands; Turks & Caicos Islands;
Dominican Republic
> 3.0
Cayman Islands; French Guyana; US Virgin Islands
Source: derived from Table A.2 in the statistical appendix.
20
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Table 5
EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES PER HEAD, 1960-1998
(US dollars)
UNWEIGHTED
MEAN
SD
CV
MEDIAN
MEAN/
MEDIAN
HIGHEST
LOWEST
1960
350
911
2.60
133
2.62
4,902
14
1970
542
798
1.47
314
1.73
4,159
12
1980
3,259
8,298
2.55
825
3.95
44,485
59
1990
4,306
5,536
1.29
1,894
2.27
27,070
74
1998
5,111
6,449
1.26
2,329
2.19
26,834
58
Source: Derived from Table A.6 in the statistical appendix.
Table 6
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PER HEAD, 1960-1998
(US dollars)
MEAN
SD
CV
MEDIAN
MEAN/
MEDIAN
HIGHEST
LOWEST
1960
22.8
29.4
1.29
8.0
2.85
115
1
1970
57.3
54.2
0.95
36.0
1.59
227
1
1980
185.9
190.1
1.02
108.0
1.72
676
4
1990
348.5
324.0
0.93
195.0
1.79
1,209
7
1998
712.3
1449
2.03
209.0
3.41
7,917
6
Source: Derived from Table A.7 in the statistical appendix.
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
21
Figure 4
GDP PER HEAD (WEIGHTED), 1960-1998
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Table 7
GDP PER HEAD, 1960-1998
(US dollars)
MEAN
SD
CV
MEDIAN
MEAN/
MEDIAN
HIGHEST
LOWEST
1960
3,302
3,496
1.06
1,479
2.23
13,778
514
1970
4,157
3,891
0.94
2,048
2.03
15,109
47 1
1980
5,004
3,957
0.79
3,278
1.53
12,924
60 7
1990
6,898
5,342
0.77
5,066
1.36
21,123
48 1
1998
7,666
5,939
0.77
6,827
1.12
23,966
37 0
Source: Derived from Table A.10 in the statistical appendix.
22
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Notes
1
Funding for the data base was provided by the Nuffield Foundation in the United
Kingdom and the SSRC.
2
These are also available on the website of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC)
in New York (www.ssrc.org).
3
There is a good discussion of the impact of these diseases on the wider Caribbean in
Jones [1931], Chapter 3.
4
By way of illustration, the CDR (expressed per thousand) in Trinidad & Tobago fell
from 25 in 1900 to 19 in 1930 and 8 in 1960.
5
The CBR (also expressed per thousand) was not of course constant, but there was
much less sign of a long-term trend. Again, using Trinidad & Tobago by way of contrast,
we may note that the CBR was 37 in 1900, 31 in 1930 and 38 in 1960.
6
The population data for this period (1900-1960) for all countries is given in Table
A.1 in the statistical appendix.
7
It was 12,217 in 1900 and 12,000 in 1960.
8
One of these was the father of Fidel Castro, who arrived from Spain in the first
decade of the 20th century.
9
The close correlation between GDP per head and exports per head for the period
since 1960 is demonstrated by Shelton Nicholls in his paper in this collection.
10
The mean is calculated as the sum of exports for all countries divided by the sum of
population.
11
The CV measures the ratio of the standard deviation to the (unweighted) mean and
therefore can be compared easily over time.
12
The detailed population figures for this period can be found in Table A.2 in the
statistical appendix.
13
The detailed figures for exports per head can be found in Table A.6 in the statistical
appendix.
14
The detailed figures for public spending on education per head can be found in
Table A.7 in the statistical appendix.
15
The proportion of children enrolled in Haiti in 1900 has been estimated at 2% (see
Miller [1992], Chapter 7). It was still only 36.5% in 1980.
16
The Cuban wage system for public sector workers is so different from the rest of the
Caribbean that too much should not be read into this surprising result.
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
23
17
The detailed figures for the nominal exchange rate are given in Table A.8 in the
statistical appendix.
18
The detailed figures for consumer price inflation are given in Table A.9 in the statistical
appendix.
19
The detailed figures for GDP per head in constant dollars at 1995 prices are given in
Table A.10 in the statistical appendix.
20
24
The net value adjusts the gross value for direct imports.
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
Statistical Appendix
This statistical appendix contains ten tables drawn from the data base referred to
in the text. They represent a sample of the tables prepared for this project and are the main
ones referred to in the paper. They are available on the website of the Social Science Research
Council (www.ssrc.org). The following notes on each table provide the main assumptions
used in their preparation as well as giving the sources used.
TABLE 1. POPULATION, 1900-60
This table was derived from official sources for all countries. Some of these are
reported in Mitchell [1993], but most were obtained from the British, French and Dutch
colonial records. In some cases there are no estimates in the official sources (e.g. Suriname
before 1920). These gaps have been filled in by interpolation using the growth rate of
population in the closest period. The interpolated data appear in blue in the website version
of Table 1.
Aruba is not listed separately in Table 1 and its population is included in the
figures for the Netherlands Antilles. The 1960 figures are taken from Table 2 in order to
ensure consistency.
TABLE 2. POPULATION, 1960-98
The main source for this table is the World Bank CD-ROM of World Development
Indicators [2000]. The series starts in 1960 and ends in 1998. The CD-ROM only has
figures for independent countries, although it does not include Cuba. The sources for nonindependent countries were the same as for Table 1.
TABLE 3. MAIN EXCHANGE RATES, 1900-60
This table records the exchange rate of the US dollar to the pound sterling, the
French franc and the Dutch guilder from 1900 to 1960. This information is all that is needed
to convert nominal values to US dollars for this period as the primary sources are all quoted
in one of these currencies or in British West Indian dollars that had a fixed rate (4.80) to the
pound sterling.
Before the First World War, France, Holland, the United States and the United
Kingdom were all on the gold standard so that exchange rates did not vary. Rates during
the First World War are taken from Bank of England quarterly reports. The data for the
inter-war years are taken either from the League of Nations Statistical Yearbooks or the
Bank of England quarterly reports. The IMF’s International Financial Statistics (IFS) was
used for other years as the earliest editions cover the years from 1936 onwards.
No exchange rate to the US dollar is reported for the French franc and the Dutch
guilder during the war years. The exchange rate was therefore assumed to have been the
same as in 1939. This is a reasonable assumption for the French franc as the rate in 1945
was similar to that in 1939, but it does imply a steep fall in the value of the Dutch guilder
between 1944 and 1945. At the end of the 1950s the French authorities introduced the
new franc equivalent to 100 old francs. The exchange rate for 1960 takes this into account
and appears in red in the website version.
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
25
TABLE 4. EXPORTS OF GOODS PER HEAD ($), 1900-60
This table, still incomplete, was obtained from official sources, some of which are
recorded in Mitchell [1993]. The primary sources are listed in a variety of currencies. These
were converted to US dollars using the exchange rates in Table 3.
TABLE 5. PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD ($), 1900-60
This table is also incomplete. The same sources and methodology were used as
for Table 4.
TABLE 6. EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES PER HEAD ($), 1960-98
The main source for this table was the World Bank [2000]. However, there are
many gaps in the World Bank series even for the independent countries and these were
filled in a variety of ways as explained below:
- Anguilla - 1988-1998 from Anguilla Official Government Statistics;
- 1960 assumed to be 10% of St. Kitts/Nevis exports; 1961-1987 trend line
fitted;
- Antigua -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook)
- Aruba - 1986-1998 exports of goods and services in IFS (including oil); 19841985 assumed equal to 1986;
- 1960 from exports of goods in official sources; 1961-1984 interpolated;
- Bahamas - 1973-1986 taken from World Bank World Tables 1988-1989 edition;
- From 1986 IFS Yearbooks; 1960-1972 estimated from imports in IFS Yearbook;
- 1989-1998 proxied by imports from official sources;
- Belize – 1960-79 exports of goods from IFS;
- British Virgin Islands - 1960-1988 proxied by imports from official sources;
- Cayman Islands - 1971-1997 proxied by imports from official sources;
- Cuba - 1960-1990 taken from Thorp (1998, statistical appendix); 1991-1998
(ECLAC [2000]);
- Dominica -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook)
-French Guyana – 1975-1994 based on exports of goods and services in national
accounts;
- 1960 – guesstimate; 1961-1974 - proxied by imports; 1995-1998 proxied by
exports of goods
- Grenada -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook)
- Guadeloupe – 1960-1964 proxied by exports of goods from Mitchell [1993];
- 1965-1995 from national accounts exports of goods and services except 198792 which has been interpolated;
- 1996-1998 guesstimates;
- Martinique – 1970-1994 exports of goods and services from official national
accounts;
- 1960-1970 proxied by imports from official sources;
1995-1998 proxied from exports of goods;
- Montserrat - 1960-1972 proxied by imports from official sources;
- 1993 from official sources; 1973-1992 interpolated;
26
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
- 1995-1998 estimated based on collapse of exports;
- Netherlands Antilles –1960-1964 interpolated from export data (IFS);
- 1965-1987 from official sources; 1988-1998 from IFS);
- Puerto Rico – 1989-1998 estimated from exports of goods;
- (Puerto Rico Government website http://www.upr.clu.edu/trade/prexport.htm)
- St Kitts-Nevis, 1960-1962 estimated from import data in colonial reports;
- 1963-1976 estimated by trend regression; 1989 average of 1988 and 1990;
- St Lucia - 1960-1978 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook);
- St Vincent -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook);
- Suriname - data taken from official Surinamese sources;
- Turks and Caicos - 1960-1971 proxied by imports from official sources;
- 1972 - 1980 interpolated; 1982-1985, 1989, 1993-1998 interpolated;
- 1981 and 1986-1988 and 1990-1991 from official sources;
- 1995 figure estimated from growth of tourist arrivals;
- US Virgin Islands – 1960-1969 backward interpolation (5% growth); 19711979 and 1981-1988 interpolated;
- 1970, 1980, 1989-1998 from official sources;
TABLE 7. PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PER HEAD ($), 1960-98
Figures for 1960-98 (in black in website) are taken either from IMF, Government
Financial Statistics, from UNESCO website or from British colonial reports. Wherever possible
figures refer to total educational expenditures. Figures on website in blue are interpolated
and in red are guesstimates. The country notes below give further information.
- Anguilla - 1996-98 based on growth in total government expenditure.
- Antigua – 1990 guesstimate; 1991-8 based on growth of government
expenditure;
- Aruba - 1960-1971 growth assumed to be 5% per year; 1981 based on
government spending;
- 1994-98 growth of 5% assumed; before 1986 Aruba assumed to be 33.3% of
Netherlands Antilles excluding Aruba;
- Barbados – 1995-8 based on growth of total government spending;
- Belize – 1998 based on growth of government consumption in national accounts;
- British Virgin Islands - 1992-1998 growth rate of 8% per year assumed;
- Cayman Islands - 1992-97 based on growth of government spending; 1998 is
guesstimate;
- Cuba - 1960-64 based on growth of total public spending; 1997-98 growth of
5% assumed;
- Dominica – 1990 guesstimate; 1991-8 based on growth in government spending;
- Dominican Republic - 1960-1965, 1998 based on growth in government
spending;
- French Guyana – 1960 guesstimate; 1994-1998 growth of 5% per year assumed;
- Grenada – 1990-8 based on growth of government expenditure in national
accounts;
- Guadeloupe – 1960-1964 assumed to be 74% of Martinique (same share as
1965); 1994-98 based on growth of public spending;
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
27
- Guyana – 1997 based on total government spending; 1998 growth of 5%
assumed;
- Haiti - 1960-64 growth of 1% assumed; 1991-98 based on growth of
government spending;
- Jamaica – 1997-8 based on growth in government consumption in national
accounts;
- Martinique - 1960 guesstimate; 1994-1998 growth of 5% per year assumed;
- Montserrat – 1975-78 based on growth in community, social and personal
services in national accounts;
- 1979-95 growth of 5% assumed. 1996-1998 educational expenditure assumed
to decline by 50% because of volcanic eruption;
- Netherlands Antilles - 1960-1971 growth assumed to be 5% per year; 1981
based on government spending; 1994-98 growth of 5% per year assumed;
- Puerto Rico – 1960 figure is derived from growth in pupil numbers between
1960 and 1965; 1976-95 estimated from growth in government final
expenditure; 1995-8 growth assumed to be 10% per year;
- St. Kitts -1997-98 based on growth of government expenditure;
- St. Lucia – 1995-8 based on growth of government value added in national
accounts;
- Suriname – 1960-69 and 1994-8 based on growth of total government spending;
- Trinidad & Tobago – 1960-4 growth assumed to be 5% per year;
- Turks and Caicos - 1984 guesstimate; 1985-1995 based on growth in
government spending;
- 1996-98 growth of 5% per year assumed;
- US Virgin Islands - 1960-4 growth assumed to be 10% per year; 1985-98
estimated from government final expenditure;
TABLE 8. NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES, 1960-98
The main source is World Bank [2000]. The missing data were obtained from
official sources.
TABLE 9. CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION, 1960-98
The main source is World Bank [2000]. Other sources used are IFS Yearbook,
World Bank, World Tables and ECLAC. For Cuba, a crucial source was Mesa-Lago [2000],
which has official and unofficial estimates of inflation for most years.
TABLE 10. GDP PER HEAD, 1960-98
The main source for this table was the World Bank [2000]. However, there are
many gaps in the World Bank series even for the independent countries and these were
filled in a variety of ways as explained below:
- Bahamas - 1996-1998 from official sources;
- Anguilla - 1995-1998 from IMF [2000]; 1984-1994 from official sources adjusted
to 1995 prices (growth rate from 1987 to 1988 assumed to be 10%);
- 1960 assumed to be equal to population share of St. Kitts-Nevis and 19611983 interpolated;
28
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
- Antigua - as for St. Lucia 1967-1976; for 1960 -1966 annual growth rate
assumed to be 5%;
- Aruba - as for Netherlands Antilles from 1960-1986 assuming Aruba is a third
of Netherlands Antilles (excluding Aruba);
- 1986-1994 based on GDP at current prices adjusted for consumer inflation
from official sources;
- 1995-1998 growth rate assumed to be 5% per year;
- British Virgin Islands –1994 figure in current dollars from official sources;
- 1970-78 and 1984-89 from UN national accounts adjusted to 1995 pricesusing
US inflation from 1978-89 and Eastern Caribbean Central Bank inflation from
1989-95;
- intervening years by interpolation; 1960-1969
- Cayman Islands - 1994 figure in Cayman current dollars converted to US dollars
from official sources;
- 1983-1993 in constant prices from official sources adjusted to 1995 prices by
Cayman inflation;
- 1972 from official sources adjusted to 1995 prices by Cayman inflation
- Dominica - as for St. Lucia with 3% growth per year assumed between 19601966;
- French Guyana –as for Martinique except for 1960-1974 where 5% annual
growth rate assumed;
- Grenada - as for St. Lucia from 1967-1976; for 1960 -1966 annual growth rate
assumed to be 2%;
- Guadeloupe - as for Martinique except 1960-1969 where 5% annual growth
rate assumed;
- Martinique – 1998 GDP at 1995 prices in francs converted to US dollars;
- 1994 GDP at 1994 prices converted to US dollars and adjusted to 1995 assuming
3% inflation;
- 1970-1993 based on growth rates of constant GDP; 1960-1970 interpolated
using 1960 figure in UN national account
- Montserrat – 1990-1995 in current dollars from IMF [2000];
- 1996-98 GDP assumed to have fallen sharply because of volcanic eruption;
- 1965,1970, and 1975-78 from UN national accounts adjusted by fall in Eastern
Caribbean dollar exchange rate to US dollar with intervening years interpolated
- Netherlands Antilles - 1960,1970 and 1975 taken from UN national accounts
in current dollars adjusted for inflation with intervening years interpolated;
- 1979-1994 from GDP at current prices from official sources adjusted for increases
in consumer prices;
- Puerto Rico - Growth in 1998 assumed to be 5%;
- St. Kitts - 1970-1976 estimated from World Bank World Tables (4th edition);
- St. Lucia - 1967-1979 estimated from GNP data in World Bank, World Tables
(4th edition);
- 1960-1966 estimated assuming 5% growth per year as given in World Tables
(3rd edition).
- St. Vincent - as for St. Lucia with 1% growth per year assumed between 19601966;
- Suriname - 1960-1969 proxied from current price value added deflated by
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
29
consumer prices (official sources); 1996-1998 proxied from value added volume
change;
- Turks and Caicos - 1965 from UN national accounts adjusted to US dollar
and to 19 95 prices by US inflation;
- 1970, 1975 from UN national accounts in current dollars adjusted to 95 prices
by US inflation; 1983-88 in current dollars (unadjusted) from official sources;
- US Virgin Islands - 1980, 1989 GDP current prices from official sources adjusted
by GDP deflator to 1995 prices;
- 1980-1989 interpolated; 1989-1996 proxied by gross pay at current prices
adjusted by GDP deflator;
- 1997-1998 GDP assumed to decline by 1% per year.
30
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (1ST SECTION OF FOUR)
I
194500
55512
78513
294943
36998
748530
49558
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
45540
28432
63114
Antigua &
Barbuda
35353
1901
273899
195588
53735
80083
300748
37479
755730
50354
47548
28894
63438
35073
42556
E
1902
279349
197190
55190
81685
302172
38315
762975
50934
47488
29356
63762
34782
42211
G
1903
284908
198792
56113
83319
302172
38981
770289
51881
47956
29826
64087
34493
41869
1904
290578
199514
57133
84985
301923
39688
777673
52682
48424
30303
64414
34207
41529
1905
296360
199542
58175
86685
303390
40372
785128
53389
49236
30788
64743
33923
41192
1906
302257
196287
59142
88418
306959
41007
792654
54073
50170
31280
65073
33642
40858
1907
308272
194518
59713
90187
304549
42406
800253
54679
51009
31780
65405
33363
40527
1908
314406
194477
60309
91991
304549
43270
807925
55095
51779
32289
65739
33086
40198
I
1909
320663
194496
61277
93830
305090
44146
815670
55835
52592
32805
66074
32811
39872
O
1910
327044
171417
61949
95707
303197
45054
823489
56588
53448
33330
66411
32539
39549
1911
333552
173422
56072
97621
295784
40809
831383
48637
41877
33863
66750
32269
39228
1912
339475
172203
56318
99574
299044
40809
834019
49205
43117
34787
66675
32187
39531
1913
345397
173359
55766
101565
304149
41170
836663
49963
44434
35736
66600
32106
39837
1914
352145
176397
55639
103597
309938
41543
839315
50809
45605
36712
66525
32025
40145
1915
359527
180516
58129
105668
312391
41928
841976
51590
44404
37714
66450
31944
40455
1916
371876
184259
59928
107782
313859
42323
844645
52282
43206
38743
66375
31863
40768
1917
377021
186656
60932
109938
313999
42732
847322
52127
42009
39800
66300
31782
41083
1918
381309
191664
60082
112136
310972
43368
850008
51971
43069
40270
66225
31179
41301
1919
386907
200368
57838
114379
305991
43586
852703
51816
45229
40315
66150
31063
41583
1920
391279
198333
56385
116667
307290
45083
855406
51660
45912
40688
66075
31210
41434
1921
368943
156312
53003
119000
298188
45317
858118
51505
45295
37355
66000
29592
34184
1922
374650
157229
53648
121692
297817
45717
875667
52438
46220
38108
67266
29512
33504
1923
378184
158146
54301
124445
299199
46527
893574
53371
46744
36632
68532
29420
32742
1924
381753
159499
54962
127260
301204
47132
911848
54304
47591
39190
69799
29201
32048
1925
385091
162211
55631
130139
304412
47393
930495
55099
48182
40075
71065
29470
31591
1926
387470
169385
56308
133083
306844
48584
949524
55698
49751
39879
72331
29648
31594
1927
390621
168299
56993
136094
308473
49249
968942
56068
50770
41051
73597
30089
31672
1928
393798
167953
57687
139172
307784
50286
988757
56917
51426
41671
74863
30444
31122
1929
397000
170391
58389
142321
309676
51228
1008977
57482
51995
41482
76130
29648
30571
N
1900
Trinidad &
Tobago
268449
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
Dominica
Grenada
T
St. Kitts &
Nevis
42890
R
A
T
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
31
32
TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (2ND SECTION OF FOUR)
1932
419559
176874
61812
152200
317813
52945
1070468
61135
49665
44103
80643
32144
31679
1933
425572
180055
62679
155643
321260
53770
1090269
62000
52006
45239
92624
32424
31657
1934
432058
182440
63763
159164
323171
54744
1104923
63804
53662
46298
83761
33060
32160
1935
439994
184912
64982
162764
328219
55448
1119774
64959
55219
47394
84898
33700
32277
1936
448253
188294
66219
166446
332898
56071
1134825
66230
56511
48280
86035
34230
31937
1937
456006
190939
66908
170212
337034
56893
1150078
67405
57526
49483
87172
34523
32418
1938
464889
193082
67720
174062
337521
57767
1165536
69084
58381
50617
88309
35123
31852
1939
474895
193052
68170
178000
341237
58051
1181202
69419
58781
50474
89446
35891
33372
1940
484900
193022
68621
178537
346982
58337
1197079
69756
59184
50332
90586
36675
34965
1941
503450
192992
69071
179076
354219
58623
1213169
70095
59590
50190
87553
37477
36634
1942
522000
192962
69522
179617
361704
58912
1229475
70435
59998
50048
84520
38297
38383
1943
530769
192932
68846
180159
362694
59201
1246000
70777
60409
49907
81487
39134
40215
1944
539685
192902
72777
180703
367204
59492
1268228
71121
60823
49766
78453
39989
42135
1945
548751
192872
76708
181248
373598
59785
1290853
71466
61240
49626
75420
40864
44146
1946
557970
192841
80639
181795
381325
60079
1313881
71813
61660
49486
72387
41757
46253
1947
586700
199012
75018
182344
390857
61503
1337320
73775
63163
50798
72663
43442
45859
1948
602814
202669
76620
182894
402615
63428
1361177
75738
64666
51763
73564
43504
46288
1949
618603
207262
78275
183446
414306
65354
1385459
77700
66170
52858
74719
44532
46928
1950
635843
211641
79664
184000
425156
66892
1410175
80195
67911
54577
75913
45611
48501
1951
651048
215128
81440
192564
436431
70741
1435332
81792
69651
55914
77216
46971
48745
1952
662850
219015
83141
201527
434900
71171
1460938
82958
71392
57022
78542
48332
48991
1953
678300
222942
84841
210907
447440
75778
1487000
84812
73136
59097
79890
49692
49238
R
1954
697550
224034
88387
233000
463069
75778
1506501
86219
75200
61398
81262
50908
49486
A
1955
720800
225132
92081
241000
479244
78094
1526259
88150
76778
63086
82657
52454
49735
1956
742500
226234
95929
245000
495984
80888
1546275
89862
78594
63068
84076
54228
49985
1957
764900
227343
99939
255000
513309
82333
1566554
91102
80781
64231
85519
55967
50237
1958
790933
228453
104115
265000
531239
85098
1587099
92089
81782
66645
86988
57777
50490
1959
816967
229575
108467
275000
549796
88156
1607913
89265
83195
60100
88481
56139
50744
1960
843000
230700
113000
290000
569000
91050
1629000
86440
80000
60300
90000
54500
51000
I
1930
1931
Trinidad &
Tobago
404892
412783
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
172182
173674
59099
59818
145540
148833
312489
313619
52136
52139
1029611
1050667
58494
59676
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
53228
47961
77396
78662
Antigua &
Barbuda
30909
31235
St. Kitts &
Nevis
30933
33984
Dominica
Grenada
42343
43098
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
D
E
TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (3RD SECTION OF FOUR)
I
N
British V.
Islands
Cayman
Islands
Turks and
Caicos Is
Montserrat
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Fr. Guyane
Netherland
Antilles
Puerto Rico
US Virgin
Islands
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican
Republic
1900
1901
3872
3890
4846
4908
5000
5049
5257
5287
12217
12215
215000
208000
180000
182000
21700
22000
50000
50368
953000
968340
31425
31000
1573000
1641000
1250000
1293700
600000
614000
1902
3908
4970
5098
5319
12213
201171
183573
22321
50739
983927
30575
1709000
1337400
628000
1903
3926
5032
5148
5351
12211
194566
185159
22647
51112
999764
30155
1777000
1381100
642000
1904
3945
5096
5198
5383
12209
188178
186759
22978
51488
1015857
29741
1845000
1424800
656000
1905
3963
5160
5249
5416
12207
182000
188372
23314
51867
1032208
29333
1913000
1468500
670000
1906
3981
5225
5300
5449
12205
182398
190000
23654
52249
1048823
28931
1981000
1512200
684000
1907
4000
5291
5352
5481
12204
182797
194209
24000
52633
1065705
28534
2049000
1555900
698000
1908
4019
5357
5404
5515
12202
183197
198512
24485
53020
1082859
28143
2119000
1599600
712000
1909
4037
5425
5457
5548
12200
183598
202910
24980
53410
1100289
27756
2189000
1643300
726000
1910
4056
5493
5510
5581
12198
184000
207405
25485
53804
1118000
27376
2259000
1687000
740000
1911
4075
5562
5564
5615
12196
188782
212000
26000
54199
1134990
27000
2329000
1730700
755500
1912
4197
5514
5532
5615
12021
193688
213735
26000
54598
1152238
26831
2399000
1774400
771000
1913
4319
5466
5500
5614
11849
198722
215484
26000
55000
1169748
26662
2469000
1818100
786500
1914
4442
5419
5469
5614
11679
203887
217247
26000
56071
1187524
26495
2539000
1861800
802000
1915
4564
5372
5437
5614
11511
209186
219024
26000
57162
1205570
26329
2609000
1905500
817500
1916
4686
5326
5406
5613
11346
214623
220817
26000
58275
1223891
26164
2679000
1949200
833000
1917
4808
5280
5375
5613
11183
220200
222624
26000
59409
1242490
26000
2749000
1992900
848500
1918
4878
5234
5344
5613
11264
225923
224445
26000
60566
1261372
25668
2819000
2036600
864000
1919
4988
5189
5314
5613
11168
231795
226282
26000
61745
1280540
25340
2889000
2080300
879500
1920
5098
5144
5283
5612
11015
237819
228133
26000
62947
1300000
25017
2944600
2124000
895000
1921
4219
5100
5253
5612
12050
244000
230000
26000
64172
1322555
24697
3014800
2153800
933933
1922
4362
5103
5339
5580
11957
241257
232543
26000
65422
1345501
24382
3072700
2183600
972867
1923
4398
5106
5427
5548
11890
238546
235114
26486
66695
1368846
24071
3155200
2213400
1011800
1924
4470
5110
5516
5517
11760
235864
237714
26981
67994
1392595
23763
3225600
2243200
1050733
1925
4565
5113
5607
5485
11673
233213
240343
27486
69317
1416757
23460
3295700
2273000
1089667
1926
4565
5116
5699
5454
11732
230592
243000
28000
70667
1441338
23160
3365900
2302800
1128600
1927
4625
5119
5792
5423
11916
228000
247621
26682
72042
1466345
22865
3436100
2332600
1167533
1928
4710
5123
5887
5392
11935
229730
252330
25425
73445
1491786
22573
3506500
2362400
1206467
1929
4794
5126
5984
5361
11954
231474
257128
24228
74874
1517668
22285
3576700
2392200
1245400
T
Anguilla
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
33
34
TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (4TH SECTION OF FOUR)
1930
1931
4856
4230
British V.
Islands
5263
5040
1932
5101
5209
6185
5300
12880
237352
274021
22386
81872
1613627
22570
3962300
2503000
1362200
1933
5231
5360
6188
5300
13062
239728
281226
22779
84790
1649610
22860
3961700
2543500
1401133
T
1934
5361
5488
6210
5378
13161
242128
288621
23179
87813
1686395
23154
4039500
2584000
1440067
E
1935
5465
6100
6233
5458
13264
244552
296211
23586
90944
1724000
23452
4071100
2624500
1479000
1936
5517
6165
6255
5539
13630
247000
304000
24000
94186
1752071
23754
4108700
2665000
1522800
1937
5639
6288
6278
5621
13712
246549
299253
23792
97544
1780599
24059
4165000
2705500
1566600
1938
5717
6364
6301
5704
13670
246098
294580
23586
101021
1809591
24369
4227600
2746000
1610400
1939
5627
6381
6324
5788
13751
245648
289979
23382
104456
1839056
24682
4253000
2786500
1654200
1940
5539
6399
6347
5874
13833
245199
285451
23179
107891
1869000
25000
4384500
2827000
1698000
1941
5452
6417
6369
5960
13915
244751
280994
22978
113144
1900672
25193
4516000
2854000
1741800
1942
5366
6434
6393
6049
13998
244304
276606
22779
118652
1932881
25388
4647500
2881000
1785600
1943
5282
6452
6416
6138
14081
243858
272286
22582
124429
1965636
25584
4779000
2908000
1829400
1944
5199
6469
6439
6173
14164
243412
268034
22386
130487
1998946
25782
4884000
2935000
1873200
1945
5117
6487
6462
6207
14248
242967
263848
22192
136840
2032820
25981
4989000
2962000
1917000
1946
5037
6505
6486
6242
14333
242523
259728
22000
143502
2067269
26181
5094000
2989000
1960800
1947
5034
6690
6509
6251
13283
242080
255672
22673
148074
2102301
26384
5199000
3016000
2004600
1948
5032
6000
6533
6267
13504
241637
251680
23367
152792
2137927
26588
5304000
3043000
2048400
1949
5029
6000
6556
6309
13508
241196
247749
24082
157661
2174156
26793
5409000
3070000
2092200
1950
5026
7000
6580
6431
13535
240755
243881
24819
162684
2211000
27000
5514000
3097000
2136000
1951
5024
7147
6676
6354
13585
240315
240072
25579
169254
2225278
27463
5619000
3178400
2227100
1952
5021
7297
6772
6278
13635
239876
236323
26362
175590
2239648
27933
5724000
3259800
2318200
1953
5018
7450
6871
6202
13685
239438
232633
27169
181009
2254111
28412
5829000
3341200
2409300
1954
5016
7600
6970
6128
14145
239000
229000
28000
181224
2268667
28899
5990176
3422600
2500400
1955
5013
7760
7072
6054
13763
245817
236032
28788
183714
2283317
29394
6151353
3504000
2591500
1956
5011
7760
7174
5982
13390
252828
243280
29597
184759
2298062
29898
6312529
3585400
2682600
D
1957
5008
7760
7278
5910
13028
260039
250751
30430
185810
2312902
30410
6473706
3666800
2773700
E
1958
5005
7600
7384
5839
12676
267456
258451
31285
186868
2327838
30931
6634882
3748200
2864800
1959
5003
7470
7491
5769
12333
275084
266388
32165
187931
2342871
31461
6796059
3829600
2955900
1960
5000
7340
7600
5700
12000
282930
274568
33070
189000
2358000
32000
6957235
3911000
3047000
Anguilla
I
Cayman
Islands
6082
6182
Turks and
Caicos Is
5330
5300
Montserrat
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Fr. Guyane
12196
12120
233230
235000
262017
267000
23087
22000
Netherland
Antilles
76332
79053
Cuba
Haiti
1544000
1578430
US Virgin
Islands
22000
22283
3646900
3962300
2422000
2462500
Dominican
Republic
1284333
1323267
Puerto Rico
N
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
TABLE 2: POPULATION, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Trinidad &
Tobago
843,000
858,490
869,040
876,720
884,990
896,000
909,340
925,330
942,480
958,220
971,000
981,320
989,140
995,650
1,002,840
1,012,000
1,022,800
1,035,080
1,049,000
1,064,670
1,082,000
1,101,040
1,122,090
1,143,480
1,162,640
1,178,000
1,190,130
1,199,470
1,206,310
1,211,230
1,215,000
1,226,130
1,235,980
1,244,980
1,253,510
1,262,000
1,270,170
1,277,740
1,285,140
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
230,700
231,600
232,500
233,400
234,300
235,200
236,000
236,800
237,600
238,400
239,200
240,200
241,900
243,300
244,500
245,600
246,400
247,100
247,900
246,500
249,100
249,900
250,800
251,700
252,600
253,000
253,500
254,000
255,000
256,460
258,000
260,000
262,000
263,500
264,300
264,200
264,400
264,870
265,630
113,000
118,000
123,000
128,000
133,000
139,000
145,000
151,000
157,000
164,000
171,000
174,000
178,000
181,000
185,000
189,000
193,000
197,000
201,000
206,000
210,000
214,000
219,000
224,000
229,000
232,000
236,000
240,000
245,000
250,000
255,800
259,000
262,490
267,000
272,000
278,000
284,000
289,000
294,000
290,000
298,000
306,000
315,000
323,000
332,000
340,000
348,000
356,000
364,000
372,000
378,000
381,650
383,930
381,430
364,500
354,400
362,090
367,320
364,990
355,000
355,450
365,600
376,200
386,900
385,000
389,780
393,650
396,830
399,540
402,000
404,060
405,570
406,750
407,820
409,000
410,140
411,090
412,070
569,000
585,170
600,660
615,620
630,350
645,000
659,450
673,760
687,340
699,270
709,000
716,670
722,210
726,280
729,970
734,000
738,250
742,660
747,460
752,880
759,000
765,920
773,940
782,070
788,720
793,000
793,400
793,800
794,200
794,600
795,000
802,930
810,100
816,820
823,350
830,000
836,570
842,860
849,180
91,050
94,240
97,670
101,190
104,600
107,740
110,640
113,330
115,790
118,000
119,970
121,720
123,210
124,670
126,420
128,670
131,410
134,680
138,340
142,160
146,000
149,890
153,850
156,990
162,000
166,250
170,610
175,080
179,680
184,420
189,300
194,300
199,530
205,200
210,890
216,700
222,400
229,500
238,500
1,629,000
1,651,920
1,678,470
1,707,020
1,734,760
1,760,000
1,783,120
1,803,890
1,823,710
1,844,940
1,869,000
1,895,630
1,925,160
1,956,080
1,985,850
2,013,000
2,037,740
2,059,510
2,080,500
2,104,310
2,133,000
2,162,300
2,200,100
2,240,800
2,279,900
2,311,100
2,335,800
2,350,600
2,356,400
2,374,900
2,403,500
2,425,200
2,448,000
2,471,600
2,496,000
2,522,100
2,538,000
2,554,000
2,576,000
86,440
87,800
89,200
90,600
92,000
93,400
94,900
96,400
97,900
99,400
101,400
102,800
104,100
105,600
107,000
108,400
109,800
111,300
112,700
114,100
115,500
117,400
119,400
121,100
122,900
124,800
126,700
128,500
130,400
132,200
134,100
136,000
137,100
139,900
142,700
145,400
147,000
149,600
152,000
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
80,000
81,030
81,880
82,590
83,280
84,000
84,740
85,510
86,310
87,140
88,000
88,900
89,840
90,810
91,800
92,800
93,810
94,830
95,840
96,840
97,800
98,730
99,620
100,500
101,380
102,300
103,240
104,190
105,150
106,110
107,050
108,000
108,870
109,660
110,370
111,000
111,680
112,420
113,220
Dominica
Grenada
60,300
61,100
61,900
62,800
63,600
64,500
65,300
66,000
66,800
67,600
68,400
69,200
70,000
70,250
70,500
70,900
71,250
71,700
72,150
72,700
73,350
74,630
74,360
74,090
73,830
73,560
73,300
73,000
72,770
72,520
72,260
72,000
71,940
72,090
72,440
73,000
73,000
73,000
73,000
90,000
91,358
92,737
94,137
95,558
97,000
96,678
96,357
96,037
95,718
95,400
94,710
94,025
93,345
92,670
92,000
91,617
91,235
90,855
90,477
90,100
89,000
89,249
89,499
89,749
90,000
90,709
91,423
92,143
92,869
93,600
93,600
93,700
93,800
94,100
94,500
95,000
95,500
96,200
Antigua &
Barbuda
54,500
55,250
56,060
56,970
58,040
59,290
60,710
62,340
63,940
65,180
65,850
65,960
65,500
64,670
63,760
63,000
62,350
61,830
61,440
61,160
61,000
61,200
61,400
61,600
61,800
62,000
62,380
62,790
63,200
63,610
64,000
64,230
64,470
64,700
64,940
65,180
65,730
66,290
66,860
St. Kitts &
Nevis
51,000
50,530
50,070
49,610
49,150
48,700
47,920
47,140
46,380
45,640
44,900
44,600
44,400
44,100
43,800
43,600
43,300
43,740
43,800
43,690
44,400
44,750
45,090
44,700
43,670
42,750
42,600
42,460
42,310
42,170
42,030
41,800
41,590
41,380
41,190
41,000
40,880
40,820
40,820
35
36
TABLE 2: POPULATION, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)
Anguilla
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
5,000
5,092
5,186
5,281
5,378
5,477
5,578
5,681
5,785
5,892
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,188
6,382
6,581
6,787
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7,189
7,384
7,584
7,789
8,000
8,365
8,747
9,146
9,564
10,000
10,000
11,000
11,000
British V.
Islands
7,340
7,600
8,000
8,380
8,619
8,905
9,201
9,506
9,821
10,147
10,484
10,585
10,687
10,791
10,895
11,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
11,374
11,760
12,160
12,573
13,000
13,551
14,126
14,725
15,349
16,000
16,381
16,772
17,172
17,581
18,000
18,000
18,000
19,000
Cayman
Islands
7,600
7,850
8,108
8,374
8,649
8,933
9,227
9,530
9,843
10,166
10,500
11,056
11,641
12,256
12,905
13,588
14,307
15,064
15,861
16,700
17,389
18,106
18,853
19,631
20,441
21,284
22,162
23,077
24,029
25,020
26,052
27,127
28,246
29,411
30,625
31,888
33,204
34,574
36,000
Turks and
Caicos Is
5,700
5,690
5,680
5,670
5,660
5,650
5,640
5,630
5,620
5,610
5,600
5,758
5,921
6,088
6,260
6,437
6,619
6,806
6,999
7,197
7,400
7,695
8,003
8,322
8,654
9,000
9,533
10,098
10,696
11,329
12,000
12,376
12,763
13,163
13,575
14,000
15,000
16,000
16,000
Montserrat
12,000
11,896
11,793
11,691
11,590
11,489
11,390
11,291
11,193
11,096
11,000
11,096
11,193
11,291
11,390
11,489
11,590
11,691
11,793
11,896
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,194
12,390
12,590
12,794
13,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
Martinique Guadeloupe
282,930
291,000
295,644
300,362
305,156
310,026
314,973
320,000
321,988
323,988
326,000
325,499
324,998
324,499
324,000
329,000
328,398
327,797
327,197
326,598
326,000
326,500
327,000
331,602
336,268
341,000
344,718
348,477
352,276
356,117
360,000
363,914
367,870
371,870
375,913
380,000
383,726
387,489
391,289
274,568
283,000
287,792
292,666
297,622
302,662
307,788
313,000
315,316
317,649
320,000
320,995
321,994
322,995
324,000
329,000
328,599
328,199
327,799
327,399
327,000
327,000
327,000
336,079
345,410
355,000
361,925
368,984
376,181
383,519
391,000
397,388
403,880
410,478
417,184
424,000
430,215
436,521
442,920
Fr. Guyane
33,070
34,000
35,493
37,051
38,678
40,376
42,149
44,000
45,607
47,273
49,000
50,436
51,913
53,434
55,000
57,000
59,048
61,169
63,366
65,642
68,000
70,456
73,000
78,565
84,554
91,000
95,691
100,623
105,810
111,265
117,000
122,465
128,185
134,173
140,440
147,000
152,906
159,049
165,439
Netherlands
Antilles
135,000
137,230
139,340
141,410
143,600
146,000
148,580
151,370
154,200
156,800
159,000
160,830
162,280
163,470
164,660
166,000
167,460
169,050
170,730
172,400
174,000
175,570
177,130
178,680
180,170
181,600
183,020
184,460
185,980
187,640
189,500
192,980
196,230
199,290
202,200
205,000
207,660
210,150
212,510
Aruba Puerto Rico
54,000
54,281
54,563
54,847
55,132
55,419
55,707
55,996
56,287
56,580
56,874
57,170
57,447
57,725
58,005
58,286
58,568
58,852
59,137
59,423
59,711
60,000
60,055
60,109
60,164
60,219
60,274
59,995
61,045
62,497
65,939
67,504
71,304
77,973
80,333
83,652
87,960
91,361
93,424
2,358,000
2,399,720
2,450,320
2,504,530
2,554,070
2,594,000
2,625,000
2,645,670
2,662,060
2,684,150
2,718,000
2,762,190
2,817,260
2,878,790
2,939,300
2,994,000
3,043,850
3,088,690
3,129,420
3,168,090
3,206,000
3,242,630
3,277,860
3,311,870
3,344,840
3,377,000
3,408,660
3,440,140
3,471,780
3,503,940
3,537,000
3,571,000
3,604,000
3,644,000
3,687,000
3,731,000
3,783,000
3,827,000
3,860,000
Virgin
Islands U.S
32,000
34,100
36,300
38,700
41,300
44,000
47,300
50,800
54,600
58,600
63,000
71,000
76,000
84,000
90,000
94,000
96,000
93,000
96,000
96,000
97,000
98,000
102,000
104,000
108,000
107,000
106,500
106,000
104,500
103,000
104,200
106,200
108,200
110,300
112,200
113,900
115,400
116,800
118,300
Cuba
Haiti
6,985,000
7,134,000
7,254,000
7,415,000
7,612,000
7,754,000
7,985,000
8,139,000
8,284,000
8,421,000
8,520,000
8,692,000
8,862,000
9,036,000
9,154,000
9,306,000
9,423,000
9,541,000
9,638,000
9,720,000
9,710,000
9,724,000
9,801,000
9,897,000
9,994,000
10,115,000
10,199,000
10,288,000
10,410,000
10,522,000
10,625,000
10,736,000
10,822,000
10,869,000
10,916,000
10,964,000
11,019,000
11,059,000
11,103,210
3,804,000
3,868,520
3,934,650
4,002,420
4,071,870
4,143,000
4,215,750
4,290,140
4,365,880
4,442,580
4,520,000
4,598,210
4,677,300
4,757,260
4,838,130
4,920,000
5,003,000
5,087,240
5,173,220
5,261,630
5,353,000
5,447,430
5,544,990
5,646,120
5,751,350
5,861,000
5,975,030
6,093,380
6,215,940
6,342,570
6,473,000
6,593,000
6,722,040
6,860,560
7,009,040
7,168,000
7,336,000
7,492,000
7,647,000
Dominican
Republic
3,231,000
3,340,650
3,453,360
3,568,770
3,686,440
3,806,000
3,927,270
4,050,140
4,174,100
4,298,520
4,423,000
4,547,470
4,671,780
4,796,270
4,921,540
5,048,000
5,175,590
5,304,390
5,434,330
5,565,220
5,697,000
5,829,680
5,963,070
6,097,900
6,235,340
6,376,000
6,519,380
6,664,990
6,812,400
6,960,990
7,110,000
7,257,190
7,402,330
7,545,180
7,685,480
7,823,000
7,963,580
8,107,290
8,254,200
TABLE 3: MAIN EXCHANGE RATES, 1900-1960
Franc/US$
Guild/US$
Franc/US$
Guild/US$
1930
4.52
25.48
2.49
1900
4.86
5.18
2.49
1931
3.5
25.51
2.49
T
1901
4.86
5.18
2.49
1932
5.11
25.46
2.48
E
1902
4.86
5.18
2.49
1933
4.95
19.88
1.93
1903
4.86
5.18
2.49
1934
4.93
15.22
1.48
G
1904
4.86
5.18
2.49
1935
4.91
15.15
1.48
R
1905
4.86
5.18
2.49
1936
5
16.35
1.55
1906
4.86
5.18
2.49
1937
4.67
24.72
1.82
I
US$/£
US$/£
N
A
T
4.86
5.18
2.49
1938
3.93
34.75
1.82
4.86
5.18
2.49
1939
4.03
39.84
1.87
1909
4.86
5.18
2.49
1940
4.03
48.01
1.88
1910
4.86
5.18
2.49
1941
4.03
49
1.89
1911
4.86
5.18
2.49
1942
4.03
49
1.89
1912
4.86
5.18
2.49
1943
4.03
49
1.89
I
1907
1908
O
N
4.86
5.18
2.49
1944
4.03
49.72
1.89
4.8
5.09
2.46
1945
4.03
49.72
2.66
1915
4.75
5.57
2.47
1946
4.03
119.3
2.66
1916
4.74
5.89
2.39
1947
4.03
119.3
2.66
1917
4.75
5.76
2.38
1948
2.8
214.71
2.66
1918
4.75
5.62
2.13
1949
2.8
349
3.805
1919
4.42
7.31
2.55
1950
2.8
349.9
3.8
1920
3.66
14.2
2.91
1951
2.8
349.95
3.8
1921
3.85
13.41
2.97
1952
2.8
350
3.8
1922
4.43
12.19
2.6
1953
2.8
349.95
3.79
1923
4.57
16.44
2.56
1954
2.8
350
3.79
D
1924
4.42
19.1
2.62
1955
2.8
350
3.83
E
1925
4.83
20.98
2.49
1956
2.8
349.95
3.83
1926
4.86
30.84
2.49
1957
2.8
420
3.79
3.76
&
1913
1914
T
R
A
1927
4.86
25.48
2.49
1958
2.8
490.55
1928
4.86
25.5
2.49
1959
2.8
490.9
3.77
1929
4.86
25.54
2.49
1960
2.8
4.903
3.77
37
Red type = New Francs/US$
38
TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (1ST SECTION OF FOUR)
22.96
18.14
28.13
32.66
35.15
11.67
10.29
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
10.71
1901
43.40
23.61
16.00
27.08
27.73
37.02
12.47
7.52
5.31
23.28
36.70
1902
43.01
14.60
18.28
20.16
28.26
35.52
14.60
7.01
4.51
23.67
39.53
1903
38.81
13.52
18.23
20.73
28.21
47.49
9.74
9.93
3.87
21.50
38.19
T
1904
41.47
20.97
16.58
17.48
31.10
46.92
8.98
9.36
5.21
24.28
40.98
E
1905
51.96
22.79
18.62
20.38
30.70
45.41
11.41
9.92
5.24
21.30
49.99
1906
46.18
21.65
18.24
21.80
28.27
49.19
12.21
10.30
8.11
15.70
46.65
1907
61.60
21.16
19.39
26.27
26.24
52.09
14.43
10.85
8.98
30.99
63.60
1908
38.65
22.00
14.79
26.19
32.61
50.82
13.64
13.27
8.89
26.56
64.84
1909
48.77
20.53
13.60
28.25
30.60
49.99
15.66
11.74
8.20
20.95
53.84
1910
51.53
28.47
15.20
34.83
27.61
51.98
15.16
10.49
9.20
21.35
68.59
1911
69.49
26.10
18.14
37.85
34.23
65.75
17.23
12.01
13.77
19.23
70.22
1912
64.04
28.11
23.83
33.88
28.07
69.92
15.79
11.99
12.45
20.79
69.26
1913
73.25
21.33
23.00
37.56
33.72
75.86
14.12
12.95
12.60
26.79
70.42
1914
57.26
23.02
19.28
25.51
38.01
69.32
12.86
10.63
11.56
24.05
74.30
1915
53.20
27.71
19.89
26.44
48.67
52.07
15.97
15.28
10.54
33.33
78.68
1916
53.38
51.50
31.44
52.50
12.50
1917
59.24
49.34
34.01
59.77
15.71
1918
56.26
55.09
29.73
47.09
13.85
1919
70.68
60.75
30.86
56.70
13.92
1920
75.07
80.66
22.09
67.72
24.07
1921
45.94
35.10
18.67
44.21
1922
47.18
35.08
17.93
18.02
43.51
29.10
15.45
11.73
10.53
17.14
91.39
1923
55.73
61.55
20.66
26.37
57.40
26.71
21.33
12.22
12.81
16.79
120.97
1924
51.15
44.26
22.03
22.19
47.25
31.51
15.07
13.51
14.02
21.85
88.36
1925
57.33
34.06
27.61
30.55
46.65
33.84
20.23
13.24
15.84
28.95
107.65
1926
61.26
28.38
23.65
23.24
40.10
39.31
21.54
14.48
15.43
29.50
101.95
1927
65.44
37.89
24.22
34.82
51.09
52.99
24.01
14.48
13.88
32.82
145.76
1928
70.98
35.48
22.92
33.19
47.62
37.02
20.37
13.41
14.74
28.43
133.52
1929
72.59
29.04
18.31
22.01
38.89
37.95
22.19
11.50
14.11
26.11
97.45
1930
57.74
23.65
16.20
22.63
33.00
26.94
19.07
10.30
13.42
21.29
96.47
I
1900
Trinidad &
Tobago
46.79
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
Dominica
Grenada
Antigua &
Barbuda
St. Kitts &
Nevis
24.00
N
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
30.64
T
R
A
D
E
TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (2ND SECTION OF FOUR)
I
22.20
13.00
15.65
27.38
11.44
14.46
7.73
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
10.56
T
1932
31.13
23.69
11.15
11.13
22.92
6.41
10.30
6.01
6.69
8.12
53.36
E
1933
42.93
35.76
11.82
10.99
30.08
10.07
12.39
7.83
11.00
10.26
90.72
1934
43.36
36.47
8.15
16.13
26.19
15.82
13.95
7.60
11.99
11.52
85.89
1935
46.23
26.71
8.57
14.11
30.69
17.16
16.36
7.97
11.79
12.95
84.47
1936
61.42
38.67
10.54
17.44
36.73
24.26
16.45
9.64
14.72
94.40
1937
67.72
42.74
22.05
16.79
41.98
25.66
21.57
10.38
16.26
1938
65.12
32.41
14.92
18.31
38.35
31.44
20.15
8.56
16.85
N
1931
Trinidad &
Tobago
41.65
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
Dominica
Grenada
Antigua &
Barbuda
15.46
G
R
A
5.74
St. Kitts &
Nevis
39.10
20.76
49.35
60.01
14.37
27.17
40.70
48.30
41.28
10.39
21.93
35.30
23.80
15.81
6.40
16.07
4.36
11.56
24.14
51.09
I
43.05
35.23
13.46
21.75
36.77
27.79
10.79
7.25
16.55
6.50
11.52
22.88
50.12
1941
27.16
39.59
17.61
32.50
46.36
30.17
13.15
8.83
19.18
12.70
15.72
28.66
60.86
1942
19.12
28.28
16.97
38.29
44.75
21.26
13.28
15.42
12.23
24.52
25.81
36.09
1943
17.87
48.74
24.87
41.12
54.50
30.03
13.70
11.06
11.23
27.88
35.35
57.84
1944
19.52
52.66
18.74
20.20
55.94
31.27
14.23
13.54
16.53
30.50
25.12
53.04
1945
88.74
60.07
22.71
15.35
48.50
33.05
15.48
9.73
12.68
18.92
31.40
33.85
60.02
1946
91.79
65.74
19.96
24.82
59.45
58.47
26.84
9.68
14.12
14.41
43.63
47.23
62.04
1947
123.07
75.09
19.40
51.54
73.03
69.00
30.64
13.60
14.97
14.31
54.17
41.88
78.45
1948
183.85
60.48
27.22
53.44
77.16
71.59
33.71
14.40
25.64
22.19
48.30
35.74
80.15
1949
130.13
388.40
17.35
48.77
64.77
51.61
24.52
10.66
18.82
13.62
32.94
37.78
61.96
1950
161.47
485.10
21.74
44.34
69.97
48.08
30.26
14.01
18.39
22.07
51.89
71.89
70.09
1951
191.74
580.27
25.06
54.66
77.52
59.23
33.44
15.97
O
T
1939
1940
N
&
T
28.78
R
A
D
E
1952
202.41
612.59
31.21
60.07
108.65
55.23
33.77
17.87
45.53
1953
220.16
669.83
34.50
62.55
108.21
62.91
46.63
21.59
45.68
74.99
118.39
1954
219.10
682.19
30.31
62.28
107.08
57.51
55.76
22.67
43.62
31.33
103.49
1955
230.65
738.46
23.03
54.17
109.55
62.87
60.28
24.76
45.66
48.15
105.68
1956
259.26
850.89
20.06
62.88
111.73
64.78
68.98
26.41
53.34
0.00
110.01
1957
299.71
1008.39
22.23
67.26
122.73
62.51
87.67
27.39
46.22
72.78
110.69
1958
313.45
1085.20
29.79
62.22
106.51
63.90
80.65
27.46
58.66
57.56
108.93
1959
320.60
1140.88
40.19
74.27
109.28
79.61
40.79
63.77
56.27
110.10
1960
339.76
1241.51
32.08
75.00
128.15
92.49
36.65
40.19
116.06
78.15
42.29
59.26
45.35
39
40
TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (3RD SECTION OF FOUR)
Turks and
Caicos Is
I
1900
1901
6.72
N
British V.
Islands
Cayman
Islands
1902
1903
31.97
36.91
24.24
21.35
16.09
18.03
2.41
2.39
6.98
29.74
15.35
17.88
2.37
29.84
7.66
29.11
14.88
18.77
2.36
43.89
1904
8.39
22.11
13.34
13.44
3.90
1905
11.04
21.56
19.09
16.40
7.74
1906
13.94
22.24
20.11
15.24
7.69
53.00
9.65
1907
11.06
21.12
20.07
15.90
9.92
54.17
11.32
1908
10.45
21.85
22.13
16.53
6.82
45.78
13.48
1909
10.68
16.59
23.13
11.42
6.77
52.99
11.85
1910
10.03
21.30
29.38
22.34
12.69
63.75
14.59
T
1911
9.60
20.52
23.52
18.21
14.82
I
Dominican
Republic
A
US Virgin
Islands
Guadeloupe
R
Netherland
Antilles
Martinique
G
Montserrat
E
Anguilla
1912
10.83
22.46
30.90
23.48
1913
8.84
24.07
28.17
16.13
16.79
66.42
13.35
1914
3.66
24.24
28.91
23.51
15.95
68.14
13.22
1915
1.58
25.80
Fr. Guyane
Puerto Rico
8.88
Cuba
Haiti
28.61
38.39
2.24
2.01
T
50.41
18.12
33.95
51.75
10.30
52.81
71.70
O
N
40.94
14.56
1.92
&
36.90
22.13
16.29
1916
48.25
32.29
17.23
119.82
0.18
25.81
1917
63.86
39.77
19.80
129.50
0.17
26.40
1918
40.17
40.43
20.93
144.38
1919
102.10
62.87
17.78
198.34
2.02
45.03
1920
38.20
45.07
60.05
269.65
1.79
65.59
1921
27.20
24.32
68.21
92.21
0.46
22.06
116.00
90.07
16.08
18.59
25.93
T
R
A
D
E
1922
11.32
34.51
32.30
29.99
82.31
105.77
4.95
15.62
1923
6.52
30.14
30.09
27.16
111.28
133.43
6.60
25.70
1924
7.88
23.77
39.96
40.75
179.63
134.86
6.33
28.84
1925
12.37
33.66
36.58
30.74
347.63
107.41
8.53
24.59
1926
9.76
31.18
31.22
22.42
539.89
89.72
8.77
22.06
1927
11.21
20.91
39.42
29.00
752.57
94.29
6.52
26.72
1928
10.97
27.93
43.02
27.66
1421.71
79.28
9.57
23.87
1929
10.01
36.45
52.44
20.56
1657.40
76.05
7.02
19.03
1930
8.43
23.86
47.45
28.91
2193.97
45.79
5.86
14.48
66.91
64.49
TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (4TH SECTION OF FOUR)
I
N
Anguilla
British V.
Islands
Cayman
Islands
Turks and
Caicos Is
6.71
2.63
Montserrat
Netherland
Antilles
Puerto Rico
20.11
27.23
1742.51
896.36
Guadeloupe
14.05
9.22
30.03
33.26
Fr. Guyane
US Virgin
Islands
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican
Republic
62.34
53.61
30.03
20.44
3.65
2.88
9.90
8.08
6.71
T
Martinique
G
1933
4.23
16.64
41.97
34.16
1191.61
45.71
21.20
3.70
1934
10.29
11.87
49.93
34.60
1238.81
51.29
26.49
4.02
8.75
1935
8.54
11.94
44.80
35.65
1240.74
46.23
31.44
2.74
10.28
R
E
1931
1932
15.96
47.30
34.40
1383.67
56.68
37.72
3.53
9.72
8.40
7.96
26.67
23.13
37.90
39.74
1520.87
64.59
44.66
3.33
11.43
T
1938
7.26
9.45
18.91
14.11
36.25
28.92
1854.69
45.37
33.59
2.55
9.13
I
1939
7.15
5.21
16.71
16.37
32.60
24.06
1761.10
47.04
34.80
2.58
11.12
1940
8.42
6.14
26.22
30.40
28.03
20.58
1237.46
28.97
1.91
10.60
1941
9.05
5.68
26.57
32.83
15.26
9.95
1613.34
46.72
2.31
9.53
1942
18.53
6.15
12.30
7.50
7.52
6.05
954.28
39.16
2.99
11.09
A
10.20
1937
1936
O
N
&
1943
20.62
6.26
8.30
3.76
6.78
2.25
1267.16
73.45
3.65
19.68
1944
19.04
8.05
9.38
41.52
20.49
21.46
1609.76
88.66
5.52
32.03
1945
17.44
17.46
13.82
28.20
48.01
75.16
1217.05
82.18
5.81
22.43
1946
21.18
17.28
20.59
6.21
54.02
48.25
1341.31
93.44
7.63
33.15
1947
18.72
12.48
35.78
15.37
142.55
117.67
1437.00
143.68
10.41
41.40
1948
21.87
11.87
40.14
32.02
90.51
70.97
1887.18
133.86
10.12
40.52
T
1949
16.59
9.72
31.41
37.46
61.60
79.13
1356.89
1950
12.00
16.01
15.37
19.00
62.99
70.41
1677.45
110.36
106.86
10.10
35.37
116.43
12.40
40.73
R
A
D
1951
89.16
96.44
2060.12
136.32
15.61
53.43
1952
82.57
120.49
2063.72
117.92
16.26
49.61
43.58
E
1953
25.86
14.80
82.14
107.91
1966.40
109.80
11.31
1954
39.95
21.93
105.88
146.09
2122.77
89.98
16.24
47.99
1955
30.21
104.28
143.82
2154.56
96.56
9.93
44.38
162.92
1956
13.39
111.81
119.59
2244.12
105.50
13.00
45.11
1957
27.29
118.25
117.55
2335.92
124.81
9.00
53.00
1958
30.22
92.99
112.00
2170.44
110.48
11.26
44.68
1959
41.78
114.78
131.53
1894.14
93.73
6.79
43.98
1960
21.66
114.62
127.02
1741.68
88.83
9.77
57.11
43.46
12.44
266.75
41
42
TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (1ST SECTION OF FOUR)
4.63
6.90
11.25
8.27
7.83
5.73
7.07
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
3.27
1901
12.64
4.47
7.03
11.03
8.46
7.25
5.90
6.50
2.72
5.37
1902
13.72
3.98
6.38
10.82
8.84
6.77
6.42
6.60
3.00
5.55
1903
13.72
4.45
6.18
19.76
8.80
7.72
6.79
6.18
2.69
5.33
1904
13.57
4.51
6.05
21.27
8.14
7.80
5.57
6.39
2.84
5.21
1905
13.91
4.68
6.46
17.14
8.26
8.22
6.22
5.63
2.66
5.25
1906
12.30
5.07
6.50
18.17
8.37
9.55
6.42
5.39
2.52
5.36
1907
13.73
5.24
7.30
16.03
8.64
9.31
7.14
5.99
2.71
5.93
1908
12.90
4.74
6.60
17.90
8.50
8.33
6.54
5.79
2.95
5.41
1909
12.94
4.89
6.15
18.40
8.49
8.96
6.94
5.72
2.63
5.24
1910
14.09
6.05
6.62
24.34
8.91
10.17
6.94
5.59
2.74
5.96
T
1911
13.85
6.22
7.42
22.63
9.75
7.93
7.19
4.04
7.18
I
1912
13.36
6.60
24.60
8.13
8.04
I
1900
Trinidad &
Tobago
12.65
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
Dominica
Grenada
5.42
N
T
E
G
R
A
13.66
6.03
25.31
8.32
7.21
12.74
6.07
24.72
8.39
9.44
1915
13.78
5.58
24.90
8.24
6.47
1916
13.57
8.00
12.03
7.55
7.52
1917
13.83
10.18
12.23
7.88
6.88
1918
14.61
8.60
14.65
7.96
7.53
1919
15.34
9.26
13.37
7.82
10.52
1920
17.94
8.38
15.61
6.45
10.04
1921
19.49
8.40
1922
19.65
11.30
1923
20.11
12.34
20.72
8.91
R
1924
18.37
13.91
33.29
15.60
15.45
18.10
9.32
5.86
5.67
7.41
A
1925
20.86
11.64
43.58
14.50
17.34
20.89
10.49
6.66
6.22
9.92
1926
21.79
10.87
45.83
15.69
16.65
22.91
10.99
7.24
5.86
9.94
1927
20.98
11.93
41.36
14.46
16.83
21.71
11.41
6.50
5.36
10.30
1928
21.77
12.15
43.56
13.27
18.73
20.68
10.88
7.00
6.14
10.00
1929
22.90
11.61
46.36
12.42
19.65
20.21
11.04
6.76
5.98
10.09
1930
21.62
11.01
37.42
12.69
15.75
22.28
10.38
6.15
6.30
8.85
O
1913
1914
N
&
T
14.22
6.99
8.65
8.37
10.41
10.54
Antigua &
Barbuda
St. Kitts &
Nevis
D
E
TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (2ND SECTION OF FOUR)
I
T
9.84
29.17
12.95
13.22
15.60
8.97
5.38
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
6.50
E
1932
14.13
8.79
19.93
12.45
11.29
12.16
7.09
4.58
5.07
8.68
1933
20.26
13.28
27.56
12.98
17.00
20.62
9.55
6.02
7.17
7.78
G
1934
19.59
12.81
21.50
16.98
17.57
11.66
10.12
5.82
7.29
8.45
R
1935
20.29
12.48
22.53
17.02
16.36
24.81
9.34
6.07
6.96
1936
29.67
12.57
15.50
16.90
28.49
9.57
7.76
7.04
7.71
8.57
14.90
16.66
1937
27.41
13.80
11.94
18.24
27.26
10.76
7.65
8.44
7.45
10.17
16.04
19.09
N
1931
Trinidad &
Tobago
17.97
Barbados
Bahamas
A
38.41
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
Dominica
Grenada
Antigua &
Barbuda
St. Kitts &
Nevis
8.16
8.77
T
27.21
13.52
28.19
11.68
17.58
30.13
11.38
6.39
8.13
6.45
8.98
13.63
20.09
22.41
12.46
23.62
12.02
14.88
33.90
10.25
7.37
6.81
5.60
6.96
13.94
17.38
1940
27.70
14.41
26.58
12.51
16.94
30.11
12.19
5.97
7.89
5.30
8.10
14.54
20.31
1941
31.69
17.10
30.83
12.70
20.15
26.89
13.84
9.31
7.82
7.11
8.54
18.69
20.96
1942
36.99
16.79
27.88
55.97
23.21
28.01
14.33
10.05
7.77
7.81
12.58
19.13
20.71
1943
45.87
19.68
35.96
49.93
27.78
31.72
18.29
11.02
10.84
9.80
14.22
22.61
21.33
1944
45.12
23.96
37.18
46.85
32.01
42.20
25.45
11.75
12.18
10.30
17.83
22.96
22.20
1945
47.43
31.97
31.94
24.89
29.21
41.92
24.19
15.76
12.48
10.69
20.38
29.24
25.15
1946
63.20
32.65
41.16
26.88
30.82
43.90
25.74
20.11
14.23
13.62
32.26
37.07
28.77
1947
52.95
35.86
72.67
35.05
38.67
47.82
28.03
15.45
18.02
15.17
32.07
35.71
33.30
1948
62.67
35.21
71.54
43.17
43.79
50.59
28.76
19.71
16.41
13.10
31.38
28.90
32.01
1949
48.09
24.20
47.57
38.68
30.98
56.79
20.22
21.36
14.43
10.89
20.67
36.82
35.26
1950
46.79
27.56
46.25
38.62
30.18
56.10
21.84
21.51
12.22
11.90
29.01
39.77
27.00
1951
52.86
35.25
36.90
33.41
51.20
27.31
23.42
13.61
28.13
50.77
35.25
1952
58.96
34.62
43.09
40.24
36.21
26.83
1953
58.48
36.63
43.79
41.72
28.24
1954
63.56
41.66
44.16
45.35
31.60
1955
68.79
41.46
46.59
49.90
34.86
1956
72.28
46.41
51.15
49.40
39.84
1957
80.84
51.32
57.94
52.28
46.47
1958
95.88
56.17
68.25
53.81
49.40
1959
100.68
53.36
68.48
51.99
53.98
1960
106.56
60.68
70.43
57.41
56.72
I
1938
1939
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
43
44
TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (3RD SECTION OF FOUR)
Anguilla
British V.
Islands
Cayman
Islands
Turks and
Caicos Is
Montserrat
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Fr. Guyane
Netherland
Antilles
Puerto Rico
US Virgin
Islands
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican
Republic
8.50
8.30
1902
7.94
9.36
2.69
1903
7.88
12.38
2.03
T
1904
5.84
15.72
2.25
E
1905
5.60
17.25
2.59
2.54
1906
6.07
15.65
1.98
5.56
1907
6.55
16.11
2.44
5.73
1908
6.52
13.21
3.00
5.90
1909
6.79
15.99
2.56
5.37
1910
7.53
4.83
15.94
2.37
6.35
T
1911
7.20
3.88
16.32
2.77
6.09
I
1912
6.77
16.67
3.16
6.23
1913
7.52
12.56
2.97
6.48
1914
8.42
22.84
3.12
5.49
1915
9.95
15.71
3.15
5.50
1916
7.44
19.41
2.36
5.64
1917
8.85
23.64
1.91
7.90
1918
9.51
24.83
1.47
8.22
1919
10.93
32.19
2.79
9.89
1920
13.08
36.68
3.20
10.61
1921
9.07
18.91
1.86
9.96
1922
8.92
23.76
2.29
12.33
I
1900
1901
N
G
R
A
O
N
&
T
1923
R
1924
4.81
8.01
2.72
3.25
3.34
7.31
28.84
2.89
6.13
9.34
29.14
2.94
8.28
A
D
E
1925
6.03
8.81
9.88
26.40
3.52
10.09
1926
5.97
8.91
9.71
23.77
3.91
12.40
1927
5.03
10.75
9.55
23.86
3.34
12.85
1928
4.95
13.52
10.06
22.53
4.23
12.43
1929
5.69
9.97
9.88
21.53
4.18
12.04
1930
4.79
8.21
8.42
16.45
3.55
7.79
TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (4TH SECTION OF FOUR)
I
Cayman
Islands
Turks and
Caicos Is
1931
1932
4.39
4.53
8.53
5.94
1933
5.78
G
1934
4.78
R
1935
10.28
N
Anguilla
British V.
Islands
Netherland
Antilles
US Virgin
Islands
T
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican
Republic
10.14
8.06
11.86
11.10
2.60
2.24
5.44
5.29
9.64
6.67
11.61
2.91
6.07
6.44
8.89
16.09
2.86
6.46
9.94
8.70
15.97
2.29
7.44
Montserrat
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Fr. Guyane
Puerto Rico
E
A
T
3.98
9.13
18.98
2.63
7.22
1937
11.67
10.67
18.25
2.59
7.66
1938
6.54
9.82
11.76
11.05
2.04
7.45
1939
5.79
4.69
6.64
9.79
17.40
2.23
7.25
1940
6.15
5.07
9.94
11.24
17.79
1.91
7.07
1941
6.69
8.10
16.43
11.05
17.71
1.89
7.46
1942
6.80
11.93
10.85
19.66
22.81
1.80
8.96
1943
11.09
17.54
22.82
22.38
26.16
2.27
10.39
1944
9.46
13.24
22.73
54.03
30.30
2.86
12.81
1945
16.50
18.32
39.58
38.86
31.67
2.84
14.08
1946
19.48
19.39
39.26
39.67
39.46
3.01
20.91
1947
10.42
21.28
25.68
41.86
53.28
4.31
28.43
1948
32.82
27.21
49.74
46.77
45.63
5.19
31.73
1949
24.97
19.41
44.49
50.13
42.52
5.41
30.59
1950
10.52
29.58
35.04
55.18
51.87
7.04
35.58
1951
28.15
60.67
58.37
7.87
40.41
1952
57.15
53.98
8.96
41.41
1953
62.11
46.32
8.14
49.39
1954
65.24
50.58
9.41
44.79
1955
66.57
53.48
9.25
50.16
1956
71.36
58.77
8.98
51.07
1957
78.69
59.78
8.18
55.88
1958
80.33
62.55
8.22
53.76
1959
87.93
9.19
51.42
1960
98.81
I
1936
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
59.08
46.93
45
46
TABLE 6: EXPORTS PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Trinidad &
Tobago
381.76
474.08
469.33
496.42
536.87
530.66
331.52
342.59
344.15
353.21
362.00
390.66
433.69
580.36
1154.75
1278.92
1365.02
1502.54
1495.79
1948.49
2907.42
2780.74
2486.06
2097.33
2143.54
2038.32
1339.84
1355.83
1450.69
1521.89
1821.95
1772.58
1878.77
1619.06
1839.39
2292.66
2344.03
2417.49
2052.39
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
165.62
181.35
213.01
257.43
241.00
284.72
327.51
349.38
365.53
398.91
451.51
520.06
625.70
705.93
867.72
824.97
794.15
993.59
1295.22
1779.20
2422.48
2263.92
2518.07
2942.85
3260.28
3208.55
2933.92
2623.17
2943.56
3342.26
3255.44
3078.95
3349.24
3596.38
4070.83
4676.45
5135.51
5382.12
5584.88
467.63
572.94
442.25
491.75
595.97
598.19
761.02
854.29
890.94
1430.99
1508.74
2282.16
2117.36
3280.11
3762.16
3766.67
3593.78
3615.23
4159.70
4623.30
5522.86
5406.54
5281.28
5633.93
5790.83
6646.55
6841.10
6927.08
6646.53
6770.40
6312.19
6039.54
5606.45
5208.62
5574.33
6224.64
6703.66
7630.23
8833.66
179.19
167.26
164.62
176.75
178.94
210.83
305.68
341.32
364.93
407.90
419.08
479.52
534.32
526.77
797.53
888.37
976.92
1093.87
1241.49
1407.51
1726.44
1591.86
1394.43
1152.62
1101.92
976.39
918.42
986.25
1088.46
1409.19
1211.03
910.92
896.48
579.90
1383.35
1250.52
1159.03
1188.23
1701.27
145.78
165.38
183.84
179.66
176.48
182.67
190.71
213.29
194.66
211.22
213.26
229.88
227.08
220.63
406.31
504.77
406.75
382.89
427.96
421.37
646.01
513.25
328.71
287.06
245.03
274.99
294.52
355.43
331.53
317.08
312.81
359.74
584.57
653.12
689.45
758.02
853.34
878.18
813.14
86.49
92.11
88.73
128.46
128.42
113.44
121.73
124.70
130.53
142.78
156.69
158.40
207.22
258.86
355.35
517.54
321.53
460.94
576.73
610.09
738.70
687.17
558.99
590.80
812.96
609.92
741.46
954.99
1086.93
1176.39
1357.63
1242.15
1420.34
1393.76
1359.71
1360.64
1388.94
1405.66
1381.55
169.82
179.49
182.12
196.98
206.16
187.58
235.06
237.34
228.04
247.23
260.17
285.99
306.27
308.21
430.99
506.15
427.05
474.44
520.34
562.76
634.86
609.56
507.23
506.37
584.97
503.89
573.67
650.09
707.38
815.25
916.27
851.20
897.83
937.90
992.42
993.29
921.08
825.77
1228.84
53.05
56.98
70.69
69.23
83.56
88.71
112.62
112.28
97.36
134.72
173.72
219.34
221.64
231.36
267.67
275.56
282.59
344.10
466.40
572.27
773.42
671.30
694.89
811.51
844.20
930.67
1319.65
1406.25
1835.89
1889.56
2149.14
2218.38
2361.78
2379.56
2382.62
2605.23
2523.13
2489.97
2604.78
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
49.41
47.28
46.42
47.12
58.78
53.57
57.77
54.66
60.39
72.98
90.33
106.88
106.30
111.62
144.63
139.53
131.76
166.73
285.82
291.85
338.82
435.08
505.36
573.95
704.90
805.47
904.76
877.88
1188.99
1091.74
1218.71
1039.71
1270.08
1088.75
1019.80
1228.03
1301.87
1247.34
1402.84
Dominica
Grenada
66.05
69.24
82.11
75.90
94.06
106.57
103.80
101.63
103.13
125.24
157.90
165.63
167.59
160.82
184.31
200.70
183.36
209.21
267.45
170.67
177.23
306.70
399.46
443.90
433.43
489.75
815.37
921.31
1079.56
997.02
1255.45
1282.15
1385.62
1350.06
1391.50
1427.35
1562.00
1721.12
1895.91
80.27
85.75
80.48
77.73
90.08
95.83
109.45
118.46
114.88
149.33
195.35
205.62
197.91
194.03
162.75
220.19
230.97
295.94
374.22
445.38
439.43
441.53
429.10
435.76
465.50
613.17
841.52
877.89
942.17
924.04
1002.10
1050.69
1060.04
1308.10
1336.88
1316.40
1286.32
1330.89
1352.39
Antigua &
Barbuda
130.33
160.64
175.34
183.55
180.48
248.49
328.69
283.64
303.02
344.11
429.75
518.94
563.23
581.05
855.44
827.18
438.88
510.30
750.51
1233.50
1214.39
1489.17
1523.83
1526.46
2098.53
2446.48
3315.70
3631.51
4219.53
4755.08
5442.36
5755.53
6317.15
6789.57
6786.89
6164.69
6456.83
6564.31
6898.85
St. Kitts &
Nevis
144.64
142.69
139.80
150.85
162.79
175.65
190.85
207.42
225.39
244.88
266.13
286.44
307.62
331.12
356.43
382.82
412.12
436.08
495.52
545.09
723.22
763.09
662.05
652.91
882.88
1010.18
1358.02
1628.55
1776.13
1871.17
1966.85
2456.14
2852.18
2948.46
3079.41
2876.99
3096.51
3570.78
3656.39
TABLE 6: EXPORTS PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)
I
Anguilla
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
147.54
165.48
185.61
208.18
233.50
261.89
293.75
329.47
369.54
414.48
464.89
531.03
606.57
692.86
791.42
904.01
1001.26
1108.97
1228.27
1360.41
1506.75
1721.10
1965.94
2245.60
2565.05
2929.95
3258.56
3624.02
4030.46
4831.49
5146.76
5206.81
5246.31
5981.10
6622.38
5607.41
5900.00
6148.15
7289.56
British V.
Islands
116.70
174.35
247.60
273.43
282.65
332.51
341.61
409.22
671.90
798.15
975.16
836.03
715.99
877.37
1065.29
1247.50
1299.57
1634.15
1968.74
2980.25
3681.30
4082.77
4528.03
5021.85
5569.52
6176.92
7689.34
9181.76
10254.81
9837.67
9437.50
9217.78
9003.18
8793.57
8588.85
8388.89
8388.89
8388.89
7947.37
Cayman
Islands
184.21
217.56
256.95
303.48
358.42
423.32
499.96
580.90
597.77
706.00
839.79
966.70
1343.37
1650.48
2036.43
2260.85
2499.52
2843.92
3147.39
3664.67
5921.00
6654.02
6810.47
6724.02
6927.25
6917.78
7255.54
8455.28
9618.49
10340.53
11040.93
9860.31
11827.49
10628.55
10693.32
12512.49
11380.66
12446.50
13333.39
Turks and
Caicos Is
106.44
111.17
123.19
148.09
148.80
178.87
209.91
152.17
189.10
212.49
446.70
507.40
576.35
654.68
743.65
844.70
959.49
1089.89
1238.00
1406.24
1597.34
1793.96
2001.10
2232.15
2489.89
2777.38
3053.20
3084.25
3105.26
3582.17
3996.03
3622.03
3540.20
3460.22
3382.04
3305.63
3109.97
2938.95
2962.49
Montserrat
95.82
104.95
125.56
136.91
202.35
248.17
277.13
306.59
345.36
372.58
400.26
385.61
541.95
575.49
611.11
648.93
689.10
731.75
777.04
825.13
876.20
938.56
1005.36
1076.92
1153.57
1235.67
1302.60
1373.15
1447.52
1525.92
1608.57
1723.05
1845.69
2117.77
2117.77
76.92
76.92
76.92
76.92
Martinique Guadeloupe
30.68
32.14
35.41
45.15
47.50
53.96
54.06
60.55
62.14
74.87
92.58
105.29
157.53
168.89
222.53
289.11
378.51
391.36
382.02
408.33
383.75
504.16
461.96
499.29
461.50
475.74
629.19
563.86
597.20
630.07
831.70
744.70
768.61
610.79
689.40
867.73
811.35
603.22
854.98
136.66
137.59
132.60
140.85
126.84
135.50
132.91
124.68
144.76
153.80
175.81
179.16
169.13
218.77
216.06
255.29
279.55
251.14
344.74
371.89
331.46
292.61
261.04
226.83
248.79
227.92
326.32
419.66
472.59
492.45
643.95
695.78
830.20
988.55
1119.07
1244.57
1135.97
981.22
956.75
Fr. Guyane
24.67
27.34
36.57
37.47
50.67
60.98
80.75
117.04
138.65
128.26
113.37
68.41
104.78
101.07
29.79
43.51
67.36
118.44
104.49
247.49
355.48
495.02
441.11
491.01
1351.06
2080.63
1869.65
1974.63
5902.96
5682.27
6892.70
8690.03
7692.96
6394.47
6635.89
7998.50
10000.48
8769.72
6919.66
Netherlands
Antilles
846.67
897.03
856.90
809.00
761.84
717.12
757.84
374.58
434.50
452.17
551.57
707.58
1552.26
1879.24
2774.20
3206.63
3983.04
4562.56
4832.78
6374.13
7331.03
8066.87
7366.91
6061.11
6312.37
5821.04
6026.66
5459.18
6097.43
7748.88
9445.91
8285.83
7944.76
6437.85
6800.20
6936.59
9009.92
7294.79
5924.43
Aruba Puerto Rico
555.19
602.99
654.92
711.31
772.56
839.09
911.34
989.82
1075.05
1167.62
1268.16
1377.37
1496.50
1625.94
1766.58
1919.38
2085.39
2265.77
2461.74
2674.67
2906.02
3157.37
3443.95
3756.53
4097.12
4093.39
4089.66
5087.09
6775.33
7341.15
8591.27
20021.04
23005.72
22552.68
23912.96
23816.53
28485.68
27851.05
26833.58
375.32
352.50
387.87
428.42
456.02
485.35
559.85
643.69
706.60
774.77
820.68
844.51
902.01
1097.47
1384.62
1317.03
1379.24
1950.54
2152.09
2597.31
2932.66
3363.87
3601.34
3445.64
3861.11
4058.13
4292.68
4604.52
5058.70
5784.69
6764.45
7400.26
7239.04
6730.87
7311.84
7909.45
7589.39
7269.33
7253.89
Virgin
Islands U.S
4902.16
4842.39
4788.32
4727.76
4663.29
4607.51
4511.64
4421.89
4330.68
4247.44
4158.73
4883.28
6037.06
7228.18
8927.60
11311.45
14656.95
20021.70
25667.38
33966.48
44484.54
41071.14
36808.21
33673.91
30247.20
28477.84
26688.45
25012.04
23665.77
23328.16
27070.06
23713.75
21289.28
19867.63
25380.57
26569.80
31642.11
29567.64
22316.99
Cuba
Haiti
88.48
87.61
71.82
73.36
93.80
88.47
74.26
87.36
78.59
76.48
122.42
99.06
87.00
127.60
244.26
317.21
285.68
305.84
356.92
359.98
408.55
434.39
503.32
559.26
547.93
592.29
522.11
524.98
530.07
498.00
475.48
331.87
233.04
181.07
232.87
266.87
336.42
351.03
376.65
14.20
11.68
13.78
13.24
10.66
10.79
10.82
9.37
10.63
10.90
12.04
13.20
12.66
14.71
17.44
21.48
29.44
35.58
39.36
41.58
59.05
45.64
52.83
50.56
55.19
54.46
56.07
55.54
55.31
56.48
73.69
57.63
17.22
22.48
19.32
33.50
35.21
31.53
58.18
Dominican
Republic
53.27
45.53
56.96
54.64
54.80
38.05
40.94
46.20
47.79
52.90
57.86
60.36
87.93
106.96
148.23
197.62
159.48
173.05
152.36
203.93
223.10
259.53
191.51
203.68
467.34
222.71
228.78
223.49
260.48
321.49
336.55
295.02
312.13
384.21
429.33
472.22
513.11
584.31
587.44
47
48
TABLE 7: SPENDING ON EDUCATION PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Trinidad &
Tobago
19.58
20.18
20.94
21.82
22.67
23.54
24.84
25.80
23.58
24.84
26.26
32.96
42.09
51.35
60.92
71.54
81.42
105.44
134.34
170.91
217.15
227.17
395.91
391.53
392.35
361.14
211.76
236.68
180.75
150.03
152.64
179.02
154.43
125.46
157.48
152.76
147.31
152.65
162.46
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
25.79
26.85
28.84
30.97
33.27
35.74
38.40
40.70
38.01
40.85
43.90
52.40
63.31
73.07
82.12
98.42
116.23
136.03
159.15
187.85
218.19
259.70
227.47
240.76
275.73
295.97
317.57
340.75
364.90
452.31
521.51
476.54
410.50
451.61
458.00
468.77
488.46
500.25
522.91
16.20
17.71
20.24
23.18
28.22
38.38
48.99
62.65
80.25
102.31
133.11
140.66
147.60
155.82
163.65
171.96
188.05
205.74
225.19
245.38
268.81
294.58
321.46
347.77
347.16
370.69
393.64
429.58
436.33
444.40
490.62
440.15
438.12
434.51
430.27
424.68
419.37
520.76
537.41
39.13
36.48
37.08
34.51
34.31
34.18
38.37
45.71
44.69
43.12
43.48
47.62
54.86
60.37
67.27
77.92
92.74
105.04
119.82
139.54
166.02
190.36
212.48
237.08
229.29
229.18
261.30
277.94
294.77
313.53
347.98
369.36
500.59
528.89
61.23
62.13
83.20
144.69
133.30
4.51
5.59
6.94
8.63
10.75
13.38
14.32
15.13
14.10
15.16
16.36
19.49
22.07
26.04
29.34
33.03
35.42
41.12
47.71
55.31
64.07
67.22
51.43
51.66
39.81
48.08
53.63
28.23
40.53
22.16
16.72
9.27
17.78
21.49
25.09
27.72
39.09
43.35
42.74
5.84
6.98
7.53
8.02
9.57
11.10
12.33
13.54
13.14
14.71
16.50
18.28
20.53
22.05
22.99
23.68
20.87
25.11
27.09
29.20
31.51
35.40
39.79
44.99
50.30
56.54
62.69
69.52
77.08
90.28
100.63
103.45
123.79
138.16
148.42
139.59
138.26
161.66
166.98
16.76
16.81
16.83
16.83
16.84
16.89
18.96
21.02
20.55
23.10
25.94
33.47
46.78
51.22
65.51
84.54
95.58
108.23
78.88
71.48
79.95
92.94
107.65
114.83
57.77
42.81
53.84
56.03
85.39
89.80
85.25
63.85
54.90
89.45
85.71
114.01
155.43
202.15
218.08
4.93
5.05
6.08
6.31
6.59
10.02
11.82
13.58
14.12
16.68
19.61
23.49
27.11
29.79
31.90
35.29
34.31
38.89
45.58
53.42
62.62
73.11
85.30
91.43
97.93
104.83
112.25
128.68
147.43
169.07
193.78
222.15
256.21
291.92
332.74
336.24
332.58
328.28
327.97
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
5.61
5.83
7.12
7.49
7.42
9.70
10.58
11.23
10.78
11.75
11.93
14.34
17.49
20.34
23.01
25.82
23.88
25.78
28.74
32.04
35.74
39.89
44.54
49.74
55.55
62.02
69.24
77.11
85.87
95.64
97.22
99.45
107.84
112.13
112.08
121.12
125.36
135.08
151.79
Dominica
Grenada
5.49
5.80
6.95
6.65
7.28
8.05
9.15
10.14
10.16
11.56
13.15
15.15
17.72
19.94
21.82
23.64
22.47
24.89
28.47
32.53
37.11
41.99
48.51
56.04
64.74
74.79
86.40
94.37
103.57
112.87
123.01
137.35
143.64
155.67
160.54
158.80
175.55
192.29
200.91
5.64
6.00
7.11
8.18
9.10
9.95
12.60
15.53
17.32
21.94
27.78
33.60
41.26
48.33
46.88
45.13
40.28
41.95
45.12
48.53
52.20
56.60
63.08
67.87
72.63
79.01
78.80
78.59
83.61
132.01
120.69
125.83
121.74
120.82
125.16
128.94
141.52
148.54
155.54
Antigua &
Barbuda
6.31
8.97
7.91
9.83
10.35
12.89
16.01
19.29
21.07
26.28
33.08
35.10
38.12
39.72
40.34
47.00
41.78
43.25
46.14
49.13
52.22
75.65
68.16
69.75
71.32
70.16
68.83
67.49
66.18
64.89
63.66
61.24
64.46
66.80
72.83
71.48
71.84
78.22
80.60
St. Kitts &
Nevis
6.86
7.85
10.83
10.76
10.68
11.40
12.26
12.82
12.14
13.05
14.03
16.43
19.49
22.10
24.39
26.64
26.99
31.36
37.97
46.15
55.06
55.45
81.32
87.83
95.84
103.10
97.81
92.46
84.91
101.00
99.58
106.33
134.47
153.22
174.50
198.74
214.72
226.83
252.24
TABLE 7: SPENDING ON EDUCATION PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)
I
Anguilla
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
7.82
8.71
11.59
11.05
10.81
11.24
11.68
11.80
10.81
11.23
11.67
13.57
16.03
18.05
19.79
21.51
21.09
24.13
28.51
33.68
39.79
48.49
59.08
71.99
87.72
99.05
110.71
141.30
161.84
199.75
219.54
230.68
226.54
231.83
229.92
232.26
259.26
276.09
333.33
British V.
Islands
14.85
18.16
17.50
17.78
17.06
22.01
31.41
26.83
30.75
51.64
56.94
61.50
62.22
60.79
75.27
72.91
85.55
88.73
109.24
134.50
165.60
197.20
234.82
279.61
334.05
346.15
354.21
368.12
393.89
475.60
487.50
677.60
715.48
751.24
796.32
838.89
905.56
977.78
1000.00
Cayman
Islands
6.93
8.28
9.90
11.84
14.16
16.93
21.28
26.31
28.82
36.23
45.86
56.19
72.18
87.23
105.28
129.82
134.73
139.82
145.11
150.59
158.03
193.09
235.93
288.28
352.23
394.66
379.02
468.00
499.40
527.58
644.86
663.55
713.73
767.05
713.15
748.87
816.78
933.66
1000.00
Turks and
Caicos Is
6.49
7.21
9.86
10.58
10.95
13.81
16.14
20.78
24.02
19.25
30.00
47.07
73.85
115.86
181.78
111.54
115.90
120.44
125.15
130.05
135.14
145.37
156.38
168.22
173.32
170.00
168.89
180.24
201.02
216.26
252.50
306.24
308.76
311.30
313.85
316.43
310.00
305.00
320.63
Montserrat
8.90
14.02
12.42
13.22
14.90
19.04
13.83
18.13
21.52
28.99
39.07
52.39
61.33
68.50
74.44
80.23
73.92
73.82
80.09
83.36
86.77
91.11
95.66
100.45
105.47
110.74
114.43
118.25
122.19
126.26
130.47
136.99
143.84
151.03
158.58
166.51
83.19
83.19
83.19
Martinique Guadeloupe
32.43
36.27
42.75
47.95
62.16
65.20
68.44
71.98
88.45
104.12
110.09
127.75
164.13
217.67
230.28
335.42
359.70
424.32
533.02
640.02
675.55
612.01
577.60
533.98
487.76
496.88
677.28
819.98
869.32
852.79
1026.88
1017.90
1407.49
1349.49
1429.76
1651.76
1675.54
1527.20
1571.21
24.73
27.71
32.63
36.57
47.36
54.21
61.90
70.78
81.28
89.45
97.23
108.43
139.42
186.05
202.96
265.28
281.50
323.93
417.26
523.70
623.84
569.41
540.60
497.04
433.35
421.37
550.93
639.81
727.84
753.20
926.68
926.36
1245.52
1194.17
1276.22
1396.71
1553.55
1378.03
1435.51
Fr. Guyane
2.77
2.77
5.52
10.99
21.88
43.56
49.18
54.28
69.53
75.19
112.60
106.01
135.52
179.81
195.01
254.78
265.92
300.99
381.36
470.79
551.61
504.57
475.03
439.57
390.49
386.87
523.23
628.57
661.23
643.63
786.38
777.18
1140.60
1119.96
1146.56
1278.36
1259.28
1113.84
1112.69
Netherlands
Antilles
98.64
101.89
105.37
109.01
112.72
116.41
120.11
123.79
127.59
131.75
136.42
141.80
154.40
156.05
157.72
159.28
160.75
162.12
163.43
164.77
166.21
167.71
184.95
204.00
225.10
248.48
274.33
302.84
334.20
369.92
408.31
438.00
486.55
548.32
567.45
587.68
609.16
632.03
656.27
Aruba Puerto Rico
82.02
85.68
89.49
93.48
97.65
102.00
106.55
111.30
116.26
121.44
126.85
132.67
145.06
153.53
162.48
171.97
182.00
192.62
203.86
215.75
228.34
241.67
271.47
304.96
342.57
384.82
434.70
457.21
573.81
662.38
649.83
630.63
694.17
676.36
749.67
692.55
655.45
632.28
621.90
58.27
58.40
58.33
58.20
58.21
58.48
68.88
81.46
96.49
114.06
134.29
141.41
148.38
155.40
162.88
195.22
211.27
223.47
234.54
252.92
280.18
302.27
297.91
301.68
301.54
315.23
331.90
355.46
386.62
416.13
431.78
442.78
464.48
483.76
532.38
576.82
625.78
680.44
742.09
Virgin
Islands U.S
114.81
118.52
122.47
126.36
130.24
134.48
149.23
165.75
183.96
204.47
226.98
277.72
357.76
446.33
574.44
431.91
453.37
501.69
521.00
558.51
592.78
660.20
704.90
676.92
687.04
761.90
841.03
928.40
1034.68
1153.40
1209.23
1461.96
1784.89
2015.78
2328.27
3029.54
4076.96
5147.13
7916.75
Cuba
Haiti
6.71
18.26
26.05
44.67
35.94
37.30
37.65
38.40
39.22
40.11
41.21
49.78
60.16
72.71
80.34
86.88
93.87
101.42
109.84
119.15
130.48
143.69
148.67
145.08
167.85
167.12
170.88
168.34
169.74
168.97
164.56
147.45
139.21
131.57
132.28
134.53
139.27
145.67
152.39
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.06
0.98
0.90
0.83
0.77
0.83
0.90
0.97
1.00
1.26
1.59
2.01
2.53
3.18
4.00
3.08
3.15
3.36
3.61
4.01
6.18
6.82
6.41
6.73
6.68
5.14
3.35
2.45
2.08
4.59
4.29
5.58
6.32
Dominican
Republic
6.75
6.17
7.91
7.90
8.60
5.81
7.33
7.82
8.35
8.92
9.54
9.74
9.93
10.94
12.06
13.31
14.68
16.64
18.88
21.42
24.31
27.02
26.85
28.85
30.98
11.81
12.03
14.15
11.94
13.30
11.80
10.37
16.18
21.27
27.00
29.61
32.91
44.22
45.64
49
50
TABLE 8: NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Trinidad &
Tobago
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.74
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.44
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.45
3.60
3.60
3.84
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
5.35
5.92
5.95
6.01
6.25
6.30
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.74
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.02
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.02
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.0 2
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
134.12
442.23
401.26
401.00
401.00
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.74
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.99
2.09
2.11
2.23
2.36
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.81
3.00
3.00
3.83
4.25
4.27
9.76
10.00
27.16
39.53
111.81
125.00
126.73
138.29
141.99
140.38
142.40
150.52
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.64
1.60
1.63
1.71
1.81
2.23
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.72
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.77
0.90
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
1.41
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.93
3.94
5.56
5.48
5.49
5.49
5.74
7.18
12.12
22.96
24.95
33.09
35.14
37.12
35.40
36.55
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
Dominica
Grenada
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
Antigua &
Barbuda
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
St. Kitts &
Nevis
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
TABLE 8: NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)
I
Anguilla
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
British V.
Islands
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.0 0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Cayman
Islands
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.73
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
Turks and
Caicos Is
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Montserrat
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.76
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.92
1.96
2.05
2.17
2.61
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
Martinique Guadeloupe
4.90
4.91
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.95
5.20
5.53
5.51
5.05
4.46
4.81
4.29
4.78
4.91
4.51
4.25
4.23
5.43
6.57
7.62
8.74
8.99
6.93
6.01
5.96
6.38
5.45
5.64
5.29
5.66
5.55
4.99
5.12
5.84
5.90
4.90
4.91
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.95
5.20
5.53
5.51
5.05
4.46
4.81
4.29
4.78
4.91
4.51
4.25
4.23
5.43
6.57
7.62
8.74
8.99
6.93
6.01
5.96
6.38
5.45
5.64
5.29
5.66
5.55
4.99
5.12
5.84
5.90
Fr. Guyane
4.90
4.91
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.95
5.20
5.53
5.51
5.05
4.46
4.81
4.29
4.78
4.91
4.51
4.25
4.23
5.43
6.57
7.62
8.74
8.99
6.93
6.01
5.96
6.38
5.45
5.64
5.29
5.66
5.55
4.99
5.12
5.84
5.90
Netherlands
Antilles
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
Aruba Puerto Rico
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Virgin
Islands U.S
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Cuba
Haiti
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
6.03
9.80
12.82
15.04
15.11
15.70
16.65
16.77
Dominican
Republic
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.11
2.90
3.84
6.11
6.34
8.53
12.69
12.77
12.68
13.16
13.60
13.77
14.27
15.27
51
52
TABLE 9: INFLATION, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Trinidad &
Tobago
2.10
1.52
2.98
3.76
0.86
1.78
4.09
2.14
8.23
2.44
2.52
3.53
9.30
14.81
22.02
16.98
10.69
11.74
10.26
14.72
17.47
14.33
11.63
15.17
13.33
7.62
7.69
10.75
7.76
11.43
11.06
3.78
6.44
10.84
8.81
5.18
3.40
3.63
5.61
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
1.00
-1.00
-4.60
18.50
-5.40
-5.10
3.60
3.63
7.49
5.84
7.28
7.47
11.88
16.86
38.92
20.29
4.99
8.35
9.48
13.17
14.43
14.57
10.33
5.23
4.69
3.92
1.33
3.31
4.86
6.19
3.07
6.26
6.09
1.11
0.08
1.88
2.39
7.71
-1.27
1.00
1.20
1.10
1.30
1.50
2.00
3.80
5.44
4.54
8.94
6.15
4.61
6.83
5.48
13.07
10.36
4.26
3.19
6.11
9.09
12.10
11.11
6.01
4.00
3.97
4.61
5.43
5.76
4.40
5.39
4.67
7.11
5.74
2.71
1.41
2.07
1.38
0.54
1.34
2.90
1.71
2.10
2.06
4.23
1.93
4.74
10.69
0.16
11.27
2.59
0.22
3.23
12.94
16.88
8.45
10.07
9.73
8.82
14.84
14.11
8.79
7.28
4.41
3.69
10.87
18.69
53.39
7.31
0.77
21.74
25.97
43.67
143.51
368.48
235.56
-0.70
7.15
21.10
0.80
1.10
3.50
2.00
0.30
2.70
2.10
3.00
3.10
1.30
3.30
1.00
4.90
7.60
17.40
7.90
9.00
8.20
15.20
17.80
14.10
22.10
21.10
14.90
25.20
15.00
7.90
28.70
39.90
53.10
61.10
134.70
9.70
15.50
19.70
12.21
7.09
3.56
4.59
1.00
1.80
1.40
0.90
2.10
5.60
5.80
3.20
1.70
0.20
7.40
5.10
-1.20
14.70
21.70
16.90
1.20
2.20
7.40
3.60
11.40
11.22
6.84
5.00
3.38
4.15
0.79
2.02
5.32
0.00
3.03
2.23
2.42
1.48
2.59
2.89
6.40
1.05
-0.87
3.30
6.70
1.41
1.76
2.01
2.63
1.90
3.02
5.93
6.30
14.73
5.34
5.43
17.68
27.16
17.38
9.79
11.19
34.90
29.08
27.31
12.74
6.55
11.58
27.81
25.67
15.11
6.65
8.27
14.33
21.96
51.07
77.30
22.07
35.06
19.91
26.41
9.66
8.63
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
2.48
3.21
3.97
2.25
13.40
8.39
7.88
13.44
34.22
17.74
9.67
8.87
10.88
9.39
19.48
15.12
4.61
1.47
1.21
1.42
2.01
7.56
0.78
4.05
4.73
5.69
5.07
1.13
2.65
5.84
0.97
0.00
2.00
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
2.50
3.20
4.00
2.30
13.40
8.40
7.90
13.40
34.20
6.80
11.29
10.19
8.43
15.61
17.21
12.74
7.23
5.46
2.70
2.14
1.03
3.31
0.23
2.83
7.61
5.49
3.46
4.29
1.01
1.74
4.41
0.44
2.14
Dominica
Grenada
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
4.00
0.95
5.37
4.22
12.39
3.64
3.69
12.10
34.38
19.90
10.90
9.50
7.80
20.00
30.60
13.27
4.39
4.15
2.22
3.74
2.77
4.02
2.92
6.22
3.19
5.56
5.47
1.57
0.02
1.32
1.68
2.44
1.00
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
4.00
1.00
5.40
4.20
12.40
3.60
3.70
12.10
34.40
19.90
10.90
18.46
18.14
20.88
21.82
18.79
7.81
6.10
5.66
2.50
0.56
-0.87
4.00
5.59
2.72
2.64
3.78
2.81
3.77
1.87
2.03
1.24
1.00
Antigua &
Barbuda
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
4.00
1.00
5.40
4.20
12.40
3.60
3.70
12.10
34.40
19.90
10.90
13.80
6.10
16.30
18.10
8.60
10.70
6.10
3.10
7.70
8.10
7.60
12.10
4.20
2.30
2.70
2.40
2.20
3.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
St. Kitts &
Nevis
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
4.00
1.00
5.40
4.20
12.40
3.60
3.70
12.10
34.40
19.90
10.90
13.80
6.10
16.30
17.74
10.48
5.93
2.29
2.71
2.62
0.02
0.94
0.23
5.09
4.24
4.18
2.87
1.79
2.64
2.68
2.52
2.70
2.70
TABLE 9: INFLATION, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)
I
Anguilla
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1.00
0.00
3.00
1.50
2.30
2.00
4.00
1.00
5.40
4.20
12.40
3.60
3.70
12.10
34.40
19.90
10.90
13.80
6.10
16.30
17.74
10.48
5.93
2.29
2.71
2.62
0.02
0.94
0.23
4.60
5.70
4.60
3.00
3.10
4.00
1.00
2.00
2.90
1.20
British V.
Islands
1.00
0.80
0.10
1.00
1.10
0.90
1.10
7.00
6.90
5.70
4.40
4.20
11.60
14.90
27.90
11.80
8.20
4.30
7.30
10.30
12.50
13.80
10.00
2.5 0
1.1 0
1.1 0
1.80
1.00
4.70
6.00
7.80
8.00
2.90
2.50
3.10
2.3 0
2.1 0
4.8 0
2.0 0
Cayman
Islands
1.00
0.80
0.10
1.00
1.10
0.90
1.10
0.80
1.40
1.50
3.50
2.10
4.10
8.10
27.90
11.80
8.20
4.30
7.30
10.30
12.50
13.80
5.50
5.00
3.10
2.50
2.80
4.30
5.20
6.00
7.80
8.00
2.90
2.50
3.10
2.30
2.10
4.80
2.00
Turks and
Caicos Is
1.00
0.78
0.10
0.96
1.05
0.85
1.12
0.83
1.37
1.54
3.53
2.06
4.10
8.09
19.50
15.55
5.28
5.40
8.19
11.43
14.60
12.20
6.09
2.81
2.09
0.50
1.25
3.80
2.58
3.87
3.75
4.01
1.39
2.04
1.78
2.80
3.60
3.26
1.13
Montserrat
1.00
0.78
0.10
0.96
1.05
0.85
1.12
0.83
1.37
1.54
3.53
2.06
4.10
8.09
19.50
15.55
5.28
5.40
8.19
11.43
17.80
12.20
6.09
2.81
2.09
3.20
1.25
3.80
2.58
3.87
6.80
4.01
1.39
2.04
1.78
2.80
3.60
3.26
1.13
Martinique Guadeloupe
2.00
2.40
5.20
4.90
3.10
3.00
2.50
2.90
2.60
4.40
6.00
6.20
5.80
7.80
18.80
14.80
11.30
10.00
10.80
10.10
12.00
15.80
13.60
12.60
8.10
10.80
8.20
4.10
3.80
2.70
4.80
4.70
5.20
4.70
2.00
3.10
4.70
3.00
1.90
2.00
2.40
5.20
4.90
3.10
3.00
2.50
2.90
5.50
4.70
6.00
6.40
7.90
6.80
15.90
17.00
8.60
9.30
8.90
9.20
21.30
12.60
13.50
10.20
8.10
7.10
7.40
6.10
3.80
1.50
5.20
6.00
5.40
3.60
2.30
3.10
4.70
3.00
1.90
Fr. Guyane
2.00
2.40
5.20
4.90
3.10
3.00
2.50
2.90
4.00
2.50
3.90
6.90
5.40
6.90
16.40
14.30
9.80
10.30
8.00
11.50
12.50
16.50
11.90
13.70
7.80
9.10
7.20
8.70
2.50
3.70
2.60
1.60
-0.30
3.10
-3.10
3.10
4.70
3.00
1.90
Netherlands
Antilles
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.20
0.90
1.10
0.70
1.10
1.30
2.50
3.90
6.80
5.40
6.90
16.40
14.30
9.80
10.30
8.00
10.90
11.90
14.40
14.80
15.50
7.90
0.30
3.00
2.40
3.30
4.00
5.00
1.70
1.50
2.50
1.70
3.10
4.70
3.00
1.90
Aruba Puerto Rico
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.20
0.90
1.10
0.70
1.10
1.30
2.50
3.90
6.80
5.40
6.90
16.40
14.30
9.80
10.30
8.00
10.90
11.90
14.40
14.80
15.50
7.90
4.03
1.07
3.64
3.12
3.99
5.84
5.56
3.87
5.22
6.31
3.36
3.23
3.00
1.87
3.30
2.50
1.80
1.80
2.40
2.90
2.80
3.80
3.20
2.60
3.50
4.30
0.00
10.60
19.70
8.70
2.60
3.80
4.90
7.10
9.90
10.00
3.60
0.90
1.70
0.00
-0.20
0.90
3.30
3.40
4.10
5.30
2.60
3.00
2.90
4.00
3.50
1.90
2.00
Virgin
Islands U.S
1.50
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.70
3.00
2.80
4.20
5.40
5.90
4.30
3.30
6.20
11.00
9.10
5.70
6.50
7.60
11.30
13.50
10.30
6.20
3.20
4.30
3.60
1.90
3.70
4.00
4.80
5.40
4.20
2.70
3.00
2.60
2.80
2.90
3.00
-0.40
Cuba
Haiti
3.00
5.00
5.00
10.20
8.50
-1.70
1.70
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
6.10
6.10
6.10
6.10
6.10
-0.50
-3.40
3.80
1.70
4.20
8.50
0.40
0.40
-0.10
-1.00
-2.80
0.20
0.50
10.00
13.80
13.80
13.80
13.80
13.80
13.80
5.00
3.00
2.00
-5.00
3.78
-0.55
4.31
9.16
2.26
8.30
-2.94
1.32
1.41
1.37
9.58
3.19
22.74
14.95
16.77
7.04
6.49
-2.67
13.09
17.78
10.86
7.36
10.24
6.40
10.65
3.28
-11.45
4.11
6.92
21.28
15.42
19.36
29.71
39.33
27.61
20.58
20.56
10.63
Dominican
Republic
-3.60
-3.90
9.16
8.58
2.11
-1.89
0.26
1.24
0.04
0.96
3.82
3.58
8.64
15.08
13.14
14.50
7.77
12.85
3.48
9.17
16.75
7.51
7.65
5.63
20.15
45.34
7.64
13.55
43.86
40.66
50.46
47.08
4.26
5.25
8.26
12.54
5.40
8.30
4.49
53
54
TABLE 10: GDP PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Trinidad &
Tobago
1,892
2,118
2,150
2,250
2,400
2,386
2,447
2,511
2,648
2,761
2,763
2,676
2,999
3,003
3,165
3,302
3,638
3,764
4,176
4,415
4,615
4,712
5,148
4,789
4,999
4,731
4,529
4,289
4,097
4,047
4,095
4,641
4,064
3,978
4,091
4,219
4,337
4,462
4,618
Barbados
Bahamas
Suriname
Guyana
Belize
Jamaica
St. Lucia
2,928
3,141
3,412
3,227
3,375
3,747
3,883
4,282
4,563
4,889
5,336
5,522
5,553
5,595
5,309
5,497
5,474
5,698
6,028
6,527
6,764
6,526
6,177
6,166
6,351
6,373
6,960
7,017
7,427
7,757
7,340
7,071
6,668
6,695
6,978
7,016
7,375
7,583
7,894
8,171
8,659
9,176
9,745
10,364
10,950
11,449
12,050
12,565
13,109
11,862
11,848
11,176
11,823
9,629
8,030
8,271
8,845
9,899
12,183
12,727
11,337
11,820
11,972
13,370
13,835
13,845
14,020
14,051
14,087
13,919
13,376
12,934
12,957
12,757
12,444
12,693
12,847
12,944
56 4
56 7
56 8
57 6
59 1
64 6
74 4
762
828
769
776
794
793
791
832
88 8
93 3
98 8
1,050
97 7
93 0
1,000
91 5
853
804
801
772
647
717
791
787
80 6
83 7
81 0
78 9
81 8
84 1
84 7
71 0
67 6
68 8
67 7
58 0
63 1
68 1
70 1
716
709
746
767
782
750
755
809
873
882
853
832
811
819
823
707
653
615
626
620
625
602
572
554
582
621
667
718
748
800
844
82 5
977
990
1,002
1,015
1,031
1,050
1,072
1,098
1,153
1,190
1,226
1,257
1,368
1,424
1,595
1,624
1,589
1,651
1,735
1,815
2,036
2,009
1,951
1,872
1,850
1,822
1,856
2,012
2,141
2,359
2,543
2,566
2,731
2,743
2,717
2,732
2,715
2,723
2,725
1,292
1,307
1,303
1,323
1,400
1,490
1,520
1,522
1,582
1,635
1,803
1,833
2,101
1,948
1,849
1,819
1,681
1,623
1,616
1,569
1,458
1,475
1,468
1,474
1,437
1,353
1,360
1,457
1,495
1,584
1,651
1,648
1,658
1,666
1,668
1,658
1,619
1,571
1,559
1,171
1,214
1,258
1,303
1,351
1,401
1,451
1,504
1,439
1,383
1,474
1,657
1,730
1,721
1,743
1,740
1,626
1,862
2,047
2,141
2,076
2,114
1,853
1,905
2,318
2,150
2,433
2,446
2,703
2,908
3,542
3,586
3,807
3,827
3,805
3,857
3,859
3,860
3,907
St. Vincent &
Grenadines
1,136
1,132
1,132
1,134
1,136
1,137
1,139
1,140
1,022
1,078
1,098
1,203
1,226
1,527
1,342
1,211
1,107
1,155
1,279
1,308
1,322
1,390
1,443
1,494
1,568
1,649
1,743
1,805
2,050
2,082
2,168
2,162
2,306
2,293
2,223
2,378
2,449
2,521
2,635
Dominica
Grenada
1,556
1,582
1,611
1,637
1,666
1,693
1,724
1,759
1,779
1,719
1,760
1,959
2,053
2,080
1,980
1,717
1,603
1,649
1,831
1,482
1,679
1,849
1,933
1,992
2,107
2,142
2,302
2,485
2,707
2,709
2,862
2,890
2,951
2,995
3,023
3,050
3,135
3,200
3,310
1,074
1,079
1,085
1,091
1,096
1,102
1,128
1,155
1,172
1,384
1,396
1,407
1,447
1,327
1,151
1,289
1,440
1,517
1,606
1,710
1,709
1,745
1,826
1,874
1,959
2,111
2,267
2,500
2,566
2,700
2,819
2,883
2,872
2,793
2,861
2,920
3,028
3,217
3,347
Antigua &
Barbuda
3,055
3,172
3,290
3,408
3,522
3,629
3,730
3,824
3,630
3,629
3,617
3,517
3,774
3,682
3,493
3,427
3,051
3,296
3,456
3,726
4,057
4,209
4,203
4,385
4,797
5,164
5,785
6,222
6,517
6,849
6,980
7,097
7,130
7,488
7,943
7,580
8,017
8,344
8,559
St. Kitts &
Nevis
1,402
1,426
1,464
1,491
1,500
1,498
1,574
1,848
1,604
1,719
1,701
1,666
1,866
1,959
1,969
2,044
2,090
2,074
2,227
2,269
2,569
2,615
2,557
2,580
2,898
3,123
3,417
3,695
4,024
4,374
4,479
4,593
4,799
5,163
5,435
5,669
6,046
6,481
6,716
TABLE 10: GDP PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)
I
Anguilla
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1,401
1,472
1,546
1,624
1,706
1,792
1,883
1,978
2,077
2,182
2,292
2,452
2,624
2,807
3,003
3,212
3,332
3,457
3,586
3,719
3,858
4,127
4,416
4,724
5,064
5,629
6,260
6,800
7,283
7,694
7,991
7,358
7,552
7,747
7,958
7,280
7,429
6,773
6,937
British V.
Islands
3,039
3,169
3,252
3,353
3,520
3,680
3,847
4,021
4,203
4,394
4,593
4,100
4,061
4,244
4,613
4,775
4,759
4,847
5,480
6,194
7,034
7,726
8,485
9,319
10,235
10,139
9,989
10,987
11,735
12,359
12,156
12,172
12,188
12,204
12,457
12,775
13,414
14,084
14,010
Cayman
Islands
6,944
7,127
7,314
7,507
7,704
7,906
8,114
8,328
8,546
8,771
9,002
9,062
9,123
9,483
9,856
10,243
10,646
11,064
11,499
11,951
12,560
13,200
13,872
14,579
15,151
15,072
15,865
16,948
18,586
19,428
21,123
20,559
20,353
20,468
20,708
21,478
22,277
23,106
23,966
Turks and
Caicos Is
699
735
773
814
856
900
991
1,090
1,200
1,320
1,453
1,513
1,575
1,639
1,706
1,776
1,931
2,099
2,282
2,482
2,698
2,901
3,119
3,364
3,661
4,541
4,707
5,023
5,898
5,903
5,907
6,071
6,240
6,414
6,592
6,776
6,703
6,662
7,061
Montserrat
514
545
577
61 1
64 7
68 6
78 1
89 1
1,015
1,157
1,350
1,470
1,601
1,744
1,899
2,068
1,907
1,907
2,069
2,248
2,443
2,678
2,936
3,219
3,528
3,868
4,172
4,501
4,856
5,238
5,652
5,117
5,390
5,907
6,118
5,673
3,846
3,846
3,846
Martinique Guadeloupe
4,360
4,468
4,635
4,808
4,988
5,174
5,368
5,569
5,833
6,109
6,399
6,890
7,411
7,934
7,303
8,069
8,084
8,658
8,873
9,005
8,859
9,102
9,861
10,054
9,746
9,948
10,086
10,965
11,216
11,572
11,676
11,885
11,887
11,677
12,094
12,651
13,247
13,871
14,524
3,788
3,859
3,984
4,114
4,248
4,386
4,528
4,676
4,873
5,079
5,294
5,763
5,941
6,592
6,795
6,578
7,020
7,331
8,338
8,758
7,988
7,820
8,031
7,939
7,679
7,561
7,742
8,058
8,069
8,430
8,508
8,539
8,746
8,777
8,783
9,540
10,380
11,293
12,287
Fr. Guyane
5,370
5,484
5,516
5,548
5,581
5,613
5,646
5,679
5,753
5,828
5,903
6,022
6,143
6,267
6,393
6,477
6,465
6,715
7,001
6,751
7,090
6,802
7,550
7,478
7,629
8,074
6,511
7,288
9,003
9,538
10,177
10,880
11,226
10,414
10,556
11,078
11,698
12,352
13,044
Netherlands
Antilles
11,495
11,424
11,366
11,313
11,255
11,182
11,100
11,007
10,915
10,844
10,805
11,114
11,459
11,836
12,225
12,619
12,121
11,635
11,163
10,711
10,262
10,408
10,112
9,707
9,519
9,586
10,138
10,117
10,127
10,619
10,767
10,815
10,937
11,194
11,815
11,770
11,736
11,712
11,698
Aruba Puerto Rico
9,484
9,531
9,578
9,626
9,674
9,722
9,770
9,819
9,868
9,917
9,968
10,317
10,683
11,061
11,452
11,860
11,437
11,029
10,635
10,254
9,868
10,051
9,843
9,522
9,407
9,540
10,159
9,975
13,939
15,199
15,558
16,313
16,512
15,274
15,486
15,615
15,593
15,763
16,186
3,364
3,621
3,813
4,119
4,326
4,646
4,915
5,183
5,396
5,826
6,253
6,543
6,888
7,143
7,000
6,697
6,935
7,281
7,661
8,030
8,056
8,051
7,721
7,678
8,158
8,247
8,838
9,187
9,696
10,081
10,365
10,503
10,743
10,969
11,112
11,355
11,568
11,801
12,285
Virgin
Islands U.S
13,778
13,964
14,167
14,351
14,524
14,723
14,792
14,874
14,946
15,040
15,109
13,783
13,235
12,309
11,809
11,622
11,697
12,411
12,359
12,704
12,924
13,078
12,846
12,881
12,681
13,086
13,441
13,806
14,318
14,851
15,699
15,639
14,495
15,820
15,720
15,958
16,105
15,753
15,398
Cuba
Haiti
1,089
1,109
1,075
1,069
1,141
1,131
1,077
1,079
1,127
1,078
1,061
1,033
1,098
1,215
1,304
1,417
1,515
1,630
1,711
1,736
1,778
1,941
1,904
1,970
2,051
2,110
2,094
2,026
2,077
2,069
1,988
1,757
1,541
1,306
1,310
1,336
1,433
1,463
1,475
547
514
553
529
508
510
504
476
476
481
471
503
501
498
521
500
534
528
544
574
607
580
550
545
536
527
517
503
497
492
481
493
420
401
360
368
369
366
370
Dominican
Republic
682
644
729
752
777
658
724
725
706
760
873
941
1,012
1,113
1,149
1,179
1,227
1,257
1,253
1,279
1,325
1,348
1,338
1,368
1,342
1,325
1,343
1,445
1,445
1,482
1,366
1,352
1,431
1,447
1,482
1,526
1,608
1,708
1,799
55
Bibliography
BURN, W. L. The British West Indies, London: Hutchinson’s University Library. 1951.
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (ECLAC). Economic Survey
of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago, Chile.
GALLUP, J.; SACHS, J. AND MELLINGER, A. “Geography and Economic Development”, in
World Bank, Conference on Development Economics 1998. Washington, D.C. 1999.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF). Development and Challenges in the Caribbean
Region, Occasional Paper 201. Washington, D.C. 2000.
JONES, C. L. Caribbean Backgrounds and Prospects. New York: Appleton. 1931.
MESA-LAGO, C. Market, Socialist, and Mixed Economies: Comparative Policy and
Performance in Chile, Cuba and Costa Rica. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins
University Press. 2000.
MILLER, E. Education for all: Caribbean Perspectives and Imperatives. Washington,
D.C.: IDB. 1992.
MITCHELL, B. R. International Historical Statistics: the Americas 1750-1988. Basingstoke
and New York: Macmillan and Stockton Press. 1993.
THORP, R. Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in
the 20th Century. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. 1998.
WORLD BANK. CD-ROM of World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C. 2000.
56
I
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
&
T
R
A
D
E