A MIX-USE DESIGN PROPOSAL OF THE MARTIN LUTHER KING BRIDGE: A STUDY OF THE USE OF A BRIDGE IN A HISTORIC ST. LOUIS RIVERFRONT BY JESSE KADEKAWA MIGUEL A.B. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY St. Louis, Missouri 1982 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 1986 © Jesse Kadekawa Miguel 1986 The author hereby grants M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author..................... - --- -- ---....... ---- -i- c-- Deepartment of Architecture 9 May 1986 Certified by ........................................... - - --....... - - - - - - - -- Fernando Domeyko-Perez, Thesis Supervisor Associate Professor of Architecture Accepted by .........................................j,$J.I%./ ,A r jv Thomas Chastain, Chairman Departmental Committee for Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUN 041986 SO LIBRARIES 2 Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements, 3 4 introduction 5 History 10 Analysis! 17 Program 23 Design Proposal, 30 Bibliography, 46 3 Abstract A MIX-USE DESIGN PROPOSAL OF THE MARTIN LUTHER KING BRIDGE: A STUDY OF THE USE OF A BRIDGE IN A HISTORIC ST. LOUIS RIVERFRONT BY Jesse Kadekawa Miguel Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 9 , 1986, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture. ABSTRACT This thesis is a exercise in a design proposal on the levee of the Mississippi spanned by a 1950's steel bridge in a historic St. Louis district known as Laclede's Landing. My intentions are to introduce a connection between the river and the city that will provide access to the water's edge; to create a linear park or esplanade alongside Wharf Street that parallels the river; to create a gateway at the Martin Luther King bridge into the Landing at Wharf Street to provide a strong edge of the Landing; and development of a program for a building on the water's edge. With these intentions, the study for the design proposal proceeds from the.analysis of the site to the development of the program. From this, a design proposal is made. Thesis Supervisor: Fernando Domeyko-Perez Title: Associate Professor of Architecture Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest thanks to: Fernando Domeyko-Perez, for his helpful advice and insight, and for his encouragement to keep pushing; also thank you for a wonderful experience here at MIT. Mitzi, for the generous use of her waxer. Skip, Arto, and Constantine, for their support and inspiration while we were all doing thesis. My father and mother, for their great parental and financial support and for their patience, and the rest of the family for their encouragement to get this done. To Thomas and Prisilla, who helped me stay awake during the late late hours,to Thomas especially with his "touch" on the drawings. And to Julie, for all the help during the final days of thesis,to the constant hours of "word-processing", and to keep me going to make sure that I complete this thesis, and for all the love and devotion that I shall always remember . Thank you. 4 Introduction 5 The the statement above shows attitude Mississippi "If American cities as a whole has not done as well with their seaport as those of Europe and other older cultures, with a very few exceptions we have treated our riverfronts abdominably by any standard at all. Particularly atrocious is the urban indifference to to the Mississippi, the great water corridor which has played such a legendary role in the development of this nation. Admittedly, it is a difficult river to deal with, but I have been in most of the cities along its bank and have yet to find between Minneapolis at the top and New Orleans at the bottom, a waterfront that does justice to it...But not even Hannibal, Missouri, the boyhood town of Mark Twain, who immortalized both the form and spirit of that river for generations of readers, not even Hannibal has a decent riverfront..." -Barrie Greenbie, SPACES of most that the River, of demonstrated the cities clearly on the or the river cities Midwest, have with regard to the rivers that led to their inception in the first place. The riverfronts for the most ------------- 6 part were used for commercial making and activity, few provisions for public therefore space for public amenities the river's edge. at With the invention of the steamboats, the inland rivers became the great highways that, as Greenbie has stated, became the "great water corridor" that helped develop this young country. these The commercial activities cities occurred chiefly riverfront. The steamboats, warehouses docks and at for of the the industrial buildings were close to the river, while the residential development grew further inland. 7 With the the coming of the importance of the riverfront as port slowly took the commercial activity away diminished as the the water and placed it further Later, the interstate highway a trains from inland. system like the seaports The riverfronts, railroads, and cities, waterfronts of the coastal undergone all have the of loss importance corresponding with their loss of commercial activity. the rediscovery of the However, with waterfront and will continue the separation of the city the potential for new use at the water's from its riverfront. edge, most waterfronts today property along the East Coast, York inland and Boston as two cities their rivers, are also are hot with New The examples. rediscovering and are trying to develop riverfront parks along the river. Fine examples of riverfront projects are Promenade Park in Toledo, Sasaki and Associates, Ohio, the by and Riverdesign in Dayton, Ohio, by Moore Grover Harper. Both show fine examples of creating a 8 public domain at the riverfront, access to the rivers that the providing city of St. back to the river, And city once turned its back on. With these examples in mind, I have selected the riverfront of St. Louis as Louis has always turned its yet, water's fearing its strengh. it is unfortunate that at the edge, the riverfront underutilized as a public domain, a place for a possible proposal for this Greenbie recognition of the river. with "sleazy concessions." by Greenbie, the But as stated Mississippi difficult river to handle. seaports and the is Whereas a the smaller rivers of Dayton and Toledo allow easy access to the waters, mighty the Mississippi is a strong river, with its current running quickly down towards the gulf. floods Due and high water that during some years cause high, the Mississippi is a force to reckoned the waters to with. Because of rise this, to quite be the has called it, a is or as riverfront 9 With the criteria set for this setmy ting, a create proposal is to somehow try to place at the water's having accessable from the land without to go to the docked showboats or "sleazy described. concessions" that edge those Greenbie The design proposal shall be an example of a exercise undertaking the building of a waterfront park, with together a building proposal (since this is an architectural thesis) that shall be a statement of what could, perhaps, happen at the river edge of the Mississippi. History 10 Laclede's in 1763 Landing was when Pierre established Laclede Liqueste Mississippi. planned the the trading post he and Auguste Chouteau survived wanted originally " Y', Laclede around the trading post started decided that the spot was just right for to establish on the banks of the The village that grid pattern of streets to that has this day. The area was residential as well as - --------- q~ j ,. 1, commercial, residential inland, but by the mid 1800' s, areas leaving had the moved landing the futher to the steamboats and other business concerns. By these 1840, foundry, included various commercial a mill, a buildings, 12 and even the Missouri Hotel built in Louis, which provided prefabricated iron fronts, structural members, commercial buildings that were destroyed items. However, in a fire that started aboard a Bridge 1819. Thus, and engulfed The rebuilding architectural in 1849, much of it was the mostly steamer riverfront. was made easier by iron industry in the by the goods St. paddlewheelers, and Eads the railroad and transporting people and when 1873, was completed, automobile were other and than the more the Landing 13 was increasingly ignored. The decline in use was so great that by 1890, Pierre Chouteau first suggested using the riverfront for recreation or a memorial. His recommendation was a reconstruction of the original French Other village. plans were proposed in later years, was done until the 1930's nothing the Jefferson Memorial way The subsequent was proposed. buildings to for the Gateway Arch ignored Bridge, leaving the area north of Eads the when Expansion National destruction* of the older make but commercial buildings that Laclede's Landing today. comprise If, soil 14 In qualified 1960's, the for the under designation Missouri Urban Redevelopment Law, paving the way for later development. of In the area 75% government accomplished. these stressing rehabilitations and the and demolition one plans, other reconstruction, the developer would have utilized the entire Landing area. However, due to delays in the selection process, the redevelopment contract was terminated by the city in a group of officials met to discuss how Landing were submitted to the Board In vacant, businessmen, Landing property owners and redevelopment Aldermen. 1972. the two development concepts for late 60's, the Despite this setback, in 1974, with Landing the corporation of the Landing They would decided be could that preferable be a to 15 single Corporation, property business the Redevelopment Landing Laclede's stock with owners official owned by of the members and community, the 1975, In ownership. was designated developer of the as area. Their plan was to combine rehabilitation In 1976 the with some new construction. developers grants with were provided federal when the area was placed on the National Registry of Historic Places and was designated a natioanl landmark. Today, complete. is rehabilitation The area is a almost popular 16 nightspot, drawing vistors and St. Louisans alike with its many and various restaurants and bars. include the picturesque events Other attractions Gateway riverboats, Arch, and the outdoor such as the Veiled Prophet held on 4th of July weekend. Landing has uninhabited gone slum to from one of Laclede's being the popular and active areas in the city St. Louis. Fair an most of Analysis 17 Building banks a structure on the -levee Because winter. of the Mississippi is quite Landing starts at difficult. To begin with, the river Street, beyond the the tracks. itself flood causes problems in terms of levels; the river has been known to rise significantly during the season following a severely spring harsh The question Laclede's this, of railroad elevated the in comes then Wharf of the edge proposal of. a building that will somehow allow access to the water's edge; the penetration in the river, cross the existing direction the of similar to the bridges that Mississippi. condition is Now, such that paths from the land to the major i.e., the the water are the small boarding bridges onto the on the banks of the which in the riverboats docked Mississippi. peak of 1800's the The levee, the steamboat era of the was used as a true landing midfor various shipments of cargos carried I t-A. A V I' 19 on the riverboats, today is used mainly levee proposing a building of the Landing edge, concerning follows: such Contrast bordering as a parking lot. In 1. a the proposal on the issues are as of the two Laclede's Landing. bridges The Eads Bridge elegantly meets the land with its solid heavy masonry and creating Landing block a wall that Roman arches, protected the from the demolition of the 40- urban fabric which became the 20 setting Arch. the for Eero Saarinen's Gateway The Martin Luther King bridge, on other hand, the Landing, soars and floats above making the north border of create access that is provide itself. 2. be Luther the King area under Bridge to create a sense of an entry or a wall at Wharf an area to the Martin levee Street, at the and use this area as provide a connection to the water's edge. 3. With towards allow the opportunity to the water, penetrate establish a way the public a greater opportunity of close contact to the river, vistas -up and down the river, to allowing and views of Eads Bridge and the steamboats on the river. The goal would therefore be to the water. The possible choices can be to create a zone the Landing undefined at ground level. Using to close to the water's edge protection from the yet river With the access, the goal shall to create a continous public from the city to the water, access rather than 21 entering is through a transition area that non-public, which is currently the a. The levee, that ties function of the existing levee itself. historical 4. most The selection of the area around the Martin Luther King for the design proposal was due to these conditions: as a historical the Landing as part past, Bridge, under the of the should remain for the part as it is. proposal entity By locating the Martin Luther the King majority of the levee can remain intact. b. In the Urban Design Guidelines Laclede's views edge under the topic from the Landing at is "maintain of Landing, stated that the the goal is obstructions, of the river." however, to visual and physical immediacy barriers structure shall be allowed to block view of river's the Landing and the river," and railings, of that a One can or the maintain, building in the designated for the proposal can "No area enhance 22 the levee rather than detract from it by public providing river the also act as a frame for and water, access to the view together with the Eads Bridge. is from river overall the imperative to see not It person a standpoint of the walking along the river's edge. c. encouraged, state: strongly use of the levee is Land " the as design guidelines riverfront's The unique setting is both attractive and vital the Levee area. Types encouraged. encouraged use include of should land restaurants, to be use a merry-go-round, recreational boating for individual Parking is or touring discouraged." boats, etc. Program 23 creation The set the from came proposal this for program of the of issues and goals mentioned in the design intention The type of of this thesis. to do for this particular site building is a hard decision to make, is since there levee no existing "building" on the the Union Electric edge at the Landing; plant power at situated hardly north of the is but is the river's edge, a useful prototype to bring public to the water's edge. the Landing program the Therefore, was created with what was currently existing at the levee (the St. Louis Visitors Showboat), other Center, the Goldenrod plus examples and ideas from waterfront cities that have utilized their location to exploit their waterfronts. The various components of the program are described below, with a more detailed listing in the appendix. 24 Wharf Street As the along street the river running edge and linearly main the thoroughfare for the Jefferson Expansion Memorial Street and Laclede's Landing, Wharf is important as the street which people shall the riverview. overlook river the place good surface, or off the Street Wharf experience, could be a walkway this sitting encounter The area in which they shall be a memorable should from providing lying down by with places providing and a for Waterfront Plaza The a promenade or esplanade instead of just a Martin sidewalk. the portion of the site under Luther King that reaches out water's edge shall be a place shall water's provide the public access to edge the showboats. and act as a landing the to that the for The site at the river's _WWRIANO 25 edge to shall step down at certain provide boats, a dock but the for plaza points small private itself should remain mostly a hard surface; preferably perhaps the use of cobblestones to refer back to The the original levee materials. reason for not proposing a park at the possibility edge is due "green" to the of severe floods that occur from time to time; the Mississippi River is hard to control in other rivers. plaza shall flooding, provide Because be subject but a comparison of this, the to. occasional for the most part zone for with shall waterfront-related public and private uses. The Goldenrod Showboat One of the last remaining authentic showboats in the world, Showboat is Historic Landmark. provides a Dining Room, a the Goldenrod registered National buffet The in followed Goldenrod the by Captain's a lively 26 musical review or comedy melodrama in that provided a view of the the 400 seat Palace Theatre. close-up St. Louis Visitor Center the located Currently on Visitor Center shall be part of the building information, maps, facilities restroom same idea, but rather than an "aquarium" relocated as Tourist souvenirs, film and will be available museum is proposed as a way of Baltimore that which a knowledge of the river to the Aquariums designed by This idea in stemmed Boston Cambridge provided a view of the an Louis attracting the public and providing them from Similarly, St. program. they are returning. them. approach Riverfront Museum with seas around of small for visitors to the riverfront. A gave fuller knowledge a in the the river, tugboat and waterworld and Seven waterworid of for this museum came with the Mississippi, history, plus the a museum the for its history of the St. 27 Louis riverfront, shall provide the same type of of educational knowledge the riverfront museum will house the Early history of the discovery the Mississippi (LaSalle, History of the steamboats: Natchez and the Robert race E. of Lee, Role of the river during the Civil War (Ironclad). 4) Excerpts from Mark Twain's LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI. 5) Showcase story of the movie "The Mississippi 7) History of Laclede's Landing at its DeSoto, Goldenrod Showboat. 3) the 1938 the of Laclede) 2) River", of heyday. the following: 1) Showing during the Depression. river and the land. The 6) of Ead's Bridge building, construction, history). (its "The National Park Service developed a splendid concept with Eero Saarinen's spectacular arch, which marks the "Gateway to the West" at St. Louis. This is indeed a national landmark with great symbolic value...However, although the city of St. Louis is billed as a collaborator in its development,the surrounding environment does not live up to the challenge of the concept, either as symbolism or as design. The gleaming, soaring arch is on a narrow, federally owned park wedged between an ugly city and sleazy riverbank concessions. -Barrie Greenbie, SPACES 28 29 w~ac~eJ~~agc V-i ~A 4 5T 7rTOO Master Plan ucJi", MR 0 :3I 34D We 150 m _ Design Proposal 30 31 n n, Martin Luther King Boulevard - ~ - -r~ - - r-3 --- - - -- -- T- ao 0 El -E~ Laclede's Landing Blvd. 0 o 0 Ti-- -1-- 0 0 C/) o A 0 0 \a Morgan Avenue - *A-' -- Liee - - -*- 020 40 N 32 .. - Levee - - - Site Plan Goldenrod Showboat N- 0 ~ L2 20 I 40 I 80 33 - - -~1 ~~~~~1 d II a, 0 Ground Floor Plan N 0 20 40 .34 El1 Second Floor Plan N 0 20 40 35 E 0 - == O Dl 0 O II II II II ii II Third Floor Plan N 0 20 40 36 Section 0 20 50 37 Axonometric 38 The process of the design proposal came about with the issue of the use of the bridge, or rather the underside part of the bridge as a architectural problem. problem, idea the structure the setting As for a would have massing been that is hanging over most Martin Luther King Bridge an as a of the answer to the gesture of the Eads Bridge water's anchorage. In fact, the earlier scematic proposal design proposal called for an apartment at Wharf Street that extended out toward building from the river. that bridge. was hanging the However, the idea of having an assets. Because of these, started from the ground a level A wharf-type extension is to be build on the levee itself, extending actual access to the water's edge became as Goldenrod much Showboat is moored. more interesting challenging, other after an investigation waterfront resurgence if of cities the recognition and of not of far as the anchored The wharf must be a solid foundation for the building, for the raised piles would be insufficient for the the strong Mississippi currents. 39 The whole wharf structure shall extend. a block width of Laclede's Boulevard and Morgan Street, Landing with streets extending out toward the This the in Laclede to Liquest's founding of the The structure shall plaza the Goldenrod Showboat, thus making it a Visitor's true restaurant. landing. shall be terraces the down This part of the waterfront to the wharf park gangplanks, that isolated and 1 \\ there will be three terraces: the first, off of Wharf Street shall be part of the linear esplanade that extends from the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial to the Union Station power plant north of the landing; the second terrace shall be a small park on its own that will be filled with fountains and pools; and the third terrace shall be a open plaza the edge of the water, at with a sculpture Pierre commemorating city of St. Louis. river.' shall provide a simpler access center the This this a cafe, building the museum in -j open Louis St. the house Center, from nearest and has order U a been to =I 40 The Museum fills up the area of the create a different identity, and also to be situated Showboat. Because Mississippi on this provide Center Museum. closer to the Goldenrod the Museum shall be the main wharf, there was a better access to the without having to of the wharf under Luther King Bridge as a solution to fill that area in need at the levee. Visitor's enter the to break-away bridge. the Martin a similar manner as the Eads building to the Bridge However, there was a need from the zone of The result is an extension the of Museum at the Wharf Street edge (in 41 order to create a zone on the south side for daylighting and purposes), galleries. the diagram of the Museum became an L-shaped structure, the opposite curved is with the Visitor's Center at the of leg the "L". A On the first floor, upon entering, visitor, shall stop by the ticket booth/information desk. He shall then atrium at the corner of the "L" be within the movie "The River", about the Mississippi main focal point led to the auditorium, Museum; it is the entrance lobby as well during the Depression, as the point of reference for the Museum After that, visitors the while walking through the where the will be showing. he will then be led to the galleries on the two floors above by the 42 ramp. The galleries shall have a variety of exhibitions, ranging from the history of the Mississippi history of the Landing. to the to for exhibit, the history of the river shall example, be the in the gallery that extends out between and through the west pier of the Martin existing Laclede's Landing buildings. With these somehow the there is below, Likewise, design of a gallery, situated are the the and riverboats the within the area, This water in the history of this case, Bridge, which is construction. propose solid masonry somehow not justify the of Landing shall be situated in the gallery at the point away from the underside of the Landing, building advised However, language of the Martin Luther therefore, that in brick was avoided because of the of to the rules new cast-iron. the gangplanks its steel brick or In and materials the structure need building. strong set of studying recalls bridge a river today while the bridge above and the between of the design guidelines of Laclede's seeing history. there was a of maintain a singular language in design dictate its the difference in context galleries, Luther King Bridge, providing a means of the closest to the Landing, and the rooms shall be dimensioned to recall the The exhibitions shall be housed in various galleries relationship bridge, made of steel. building the King To would bridge, the selection of more modern materials seemed more appropriate. The 43 reference steamboats, steel the the guideline of flat roofs only since together with the high-tech the use of a hip roof under the bridge of the materials stainless whiteness of the SS of Admiral (a is inappropriate. steel excursion boat built in It is with this proposal that there the 1920's) plus Eero Saarinen's Gateway is Arch was inspirational. space at the river's edge. Even the Eads a possibility to create a more urban Perhaps this Bridge, with its steel construction, was is further argue that the levee should remain as it proof material. of exploring this newer Therefore, the building shall of a dream, more is. then the levee should so, If be made of white porcelain panels, glass used as a place, and lot. steel. The building shall follow Therefore rather than a be parking a mix-use proposal can be justified in order to encourage of may one in that more a choice of interaction between and the river. As for the man building or rather the architecture, the design, program was generated from what possible ways place are for examination there in order to the public provide realm. In a the of other waterfront cities, 44 the uses for the waterfront ranges from housing to mainly for type of aquariums, the establishment a references, of districts park. as but of some Through these well as the examination the Laclede's Landing area came the ideas for these waterfront uses. In the proposal, problem process the of the an culmination of this thesis has therefore resulted in a design for In design architectural proposal the levee of the Mississippi river. this exercise, the process was a result of a series of investigations and exploration design. criteria became that the was not just The to be in the issue of waterfront But in the end, the result has a building, dimensional form, complete in 3- that came as a result of an idea for the design proposal. The design issue;i.e, not just the design of final solution in a design exercise must a building, be a building, design but rather a whole range of problems that led from landscape design to urban design. In a way, this was an exercise in the the proposal that dealt with not just a single issues. issue, development but rather a series of of in have for I truly believe that order to do architecture, a architecture building. are great one must Theories on tools development of a design process, in the but in the end the result must be a building in .order to set the theory straight. For I 45 believe that the proof of a good architectural building is in the result, and that result is architecture. 0 0 30 0 I I 0 I I Bibliography 46 The Architectural Heritage of St. Louis 1803-1891: from the to the Wainwr'lTit Building; Lawrence Louisiana Purchase Washington University Gallery of Art, 1982. Building of the Arch: Loiic, A National Monument on the St. Arch Construction Louis Photographer, Riverfront; Robert F. 1967. Anteaga, (The Buildings June 1981, Journal); Management Construction and Building Laclede's "Speacial Modernization Issue: Landing- Reviving the Spirit of St. Louis." the Art an exhibition prepared by "The Eads Bridge"; of Civil Engineering, Princeton University, Museum/Department 1974. Development Plan of Laclede's Landing Redevelopment Corp.; for development of the Laclede's Landing (the area between Eads and the Bridge and Martin Luther King Bridge, Third Street (Mississippi) River in the city of St. Louis, July, 1975. Physical Growth of the City of St. Louis; St.Louis History: City Plan Commission, 1969. Laclede's Landing Redevelopment Corporation Pamphlets and Brochures: 1. The Laclede's Landing Environment: Office/Retail Space; a description of existing and proposed office/retail spaces available for prospective tenants, 1984. 2. The Laclede's Landing Environment; Office Space; a brief offices, ammenities, its history, of the area, summary restaurants; brochure for prospective tenants, 1984. 47 3. Laclede's Landing Development Fact Sheet; a summary of the laclede's Landing area since its initital resurgence from 1975 to the present to the future. St. Louis Riverfront: a summary of 4. Development Summary: the history of the riverfront from 1870 to the present and beyond; divided into private/public activities. Incentives for Investing in Laclede's 5. Fact Sheet: on investment, tax Lnading; facts and figures abatement. credit/depreciation, tax 6. The Lure of the Landing; Lora Tintera, review of the Lnading after it resurgence. 7. Laclede's Landing: Where St. Louis began...it continues!; map and directory of restaurants, bars, shops, and services. (B.B. no. 145); Official document 8. Ordinance 57085 approved by the city of St. Louis, Dec. 5, 1975, representing a 10-year period of designing and rebuilding according to a refined redevelopment strategy. 9. Laclede's Landing Patron Survey, conducted Nov. 1984, summary of questionnaires handed out to people at the Landing (tourists, businessmen, employees, workers) Landscape Architecture; "Historical Unban Areas Redevelopment" July, 1977, pp. 316-317, "Laclede's Landing", HOK Associates, Landscape architects; Laclede's Landing Redevelopment Corp., Client. Planning; "Comeback city-Rehab is doing wonders for Louis' public image", Oct. 1985, Charlene Prost, pp. 4-10. Progressive Architecture; "Meet me at July 1966, pp.168-169. Laclede's St. Landing", Progressive Architecture; "Report from St. Louis: Gaslight to Laclede's Landing", Aug. 1980,. pp. 36-40. From St. Louis Riverfront: a Guide to the Attractions near the Gateway Arch on the Historic St. Louis~Riverfront; Riverfront Development Committee, Downtown St. Louis, Inc. 48 Saint Louis Riverfront Development Plan, 1 St. Louis Commission, a major plan for the whole St. Louis riverfront with development and implementation plans. Spaces-Dimensions of the Human Greenbie, 1981, Yale University Press. Landscape; Barrie B. Urban Design Guidelines for Laclede's Landing; Laclede's Landing redevelopment Corporation with HOK Architects, development of the guidelines to be used in the design of the Laclede's Landing area, master plan adopted Nov. 1975. Urban Waterfront Development; Urban Land Institute, report of the Laclede's Landing proposed plans plus proposals for the area north of the Landing. Washington University School of Architecture; Master of Architecture and Urban Design Program, 1980 brochure, aerial photos, figure-ground, transformation, perspective of downtown St. Louis. Riverdesign Dayton; a pioneering design process results in this catalogue of opportunities for a Great American River, The River Corridor Committee, Dayton Ara Chamber of Commerce, 1977. Lion of the Valley; James Neal Primm, Pruett Publishing Co., St. Louis, MO, 1981. Mark Twain & His Work; Justin Kaplan, Simon & Schuster, 1974. The River; Pare Lorentz, Stackpole Sons, NY, 1938. Urban Waterfront Development; Douglas M. Institute, 1982. Wrenn, Urban Land 49 Life on Press, 1883. The the Mississippi; Granite Mark Twain, Garden; Anne Whiston Spirn, Oxford University Basic Book Inc., 1984. The Odyssey of Intuition: A Non-reductive Interpretation of Technology Through a Case Study of Bridges; Barbara Jeanne Boylan, S.M. Arch 1982. Teaching an Old Strip New Tricks: A Renovation Proposal for Boston's Nightclub District; Victor Ocie De Natale, M. Arch 1982. A Design Proposal The Brooklyn Bridge Hotel: Brooklyn Waterfront; Kimberly Ann Weller, M. Arch 1980. for the