Tissues, Organs,
and Systems of Living Things
UNIT
BIG IDEAS
B
BIG IDEAS
•
Plants and animals, including humans, are made of specialized cells,
tissues, and organs that are organized into systems.
•
Developments in medicine and medical technology can have social
and ethical implications.
1
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIT
FOCUS ON STSE
B
Most of us have encountered some kind of medical technology in our lives. Even if
we have not experienced it ourselves, someone we know probably has. If you have
ever broken a bone, you have probably had an X-ray taken. If someone in your
family has had kidney problems, he or she might have had to go on dialysis.
Perhaps you know someone who has been through organ transplant surgery, heart
surgery, or fertility treatment. There are many kinds of technology that help medical
professionals diagnose and treat health problems.
Think, Pair, Share
1.
Write a list of medical technologies that you, or people you know, have experienced.
Describe each technology and what it does in as much detail as possible. If possible,
describe how you felt during the procedure. Did you have positive or negative feelings
about the technology?
2.
Share your list with a partner.
3.
Discuss your feelings about the technologies. Do any of them have ethical implications?
4.
Have the technologies made a difference to the human lifespan and quality of life?
Explain.
2
UNIT
LOOKING AHEAD
B
UNIT B
Tissues, Organs,
and Systems of
Living Things
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
Cells, Cell Division
And Cell
Specialization
Animal Systems
Plant Systems
B
UNIT
UNIT TASK PREVIEW
FAMILY HEALTH SUPPORTER
Someone you know is ill or injured. Your support and knowledge are needed. You
offer to help by researching and providing a package of information related to the
particular health concern.
Working in a group, choose one of the suggested health scenarios. You will then
consider the issue, research the illness or injury, collect information on how the
functioning of a healthy organ system is affected, and find out what diagnostic tests
and treatment options are available. You will analyze the information and decide
what you think is the best course of action. You will then report your findings to the
patient or the patient’s family.
Assessment
You will be assessed on how well you
• Address the chosen health issue and present appropriate solutions
• Develop a reasoned ―best response‖ for the patient
• Communicate the information effectively to the audience
2
CHAPTER
CELLS, CELL DIVISION,
AND CELL SPECIALIZATION
KEY QUESTION: How and why do cells divide?
Key Concepts
•
All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
•
Microscopes enable us to examine cells in detail.
•
The cell cycle occurs in distinct stages.
•
Cell division is important for growth, repair, and reproduction.
•
Cancer cells generally divide more rapidly than normal cells.
•
Medical imaging technologies are important in diagnosing and treating
disease.
ENGAGE IN SCIENCE
You Can Make a Difference
2
CHAPTER
Every day, medical science is finding new treatments—and even cures—for some of
the many types of cancer. Research pays, but research also costs. Lab space,
chemicals, scientists, and hospitals all require money as research teams seek new
treatments and cures.
No idea is too far-fetched for a fundraiser for medical research.
– What is your school doing to help find a cure?
– What do you like to do?
– Could it become the next event to fund a cure for a disease?
– Is there a school club, team, group that you can organize?
Every idea starts with one person who believes and inspires others.
6
2.1
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
•
Biology is a science. It is based on the cell theory.
The cell theory states that
cell theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes.
• All cells are reproduced from other cells.
Bacteria reproduce by dividing in two.
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
•
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells can be very simple or very complex.
2.1
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
•
The simplest life forms are called prokaryotes.
These single-celled life forms have no nucleus.
A bacterium is an example of a prokaryote.
•
More complex organisms are called eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes may be single-celled or multi-celled
organisms with a nucleus. Plants and animals
are examples of eukaryotes.
•
Eukaryote cells are much larger than prokaryote
cells, often tens to thousands of times larger.
FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
OF CELLS
2.1
•
All cells have to perform certain basic activities to stay alive. These activities are
performed by organelles, with each organelle having a specific function within
the cell. Organelles work together to meet the life needs of the cell.
•
Plant and animal cells have many structures in common. However, plant cells
have some organelles that animal cells do not.
2
CHAPTER
SEEING INSIDE
Scientists have been exploring the inner workings of our bodies with
microscopes for centuries. Traditional light microscopes can only reveal so
much. The very nature of light limits the size of objects that we can see.
Also, it is not possible to look into solid tissues using
traditional microscopy. However, new technology is
extending our ability to see inside tissues and organs.
The resulting images are revolutionizing how disease
is diagnosed.
2.2
OBSERVING PLANT
AND ANIMAL CELLS
In this activity, you will observe and compare a typical plant cell and a typical animal cell. After
observing these cells using a microscope, you will draw formal lab diagrams to record your
observations.
Purpose
To prepare a wet mount of cells, to study one cell using a microscope, and to draw and label a
diagram of the visible features.
Equipment and Materials
•
•
•
•
•
lab apron
disposable gloves
clean microscope slide and cover slip
forceps or tweezers
dropper bottles of:
– distilled water
– iodine stain
•
•
•
•
onion
paper towel
prepared slide of human cheek cells
Microscope
Iodine stain is toxic. It can also stain skin and
clothing. Wear a lab apron and waterproof gloves
when you use iodine in the lab.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
•
Cells divide in order for organisms to reproduce, grow,
and repair damage.
2.3
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
diffusion
osmosis
•
When single-cell organisms divide and only one parent
is involved, it is called asexual reproduction. The offspring
is an exact genetic copy of the parent.
•
When multicellular organisms divide and two parents are
involved, it is called sexual reproduction. The cell from one
parent joins with the cell from another parent, and the offspring
inherits characteristics from both parents.
•
Plant and animal cells need energy, nutrients, water, and gases to live. Water is important
because chemicals that enter the cells need to be dissolved in water to be used in
chemical reactions within the cell.
•
Chemicals used for cell activity and growth enter the cell through the membrane and travel
to where they are needed. This movement is call diffusion.
•
Water enters and leaves the cell in a process called osmosis.
WHAT LIMITS CELL SIZE?
2.4
In this investigation you will use models of cells to investigate factors that might limit cell
size.
Testable Question
How does the size of a cell affect the distribution of chemicals throughout the cell?
Equipment and Materials
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
eye protection
lab apron
disposable gloves
250 mL beaker or plastic cup
2 glass rods or stir sticks
timing device
Scoopula
Ruler
scalpel
• 3 different-sized cubes of phenolphthalein agar
• 100 mL sodium hydroxide solution
• paper towels
Sodium hydroxide solution is corrosive and will
irritate your skin or eyes.
Be very careful when using a scalpel. It is sharp
enough to cut your skin.
THE CELL CYCLE
•
As eukaryotic cells grow and divide, they move through three
distinct stages:
– interphase
– mitosis
– cytokinesis.
2.5
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
•
Cells grow and prepare to divide during the interphase stage.
They divide during mitosis and cytokinesis.
•
During interphase, the cell carries out all normal life activities and the genetic material
called DNA is in very long, thin, and invisible strands. When the cell prepares to divide, the
strands are duplicated, so there are two identical strands of genetic material.
•
Mitosis has four phases:
–
–
–
–
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
THE CELL CYCLE
•
Cells move gradually from one phase to next.
Review the image for a description of the activities
that occur during each phase.
•
The final phase of cell division is cytokinesis. In this
phase, the cytoplasm divides and two identical
daughter cells are produced.
•
Cell cycles use many different checkpoints to help
keep organisms healthy.
2.5
daughter cells
PHASES OF CELL DIVISION
2.5
AGING
It Is in Our Cells
2.5
•
Why the body ages is one of the mysteries of science,
but scientists all over the world are getting excited as
the answer seems to be within our grasp: it is in the
cells
•
Telomeres, the region at the end of each chromosome,
get shorter with age
•
In aging cells, division may stall until the centromeres
are lined up properly.
OBSERVING CELL DIVISION
2.6
In this activity, you will observe prepared slides and photographs of cells that, when
living, were dividing quickly.
Purpose
To observe and identify plant cells and animal cells that are dividing quickly. To
identify the stages of the cell cycle and phases of mitosis in each organism.
Equipment and Materials
•
•
•
•
microscope
prepared microscope slide of onion root tip, longitudinal section
photographs of whitefish embryo cells
lens paper
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG:
Cancer
•
When cells grow and divide out of control, they cause a
group of diseases called cancer.
•
The result is a change in the DNA that
controls the cell cycle. This change
prevents the cell from staying in
interphase for the normal period
of time.
•
When the normal checkpoints fail,
the cell and its daughter cells will
divide uncontrollably.
2.7
cancer
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG:
Cancer
2.7
TUMOURS
•
Uncontrolled growth may create a rapidly growing mass
of cells that form a lump, or tumour.
•
Tumours may be benign or malignant. Cells in a
malignant tumour are considered cancerous.
•
Cancer cells may break away from the original tumour
and move to a different part of the body. If they settle
and grow in this new location, a new tumour will form.
This process of breaking away and creating secondary
tumours is called metastasis.
tumour
benign tumour
malignant
metastasis
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG:
Cancer
2.7
MUTATIONS
•
When cells divide, their DNA is almost always duplicated
error-free. The genetic information in their daughter cells
is identical to the parent cell.
•
Sometimes random changes occur in the cell’s DNA. These
changes are called mutations. Changes may result in the
death of the cell or allow it to survive and continue to grow
and divide. If the cell cycle is abnormal, the cells may be
cancerous.
mutations
carcinogens
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG:
Cancer
CARCINOGENS
•
Some mutations are caused by carcinogens. Carcinogens
are environmental factors that cause cancer. Examples
include tobacco smoke, radiation, some viruses, certain
chemicals, and many organic solvents.
•
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in
Canadians over 40 years of age. Health Canada reports that
9 out of 10 lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. The
figure below identifies other parts of the body that are
affected by the carcinogens in tobacco smoke.
•
Some cancers are at least partly hereditary. These include
some breast cancers and colon cancers.
2.7
mutations
carcinogens
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG:
Cancer
2.7
CANCER SCREENING
•
Factors affecting a person’s risk of getting cancer include
pap test
– personal and family medical history
– exposure to carcinogens in the environment
– lifestyle choices, such as eating more
―super foods‖
•
Cancer screening means checking for cancer
even when no symptoms are present. Screening
can be performed
– at home, as part of a routine self-examination
– by a doctor, such as a Pap test or blood test
– as genetic testing, when there is a family
history of cancer
•
While screening does not prevent cancer,
it does increase the likelihood of early
detection and successful treatment.
Super foods such as these help your
body protect itself from cancers
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG:
Cancer
2.7
CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
•
Vocabulary
The earlier a cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances of successful treatment.
Some
diagnostic imaging techniques include endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning,
Papand
testMRI.
•
Once an abnormality has been identified, a sample of the cells is removed and examined under
a microscope. This is called a biopsy. This is the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis of
cancer.
•
The purpose of cancer treatment is to slow down the growth of tumours or destroy as many
cancer cells as possible. Currently, there are three methods of conventional treatment:
– surgery
– chemotherapy
– radiation therapy
•
One new technique to fight cancer is
biophotonics, which uses beams of light
to detect and treat the cancer cells.
COMPARING CANCER CELLS
AND NORMAL CELLS
2.8
In this activity, you will examine microslides or prepared slides to compare normal
cells with cancer cells of the same type. You will look for evidence that the cells are
dividing at different rates.
Purpose
To compare the rate of cell division in cancer cells and normal (non-cancer) cells.
Equipment and Materials
• microslide or prepared slides of normal cells
and cancer cells
• microviewer or microscope
• lens paper
2.9
SPECIALIZED CELLS
•
Many complex organisms, such as a human being or a
maple tree, begin life as a single fertilized egg or a single
cell.
specialized cells
•
The cells in a complex organism are not all identical. They have
been created to perform specific functions, such as digesting food,
fighting disease, or coordinating the body’s movements.
•
Specialized cells have physical and chemical differences that allow each type
to perform one job very well. For example, the specialized cells in the photo help
keep dirt out of the lungs. The orange goblet
cells secrete mucus, while the hair-like
extensions of the cells (called cilia) move
the mucus along the trachea to remove
inhaled dust and dirt.
SPECIALIZED CELLS
•
Many complex organisms, such as a human being or a
maple tree, begin life as a single fertilized egg or a single cell.
2.9
SPECIALIZED CELLS
•
2.9
Plant cells also have a variety of specialized cells. Cells in the leaf of a tree have
a different structure and function from the cells in the trunk. Review the photos
and captions below to learn about the functions of various plant cells.
OBSERVING SPECIALIZED CELLS
2.10
In this activity, you will have an opportunity to examine a variety of specialized cells
from both plants and animals.
Purpose
To examine a variety of specialized plant and animal cells.
Equipment and Materials
• prepared slides of specialized cells (such as epithelial cheek cells, skeletal
muscle
cells, lung tissue cells, onion root tip, leaf cross section)
• microscope
• lens paper
2
CHAPTER
LOOKING BACK
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
•
All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
– The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life, that all organisms
are made up of one or more cells, and that all cells come from pre-existing
cells.
– Single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, consist of just one cell.
– Every plant and animal, including humans, is a multicellular organism and is
classified as a eukaryote.
2
CHAPTER
LOOKING BACK
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
•
Microscopes enable us to examine cells in detail.
– Plant and animal cells have most of the major cell structures in common.
– Materials for cell activity pass through the cell membrane by diffusion and
osmosis.
– Plant cells contain a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts.
– Cells grow and divide to replace worn-out cells, to allow for growth in
organisms, to repair damaged cells, and to reproduce.
2
CHAPTER
LOOKING BACK
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
•
The cell cycle occurs in distinct stages.
– The cell cycle has three stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
– Interphase is the stage when cells grow, perform their specific functions,
produce more organelles, and replicate their DNA.
– Mitosis is the division of the DNA in a cell’s nucleus.
– Cytokinesis is the division of the entire cell into two new identical daughter
cells.
2
CHAPTER
LOOKING BACK
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
•
Cell division is important for growth, repair, and reproduction.
– Mitosis and cytokinesis together make up the cell division portion of the cell
cycle.
– Mitosis results in each daughter cell receiving an exact copy of the parent
cell’s DNA.
– Cells go through four phases during mitosis: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase (PMAT).
2
CHAPTER
LOOKING BACK
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
•
LOOKING BACK
Cancer cells generally divide more rapidly than normal cells.
– Cancer is a broad group of diseases in which groups of cells grow and
divide uncontrollably.
– Uncontrolled cell growth and division create a mass of cells that may form a
tumour.
– A benign tumour does not seriously affect nearby cells and does not spread
through the body.
– A malignant tumour is made up of cancer cells; it may invade and damage
surrounding tissues.
– Cancer cells can metastasize to other parts of the body.
– Prevention and screening minimize the risk of cancer.
2
CHAPTER
LOOKING BACK
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
•
LOOKING BACK
Medical imaging technologies are important in diagnosing and treating
disease.
– Screening sometimes involves imaging technologies
– Medical imaging technologies include endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, CT
scanning, and MRI.
– Imaging technologies are widely used diagnostic tools that aid in the
detection of cancer and other diseases.
– Microscopic examination of cells is the only way to confirm a diagnosis of
cancer.
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ
MULTIPLE CHOICE
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. Cells must perform certain basic activities to stay alive. Those activities are
performed by
(a)
bacterium
(b)
organelles
(c)
eukaryotes
(d)
diffusion
2. Why do cells divide?
(a)
so that they can reproduce
(b)
so that they can grow
(c)
so that they can repair damage
(d)
all of the above
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ
3. When single-cell organisms divide, only one parent is involved. What is the
name of this process?
(a)
osmosis
(b)
sexual reproduction
(c)
diffusion
(d)
asexual reproduction
4. Which one is not a phase of mitosis?
(a)
prophase
(b)
centrophase
(c)
metaphase
(d)
anaphase
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Copy each of the following statements into a notebook. Fill in the blanks with a term from the
box below that correctly completes the sentence.
benign; daughter cells; plant cells;
malignant; mutation; cancer cells
5. ___________ divide more rapidly than normal cells.
6. Only _____________ have chloroplasts.
7. In the cytokinesis phase, the cytoplasm divides and two
identical ______________ are produced.
8. Uncontrolled cell growth may create a mass of cells that form a
lump or tumour. Tumours may be ___________ or ____________.
9. _____________ refers to random changes in a cell’s DNA.
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ
SHORT ANSWER
10. In your notebook, write which
of the three stages of the cell
cycle correspond to the letters
in the diagram. Then describe
what occurs during each of
the stages.
B
C
A
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ ANSWERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Cells must perform certain basic activities to stay alive. Those activities are
performed by
(a) bacterium
(b) organelles
(c) eukaryotes
(d) diffusion
2. Why do cells divide?
(a) so that they can reproduce
(b) so that they can grow
(c) so that they can repair damage
(d) all of the above
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ ANSWERS
3. When single-cell organisms divide, only one parent is involved. What is the name of
this process?
(a) osmosis
(b) sexual reproduction
(c) diffusion
(d) asexual reproduction
4. Which one is not a phase of mitosis?
(a) prophase
(b) centrophase
(c) metaphase
(d) anaphase
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ ANSWERS
FILL IN THE BLANKS
5. Cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal cells.
6. Only plant cells have chloroplasts.
7. In the cytokinesis phase, the cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are
produced.
8. Uncontrolled cell growth may create a mass of cells that form a lump or tumour.
Tumours may be benign or malignant.
9. Mutation is a term that refers to random changes in a cell’s DNA.
2
CHAPTER
QUIZ ANSWERS
SHORT ANSWER
10.
(a) Interphase is the stage when the cell carries out all life activities except division.
(b) Mitosis is the stage when the contents of the nucleus divides.
(c) Cytokinesis is the stage when the remainder of the cell—the cytoplasm,
organelles, and cell membrane—divides.