Surveys for Odonates at high-elevation wetlands
Colville National Forest
Northeast Washington
Summer 2009
ISSSP Project
Chris Loggers, West Zone Wildlife Biologist
Rick A. Moore, Ph.D, Contractor
SUMMARY
The purpose of the project was to document odonates that occupy high-elevation
wetlands on the Colville National Forest in northeastern Washington. Of more than 40
high-elevation wetlands identified, we selected 5 sites (1 site consists of 2 wetlands:
Davis and Little Davis lakes) to survey in 2009. We surveyed each site 3 times: early,
mid- and late summer/early autumn during warm, sunny weather and during periods of
the day that covered flight times of various odonates. We captured 32 different species
overall and at each site photographed the first specimen of each species captured. We
retained vouchers of the 3 county records documented and sent these to Dennis Paulson.
The July capture of Coenagrion interrogatum and September captures of Somatochlora
minor, Aeshna sitchensis and A. subarctica extended the known flight dates for these
species in Washington. For Aeshna species, we measured the length of the first five
males captured at a site to begin building a database of local body lengths.
INTRODUCTION
In northeastern Washington (NEWA), surveys for invertebrates, even the charismatic
lepids and odonates, have been ad hoc in nature. Though Cannings (2002) and Paulson
(1999) list species that probably occur in NEWA, no systematic surveys have been
conducted to document distribution, either by extent or elevation.
Since 2005, the Colville National Forest (CNF) has coordinated limited surveys for
odonates at various sites on public land in NEWA. Most sites were located at low or mid
elevations. The CNF has also maintained records of miscellaneous odonate sightings.
These surveys and sightings have resulted in the documentation of 10 county records
(first captures in a specific county) and records that have expanded the flight times of
several species (D. Paulson, pers. comm.).
The Update of the Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species Lists and Transmittal of
Strategic Species List (USDA Forest Service 2008) listed 3 odonates as “strategic
species”:
1. Aeshna subarctica: 3 locations in WA, 2 on the CNF and 1 in Chelan Co.;
2. Coenagrion interrogatum: 2 location in WA, both on the CNF; and
3. Leucorrhinia borealis: 1 location in WA, near the Okanogan NF.
The next List will include Somatochlora whitehousei and Somatochlora franklini, which
in Washington have only been recorded at one location, on the CNF (C. Hughes, pers.
comm.). All of the above species are considered boreal obligates, their distribution being
either holarctic (Aeshna subarctica) or restricted to North America (the others). This
boreal environment dips into Washington in two locations: the NE part of the state (the
area covered by the CNF) and the central part of the state (the Okanogan Highlands).
METHODS
We used the National Wetlands Database GIS and the CNF digital elevation GIS
coverages to identify about 40 high-elevation (above 3,500 feet) wetlands. We used the
NAIP digital orthophoto and the existing roads coverages to identify 5 wetland areas
greater than 5 acres in size (Table 1, Appendix 2 for maps) that could relatively easily be
accessed by road.
Table 1. Wetlands surveyed, locations, elevations, wetland sizes, and dates surveyed.
BM = Bunchgrass Meadows
HP = Hall Ponds
DCBP = Deadman Ck Beaver Ponds
DL = Davis Lake
GM = Granite Meadows
LDL = Little Davis Lake
WGS 84, UTM Zone 11N
Location
BM
DCBP
GM
HP
DL
LDL
Lat (N)
Long (W)
T
R
Sec
County
Elev. (ft)
48° 41.871
48° 39.571
48° 37.099
48° 31.646
48° 44.399
48° 44.487
-117° 10.440
-118° 26.156
-117° 28.713
-118° 32.552
-118° 13.773
-118° 13.244
37
37
36
35
37
38
44
35
42
34
36
36
23&24
31
14
16
3
34
Pend Oreille
Ferry
Pend Oreille
Ferry
Ferry
Ferry
4950
4955
4400
4690
4520
4255
Location
Bunchgrass Meadows
Deadman Ck Beaver Ponds
Granite Meadows
Hall Ponds
Davis Lake
Little Davis Lake
30-Jun
4-Jul
9-Jun
5-Jul
3-Jul
DNS
Acres
Open
Wetland
Water
208
5
5
1
36
6
8
5
4
15
5
2
Dates surveyed
3-Aug
31-Aug
9-Aug
9-Sep
6-Aug
2-Sep
2-Aug
1-Sep
5-Aug
11-Sep
5-Aug
11-Sep
Odonates flight periods vary by species and we scheduled surveys to occur 3 times during
the summer: early summer period between mid-June and mid-July, mid-summer period
between mid-July and mid-August, and late summer/early autumn period after midAugust but before frosts after mid-September.
Between 1 and 4 people surveyed each wetland area on warm, sunny days to maximize
flying odonates. Surveyors walked the entire wetland and associated dry, open uplands,
if present. Each time an odonate was caught it was identified or placed in a live container
for identification later that day. If the lead surveyor was uncertain of the identification,
he would voucher the specimen. The first time a species was captured at a site, we
photographed it to establish a photo database. Specimens identified as county records
were vouchered. The overall length of the first 5 of each Aeshna species at a site was
measured to develop a database. All vouchered specimens were sent to D. Paulson for
identification and permanent housing.
2
Table 2. Results of odonate surveys, by survey period and wetland, on the Colville National Forest, Summer 2009.
Survey periods: 1 = early summer, 2 = mid-summer, 3 = late summer.
Location
Scientific name
Bunchgrass
Meadows
Deadman Creek
Beaver Ponds
Granite
Meadows
2-3
2
2-3
3
2-3
1
1-2
1-2
1
1
3
3
3
2-3
2-3
2-3
3 (county record)
2-3
2-3
3
2-3
3
2-3
Lestes congener
Lestes disjunctus
Lestes dryas
Lestes forcipatus
Coenagrion interrogatum
Coenagrion resolutum
Enallagma annexum/cyathigerum*
Enallagma boreale
Aeshna canadensis
Aeshna eremita
Aeshna interrupta
Aeshna juncea
Aeshna palmata
Common Name
Spotted Spreadwing
Common Spreadwing
Emerald Spreadwing
Sweetflag Spreadwing
Subarctic Bluet
Taiga Bluet
Northern Bluet
Boreal Bluet
Canada Darner
Lake Darner
Variable Darner
Sedge Darner
Paddle-tailed Darner
Aeshna sitchensis
Zigzag Darner
3
2-3
Aeshna subartica
Aeshna tuberculifera
Aeshna umbrosa
Cordulia shurtleffii
Epitheca spinigera
Somatoclora minor
Somatoclora semicircularis
Ladonna julia
Leucorrhinia glacialis
Leucorrhinia hudsonica
Leucorrhinia intacta
Leucorrhinia proxima
Libellua quadrimaculata
Sympetrum costiferum
Sympetrum danae
Sympetrum obtrusum
Sympetrum pallipes
Sympetrum semicinctum/occidentale
Subarctic Darner
Black-tipped Darner
Shadow Darner
American Emerald
Spiny Baskettail
Ocellated Emerald
Mountain Emerald
Chalk-fronted Corporal
Crimson-ringed Whiteface
Hudsonian Whiteface
Dot-tailed Whiteface
Red-waisted Whiteface
Four-spotted Skimmer
Saffron-winged Meadowhawk
Black Meadowhawk
White-faced Meadowhawk
Striped Meadowhawk
Western Meadowhawk
3
3
2-3
3
1
3
3 (county record)
Hall Ponds
3
2-3
13
3
1
2-3
2-3
2-3
3
Little Davis
Lake
Davis Lake
3
2
2
2
2
2-3
2-3
2-3
1
1
1-2-3
2-3
2-3
2
2-3
2-3
3 (county
record)
2-3
3
3
2
1
2
2
1-2
3
1
1
2-3
2-3
1
1-2-3
1-2
1
1-2-3
1
1
1
1
1-2
3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2-3
2
3
2-3
3
3
1-2
1-2
3
* Enallagma annexum/cyathigerum might be E. boreale.
3
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
We captured and identified 32 different species of odonates (Table 2). Early season
proved the least productive at the high elevation areas (Table 3), though anecdotal
observations from lower elevation wetlands indicate that many more species fly earlier at
lower elevations than at higher ones.
Table 3. Number of species captured, by location and capture session.
Location
Total # species
Bunchgrass
Meadows
Early summer
Mid summer
Late summer
4
9
12
Deadman
Creek Beaver
Ponds
6
7
9
Granite
Meadows
Hall
Ponds
Little Davis
Lake
Davis
Lake
7
10
14
9
6
11
Not surveyed
11
10
7
11
8
We captured Aeshna subarctica (pictures in Appendix 1) at 2 new locations (3 know in
WA previously) and doubled the number of vouchered specimens from WA. We
captured 3 new county records, Aeshna juncea, A. sitchensis, and A. umbrosa. All
voucher specimens were sent to D. Paulson. We captured Coenagrion interrogatum from
1 of 2 wetlands from which it is known in WA.
We measured overall length of Aeshna males at each site, up to the first 5/site, each
survey period and compared these with average lengths of Aeshna species in BC
(Cannings 2002) and values for WA (Paulson 1999) (Table 4). The mean lengths of
Aeshna species in NEWA tended towards averages from Canada than those from the
remainder of WA. All measurements were supplied to D. Paulson.
Table 4. Mean values of Aeshna males captured in NEWA compared with those in the
remainder of WA and in BC.
WA (mm)
A. canadensis
A. eremita
A. interrupta
A. juncea
A .palmata
A .sitchensis
A .subarctica
A. tuberculifera
A. umbrosa
BC (mm)
Low
High
Low
High
62
69
60
60
65
56
NA*
65
62
68
77
66
66
71
62
NA
71
68
65
71
67
63
68
56
65
69
67
71
79
74
69
76
62
71
77
74
N
9
5
10
4
9
3
5
3
4
NEWA compared with
remainder of WA
#
#
# w/in
above
below
+/- 5%
+5%
-5%
0
1
8
0
2
3
0
4
6
0
0
4
0
9
0
0
2
1
NA
NA
NA
0
0
3
0
0
4
NEWA compared with
BC
#
#
# w/in
above
below
+/- 5%
+5%
-5%
1
-5%
0
1
4
0
3
7
0
0
4
0
0
9
0
0
3
0
0
4
1
0
3
0
0
4
0
* insufficient number of A. subarctica specimens captured in WA to provide mean.
4
Adults of different species emerge for different flight periods, though we caution against
using the flight periods to predict species occurrence yet because of the low number of
specimens captured or low number of sites at which they were captured (Table 4).
Table 4. Number of sites at which species were captured, by season.
Scientific name
Common Name
# sites
Early season
Subarctic Bluet
1
Coenagrion interrogatum
American Emerald
2
Cordulia shurtleffii
Spiny Baskettail
1
Epitheca spinigera
Crimson-ringed Whiteface
1
Leucorrhinia glacialis
Dot-tailed Whiteface
1
Leucorrhinia intacta
Early and Mid season
Taiga Bluet
4
Coenagrion resolutum
Chalk-fronted Corporal
3
Ladonna julia
Hudsonian Whiteface
5
Leucorrhinia hudsonica
Red-waisted Whiteface
3
Leucorrhinia proxima
Four-spotted Skimmer
6
Libellua quadrimaculata
Mid season
Boreal Bluet
2
Enallagma boreale
Mid and Late season
Common Spreadwing
6
Lestes disjunctus
Canada Darner
6
Aeshna canadensis
Lake Darner
3
Aeshna eremita
Variable Darner
6
Aeshna interrupta
Sedge Darner
3
Aeshna juncea
Paddle-tailed Darner
6
Aeshna palmata
Zigzag Darner
3
Aeshna sitchensis
Subarctic Darner
4
Aeshna subartica
Black-tipped Darner
2
Aeshna tuberculifera
Ocellated Emerald
1
Somatoclora minor
Black Meadowhawk
4
Sympetrum danae
White-faced Meadowhawk
3
Sympetrum obtrusum
Late season
Spotted Spreadwing
3
Lestes congener
Sweetflag Spreadwing
1
Lestes forcipatus
Shadow Darner
5
Aeshna umbrosa
Saffron-winged Meadowhawk
1
Sympetrum costiferum
Striped Meadowhawk
1
Sympetrum pallipes
Sympetrum semicinctum/
Western Meadowhawk
1
occidentale
All seasons
Emerald Spreadwing
3
Lestes dryas
Enallagma annexum/
Northern Bluet
4
cyathigerum
Mountain Emerald
6
Somatoclora semicircularis
5
The following captures extended the know flight periods for these species in WA:
Species
Coenagrion interrogatum
Aeshna sitchensis
A. subarctica
Somatochlora minor
Date
July 3
September 11
September 11
August 31
Location
Davis Lake
Davis and Little Davis Lakes
Davis and Little Davis Lakes
Bunchgrass Meadows
Records for all species have been supplied to D. Paulson and have been placed in a
spreadsheet and will be entered into FAUNA this winter. County records verified by D.
Paulson have been uploaded to OdonataCentral (http://www.odonatacentral.org/)
Over the next several decades, climate change will affect conditions at wetlands across
the globe, and those at higher elevations and latitudes will probably experience the
greatest changes. This project is one of many that documents a snapshot in time and
provides a baseline against which future work can be compared.
LITERATURE CITED
Cannings, Robert A. 2002. Introducing the Dragonflies of British Columbia and the
Yukon. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC. 96 pp.
Paulson, Dennis. 1999. Dragonflies of Washington. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle,
WA. 32 pp.
USDA Forest Service. 2008. Update of the Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species Lists
and Transmittal of Strategic Species List. Letter from Regional Forester Linda Goodman
to Forest Supervisors, January 31, 2008. 2 pages plus 2 enclosures.
6
Appendix 1. Aeshna subarctica (Subarctic darner), 2009.
7
Appendix 2. Site maps and photos.
Bunchgrass Meadows: 213 acres, 5 open water and 208 wet fen. Largest high-elevation
wetland on the Colville National Forest. Several species of odonates that are rare in
Washington or the lower 48 states have been recorded from this wetland. Two peripheral
wetlands of nearly 40 acres to west of main wetlands were not sampled. 17 species
recorded.
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Bunchgrass Meadows. Photo 1 by Tom Munson, Photo 2 by Rick Moore.
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Hall Ponds. Photo by Rick Moore
11
Davis Lake: 19 acres, 15 open water and 4 floating sphagnum bog. Two species of
odonates were first recorded in WA at this site. 2009 county record of Aeshna sitchensis
caught. 17 species recorded.
Little Davis Lake: 7 acres, 2 open water and 5 wetland/upland. Beaver-created. Grassy
upland increases diversity of Sympetrum compared to nearby Davis Lake. 16 species
recorded.
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36
T370NR360ES27
d
am e
ed
Un n
nam
65
95
0
36
T370NR360ES24
Unnamed
T370NR360ES22
Unnam
nam
d
me
na
Un
Un
Deadman Creek
054
C470
T370NR370ES29
12
Davis Lake. Photo by Rick Moore
13
Deadman Beaver Ponds: 6 acres, 1 open water and 5 wet meadow. Beaver-created.
Highest-elevation wetland sampled in 2009. 2009 county records of Aeshna umbrosa
and A. juncea caught. Lowest diversity of odonates in 2009: 14 species recorded.
Un
Un
nam
me
na
ed
T370NR340ES25
T370NR340ES26
T370NR350ES29
T370NR350ES30
d
m ed
Unna
m
Ca
Deadman Beaver Ponds
p
Wapaloosie Mtn
Cr
k
ee
060
0
70
U nn
T370NR350ES31
T370NR340ES36
T370NR340ES35
d
am e
U
9565
T370NR350ES32
nn
k
re e
ed
nC
am
De
a
adm
Unn
d
am e
Un
Albian Hill
ed
T360NR350ES03
Un
T360NR350ES04
T360NR350ES05
T360NR350ES06
nam
d
na
m
2030
051
ed
McG
S h er m
an C
k
C re e
ree k
ahe e
T360NR350ES10
T360NR350ES09
ed
466
T360NR350ES08
No r t h
T360NR350ES07
F ork
055
464
0
47
Unnam
20
AW
453
P
O
480
20
Sh
45
2
T360NR350ES16
5
42
T360NR350ES15
am
ed
T360NR350ES17
k
re e
nC
5
47
0
202
nn
T360NR350ES18
a
e rm
U
Un
me
na
14
Deadman Beaver Ponds. Photo by Rick Moore
15
Granite Meadows: 42 acres, 6 open water and 36 wet meadow and dry uplands. Beavercreated. Greatest diversity of Aeshna species (9). 20 species recorded.
50
5
350
am e
d
20
O
P
0
52
513
Unn
Unnamed
6
50
20
AW
Lake Leo T360NR420ES03
T360NR420ES01
T360NR420ES02
T360NR420ES04
d
na
me
Un
Un
d
me
na
na
m
ed
Un
U
nn
am
ed
ed
Unnam ed
Unnam
7
98
C4
T360NR420ES11
T360NR420ES10
T360NR420ES09
010
Unnamed
27
12
Unnamed
nam
Un
03
0
Granite Meadows
ed
Unn
d
am e
d
am e
am ed
T360NR420ES25
Unn
T360NR420ES26
Unn
Unnam ed
040
214
Unnam ed
nam
ed
Un
nam
d
am e
Un
Unn
ed
am e
d
Unnam
T360NR420ES27
m ed
U nn a
South Fork Lost Cre ek
am e
d
T360NR420ES24
T360NR420ES23
Unnamed
Unnam ed
d
am e
U nn
ed
Unnamed
Unnam ed
d
am e
Unn
na
me
d
ed
ed
T360NR420ES22
Unn
nam
Unnam
Unn
U
am
nn
T360NR420ES21
Un
ed
T360NR420ES14
020
033
T360NR420ES28
am
ed
m ed
Unna
am ed
nn
T360NR420ES13
Un
T360NR420ES15
T360NR420ES16
Un n
d
me
na
U
Unnam ed
Unnamed
Un n
am e
d
Unnam ed
Unnam ed
Un
Gillette Creek
ed
nam
Un
T360NR420ES12
16
Granite Meadows. Photo by Rick Moore
17