Germantown - A proposal for a New
Corridor City
by
Stanley Leonard Anderson
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
June 1967
awrence B. Anderson
Dean, School of Architecture and Planninq
of Technology
-.,,ssachusetts Institute
Carbridge, Massachusetts
Dear Dean Anderson:
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
-n partial
of Master of Architecture I hereby submit a thesis entitled
Proposal for a New Corridor City."
"ermantown-A
~7espectfully,
itanley Leonard Anderson
June, 1967
TABLE
OF CONTPNTS
ACKNO"LFD GIE3TNTS
4
ABSTR ACT
BA CKQUND
PR
6
JE"CTIONS
PIROITOSAT
BI BLIOGR APH
9
Y3
2
I wish
to, o;<ress
hfis helpf l
of
this
my
criticism
project.
precation
to
Jan
and enpouragement
Lultbi.cz-Nyc7
in
the
for
com>letion
I.
ABSTRACT
Germa ntown-A Proposal ,for a
oe
Corridor City
Stanley Leon%rd Anderson
Submitted to the Department of
1967 in
partial
to develop
is
a corridor city as pro osed in
area*
Year
"M'edges
and Corridors"
intended
for an eventual
Jan
D.C.
metropolitan
to trovide the necessary
population of 100,000
2000.
Thesis Supervisor:
Capital
1964 to serve the
aopulation of the Washington,
The city is
facilities
the
a prototype for
adapted by the Maryland-Nationa
Park and Planning Commission in
burgeoning
for the
Architecture.
The object of this thesis
Plan,
on June 19,
fulfillment of the requirements
degree of Master of
General
Architecture
Lubicz~-Nycz
by the
II.
BACKGROUND
Location
which has beon
selected for this prood
near the present
t own of Germantown in
The site
city
is
Countby,
Maryland,
at the intersection
It
is
of Maryland
Branch of the Baltimore and
Route 118 and the Metropolitan
Ohio Railroad.
5 miles north;west of down-
located about
D.C.
town Tashington,
MontCmery
also some 33 miles to Baltimore,
miles to Frederick and 9 miles to, Rockille,
18
the County Seat.
Popul ation
Montgom ery County is
aresa in
it
the United States.
experienced
1940 on,
one of the fastest
a growth
In
grow ing suburba'n
the years;
from 1910-1960
rate of over 1000 percent,
and from
the population has. doubled cver y ten years.
population
The
1960 stood at 340,928 peons,
in
Present Land Ua
The present villa
go of Ge rmantow-n
consists of a smali
centration of both old and now dwellings
a general store,
ities
such as:
mill,
and an elementary school.
lished communities in
some
miles
to
the north
of Middl ebrook
at
on Route
nursing home,
area
grain
are Midd lebrook,
intersection
the
Road;
us other facil
Other smal , well estab-
the planning
Route 355 and Middlebrook
r'h
bank,
con~
and Neelaville,
353.
of Mar
land
about one
-
Employment
quarters
centers of importancc
of the Atomic Energy Commission
southwest quadrant
and
are the Nationaload~
of the Routo IS
Interciange with 70S
the Fairchild Hiller ,industrial
undo
construct.ion,
Except
occasCi
for
the land in
research
to the north across Rou t
commercial
the planning area
agricultural,
Seneca Reional
iying
now
118.
of
idle or used for
or State Park purposes.
ark lies
planning area and the Great
cnter,
the remainder
uscs,
private recreational
The Little
located at the
directly north of te
Seneca State .ark
lies
directly
to the south.
Natural Features
The Germrantow-n planning area lies
within the
'iedmont
a region extending from the Hudson Rive;r to
Alabama.
It
is
graphy which,
characterized
in
t he
area,
Soil
in
are prevalent
Fast Central
to billy
rannges in
sea level.
topo-
elevation
, Rock outcro-ings
and a number of minor drainage
channels
cross
many of which contain s, ring fed streams.
the area are c'eysasidered
good for farming.
g
but are
a rolling
the planning area,
from 300 to 500 feet above
are evident
by
Jateau
sed for all
These
co'
o ils
to be
arg not hig.hly productive
n cros
throughout the
moodertely
d
aning
an
for
area.
aSure.
oods
Germantown
cemperature seld
at, Rockville,
is
wi.th extrem es in
en-joys a f avorable, cli'te
and Average
precipitati.n
June tempnerpature
is
uniformly throughout
annual 4
about
the, year.,
or northwest
is,
largely in
the form of rain,
on occasion.
ai,r currents flowing from the sputhw;est
across the Appalachian Mountains,
Germantpwn area
74,2 degrees.
inches,, distributed
although, heavy snowfala have, been recorded
Normal movement of
relatively free of the air
keeps the
pollution
which affects the, Washingtpn Metropolitan region.
factor,
along with an increase in
mately 400 feet over downtown
plann;ing
kept
averape January temperature
the. Cunty Seat,
3,3.0 de-,grees
'ean
Acc ording to rcordK
oeper ic ned.
area sopewhat
elevation pf approxi-
ashington, D.-.,
cooler in
This
the summer.
keeps the
III. PROJECTIONS
Pou.bation Growth
As, stated
pre
viously
one of the fastest
comin
ment,
the
growing in
pf World War II
the,-roing
s-read
out in
metropolitan
r.n,
un,der
this
country,
and the expagsion of
population, of th,e
all
consider,ntion
Jirections,
By
area had settled in
counties of Nontgomery and
is
Vith the
federal govern-
asjitngton
-960,
area has
55 per
cept of the
the two adjoinng 7aryland
n
orineopges.
4hiule statistics
show that the, rate of prrot4th is,
down,
in
the
and w'll,
arowth
total
nuribrs is
stJil
cpntinue to, be through 1970.
slowing
very substpntial
By 1983,
the
Reaional
Distr,ic,t will be host to a population of about 1,435,000,
and
by the year 2000,
nearly 2,190,000,
Metropolitan
All
the
Area population of approximately 2,400,000;
)lace in
the future will not be expccted
the corridor cities,
cent of the grow;th in
however.
the next 20 years uill
About 53 per
take place in
the ring of already urbanized land surrounding
Another 40 per cent of
of
Columbia.
in
the corridor cities,
in
the large-lot
and
the District
this growth
Kill occur
-hile perhaps 3 per cent will
1)e
fringe along the edges of the corridors,
th-e remaining 4 per cent will
villages.
reach
almost as much as the present Washington
population growth in
to take
bi-county figure will
be in
rural
or semi-rural
10
In
the period between 1980 and 2000,
located
to a nuch greater extent in
new growth will be
the ned corridor cities,
some of which will begin to ap roach their
tion
ranges of 75,000 to 125,000.
will not develop overnight
the space provided in
not be used to its
maximum popula-
However,
the corridors
and even by the Year 2000 all
the
recommended urban pattern will
fullest
capacity.
Judging from past trends in
the Regional
District,
German-
town will be largely populated by families with incomes well
above the national
education.
av-rage and possessing. a high level of
These characteristics
kinds of dwellings,
will be reflected
community facilities,
the
and leisuretime
activities
which will
There will
also be a need for living accommodations
be needed
in
to serve local
residents.
for s
service employees with low and medium incomes who will be
unable to find a home in
income population.
mined effort
federal
a housing market geared to a hit
For this group there
to augment physical-design
should be a deterproposals with
aid programs.
The re are several in dica tions that th e Germantown area cai
exj)ect to attract
ridor
o
c
city
grrowt"'h
at least its
for it
which draw potential
convenient
share of this projected
nossesses
reside-tial
iany of the
cor-
qualities
development sujch as:
access to highway and rail
f:acilities,
all
utility
11
requIrements
i
readily at hand,
a:lie,
Yntl av
an
deer ves specia l
radial
will
be
as a
Highway
igtonm,
tinl exreway
p'roviding
Furt
part
District
of
ase
n
immed-
throuh
theC city
to
event c al
circumforential
ue
access
orth erly
a maj or
di or* e
ted by th
the majo
facilities
The highway
70,
conneCtion
'ugrme
her
t er 1a:n .
reant
ent1n,
road f rom
recraNt .onal
t
entr.
of
highway
7Ti
Rto
118
around
the
of Columbia.
EmplonaAt Characteristics
The iashington area has consitently
uneployment rntes in
to the unusual
With l'ost
ment
fCr
to
the
rk
il
cent.
to find
Nithen
emloyed
tn it entiC
oiy the
the
mnployed by
au
ui
twe
n
n nt is
em
and d velo- n
su ited to their
that
ipat e
overnment
area
be n
reserarch
nshington as
ca
of
Industvril
'a%s
asse subst antial
,1he lhoest
parti'ally de
bas
orc
government
G per
ThS is
oeonmic
of the
about
firme begin
peronr
Qf
o"af
incr e
o, eration.
of
nature
levels
accounting
e0cted
the country.
one-third
Various
the
had one of
'il
the
number
all. £ to inc ease
during these yenaS.
But
to WIaohington.
are expected
act
ll
Germanton
By
In
(jor enployers
the
the
a;
Year
Geranow
Wi be the
an
mr
2000
a
arei
Rationl.
'A
bedroom
total
of
30,(00
Some
itself.
At
community
2
jobs
Wf
the
n () nrgy CI rs
ion
12
(2500
emprloycos) ,
the Nation at Burerau of
emloye),
7000
is
it
esi
ated
telyr 10,000> no-basic
can e
jobs will
bo carried
jobs
jo
consid
town area, commuting,
commute to
there
that
or service
sumd that
that tho residents
(500-700
ine.
zand
OutSide
ill
in
by immigration
Tr
of
thown
of
will
the
appoi-
t.
out by ponpte outside'
to
the Oernanalso
xected
awinifirn
degree
commnity.
and natural rrowth have
rwt
!n oV f
1965
Pweuaticn
D
ellinge
Jobs
--
~~
15,000
4, 300
5,000
1975
30 000
8, 60
1980
45,000
12, 900
15, 0-0
19
60,000
17,
20 ,00'
1990
75,000
23
1995
87,500
2,000)
a-
1970
5
00
100, o3
00
2,000
r
nde V
been
cover te years cunitl 2000.
Year
It
e 300
I it is
The foIlowI'ng assumptions for th e excted
town
bt
of
nd f rom wor
(5000-
erWloyWes.
eporticn
to
of
Standards
10
0800 0
27,0
30,000
17
IV,
PROPOSAL
Selection of Site
of the proposed new town,
rerained
it
the nucleus of this new develoment
of the various
After evaluatinn
of people,
for the location
critc;ria which were neces-
finally selected
I
of
to be determined.
conc-n-
functioning of sych a, large
sary for the efficient
tration
as the site
area having been selected
Vith t he Germantown
the orea directly
southwest of the present vi 1ge of Germantow;n as my choice
placement.
for its
by Route 118,
This nren,
on the northeast by Clopper Road,,
by Riffle Ford
sotthest
utility
access,
The, area
toad,
and on the
the necessary
fulfilled
and fnc.:lity requirments.
the circumfer-
has direct access from Route 118,
highyay around
ential
bounded ontte northwest
Nashington,
into Route 70S,, a major radia,
at about one mile from the site..
which in,
highay fro
turn feeds
Wa.shipton,
C1opper Road at
'Fresent
runs from Route 118 connectirg to 70" just porth of
Gaithersburg
t%,
th s
major, trunk road.,
for Germantnyi
into
parllpl
thts givin
tyo f
The
a, major :ighway, as well ,as ;expasiLo,
highway, which approxiimates
Ccnmission Reporti-
the area
reliminary Mastpr Plan
env;LeiPns the enlargempnt
present Riffle Ford Road (see
ningf,
eder roads from
of Clopper Road
of
-pother
th,e lo,cations of the
Land Use Plan i:
the Plan-
14
rapid transit
For a link with a newly developed
I assumed
ashington,
right-of-way
from
the use of the existing, B&O Railroad
ashington
Gaithersburg where it
to apoint
just north of
would join the enlarged Clopper Road
to the site.
right-of-way to connect it
Germantown it
route from
From the new
would t-hen follow existing, road networks to
Clarksburg, the proposed site
of
the next corridor
city
development.
This particular site
utilities.
also has direct access
to major
An existing gravity trunk sewer runs immediately
to the south and downhill
from the site
and is
of suf-
ca acity to provide service for the enlarged
ficient
Germantovn.
Electric power is
a
running' through
line
Cower
p anned location.
the wooded
later sup ply is
of a recently installed
Route
also readily availlable from
area
south of the
accomplished by menns
24 inch, line wich runs north along
3S to Route 27 and from there, along Route 118.
Flanking the southern boundarvry of the site which I
chosen is
the Great Sen eca State Park.
accessi)le
tected
from
of its state
facilities
a piont just
artificial
recreational
This provides
space and at the same time is
later encroachment
ownership.
have
easily
pro-
of city growth by the nature
I Propose enhancing the recreational
by damming the spring-fed Great Seneca Creek at
to the south of Riffle Ford Road to provide an
lake.
15
Proga
SPatial
and renvironmental
i
bild
, posibl
which
ig'c
to dterie
satial
to
in
an
aeth
spnce.
th
dntrmin
il
it
of a
requie-
s
Tho)Se
funzcti'rr.
Us
e nvironm enta
ca.lassification
t
ntires
develomont
hips. btVen diff o-rnt
seve
ict
nIronmental
etic and
Sucha
mOre
ci tt <early in
bri
ifof.
ris
inlde dirwhnsional restrictions,
t urai demand,
desirod
chr-t
an
the need
th ings categori7ed
zi:rc
cert
-jvoiumtric,
;ccommodat
can
Requiremente-
ra
and h
nhich
of
to
ls
can b
~og ter of u cionmoe
gi gthem
clafitions
qulities
o
en
l
th
proossd
fo rmul
ae
eficil
o fcien
below cove r
Ait
baoic
the
n,
r
tion-
in
tl,:
The.
reqirement
which c mot uses dema nd.
Sze-Volume
A
TLow
wco--floar
to
DepVh not more thn
Access
to Anat,,ral
ceiljng
30
10
from
ligfhti, aIir,
external
;ll
and vie
*mal live, loads
fpace
highly
frarionted
T ypcal Usoea
Dwellin g
Hospital
or nursing
Waord
oxtVrnally
and
internally
16
Sonce-VolumenB
Characteri stics
te
Fo
C
2
-iin
Depth 30'4O' fin ex tcrio r
wa
evironme-ntal
Hih ereer o f
IuM . a;Ir n s t ruct,
control
yste
a
Tigh degree of partitional
(3s*xt0*)
flexi1ity
Ue
Ty icn
Junior Nigh Scoo
le
Col
Technica I Intitute
Library
Spaco-VoIlume C
Charact ristice
lo
o r
t
2-
eln
pthod~ istance:
- tur
g
ora
Lexteal
-nd air nt 4
liht
gh Degree
Tyrl
ses
Iffices
l
ie
contro-
(30uc0t)
4u
Mediu m. sran structurl,
evy liv
s
mandntory
enviroeta
odgree
wa
load
of
flexibility
fe
'r
rrnem'
t
17
Resoarch
abhor atories
Cormercial:
Suprmarket
Departmsent Store
Shons$
Restaurants an
cluba
Spa<CVoltme Dt
Characte-ristics
ih
sr, ace floor
SOmei patural
to ceiling,,
light
h, h degrreo of
than
30'
dpsirable
e sa, m-Pe thn
id
more.
60,'
heavyloads
enviromentat
con-rol
Typ ifcal Uses
T7Hll
City
Art Gallery
Gymnasium
r orship
Place
rSace-Volume
D
Char act er itics
Hi. gh s-pace,
to conta
ith
i"j-de sipan,
Ntural
floor to ceiling
more
extt aal
tha
light and
High degree
more
stface
60',
"envy
than 35'
r e (ire
live
air not desirable
of environmental
control
loads
Typical Uses
Auditorium
Theater
Cin em a
Bowling Alley
Space-Volume F
Characteristics
High space floor to ceiling,
Access
to natural
light
20'
and air
not need ed
Wide span 60'x60'
Heavy live loads
Some environmental
control
Typical Uses
Industry
Warehouse
Mechanical Plants
Parking
(floor to ceiling 8')
Bus Terminal
Space-Volume G
Characteristics
Open spaces exposed to elements
Manipulation
with grade
Uxposed horizontal
surfaces of structures
19
Typical Uses
Parks
Gardens
atios
Roads
Piazzas
The above classification
to it.
It
ization
of use-space
In
is
does not imply rigid adherence
only meant to serve
as a guide in
relationships.
addition to the above considerations
other factors which
sion,
fire
ability
there
are many
-ust be solved satisfactorily
for the city to operate efficiently.
requirements
the organ-
in
order
These functional
include servicing,
circulation,
and police protection,
ease of expan-
maintenance,
and adapt-
to changing civic, needs.
uantitative
Requirements--
For the initial
stage of development we have
set the, target
date of 1975 as our goal and therefore need accommodations
and facilities
for approximately
ing quantitative
The follow-
program for ten years hence cnn give som.e
indication of the requni rements
it
30,000 people.
becomes increasingly difficult
for further
development,
but
to fo,resee what unantici-
pated problems will be, encountered and they. "ust therpfore
re ma.in
t erely educated
guesses.
0
Hlousi n,
(A)
volume tric
Efficiency
UnAts
reguirement
,i2e
500
-sq.
ft.
300,000
1 BR
750
18%
1550
1,160,000
2 BR
900
25%
2150
1,935,000
3 BR
1100
25%
Q150
2, 580,000
4 BR
12 50
15%
1300
1, 525,000
1450
10%
5 BR pTus
Total sq.
Elementary
Jr.
per cent
no
7%
600,
ft.
for hou sin
(1)
Schools (4)
High Schools
()
Senior. High Schools
8 850,000
72,1 0000
-(B)
146,000
(3)
150,000
()
150,000"
Museum and Art Gallery
Library
1,230 000
176,000
(B)
Technical Institute
Regional College
850
(D)
20,000
(n)
20,000
Auditorium
(B)
40,000
Theater
(B)
Cine
(3)
as
25000
(
10,000
Places of Worship
(12)
Multi-
Slls (5)
urpose
(D)
240,000
(D)
100,000
G1ymnasiums
(3)
(D)
4 5 ,000
Covored
Swimmning 'Pools
Bo wl in
Al ey
( 2)
(D)
20,000
( )
10,000
Mlotel-Hotel
Resltaurants
Cafes,
(500
rooms)
(C)
Night Clubs
(A)
2-00,020
4C" ,0(0
(C)
"0,0-
Local
Shops
250,000
(f)
(A)
Shops
Reional1
1,000 ,000
City Hall-Administration
Police
Station
120, 000
Stations
Post Office
20,0 0
(B)
24,000
(A)
750,000
(C)
Spa,ce
(C)
and Labs
Reseach
Tctal
Structures
sq.
150, 000
(F)
7arehpusing
Light Industrial and
Parking
30,000
(F)
(2)
Medical Cepters
Of fi ce
05C)eo
(&)
'(A)
ospit-al
Fire
Jail
-
50,000
(D)
S$00,000
(C)
6,000,000
ft.
19,63S3,000
Facilities
Additional
Stadi- m
Ut ili
ties
Trnnsportation Facilities
Pr,s an
total
0
n
of al"ost 20,OO,000 sqta,re feet ius,t then be
provided
i
ex ect ed
'opulastion.
the next ten years
hin
greater priority
note bly
"pace
housing,
transportation
to
Obvius ly Sorm
rovide
for the
structures have a
than others in
the construction scheduling,
schools,
shops,
facilities.
basic
and
rudimentary
Architectural
Proposal
The form which my proposal for Germantown
around a linear service spine which runs
a city organi-d
parallel
to, and at
a distance
southeast of Route 118.
sections of
of
.
about one mile to the
This spine is
segment-d into
mile in
apprroximately one-quarter
are connected
at nodal points.
length which
These points become the
major organinational centers for the scheme for it
these nodes, that cianges in
that future
that of
takes is
growth
mode,
is
from
speed, and level occur,
ould spring from,
between the housing and commercial
and that connection
portions of the city
occurs.
The main service spine contains all the rajor functi'ns,
other than housing,
facilities
along with the parking and heavy delivery
necessary for their operation.
The spine is
b
bounded on either side by the one-way highways which serve
to connect the city
The pron
to the
housin rseis
dential forms
regional road network.
accommodated in
from high-rise
aoartments
variety of resithrough terraced
row housing and semi-detached dwellings.
areas run perendicular
g-reater
to the rain sp inc
deg~pree of, segmental
gro-wth'
.
These residential
to provide
r
Veli-cular access is
from the main nodal points under the high-rise
se condary roads feed the parking
extensions from
ch
supplied
Ped strian
nccess
from the housing to the central
s provided by a ntvork
hirh-ris-
"stems"
of wa-lkays
contain
and primary one,
facilnities,
offices
an
or
the main spine,
The upper level, is
"streets"
pedestrian movembnt
of
rea
space are
cremen to, mainI y dte
commorcial
arcs,
in creases in
segments
This
core i±
118 to fulfill
rmined by
which is,
nopulation,
as demanded
intended
is
level.
by its
the nods of
to
heavy service
a ,ro
the housing
1here needs for
m
arking structures.
dsigned
to ex and
in
designed to groi
much more flexible
is
reinforced
connect minor nodal
The ho usinr,
dito,
levators
a,lso dire cty
.n the s- ine is
designe d to take a difforent for
the commerial
smnal
the housing branches.
oints and operate on the second activity
additional
cu'ltural
stops and by:
by a system of moving sidemwaIks which
than in
the
The two levels are connected
from the rap'id transit
Coonncotd to the interior
Exnansion is
small shops
larper offices while the upper serves
from the parking, garages.
Horizontal
containing
serving the major stores,
and speciality shops.
by escalators
The
-around ase.
two main activity leve1ls
There are
lover,
"street,
for yerr
ane arcades.
both an op en nrcade for summer
strolling; and an interior
and offices,
sore
in
row in,
The
a ccpm'modatjain
larrer
rveJireents.
linearly parnlleo
ing city.
t
Route
204
As the spine gros
each segment of
which requires no further development for its
T
functioning.
can operate in
pop u lation
(I
the same manner
as for
phase
not intended
ce but
to
r: ther,
Then
for the initial
the comoleted
feeding
be one wic
as it
the
point is
added,
and the utit
is
form which I
feel
for pssible
in
Route
alternate
the drawin&s
the
mu
ich
city.
70S was
photo graphs which follow.
core to
segment.
the transporgrowth
conception of the
take.
The first
included a study of
The
segnient of the develop-
then chosen
solutions
and then
can grow
a new sgment.
such a development miit
the uses anticinated
to
com pl ein
ready for further
show the preliminary model
closest
co mercal
The truck
completes the total
The following photographs illustrate
fir
an optimum
does from the nodal point,
through the development of
St
for this city
flexible enough to continue
thus alloing
the next nodal
ment
of 1000,000.
cit-
reaches
at a gradual pace until it
tatio'n network,
t e
30,000
with reservations
one which is
small increments
expand
t
and highway system
bey ond the projected population figures.)
ro
service,
in
hus the rapid transit
use the word''completed'
form is
si
continues to
and service
unit of transportation
be a self-contained
facilities
expansion
to be investigated
and the results of thi s,
the model , are shown in
the
SELECTED BIBLIOCIZAPHTY
Alexander, Christopher,
May 1965.
"A City Is
Not a Tree",
Forum,
Ap p leyard, Donald, Kevin Lynch and John R. Myer,
from the Road, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1964.
Crosby, Theo, Architecture: City Sense,
London and Reinho1d, 1965.
Cullen,
Gordon,
Townscape,
London,
N.
Y.,
The View
Studio Vista
Architectural Press,
1961.
Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities,
N.Y., Vintage Books, 1961.
London County Council, The Design of a New Town: Hook,
London.
,
ftheC
Lynch, Kevin, The Im
Harvard University Press, 1960.
Cambridge, MIT and
Maryl and--National Capital Parlk and lanning Commission,
lan for Germantown, April 1966.
Preliminary Master
_The Urban TransporJ.R., J.F. Kain, and M. "ohl,
tation Problem, Harvard University Press, 1965.
Meyer,
Nairn,
Ian,
The American
Landscape,
N.Y.,
Random
Touse,
1965.
National Capital Planning Commission, A Policies Plan for
the Year 2000, The Nation's Capital, National Capita
Regional 1Planning Council, 1961.
Ritter,
Paul,
Company,
Planning for Man
N.Y., 1964,
and Motor, The MacMillan
Rudofsky, Bernard, Architecture Without
Museum of Modern Art, 1964.
Architects,
N.Y.,
Sutphin, Niles, Tie Visual Analysis of Nei
Town Design,
unpublished city planning thesis, MIT, September 1965.
1ingo, Lowdon, Jr., editor, Cities and Space--The T uture
Use of Urban Land, The Johns Hopkins "ress, Baltimore,
1963.
Oro'S
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