Particles 2008 Particle Synthesis, Characterization, and Particle-Based Advanced Materials 10-13 May 2008 Wyndham Resort Hotel, Orlando, Florida Courtesy Hans-Gerd Boyen (left) Courtesy David Pine and (right) adapted from Invitrogen QDot Art 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sponsors 4 Corporate Sponso 5 International Organizing Committee 6 Exhibitors 7 General Program Schedule 12 Maps of Meeting Spaces 14 Technical Program – Oral Sessions 15 Technical Program – Poster Sessions 31 Abstracts of Oral Program 37 Abstracts of Poster Program 231 Author/Speaker/Presenter Index 305 Preregistered Conferee List 311 Upcoming Meetings 351 Notes 353 3 Sponsors Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society Particles Conference 4 Corporate Sponsor 5 International Organizing Committee L. Abrams (USA) P. Alivasatos (USA) R. Aveyard (UK) V. Babak (Russia) J. Brinker (USA) B. Cabane (France) A. Couzis (USA) S.S. Feng (Singapore) M. El-Sayed (USA) N. Garti (Israel) K. Johnston (USA) E.W. Kaler (USA) H. Kawaguchi (Japan) J. H. Kim (Korea) H.S. (Frank) Koo (Taiwan) S. Magdassi (Israel) S. Margel (Israel) B. Moudgil (USA) P. Mulvaney (Australia) M.C. Roco (USA) J.-L. Salager (Venezuela) J. Sjöblom (Norway) S. Simoes (Portugal) P. T. Spicer (USA) S. Svenson (USA) J. Texter (USA), General Chair N. Vail (USA) R. Ziolo (USA) 6 Exhibitors Agilent Technologies 900 South Taft Avenue Loveland, CO 80537 970 679 3128 Fax: 970 679 5783 http://www.agilent.com/chem/particles/ Beckman Coulter 11800 SW 147th Avenue Miami, FL 33196 305 380 3907 Fax: 305 883 6877 http://beckmancoulter.com Brookhaven Instruments Corporation 750 Blue Point Road Holtsville, NY 11742 631 758 3200, x 101 Fax: 631 758 3255 http://bic.com Bühler AG Gupfenstrasse 5 9240 Uzwil SWITZERLAND +41 71 955 26 27 Fax: +41 71 955 38 73 http://buhlergroup.com 7 Exhibitors (continued) CPS Instruments, Inc. 311 Society Place Newtown, PA 18940 215 860 4540 Fax: 215 860 4543 http://cpsinstruments.com CytoViva, Inc. 300 North Dean Road PMB 157 – Suite 5 Auburn, AL 36830 334 737 3133 Fax: 334 749 2627 http://www.cytoviva.com IBU-tec advanced materials GmbH Hainweg 9-10 D-99425 Weimar GERMANY +49 3643 86490 Fax: +49 3643 864930 http://www.ibu-tec.de/index.php?p=homepage Inotech Biosystems International 15713 Crabbs Branch Way Derwood, MD 20855 301 670 2850 Fax: 301 670 2859 http://www.ibu-tec.de/index.php?p=homepage 8 Exhibitors (continued) LUM Corporation 16201 Dodd Street Volente, TX 78641 512 383 5286 http://www.lum-gmbh.com/pages/products.htm Malvern Instruments 117 Flanders Road Westborough, MA 01581 508 768 6400, x 421 Fax: 508 768 6403 http://www.malvern.co.uk Microtrac Inc. 12501-A 62nd Street North Largo, FL 33773 727 507 9770, x 13 Fax: 727 507 9774 http://www.microtrac.com NanoImaging Services, Inc. 10931 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 108 San Diego, CA 92037 888 675 8261, x 102 http://www.nanoimagingservices.com/ 9 Exhibitors (continued) NanoSight Limited 2 Centre One Lysander Way Salisbury, SP4 6BU, Wiltshire UNITED KINGDOM +44 1 722 349439 Fax: +44 1 722 329640 http://www.nanosight.co.uk/ Particle Sizing Systems 8203 Kristel Circle Port Richey, FL 34668 727 846 0866 Fax: 727 846 0865 http://www.pssnicomp.com Q-Sense Inc. 808 Landmark Drive, Suite 124 Glen Burnie, MD 21061 410 768 9812 Fax: 410 768 9816 http://www.q-sense.com Quantachrome Instruments 1900 Corporate Drive Boynton Beach, FL 33426 561 731 4999 http://www.quantachrome.com 10 Exhibitors (continued) Spectra Services, Inc. 6359 Dean Parkway Ontario, NY 14519 585 265 4320 http://www.spectraservices.com Surface Measurement Systems 2125 28th Street SW, Suite 1 Allentown, PA 18103 610 462 1123 http://www.smsuk.co.uk TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN 55126 651 490 4067 http://www.tsi.com University of Central Florida 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826 407 882 1189 Fax: 407 882 2819 http://www.nanoscience.ucf.edu/index.php 11 General Program Schedule Registration – Registration is outside of Citrus Ballroom in Prefunction Area Saturday, May 10 (1800 – 1930) – Opening Informal Reception & Exhibition (Citrus Ballroom) Sunday, May 11 (0800 – 0850) - Plenary 1 (Citrus Ballroom) (0900 – 1230) – Technical Sessions: A1(Magnolia), A2 (Oleander B), B1 (Oleander A), C1 (Azaela), D1 (Marathon-Cedar), E1 (Biscayne-Siesta), and F1 (Jasmine) (1200 – 1400) – Luncheon/Exhibition (Citrus Ballroom) (1400 – 1730) – Technical Sessions: A3 (Magnolia), G1 (Oleander B), H1 (Oleander A), I1 (Azaela), J1 (Marathon-Cedar), K1 (Biscayne-Siesta), and F2 (Jasmine) (1800 – 1930) – Poster Session (P1)/Reception/Exhibition (Citrus Ballroom) Monday, May 12 (0800 – 0850) - Plenary 2 (Citrus Ballroom) 12 General Program Schedule (continued) Monday, May 12 (continued) (0900 – 1230) – Technical Sessions: A4 (Magnolia), G2 (Oleander B), B2 (Oleander A), C2 (Azaela), D2 (Marathon-Cedar), E2 (Biscayne-Siesta), and F3 (Jasmine) (1230 – 1400) – Luncheon/Exhibition (Citrus Ballroom) (1400 – 1730) – Technical Sessions: A5 (Magnolia), G3 (Oleander B), H2 (Oleander A), C3 (Azaela), J2 (Marathon-Cedar), L1 (Biscayne-Siesta), and F4 (Jasmine) (1800 – 1930) – Poster Session (P2)/Reception/Exhibition (Citrus Ballroom) Tuesday, May 13 (0800 – 0850) - Plenary 3 (Citrus Ballroom) (0900 – 1230) – Technical Sessions: A6 (Magnolia), G4 (Oleander B), B3 (Oleander A), M1 (Azaela), D3 (Marathon-Cedar), E3 (Biscayne-Siesta), and F5 (Jasmine) (1200 – 1400) – Luncheon/Exhibition (Citrus Ballroom) (1400 – 1730) – Technical Sessions: A7 (Magnolia), A8 (Oleander B), H3 (Oleander A), C4 (Azaela), J3 (Marathon-Cedar), E4 (Biscayne-Siesta), and F6 (Jasmine) Conference Ends 13 Maps of Meeting Spaces Contiguous meeting spaces at Wyndham. Conference activities use the Floral Ballroom on the left, the Citrus Ballroom (center) through the Biscayne-Siesta room in the Key Rooms to the right. Registration is outside of the Citrus Ballroom (center). The Citrus Ballroom is the venue for all three Plenary Lectures, the luncheons, and the receptions. The Marathon-Cedar and Biscayne-Siesta room to the right are used for some of the technical break-out sessions. All four parts of he Floral Ballroom are used throughout. 14 Technical Program – Oral Sessions Sunday Morning, May 11, 2008 Plenaey 1 (Sunday 0800-0850), Citrus Ballroom) Session Chair: Jim Adair 0805 1. Plenary 1 - Christopher B. Murray; Building with artificial atoms: Routes to multifunctional nanocrystal based materials and devices Session A1 (Sunday, 0900-1215, Magnolia) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Francesco Stellacci 0900 0935 0950 1015 1030 1055 1120 1145 1200 1215 2. Esko Kauppinen; Keynote - Carbon NanoBudTM – A novel nanomaterial: Synthesis, structure, field emission and transport properties 3. Stefan Jaksch; Manipulation of films of nanoparticles 4. Sungmin Choi; Water redispersible single wall carbon nanotubes fabricated by in situ polymerization of micelles Break 5. Karl Coleman; Chemically modified single-walled carbon nanotubes: Synthesis and application in polymer composites 6. Eiji Osawa; Monodisperse single-nano diamond particles 7. Giuseppe Compagnini; Synthesis and properties of nanoparticles and nanowires by laser ablation in liquid environments 8. Ana Menéndez-Manjón; Metallic nanoparticles generated by ultra-short pulsed laser ablation in liquid media 9. Sophie Giraud; Synthesis of iron containing nanopowders by laser pyrolysis for biomedical applications End of Session Session A2 (Sunday, 0900-1200, Oleander B) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Moshe Narkis 0900 10. Markus Niederberger; Keynote - Metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis: From binary metal to multi metal and doped metal oxides 0940 11. Lorette Sicard; Synthesis of manganese oxide nanocubes 0955 12. Ying Zheng; Synthesis of high purity hydroxyapatite nanopowders by the surfactant-assisted and hydrothermal method 1010 Break 1030 13. Richard Brotzman; Keynote - Trends in nanomaterials synthesis and applications 1100 14. Carole Sentein; Dispersion and stability of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis in aqueous suspensions 1115 15. Jean-Yves Piquemal; An easy procedure for the preparation of ferromagnetic cobalt nanorods via the polyol process: Towards the formation of permanent magnets 1130 16. Tadafumi Adschiri; Supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of organic inorganic hybrid nanocolloids 1200 End of Session 15 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session B1 (Sunday, 0900-1205, Oleander A) Particle Encapsulation Session Chair: Anil Kumar Anal 0900 17. Michael Pishko; Keynote - Encapsulation of drug nanoparticles in selfassembled macromolecular nanoshells 0930 18. Rachel M. Frazier; Microencapsulation of active nutraceutical ingredients for controlled delivery 0945 19. Toshifumi Satoh; Encapsulation property of unimolecular nanocapsule based on hyperbranched polymer 1010 Break 1030 20. Ying-Wu Luo; Nanoencapsulation via interfacially confined reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization 1055 21. Marcel Böhmer; Synthesis of monodisperse particles and capsules by submerged injet-printing 1110 22. Sílvia S. Guterres; Incorporation in polymeric nanocapsules improves the antioxidant effect of melatonin against lipid peroxidation in mice brain and liver 1125 23. Dieter Trau; Reverse phase layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte self assembly encapsulation of water soluble microparticular materials 1150 24. Emek Seyrek; Layer-by-layer assembly on gold nanoparticles 1205 End of Session Session C1 (Sunday, 0900-1215, Azaela) Particle Arrays & Photonics Session Chair: Cefe Lopez 0900 25. Alamgir Karim; Directed assembly with nanoparticle systems 0930 26. Takuya Harada; Formation of highly ordered anisotropic nanoparticle superlattices by self-assembly on water surfaces 0945 27. Clemens Richert; Large DNA-based particles from oligonucleotide hybrids with organic cores 1015 Break 1030 28. Eugene Zubarev; Synthesis and self-assembly of gold nanorods 1045 29. Jiyu Fang; Lipid tubules with birefringent cores and their ordered arrays 1115 30. Emanuela Tamburri; Arrays of carbon nanotubes coated by nanoparticles of metals and metal-oxides 1145 31. Li Jia; Surface patterning using interfacial colloidal crystals 1215 End of Session Session D1 (Sunday, 0900-1205, Marathon-Cedar) Particle Characterization Session Chair: Helmut Coelfen 0900 32. Ian Morrison; Keynote - Nanopowder surface characterization 0940 33. Ren Xu; Zeta potential characterization of particles in suspension 0955 34. Bob Carr; Real-time, simultaneous analysis of nanoparticle size, zeta potential, count, asymmetry and fluorescence in liquids 1010 Break 1030 35. Andrei Dukhin; Ultrasound for characterizing nano-colloids: Sizing, zeta potential, rheology 1055 36. Miran Mozetic; Characterization of particle distribution and orientation in solid media 1120 37. Ali Bumajdad; Highly stable suspensions of metal oxide nanoparticles 0955 38. Matthew McMahon; Orthogonal tracking microscopy for nanofabrication research 1150 39. Arup Mukherjee; FT-IR and diffuse reflectance FT-IR for quantitative drug load estimation in alginate nanocapsules with testosterone payload 1205 End of Session 16 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session E1 (Sunday, 0900-1205, Biscayne-Siesta) Particle Based Devices Session Chair: Hans-Gerd Boyen 0900 40. Richard M. Laine; Keynote - Transparent, polycrystalline upconverting nanoceramics: Towards 3-D displays 0930 41. Tanya Kosc; Particles on the beach: The dream of electronic paper 0955 42. Hyun-Ryool Woo; Modification of pigment surface with acrylic copolymers for microcapsule-based electrophoretic display 1010 Break 1030 43. Alain Perez; Keynote - Low energy cluster beam deposition method to produce functional nanostructures and high integration-density devices 1100 44. Lien-chung Hsu; Preparation of contamination free silver nanoparticle suspensions for micro-interconnects by ink-jet printing 1125 45. Nancy Van Suetendael; A survey of nanolithographic techniques used to create nanostructures 1140 46. Pei Lin Chen; Novel applications of colloidal lithography 1205 End of Session Session F1 (Sunday, 0900-1220, Jasmine) Particle Based Advanced Materials Session Chair: Warren Ford 0900 47. Lennart Bergstrom; Keynote - Assembly of orientationally ordered nanocrystalline films and superlattices 0930 48. Johan E. ten Elshof; Structural development of sol-gel derived hybrid colloids for nanoporous materials and thin film membranes 0945 49. Jimmy Mills; Kinetic features of metal nanoparticle formation in polymer films 1010 Break 1030 50. Amit Singhal; Scalable solid state synthesis process for producing nanostructured electrode materials 1045 51. J. Adin Mann, Jr.; A molecular dynamics study of the structure of nanoparticles of platinum and alloys of platinum adsorbed onto carbon substrates of fuel cell supported catalysts 1110 52. Hong Yang; Platinum-based alloy and intermetallic nanoparticles as fuel cell catalysts 1135 53. Chuan-Jian Zhong; Multimetallic nanoparticles and nanotechnology in catalysis 1200 54. Huaming Yang; Novel preparation and photocatalytic property of WO3V2O5/TiO2 nanocomposites 1215 End of Session Sunday Afternoon, May 11, 2008 Session A3 (Sunday, 1400-1710, Magnolia) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Ray Mackay 1400 55. Katharina Landfester; Keynote - Nanoparticles and nanocapsules obtained by miniemulsion polymerization 1440 56. Warren Ford; Dispersion polymerization of cross-linked poly(2ethylhexylmethacrylate-co-chloromethylstyrene) in fluorinated solvents 1510 Break 1530 57. Mayashi Kunitake; Monodisperse polystyrene particles prepared by polymerization in silica particle suspensions without surfactant 17 Technical Oral Program (continued) 1600 58. Yvon Durant; Synthesis and characterization of targeted polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications 1630 59. Moshe Narkis; Modification of porous PVC particles via polymerization ofsorbed monomers in stabilizer-free aqueous dispersions 1700 60. Dmitri Vezenov; Facile synthesis of luminescent magnetic nano- and microspheres: Embedding of quantum dots and magnetite nanoparticles in a polymer matrix 1715 End of Session Session G1 (Sunday, 1400-1725, Oleander B) Particle Based Diagnostics Session Chair: Michael Giersig 1400 61. Francesco Stellacci; Keynote - The role of supramolecular Kang structure in nanoparticle-cell interactions 1430 62. Kang Sun; Quantum dot encoded microbeads with magnetism and carboxyl surfaces 1445 63. Chantal Paquet; Multifunctional nanostructured composite colloids prepared using a miniemulsion approach 1500 64. Nitin Nitin; Oligonucleotide-coated metallic nanoparticles as a flexible platform for molecular imaging agents 1515 Break 1530 65. Hedi Mattoussi; Quantum dot-bioconjugatees: Characterization and use for sensing and live cell imaging 1555 66. Taeghwan Hyeon; Synthesis and biomedical applications of uniform-sized nanoparticles 1610 67. Marc Porter; Design of gold nanoparticles for ultrasensitive biodiagnostics using SERS 1635 68. Y. T Chen; In situ detection of cellular exocytosis with a single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors 1700 69. Wan Soo Yun; Electric detection of biomolecules by nanoparticle device 1725 End of Session Session H1 (Sunday, 1400-1715, Oleander A) Particles In Drug and Chemical Delivery Session Chair: Giulio Paciotti 1400 70. Si-Shen Feng; Keynote - Nanomedicine: Nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers for cancer treatment 1430 71. Justyna Frelachowska; Particle-stabilized emulsions: Skin Penetration studies compared to classical emulsions 1445 72. Manny Perez; Dextran-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles with pH-dependent antioxidant properties 1510 Break 1530 73. Krassimir Velikov; Colloidal delivery systems for micronutrients and nutraceuticals 1555 74. Rein Ulijn; Enzyme-responsive polymer hydrogel particles for controlled release 1610 75. Hanna Mouaziz; Nanoparticles in diagnostic and therapeutic domain 1625 76. Victor S.-Y. Lin; Stimuli-responsive mesoporous nanoparticles for intracellular controlled release and bioenergy applications 1650 77. Tao L. Lowe; Polysaccharide-based nanogels for sustained drug delivery 1715 End of Session 18 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session I1 (Sunday, 1400-1720, Azaela) Morphology Control in Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Ingo H. Leubner 1400 78. Luis Liz-Marzan; Keynote - Shaping Au nanoparticles: From seeds to decahedrons - from rods to octahedrons 1430 79. Takasi Nisisako; Monodisperse anisotropic polymeric microparticles synthesized using a microfluidic droplet generator 1455 80. Richard Tilley; Liquid phase syntesis of nanoparticles 1510 Break 1530 81. Helmut Coelfen; Keynote - Particle mediated crystallization 1600 82. Amane Jada; CaCO3 particle shapes as resulting from aggregation of nanoparticles and control by polyelectrolytes 1625 83. Herve Dietsch; Surface-functionalized inorganic-organic multilayer particles: Synthesis, science and applications 1640 84. Yuval Golan; Nanomaterials at interfaces: Wet chemical routes for size, shape and orientation controlled nanoparticles 1705 85. Vanessa Prevot; Various layered double hydroxide morphologies obtained through solvothermal synthesis directed by amino acids 1720 End of Session Session J1 (Sunday, 1400-1725, Marathon-Cedar) Particle Surface Modification Session Chair: Kui Yu 1400 86. Atsushi Takahara; Keynote - Surface modification of silica nanopariticle and Siwafer through surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization 1430 87. Qiu Dai; Optical limiting studies of “necklace”-like gold nanoparticles/polymer hybrids 1445 88. Brian Benicewicz; RAFT polymerization from nanoparticles 1510 Break 1530 89. Hidehiro Kamiya; Surface molecular structure and interaction design to control dispersion behavior of nanoparticles in organic solvents 1555 90. Simon A. Biggs; Complex particle coatings from block copolymer micelle multilayer films 1620 91. V. Prasad Shastri; Nanoparticles as tools for controlling cell function 1645 92. Robert Hoerr; Surface modification of polyisobutylene-based medical device coatings using ElectroNanospray™ 1710 93. Nguyen Thi Xuyen; Hydrolysis-induced immobilization of Pt(AcAc)2 on polyimide nanofiber mat in the formation of Pt nanoparticles 1725 End of Session Session K1 (Sunday, 1400-1700, Biscayne-Siesta) Environmental Impact & Toxicology of Particulates Session Chair: Adriana R. Pohlmann 1400 94. Prabir Dutta; Keynote - Biological activity of mineral fibers and carbon particulates: Implications for nanoparticle toxicity and the role of surface chemistry 1440 95. Nava Narkis; Particulate suspensions of Ettringite for removal of boron compounds from aqueous solutions 1510 Break 1530 96. Paola Nativo; Controlling uptake and intracellular fate of surface modified colloidal gold 1545 97. Daniel Clemans; Bactericidal activity of solvent-free nanofluids 19 Technical Oral Program (continued) 1600 98. Marina A. Dobrovolskaia; Preclinical immunological characterization of nanoparticles 1630 99.Christophe Goepfert; SAPHIR (European Project): Safe, integrated & controlled production of high-tech multifunctional materials and their recycling 1645 100. Yvonne Williams; Localization of quantum dots within cell compartments is dependent on the size of the particle and on the cell lineage 1700 End of Session Session F2 (Sunday, 1400-1735, Jasmine) Particle Based Advanced Materials Session Chair: Jimmy Mills 1400 101. Lyudmila Bronstein; Functional magnetic nanoparticles as building blocks of novel biomaterials 1430 102. Masura Matsuo; Structural change in carbon-polymer composites by exothermic effects induced by electric fields 1500 103. Souad Ammar; Size dependent magnetic properties of polyol-made CoFe2O4 nanoparticles 1515 Break 1530 104. Mitch Winnik; Keynote - Polymer and inorganic nanoparticles intended for bioassays 1605 105. Jean-Francois Berret; Controlled co-assembly of iron oxide nanoparticles and polymers: Towards the generation of highly persistent superparamagnetic nanorods 1620 106. Dale L. Huber; The role of surfactant interactions in the magnetic properties of chemically synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposites 1650 107. Virginia Bouzas; Physical properties of hybrid semiconductor-ferromagnet nanostructures 1705 108. Mahendra K. Sunkara; Bulk production and modification of inorganic nanowires for solar energy conversion and storage applications 1735 End of Session Monday Morning, May 12, 2008 Plenary 2 (Monday 0800-0850), Citrus Ballroom) Session Chair: Emmanuel Giannelis 0805 165. Plenary 2 - Vicki L. Colvin; How to generate and manipulate nanoparticles with minimal biological impact Session A4 (Monday, 0900-1210, Magnolia) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Heinrich Hofmann 0900 166. Clinton Ballinger; Keynote - Commericialization of semiconductor nanoparticles 0930 167. Rodion Belosludov; Ab initio description of the quantum dot with novel core structure and their interaction with organic ligand 0945 168. Nicola Pinna; Photoluminescent rare-earth-based lamellar organic-inorganic nanoparticles 1010 Break 1030 169. Fernand Fiévet; Keynote - Nucleation and growth of metals, oxides and chalcogenides in polyols: Control of size and shape of the particles 1100 170. Qing Song; Synthesis, characterization and bio-templated assembly of highly photoluminescent water soluble quantum dots 1115 171. Hongwei Duan; New approaches towards water-soluble and fluorescent metal nanoclusters 20 Technical Oral Program (continued) 1140 172. Joydeep Dutta; Enhanced visible light photocatalysis by tailoring defects in zinc oxide crystals 1155 173. David Díaz; Metallic nanoparticles synthesized under soft reaction conditions with high yields 1210 End of Session Session G2 (Monday, 0900-1225, Oleander B) Particle Based Diagnostics Session Chair: Wolfgang Parak 0900 174. Michael Giersig; Keynote - Nanomaterials and their application in biomedicine 0930 175. Kristien Bonroy; Functionalized inorganic nanostructures for biomedical applications 0945 176. Robert H. Pelton; Microgel-based inks for paper-supported biosensing applications 1010 Break 1030 177. James Adair; Calcium phosphate nanocolloids for bioimaging and drug delivery 1055 178. Gan-Moog Chow; NIR activated upconversion nanoparticles with visible emission for sensing and imaging 1120 179. Silvia H. De Paoli Lacerda; Influence of gold nanoparticles on the attachment of osteoblast cells to substrates 1135 180. Xiaohu Gao; Simultaneous imaging and delivery of siRNA with quantum dots 1200 181. Qun Huo; Gold nanoparticle probe-based immunoassay for cancer biomarker detection 1225 End of Session Session B2 (Monday, 0900-1210, Oleander A) Particle Encapsulation Session Chair: Thomas Scheibel; 0900 182. Igor Sokolov; Encapsulation of molecules in mesoporous silica particles: Principles and applications 0930 183. Peng Jiang; Templated fabricationof hollow gold nano-grenade particles for controlled drug delivery 0945 184. Anil Kumar Anal; Biopolymeric microparticles for encapsulation of live cells – Biotransport and biocompatibility considerations 1015 Break 1030 185. Chi-Hwa Wang; Electrospray in the dripping mode for cell microencapsulation 1100 186. Cory Berkland; Translating therapeutic nanoparticles 1130 187. Eric Daniels; Formation and characterization of P(NIPAM) core/shell polymer particles 1145 188. Julie Champion; Particles with complex shape 1215 End of Session Session C2 (Monday, 0900-1200, Azaela) Particle Arrays & Photonics Session Chair: Alamgir Karim 0900 189. Paul Braun; Molecular recognition based permanent assembly of non-FCC colloidal crystals 0930 190. Oksana Kasyuticho; Protein-guided 3D -assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles 0945 191. Amr Abdel-Fattah; Acoustically-induced microparticle orbiting and clustering on a solid surface: Origin and implications 1010 Break 1030 192. Stephen Foulger; Crystalline colloidalo arrays: Applications from filters to lasers 1055 193. Cefe Lopez; Photonic glasses as matrices for random lasers 21 Technical Oral Program (continued) 1120 194. Shigeru Watanabe; Fabrication of ordered 2D arrays of nanoparticles using selfassembled diblock copolymer templates 1145 195. Eckhard Goernitz; Light diffraction on polymer particle arrays in the optical farand near-field 1200 End of Session Session D2 (Monday, 0900-1220, Marathon-Cedar) Particle Characterization Session Chair: Ian Morrison 0900 196. Helmut Coelfen; Keynote - Particle analysis using a multiwavelength detector on the analytical ultracentrifuge 0930 197. Helge Kristiansen; Mechanical characterization of micro-meter sized monodisperse polymer particles 0945 198. Mark Poggi; Quantifying real-time changes of nano-scale interactions at surfaces using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring 1000 199. Yao Kanga; Adsorption of low molecular weight isothiazoline biocides on minerals and their subsequent desorption from a paint film 1015 Break 1030 200. Frank Scheffold; Heterogeneous dynamics in a drying colloidal thin film 1055 201. Alex Smirnov; Interfacial electrostatics of monolayer-protected gold clusters by molecular probes 1120 202. Ai Tee Tok; Comparison and analysis of three P.A.T. techniques in a pilot-scale fluidized bed granulator 1135 203. Thuy T. Chastek; High throughput non-aqueous dispersion polymerization using a micro-reactor and on-line dynamic light scattering 1150 204. Judith Hadley; Nanoparticle measurement by spectroscopic Mie scattering 1205 205. Carla Bellomunno; Experimental correlation between particle size and laser induced incandescence (LII) time decay in TiO2 flame synthesis 1220 End of Session Session E2 (Monday, 0900-1215, Biscayne-Siesta) Particle Based Devices Session Chair: Frank Koo 0900 206. Tadashi Kawazoe; Keynote - Nanophotonic devices using coupled nanoparticles with virtual photons and polaritons 0935 207. Nick Kotov; Keynote - Driving forces in nanoparticle assembly 1010 Break 1030 208. Seong Jin Koh; Large-scale fabrication of single electron devices utilizing colloidal nanoparticles 1100 209. Laura Steller; Light-activated nanoparticles for ion channel applications 1115 210. Hans-Gerd Boyen; Nanoparticles for magnetic recording: The pros and cones of self-assembly 1145 211. Dimitris Tsoukalas; Memory effects in insulators incorporating semiconducting or metallic nanoparticles 1215 End of Session Session F3 (Monday, 0900-1210, Jasmine) Particle Based Advanced Materials Session Chair: Lyudmila Bronstein 0900 212. Bernie Binks; Keynote - From foams to ‘dry water’: Phase inversion of particlestabilized materials 0930 213. Nathalie Herlin-Boime; Size controled (3-5 nm) silicon nanocrystal synthesis and applications 22 Technical Oral Program (continued) 0945 214. Stefan Bon; Supracolloidal structures through liquid-liquid interface driven assembly 1010 Break 1030 215. Yunfeng Lu; Novel assembly approach towards energy-material particles 1055 216. Todd D. Krauss; Ultrabright lead selenide quantum dot nanoclusters 1120 217. Vince Rotello; Integrating top-down fabrication with bottom-up self-assembly 1135 218. Elodie Bourgeat-Lami; Incorporation of laponite clay platelets into polymr latexes: Evidence of clay localization by cryo-TEM imaging 1200 End of Session Monday Afternoon, May 12, 2008 Session A5 (Monday, 1400-1730, Magnolia) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Richard Brotzman 1400 219. Ganesh Skandan; Strategies for implementing nanomaterials in commercial applications 1430 220. Ingo H. Leubner; The nucleation phase: An evaluation of two models 1445 221. François Ganachaud; François Ganachaud; New insights on nanopreciptiation by solvent shifting 1515 Break 1530 222. Chris Roberts; Metal and semiconductor nanoparticle deposition and separation using CO2-expanded liquids 1600 223. Yousef Bakhbakhi; Supercritical particle formation: Kinetic parameter estimation 1615 224. Steve R. Duke; Visualization of spray and particle characteristics of SAS precipitation of PMMA, PVP, and copolymers 1630 225. Liberato Manna; Synthesis, properties and perspectives of complex nanocrystal structures 1700 226. Jung Hyun Kim; A novel route for nanostructured luminescent nanoparticles via Fe3+-cata Hoa lyzed oxidative polymerization in aqueous medium 1730 End of Session Session G3 (Monday, 1400-1725, Oleander B) Particle Based Diagnostics Session Chair: Qun Huo 1400 227. Vince Rotello; Keynote - Protein sensing using nanoparticle-fluorescent polymer complexes 1430 228. Nicola Pinna; Resistive chemical sensors from metal oxide nanocrystals synthesized in organic solvents 1445 229. Wolfgang Parak; Fluorescence labeling of biological cells and creating programmable materials with biofunctionalized colloidal quantum dots 1510 Break 1530 230. Gil Markovich; Metal nanoparticle plasmons interacting with chiral molecules 1555 231. David Thompson; Rapid detection of S-adenosylhomosysteine using selfassembled opticl diffraction gratings 1620 232. Jawad Naciri; Multicolor liquid crystal nanoparticles as efficient fluorescent reporters in bioimaging and biosensors 1635 233. Alex Wei; Plasmon-resonant nanorods as theragnostic agents 1700 234. Shengli Zou; Metal nanoparticles and their sensing applications 1725 End of Session 23 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session H2 (Monday, 1400-1715, Oleander A) Particles In Drug and Chemical Delivery Session Chair: Si-Shen Feng 1400 235. Giulio F. Paciotti; Keynote - Developing tumor-targeted nanotherapeutics on colloidal gold nanoparticles 1430 236. Elena Dormidontova; Optimization of nanoparticle architecture for enchanced targeting in drug deliver 1445 237. Kei Nakai; Development of boron nanocapsules for neutron capture therapy 1510 Break 1530 238. Ram Gupta; Formation of drug particles of controllable size using supercritical CO2 1555 239. Jennifer Fiegel; Particulate aerosols for the treatment of respiratory infections 1620 240. Janne Raula; Novel inhalation drug powders with crystalline L-leucine 1635 241. Balaji Panchapakesan; Integrated molecular targeting, imaging, and selective killing of breast cancer cells using carbon nanotubes 1700 242. Xian-Wen Wei; Monodisperse magnetic ferrite/carbon core-shell nanostructures: Fabrication and applications 1715 End of Session Session C3 (Monday, 1400-1715, Azaela) Particle Arrays & Photonics Session Chair: Paul Braun 1400 243. Joydeep Dutta; Keynote - Bacteria and fungi as templates for self-organization of gold nanoparticles 1440 244. Yadong Yin; Synthesis, self-assembly and field-responsive optical diffractions of superparamagnetic colloids 1510 Break 1530 245. Tsutomu Sawada; Tunable gel films of single domain colloidal photonic crystals 1600 246. Peng Jiang; Shear-aligned assembly of colloidal photonic crystals 1615 247. Shlomo Berger; Array of non-linear dielectric nanocrystals 1645 248. Zhaoxiang Deng; DNA assisted assembly of linear nanoparticle arrays on carbon nanotubes 1715 End of Session Session J2 (Monday, 1400-1710, Marathon-Cedar) Particle Surface Modification Session Chair: Dieter Trau 1400 249. Heinrich Hofmann; Keynote - Manufacturing of multifunctional nanoparticles 1435 250. Steffen Pilotek; Chemomechanical surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles 1450 251. Gil Rosenman; Electron-induced surface modification: Physics and technology 1515 Break 1530 252. Carl Tripp; The use of supercritical CO2 for conducting silane reactions on surfaces 1555 253. David E. Cliffel; Advances in protein mimics using peptide-coated nanoparticles 1620 254. Ron Cook; Self-assembled nanostructures via nanoparticle surface functionalization 1645 255. Zheng Hu; Growth mechanism, structural regulation and functionalization of carbon-based nanotubes 1710 End of Session 24 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session L1 (Monday, 1400-1700, Biscayne-Siesta) ...Somes Session Chair: Heinrich Haas 1400 256. Wolfgang Meier; Keynote - Polymer vesicles with highly selective permeability 1440 257. Andreas Jahn; Novel formation of nano-liposomes encapsulating a hydrophilic drug simulant in a continuous flow microfluidic system 1455 258. Stefan Hupfeld; Size analysis of liposomes by both photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) 1510 Break 1530 259. David Thompson; Keynote - Vectorial transplantation of phi29 gp10 connector protein into C20BAS liposome membranes 1610 260. Paul Geutjes; Lyophilisomes: A new type of bio(capsule) 1645 261. Ben J. Boyd; Equilibrium and nonequilibrium structure of liquid crystal nanoparticles 1700 End of Session Session F4 (Monday, 1400-1710, Jasmine) Particle Based Advanced Materials Session Chair: Gil Markovich 1400 1430 1445 1510 1530 1555 1620 1645 1710 262. Emmanuel P. Giannelis; Keynote - Nanoparticle based ionic material 263. Zhiming Qiu; Nanofluids for coatings and resins 264. Michael Z. Hu; Molecular engineering of inorganic nanoparticle and strucutures Break 265. Song Jin; Biomimetic assembly of inorganic nanoparticles and nanomaterials 266. Howard Wang; Sintering of metal nanoparticles 267. Lei Zhai; Multifunctional polyelectrolyte/nanoparticle coatings 268. Takeo Ebina; Preparation and properties of clay-based self-standing films End of Session Tuesday Morning, May 13, 2008 Plenary 3 (Tuesday 0800-0850), Citrus Ballroom) Session Chair: Markus Niederberger 0805 324. Plenary 3 - Orlin Velev; Janus particles - Unusual properties and use as components of complex anisotropic materials Session A6 (Tuesday, 0900-1205, Magnolia) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Liberato Manna 0900 325. Roger Leblanc; Keynote - Enzyme quantum dot factory 0940 326. Corine Gérardin; Assemblies of hydrophilic block copolymers - Templates for nanoparticles and nanomaterials synthesis 1010 Break 1030 327. Lakshminarayanan Ragupathy; Lipase catalyzed polycondensation reactions in miniemulsion to synthesize polyamide nanoparticles 1045 328. Debasis Bera; In situ and ex situ time-evolution study of photoluminescence from ZnO/MgO core/shell quantum dots 1100 329. Benjamin L. Holt; A novel route to highly tunable emulsions including single step multiple emulsion formation 1115 330. Roberta Brayner; Micro-algae and nanoparticles: Towards “living” materias. Bio-controlled synthesis of nanoparticles with optical and magnetic properties 25 Technical Oral Program (continued) 1145 331. Fabienne Gauffre; Amphiphilic diblock and triblock stabilizers for waterdispersible nanoparticles 1200 End of Session Session G4 (Tuesday, 0900-1225, Oleander B) Particle Based Diagnostics Session Chair: Hedi Mattoussi 0900 332. Tobias Hertel; Development and exploration of carbon nanotubes towards use as probes and agents in physical and life-sciences 0930 333. Piotr J. Cywinski; Nanosensor-based detection of oxygen in biosamples 0945 334. Kui Yu; Synthesis and characterization of photoluminescent colloidal quantum dots for cancer cell imaging 1015 Break 1030 335. Tigran Shahbazyan; Cooperative plasmon-mediated molecule fluorescence near metal nanoparticles 1055 336. Anne-Laure Papa; Titanium oxide nanotubes synthesis and surface modification for DNA transfection 1110 337. Achim Weber; Biofunctional core-shell nanoparticles for biochip manufacturing by print processes 1135 338. Swadeshmukal Santra; Multimodal/multifunctional nanoparticles for biomedical applications 1200 339. Long Jiang; Application of nanogold to biomolecular recognition 1225 End of Session Session B3 (Tuesday, 0900-1200, Oleander A) Particle Encapsulation Session Chair: Neal Vail 0900 340. Thomas Scheibel; Spider silk proteins - Biopolymers for encapsulation, coatings and more 0930 341. Gianny Rossini; Oligonucleotide coated metallic nanoparticles as a flexible platform for molecular imaging agents 0945 342. Laurie Gower; Biomimetic processing of soft-hard core-shell microcapsules 1015 Break 1030 343. Miriam Gathen; Innovative encapsulation for diamond composite compaction 1100 344. Umaporn Paiphansiri; Fabrication of functionalized polyurethane nanocapsules via inverse miniemulsion for exploiting as cell markers 1115 345. Curt Thies; The behavior of individual micro/nano capsules immersed in liquids 1145 346. Cornelis G. de Kruif; Casein protein nano gels for encapsulation of minerals 1200 End of Session Session M1 (Tuesday, 0900-1215, Azaela) Magnetic Particles Session Chair: Claus Feldmann 0900 347. Geok Bee Teh; Structural and magnetic properties of magnetoplumbite-type cation-substituted barium ferrite nanoparticles 0925 348. Aiguo Wu; Preparation, characterization, and applications of superparamagnetic nanoparticles 0940 349. Thibaud Coradin; Design and properties of hybrid magnetic carriers (HYMAC) 0955 350. L. Hong; Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with ?–cyclodextrin for bioseparation 1010 Break 1030 351. Tong Leung; Ferromagnetic core-shell nanoparticles: Growth control and surface chemistry 1055 352. Everett Carpenter; Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications 26 Technical Oral Program (continued) 1120 353. Guylhaine Clavel; Nonaqueous sol-gel routes to diluted matnetic oxides 1135 354. Jian-Ping Wang; Design and fabrication of heterostructured magnetic nanoparticles and nanoparticle-crystals for biomedical applications 1200 355. Chen-Zhong Li; Magnetic particle based nanobiomarkers for sensing application 1215 End of Session Session D3 (Tuesday, 0900-1225, Marathon-Cedar) Particle Characterization Session Chair: Miran Mozetic 0900 356. Richard Vanfleet; Electron microscopy characterization of chemical order in small nanoparticles 0930 357. Ben Lich; Quantitative particle analysis based on electron microscopy imaging data 0945 358. Inga Ennen; Magnetic nanoparticles and XMR-technology: A combined tool for single molecule detection 1010 Break 1030 359. Hani Nur; Heteroflocculation studies of deformable and non-deformable polymeric particles 1045 360. Leonardo Cinque; Particle outliers and contaminants – Looking for the needle in the haystack 1100 361. Maria T. Celis; Characterization of dispersed systems using multiwavelength transmission measurements 1125 362. Milan Sykora; Size-dependent intrinsic radiative decay rates of silicon nanocrystals at large confinement energies 1140 363. Gautam Mukhopadhyay; Scattering of EM waves by small magnetic particles 1155 364 Paul G. Jones; Characterising the dispersion of fine and ultra-fine calcium carbonate particles in polypropylene 12105 End of Session Session E3 (Tuesday, 0900-1215, Biscayne-Siesta) Particle Based Devices Session Chair: J. Adin Mann, Jr. 0900 365. Sandra Rosenthal; Encapsulated white-light CdSe nanocrystals as nanophosphors for solid state lighting 0930 366. Wallace C.H. Choy; Improved spontaneous emission of a nano-fluorophore in metal nanoshells with plasmonic resonance 0945 367. Brian Korgel; Colloidal CIGS particles: A precursor route to ultra low cost photovoltaics 1015 Break 1030 368. Luigi Martiradonna; Enhancement of the emission of colloidal nanocrystals embedded in photonic devices 1100 369. Chunye Xu; Electrochromic polymer windows 1130 370. Nina Kovtyukhova; 3D functional heteronanostructures made by assembly and shaping of nanoparticle-film systems 1200 371. Alessandro Martucci; A novel metal/semiconductor epitaxial interface: SiO2 film containing cookie-like Au-NiO nanoparticles showing gas sensing properties 1215 End of Session Session F5 (Tuesday, 0900-1220, Jasmine) Particle Based Advanced Materials Session Chair: Marc Porter 0900 372. Martin Steinhart; Morphology design in recyclable nanoporous templates – Towards high-throughput production of tailor-made nanofiber arrays 27 Technical Oral Program (continued) 0930 373. Anitha Ethirajan; Template assisted hydroxyapatite crystallization using gelatin nanoparticles synthesized via miniemulsion process – A biomimetic approach 0945 374. Michael A. Markowitz; Effects of surface imprinting on the selectivity of organosilica sorbents for preconcentration 1015 Break 1030 375. Ming Su; Exploring nanostructured materials by fiber-drawing nanomanufacturing 1100 376. Gil Markovich; Wet chemical deposition of fine metal nanowire network films on surfaces 1115 377. Mauricio Terrones; Synthesis and applications of doped carbon nanotubes: New materials with enhanced properties 1145 378. Horng-Show Koo; Synthesis, dispersion and characteristics of nanoparticlebased resists for droplet printing 1215 End of Session Tuesday Afternoon, May 13, 2008 Session A7 (Tuesday, 1400-1700, Magnolia) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Eric Daniels 1400 379. Claus Feldmann; Nanoscale hollow spheres: Synthesis and properties 1430 380. Du-Jeon Jang; Optical fabrication of hollow and core-shell metal nanospheres 1500 381. Ahmet Faik Demirors; Synthesis and characterization of eccentric titania silica core-shell and composite particles 1515 Break 1530 382. Kuo Chu Hwang; Production, growth mechanism, and applications of core-shell iron/carbon nanoparticles 1600 383. Yuri K. Gun’ko; Magnetic nanoparticles from metallorganic precursors 1615 384. Yonglin Liu; Synthesis, characterization and assemblies of gold nanorods and copper nanocrystals 1630 385. Jitendra Kumar; Magnetic behavior of manganese oxide nanoparticles obtained by thermal decomposition of sol-gel derived oxalates 1645 386. Xiong Liu; Monofunctional gold nanoparticles prepared from a noncovalent interaction based solid phase modification approach 1700 End of Session Session A8 (Tuesday, 1400-1645, Oleander B) Advanced Particle Synthesis Session Chair: Roberta Brayner 1400 387. Haruma Kawaguchi; Keynote - Inorganic/organic composite microspheres with temperature sensitivity 1440 388. Rex Hjelm; Synthesis, characterization and phase transitions of small, smart microgel particles 1510 Break 1530 389. Huiliang Wang; Micro- and nanosphere crosslinked hydrogels with high mechanical strength and special optical properties 1600 390. Hsien-Hsin Tung; Effects of energy on the nucleation of drug nanoparticles under high supersaturation 1615 391. John Texter; Nanoparticle latexes from reactive ionic liquid surfactants 1645 End of Session 28 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session H3 (Tuesday, 1400-1715, Oleander A) Particles In Drug and Chemical Delivery Session Chair: Manny Perez 1400 392. Tomoaki Hino; Thermal gelation of oil-in-aqueous curdlan emulsions 1430 393. Iris V. Schumacher; Synthesis and characterization of DNA mesospheres as drug delivery carriers for intratumoral chemotherapy 1445 394. Wolfgang Sigmund; Benign nanoparticles for biomedical applications 1510 Break 1555 396. Adriana R. Pohlmann; Molecular organization of drug carrier polymeric nanoparticles 1620 397. Clemens K. Weiss; Preparation and functionalization of poly(butylcyanaoacrylate) nanoparticles as drug carrier systems for the brain 1635 398. Jarno Salonen; Fabrication of ligand-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles from mesoporous silicon for targeted drug delivery 1650 399. Heinrich Haas; Drug loading to lipid-based colloidal carriers 1715 End of Session Session C4 (Tuesday, 1400-1655, Azaela) Particle Arrays & Photonics Session Chair: Stephen Foulger 1400 400. Yoshihiko Takeda; Keynote - Nonlinear dielectric function of metal nanoparticles and optical switching 1435 401. Seiichi Furumi; Polymer colloidal crystals for laser applications 1510 Break 1530 402. Andre Gesquiere; Composite conjugated polymer-fullerene nanoparticles as model systems for the study of optoelectronic processes in organic photovoltaic devices 1605 403. Winston Schoenfeld; Self-assembled quantum dots within photonic crystal nanocavities for the realization of quantum networks 1640 404. Serge Ravaine; Elaboration of photonic colloidal crystals with a well-defined architecture 1655 End of Session Session J3 (Tuesday, 1400-1705, Marathon-Cedar) Particle Surface Modification Session Chair: Carl Tripp 1400 405. Jon A. Preece; Keynote - Nanostructuring surfaces into 3D: Integrating lithography and self-assembly 1430 406. Cédric Louis; New tracers and biological systems based on multifunctionnal nanosized hybrid particless 1445 407. Serge Ravaine; A chemical synthetic route to colloidal molecules 1510 Break 1530 408. Yoshinori Yamanoi; Structures of gold nanoparticles immobilized onto hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) surface 1555 409. Jung Jin Park; Langmuir adsorption study of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on synthetic templates: Influence of substrate surface chemistry 1610 410. Kenneth Lau; Coating and functionalization of particles using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) 1635 411. Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret; Surface functionalization of nanoparticles for cellTargeted drug delivery 1650 412. Kamil Rahme; Block copolymers for the stabiliZation of gold nanoparticles in water 1705 End of Session 29 Technical Oral Program (continued) Session E4 (Tuesday, 1400-1700, Biscayne-Siesta) Particle Based Devices Session Chair: Chunye Xu 1400 413. Neil Kemp; Keynote - Bridging the gap: From conducting polymer nanowires to molecular and single atom devices 1430 414. Alireza Nojeh; Electron induced field-emission from carbon nanotubes 1500 415. Jeffrey M. Pietryga; Utilizing the lability of lead chalcogenides to produce heterostructured nanocrystals with bright, stable infrared emission 1515 Break 1530 416. Yasuhiko Hayashi; Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotube encapsulated ferromagnetic metal nanowires: Towards spin electronic applications 1600 417. Richard Baldwin; Silver nanowires - A low volume additive for high thermal and electrical conductivity 1615 418. Saiful I. Khondaker; Large scale fabrication approach of carbon nanotube based electronic devices 1645 419. Giuseppe Compagnini; Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes and nanowires prepared by arc discharge in liquid nitrogen 1700 End of Session Session F6 (Tuesday, 1400-1710, Jasmine) Particle Based Advanced Materials Session Chair: Lennart Bergstrom 1400 1435 1510 1530 1605 1620 1655 1710 30 420. Muhammed S. Toprak; Cooperative assembly routes for nanocomposites 421. Tommy Horozov; Solid particles in liquid films Break 422. Miguel A. Garcia; Tailoring the physical properties of gold nanoparticle/polymer composites 423. Liang Hong; Grafting oligomeric ionomers to silica nanoparticles via ATRP and applications in PEMs for fuel cells 424. S. S. Wong; Synthesis and applications of classes of non-carbonaceous nanostructures 425. Pierre Sarrazin; Functional paper based on photoluminescent nanoparticle adsorption on modified cellulose fibers End of Session Technical Program – Poster Sessions Poster Session P1 (Sunday, 1800-1930, Citrus Ballroom) Session Chair: John Texter, Eastern Michigan University Advanced Materials 109. Lisandra Arroyo-Ramírez; Palladium-cobalt nanoparticules on carbon surfaces: An electrochemical and surface analysis 110. Douglas A. Gish; Optical properties of noble metal nanoparticle films produced by glancing angle deposition 111. Elin Hammarberg; Microwave-polyol synthesis of TCO nanocrystals 112. Regine Hedderich; Spontaneous structure formation on the nanoscale 113. Dylan D. Jung; Rotational moulding of fiber-reinforced integral skin PE foam composites 114. Victor M. Menéndez-Flores; Stability of Ag-TiO2 photocatalysts assessed by a photocatalytic degradation of dichloroacetic acid 115. Priyadarshi Panda; Stop-flow lithography of colloidal, glass, and silicon microcomponents 116. Renate Rossmanith; Synthesis of porous anatase nanoparticles and Au/TiO2 nanomaterials by miniemulsion technique 117. Steven R. Saunders; Nanoparticle size-selective fractionation process using CO2expanded liquids at different processing scales 118. Alessandro Martucci; Luminescence and amplified stimulated emission of CdSe@ZnS quantum dots doped TiO2 and ZrO2 waveguides Advanced Particle Synthesis 119. Nelson S. Bell; Zinc oxide nanorod synthesis from nanoparticles in 1,4-butanediol solvent 120. Marissa Caldwell; Synthesis and characterization of germanium chalcogenide nanoparticles 121. Youcun Chen; Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of Pt/Co3O4 nanocomposites 122. Gregory Kalyuzhny; Ultrasmall magic-size CdSe nanocrystals: Synthesis, chemistry and optical properties 123. Gabriele Kremser; Characterization of ZnS nanoparticles prepared by a fast and facile synthesis route 124. Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja; Synthesis of crystalline rare earth doped ceria nano-spheroids 125. Yoshitake Masuda; Liquid phase morphology control of anisotropic oxide particles – TiO2, ZnO, Batio3 126. Nadine Millot; Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of nanometric oxides in supercritical conditions 127. Nicola Pinna; Nonaqueous sol-gel routes to metal-oxide nanocrystals, hybrid materials and thin films 128. Dong-June Park; Polycaprolactone nanoparticles as resveratrol carrier systems: Effect of dispersed phase solvent on properties of nanoparticles prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method 129. Vanessa Prevot; Enzymatic synthesis of layered double hydroxides 130. Rocío Redón; Solvent influence on palladium nanoparticle synthesis 131. America Vazquez-Olmos; Spectroscopic study of BiFeO3 and YFeO3 nanocrystals produced by a solvent-free method 132. Zheng Xu; New electrostatic dispersion method dispersing fine powder in air 31 Technical Poster Program (continued) Characterization 133. Mo Abubakar; Controlled sedimentation of concentrated colloidal suspensions 134. Steven Africk; A novel method for the characterization of particle and nanoparticle suspensions 135. Jean-Francois Berret; Size distribution of superparamagnetic particles and clusters determined by magnetic sedimentation 136. Donald J. Burnett; Surface energy distribution on the surface of milled and crystallised lactose 137. Donald J. Burnett; Differences in the amorphous state in differently processed lactose powders 138. Ana Morfesis; Physicochemical characterization of nanosize zinc oxide and titanium dioxide used as UV sunscreen agents in cosmetic formulations 139. Irina Chernyshova; Probe-molecule FTIR spectroscopy for sensing acid-base and redox properties of metal oxide nanoparticles in aqueous media 140. Nadia J. Edwin; Use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for studying polyelectrolyte-nanoparticle interaction 141. Mark Gostock; Bionanotechnology and biomolecules on surfaces studied by dual polarization interferometry 142. Ulf Nobbmann; Sucrose - A new sub-nanometer size standard? 143. Amra Tabakovic; Evaluation of Ag-core silica nanoparticle stability during the high performance liquid chromatography dispersion process: Surface charge and solution effects 144. Betina Zanetti-Ramos; Dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy characterization of polyurethane nanoparticles Diagnostics 145. Yong Taik Lim; Plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles for biomodal imaging and photonic-based therapy of cancer cells 146. Erhan I. Altinoglu; Indocyanine green-encapsulated calcium phosphate nanocolloids as bioresorbable near-infrared imaging agents 147. Piotr J. Cywinski; Biocompatible nanosensor systems for measuring pH in cells 148. Sungho Ko; Sensitivity enhancement of SPR immunosensor by nanoparticles and a novel biolinker protein 149. Sonia Kumar; Magnetic relaxation diagnostics using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles 150. Sudip Nath; Dextran-coated gold nanoparticles for the assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility Drug and Chemical Delivery 151. José F. Almeida; Photo-crosslinked dextran gels as drug delivery systems 152. Yao-Da Dong; Adsorption of loaded liquid crystalline particles at surfaces 153. Hanna Mouaziz; An innovative concept of targeting using mononuclear phagocytes as carrier for therapeutic nanosystems 154. Aravind Chakrapani; Evaluation of nanoparticles as a vaccine delivery system 155. Thuy T. Chastek; Monodispersed biocompatible thermally responsive nanoparticle hydrogels Surface Modification 156. Brian C. Benicewicz; Functionalization of silica nanoparticles by surface-initiated RAFT polymerization and click chemistry 32 Technical Poster Program (continued) 157. Hee Jung Choi; Preparation of surface modifiers for multi-walled carbon nanotubes through nitroxide mediated polymerization technique and their application for the fabrication of counter electrodes for dye sensitized solar cells 158. Qiu Dai; Synthesis and surface modification of citrate-protected gold nanoparticles for biomolecular detection 159. Sung Chul Hong; Preparation of polystyrene based functional block copolymers through nitroxide mediated polymerization technique and their applications as surface modifiers for nanoparticles and nanotubes 160. Nanjundan Ashok Kumar; A facile approach to graft poly(3,4propylenedioxythiophene) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes 161. Jung Min Lee; Adhesion and particle deformation of submicron-sized latex particle on hydrophobically-modified solid substrates at room temperature 162. Yu Li; Functionalization of silica nanoparticles by surface initiated RAFT polymerization and click chemistry 163. Clara Pereira; Silica nanoparticles functionalized with organosilanes for immobilization of chiral and Mn(III) salen complexes 164. Parul Rungta; Dynamic light scattering study of propargyl acrylate particles modified with poly(ethylene glycol) Poster Session P2 (Monday, 1800-1930, Citrus Ballroom) Session Chair: John Texter, Eastern Michigan University Advanced Materials 269. Emanuela Tamburri; Nanoparticles of high dielectric materials as innovative coating of carbon nanotubes 270. Doris M. Spori; Self-cleaning surfaces by the use of silica nanoparticles 271. Pagati Mukhopadhya; On magnetic nanoparticles in a colloidal fluid 272. Eckhard Goernitz; Self-assembly of polymer microspheres for the preparation of 3D optical phase gratings 273. Eckhard Goernitz; Organic-inorganic nanocomposites for volume holographic elements 274. Hyun Woo Lee; One-pot synthesis of titania based sulfonated polyaniline nanocomposites by UV-curing 275. Mohammad Rezaul Karim; UV-curing synthesis of water soluble sulfonated polyaniline-silver nanocomposites by in situ reduction 276. Min Sung Kim; UV cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine) polymer surfaces as templates for the preparation of bi-modal gold nanoparticles 277. Jasmeen Kaur; Effect of particle surface area on properties of hydroxyapatite nanocomposites 278. Andreas Pein; Synthesis and characteriZation of ZnO-nanoparticles and ZnOpolymer nanocomposites 279. Lei Qian; High efficiency photoluminescence from silica-coated CdSe quantum dots 280. Isaac Ojea Jiménez; Study of induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles capped by peptides: The destabilizing role of the stabilizer 281. Johan Stiefelhagen; Incorporating lanthanides in silica colloids 282. Donald J. Burnett; Determining the moisture-induced glass transition in amorphous pharmaceutical powders 283. Kee Wu; Nanopigments for flat panel displays 33 Technical Poster Program (continued) Advanced Particle Synthesis 284. Mathias Lakatos; Fluorescent Au clusters surrounded by dendritic oligosaccharide shells and their optical properties in water 285. Wensheng Lu; The photoelectric response of hydrophobic gold nanoparticles and gold/silica monolayers 286. Kendal M. Hurst; Gold nanoparticle deposition via gas-expanded liquids for improved micromachine reliability 287. Ekaterina Dovgolevsky; Probong the transition mechanism between quasi-spherical and cubic gold nanoparticles 288. Geok Bee Teh; Effect of CTAB on the synthesis of photoluminescent silver nanoparticles 289. Alexander Türke; Conducting silver nano-hybrid particles 290. Trong-On Do; Synthesis of nanoporous network materials with high surface areas from the cooperative assemblage of alkyl chain-capped metal/metal oxide nanoparticles 291. Trong-On Do; Synthesis and self-assembly of uniform rare earth orthovaladate or molybdate nanocrystals using a solvothermal approach 292. Sanjay R. Mishra; Carbon nanospheres: “Green” synthesis, characterization, and growth kinetics 293. Hendrik Frank; Heterophase polycondensation of polyimides in ionic liquids 294. Jessie Desbiens; Polymer core-shell nanoparticles doped with luminescent complexes 295. Hani Nur; Analysis of monomer composition in copolymer microgel particles 296. Hani Nur; Novel surfactant microgel particles: Synthesis and applications 297. Keith Redford; Monodisperse polymer particles: Characterisation and self-assembly in suspension 298. Andreas Lammel; Formation mechanisms and processing conditions for engineered spider silk microspheres 299. Jeong Geun Kim; Particle size control of carboxylate SB-latex 300. Sun Jong Lee; Luminescent polystyrene nanoparticles prepared by Fe3+ catalyzed oxidative polymerization in aqueous medium 301. Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja; A facile route for the synthesis of crystalline yttria nanospheroids 302. Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja; Nano-grained zirconia ceramics through extrusion of particulate gels 303. Elodie Bourgeat-Lami; Miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene and gamma methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane 304. Marcel Ruppert; Polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene in miniemulsion with Fenton’s reagent 305. Maiby Valle-Orta; Easy and fast zero-valent copper and iron nanoparticles synthesis 306. Anna Lähde; Simultaneous synthesis and coating of pharmaceutical nanoparticles with L-leucine in the gas phase 307. Ingo H. Leubner; Four crystal nucleation models: An evaluation for practical applications 308. Kouki Fujioka; Silicon dots and their cyto-toxicity 309. Pilaslak Akarachalanon; Preparation and evaluation of liposomes containing clove oil Diagnostics 310. Noriyoshi Manabe; Imaging transparent vitreous of the eye using nanoparticles 311. Charalambos Kaittanis; One-step nanoparticle-mediated bacterial detection with magnetic relaxation 34 Technical Poster Program (continued) 312. Virginia Bouzas; Iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by laser pyrolysis for biomedical applications 313. Mark Gostock; Bionanotechnology and biomolecules on surfaces studied by dual polarization interferometry 314. Xiong Liu; A one-step homogeneous immunoassay for cancer biomarker detection using gold nanoparticle probes coupled with dynamic light scattering 315. Christian Zink; Morphological gradients for cell biology 316. Chiung Wen Kuo; Selected cell patterning using colloidal lithography Drug and Chemical Delivery 317. Ben J. Boyd; Tailoring the pharmacokinetic behavior of poly-L-lysine dendrimers for their use as controlled drug delivery vehicles 318. Corine Gérardin; Polyion complex micelles for ex vivo dendritic cell therapy: Formation and characterization 319. Susann Schachschal; Novel stimuli-responsive microgel systems with amphoteric behaviour for enzyme immobilization Encapsulation 320. Edurne Erkizia; Synthesis and characterization of silica microcapsules containing materials of different viscosity 321. Thomas T. Morgan; The synthesis and characterization of dye-encapsulated calcium phosphate nanoparticles 322. Joseph Reiner; Fluorescence based liposome encapsulation studies 323. Eva Rosenbauer; Functionalized polyurea nanocapsules via reaction at interface of miniemulsion droplets 35 36 Abstracts of Oral Program Plenary 1 1 BUILDING WITH ARTIFICIAL ATOMS: ROUTES TO MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOCRYSTAL BASED MATERIALS AND DEVICES E. Shevchenko, J. Urban, D. V. Talapin. and Christopher. B. Murray, Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineerin, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, P.O. Box 394, Philadelphia PA 19104-6323, USA; cbmurray@sas.upenn.edu The synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals with controlled crystal shape, structure and surface passivation provides a rich family of nanoscale building blocks for the assembly of new solid thin films and novel devices. The tunability of the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the nanocrystals has lead to them being compared to a set of "artificial atoms". This talk will briefly outline some of the current "best practices" in preparation, isolation and characterization of semiconducting quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles. I will next discuss the organization of monodisperse nanocrystals in to single component superlattices that retain and enhance many of the desirable mesoscopic properties of individual nanocrystals. The potential to design new materials expands dramatically with the creation binary nanoparticle superlattices BNSLs(4). I will show how we synthesized differently sized PbS, PbSe, CoPt3, Fe2O3, Au, Ag and Pd nanocrystals and then these nanoscale building blocks into a rich array of multifunctional nanocomposites (metamaterials). Binary superlattices with AB, AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5, AB6 and AB13 stoichiometry and with cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal and orthorhombic packing symmetries have been grown. We have also identified a novel method to direct superlattice formation by control of nanoparticle charging. Although modular nano-assembly approach has already been extended to a wide range of nanoparticle systems, we are confident that we have produced only a tiny fraction of the materials that will soon accessible. 37 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) A1 – Invited Paper CARBON NANOBUDTM – A NOVEL NANOMATERIAL: SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, FIELD EMISSION AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Esko I. Kauppinen, NanoMaterials Group, Center for New Materials and Laboratory of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology & VTT Biotechnology. Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland; Esko.Kauppinen@tkk.fi 2 We present synthesis, structure and field emission properties of a novel hybrid carbon nanomaterial, NanoBudsTM, combining fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) . NanoBuds consist of fullerenes attached to the outside surface of CNTs, i.e. nanotubes are functionalized with fullerenes. Two floating catalyst methods for their selective synthesis have been developed, using pre-made iron catalyst particles by a hot wire based PVD method or grown in situ via ferrocene vapour decomposition in the presence of CO and trace amounts of H2O and CO2. TEM images show spherical structures i.e. fullerenes at the surface of the tube. Their spherical nature was confirmed by tilting samples within a HR-TEM. Statistical size measurements on the basis of HRTEM images revealed that the majority of fullerenes consists of C42 and C60. Interestingly, evidence of C20 fullerenes, the smallest possible dodecahedra is found. Raman spectra show a pronounced G-band at 1600 cm-1 associated with CNTs, and only a weak D-band at 1320-1350 cm-1. The main peaks in MALDI-TOF spectrum are attributed to C60 (C60H2, C60H2O) and C42 (C42COO) fullerenes. Accordingly, fullerenes are attached to CNTs via either oxygen (preferable for fullerenes larger than C54) or carboxylic (for smaller fullerenes) bridges, which was confirmed by FT-IR measurements. EELS observations with TEM also showed the existence of oxygen. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) measurements of samples deposited on Au(111) substrate confirmed the covalent nature of fullerene bonding to the tube. Atomistic density-functional-theory based calculations showed that systems composed of fullerenes and nanotubes with single vacancies covalently functionalized through ester groups can indeed exist. In-situ deposited i.e. non-purified planar NanoBud mats showed stable cold electron field emission with a current density of 189 µA/cm2 at 1.26 V/µm. The threshold voltage was about 0.6 V/µm, compared to over 2 V/µm for similarly produced planar nanotube mats. We discuss sheet conductivity of nanotube and –bud films. A1 – Contributed Paper MANIPULATION OF FILMS OF NANOPARTICLES Stefan Jaksch, Fabio Zappa, Paul Scheier, Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstrasse 25, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; stefan.jaksch@ibk.ac.at 3 Nanoparticles are formed upon magnetron sputtering and deposited onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Thereby homogeneous films are grown layer by layer. The effect of different parameters such as the distance between magnetron and graphite surface, pressure, discharge current, deposition time and bias-voltage of the HOPG is 38 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) analyzed with an ultra high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-STM) directly connected via a shutter to the sample preparation chamber. For the present study we analyze the dependence on the distance/geometry, pressure, current, time and also biasvoltage of the substrate. The distance/geometry has the strongest influence on the resulting films. It is only possible to grow films of nanoparticles in a distance regime of approximately 8cm from the sample. A bias voltage applied to the HOPG surface indicates that the nanoparticles are predominantly negatively charged. Manipulation on the nanometer scale such as vaporization and fusion of nanoparticles with the STM tip can be achieved with high precision by scanning the films with increased tunneling currents, or high bias voltages, respectively. By scanning a specific area with increased tunneling current nanoparticles are vaporized and linescans through these regions reveal sharp transitions from the treated to the untreated areas. Scanning with increased biasvoltage results in fusion of the nanoparticles. Furthermore the electronic density of states is increased by this process and also better mechanical stability is observed. Lowering the bias-voltage between tip and sample leads to the effect, that the tip wipes away the nanoparticles without obvious damage to the tip. A combination of the above mentioned techniques enables the formation of three dimensional relief like structures in the nanometer regime that can be probed in STM topographs taken at non-manipulating conditions. This work was supported by the Integrated Infrastructure Initiative ITS-LEIF. A1 – Invited Paper WATER-REDISPERSIBLE SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES FABRICATED BY IN SITU POLYMERIZATION OF MICELLES Sung-Min Choi, Tae-Hwan Kim, Changwoo Doe, and Steven R. Kline, Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305701, Republic of Korea; sungmin@kaist.ac.kr 4 We developed a new type of non-covalently (no covalent bonding between the dispersants and SWNTs) functionalized and individually isolated SWNTs (p-SWNT) that are readily re-dispersible (by only 10 minutes of mild vortex mixing) in water even after freeze-drying and stable for months long time period. This was achieved by 1) dispersing SWNTs in water using cationic surfactants, Cetyltrimethylammonium 4-vinylbenzoate (CTVB), which have polymerizable counterions (VB- ions), and 2) permanently fixing the surfactant layer on the SWNTs by polymerizing the counterions. The small-angle neutron scattering, AFM and UV-vis-NIR measurements show that the p-SWNT exists in isolated form, being encapsulated by a cylindrical surfactant monolayer. The properties of the p-SWNT may make it possible to prepare highly controlled dispersions of SWNTs in water and enhance further processing in various practical applications. Support from the BAERI program of the ministry of science and technology of Korea. 39 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) A1 – Invited Paper CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION IN POLYMER COMPOSITES Karl Coleman, Christopher Herron, Anil Suri and Amit Chakraborty, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK; k.s.coleman@durham.ac.uk 5 Owing to the exceptional electronic, thermal and mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) much interest has been focused on the properties of nanotube based polymer composites. Such composites have been found to have exceptional strength, thermal transport properties and behave as excellent conductive plastics. Uniform dispersion within the polymer matrix and nanotube / matrix wetting and adhesion are all said to be important issues in the development of nanotube composites. To date nanotube based polymer composites have focussed primarily on pristine nanotubes, although due to their relatively inert nature the successful incorporation into a polymer matrix to produce high performance composites has been difficult. The interaction of the nanotube with the polymer matrix is critical. However, it should be possible to engineer such interactions by careful control of the surface groups (and therefore properties) of the SWNTs. It is also envisaged that modifying the surface of SWNTs will allow us to control the dispersion of the nanotubes and avoid aggregation, a major problem in the processing of nanocomposites. Here we present some of our recent results in the chemical modification of SWNTs with tertiary phosphines, which have a dramatic influence on dispersability, and describe some of their properties. The enhanced mechanical properties of some PMMA and PEG nanocoposites containing functionalized SWNTs (over 70% increase in Young’s modulus is observed in some cases) will also be discussed. A1 – Invited Paper MONODISPERSE SINGLE-NANO DIAMOND PARTICLES Eiji Osawa, NanoCarbon Research Institute, AREC, Fac. Textile Sci. Eng., Shinshu University, 3.15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan; OsawaEiji@aol.com 6 Highly interesting and useful particles of single-nano diamond (SND) crystals have long been set aside, but recent developments in the stirred-media milling technique with micro-beads of zirconia made it possible to produce the primary particles of SND with an average diameter of 4.8±0.8 nm in well-dispersed state on commercial basis. While it would be a matter of time until we could isolate analytically pure and structurally simple samples, a plethora of applicative possibilities are springing up even by using the presently available, dark colored and a complex surface structure. This review will disclose the latest stage of characterization, physico-chemical properties, and unexpected behaviors of the new nanoparticles, and introduce the more promising applications under developments in our laboratories and by the outside collaborators. By far the most extensive efforts have been devoted to the use of SND particles as the nucleation for growing nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films by CVD method. Simple immersion or 40 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) dipping of a silicon wafer into 0.01% SND colloid in water produced even coating of the surface with a seed density exceeding 1011/cm2. MPE-CVD on such a seeded substrate for about 20 min afforded a 70 nm thick NCD film from grains smaller than 100 nm and without recognizable pin holes. In order to increase the seed density towards a theoretically attainable value of 4 1012/cm2, we are examining an ink jet patterning instrument for propelling micro-droplets of SND colloidal solution in viscous solvent onto a substrate surface. One interesting characteristic that were totally unknown before, but became evident during the developments of SND is its excellent lubricating capability in liquid media including water. While excellent friction-reducing performance was observed with dispersions of SND in oil, frictional coefficient of the order of 0.01 has often been recorded on metal surfaces with dilute aqueous colloids of SND. Exploration in the nano-bio fields is by no means less vigorous. Remarkable activity of SND hydrogel in the drug delivery recently aroused a lot of interests among nanomedical circles. Total absence of cytotoxicity in SND, controllable and slow release of drugs in the cell from the hydrogel, and chemical inertness of SND particles are unique advantages of the hydrogen drug delivery. One more highly promising area of application for SND is to use the dispersed SND particles as a reinforcing component in various solid matrices including synthetic polymers, resins, cements, ceramics, glasses, metals and alloys. Successful incorporation into copper and silicon will be mentioned with acquired novel properties. A1 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES AND NANWIRES BY LASER ABLATION IN LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS Giuseppe Compagnini, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A.Doria 6, Catania 95125 Italy; gcompagnini@unict.it 7 The interest around the physics and chemistry of laser ablation of solid targets submerged in liquid environments is growing in the last few years. This is because it has been observed that the species emerging under the non-equilibrium conditions as those generated by the ignition of plasmas in highly confined media, can lead a variety of different nano-systems with peculiar features, generally not achievable with other processes. For instance these kind of procedures can be used to obtain metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles dispersed in colloidal systems as well as a number of different metasable phases. In this work we present the possibility to obtain a wide variety of metallic nano-objects by ablating solid targets in liquids and by changing either the ablation parameters (wavelength, power density, target material) and/or by performing the ablation in different liquid environments. Most of the results will be dedicated to the formation and properties of noble metal clusters (including monolayer protected metal nanoparticles) and carbon nanowires. In particular laser ablation of metal targets in water and organic liquids will be shown to generate metal colloids and to allow the control of their shape, size and composition. Clusters’ re-shaping effects and the formation of colloidal nano-alloys are possible through the irradiation of the formerly obtained colloidal mixtures. Monolayer protected metal clusters will be generated through the use of suitable organic solutions as environmental media for the ablation. 41 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Carbon nanowires and other highly conjugated carbon nanostructures will be show to be the relevant species produced after the plasma ignition in a graphite laser ablation experiment, conducted in liquids. A variety of different chain lengths as well as hydrogen capping or CN capping will be obtained and discussed. A comparison with other methods in which plasmas are ignited in high density media will be provided such as those in arc discharge experiments or laser vaporization cluster beam sources. A1 – Contributed Paper METALLIC NANOPARTICLES GENERATED BY ULTRA-SHORT PULSED LASER ABLATION IN LIQUID MEDIA Ana Menéndez-Manjón, Anne Hahn, Stephan Barcikowski; Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hollerithalle 8, D-30419 Hannover, Germany; a.menendez@lzh.de, a.hahn@lzh.de, s.barcikowski@lzh.de 8 Ultra-short pulsed laser ablation has been established as an efficient method for the generation of nanoparticles in solution. Almost no material restrictions, stability only due to electrostatic repulsion, preservation of stochiometry, no thermal load on the ablated target, and the high grade of purity of obtained colloids provide advantage over other processes. Because of these characteristics, laser-based nanoparticles are especially demanded for the improvement of medical implants. In this field, minimal invasive devices, such as neural electrodes, are tailored to improve bioactivity using controlled electrophoretic deposition of nanoparticles. Pure colloidal solutions of metallic nanoparticles were prepared in organic solvents by laser ablation. Productivity and particle size can be controlled by ablation parameters such as laser fluence, pulse length or pulse overlap. Higher reproducibility, productivity and stability of the colloids are achieved inducing a circular flow in the matrix, which reduces shielding and disturbing effects on the laser beam, and prevents initial agglomeration. Dynamics (ejection speed) of nanoparticle generation in liquid are studied on-line by laser light scattering velocimetry. For comparison of laser pulse duration effects, silver nanoparticles are generated in de-ionized water with femto- and picosecond laser pulses. Productivity is determined gravimetrically and size distributions, with TEM-imaging (Feret diameter) and dynamic light scattering (hydrodynamic diameter). Nanoparticles are superficially charged during the laser process. Tracking analysis of gold and NiTi alloy particles in an electric field permits better understanding of electrophoretic mobility and the electrophoretic deposition method. Coated devices are improved through a combination of surface structuring and biological impact of the nanoparticulate material. Bioactivity of silver and copper nanoparticles embedded in polymers is also demonstrated using standard cell culture tests. These investigations show the controlled laser-based fabrication of nanomaterials and nanofunctionalised materials in liquids, with high purity required for biomedical, sensoric and optoelectronic applications. 42 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) A1 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS OF IRON CONTAINING NANOPOWDERS BY LASER PYROLYSIS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Sophie Giraud and Hicham Maskrot, CEA-Saclay,DENDANS/DMN/SRMA/LTMEx, Bât.460, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; sophie.giraud@cea.fr 9 Magnetic nanoparticles present a great interest for a wide range of disciplines, such as magnetic data storage, magnetic inks or ferrofluids, magnetic resonance imaging (as contrast agents) and hyperthermia. However, small particles tend to agglomerate; moreover, metal nanoparticles are chemically highly active and tend to oxidise easily in the presence of air. In order to prevent these phenomena, it is possible to chemically stabilize the nanoparticles by the encapsulation of the particles in polymer, silica or carbon coatings. In the framework of the European research project MEDITRANS, we synthesized some iron containing nanopowders for biomedical applications by the laser pyrolysis method. Laser pyrolysis is a very versatile process which allows the synthesis of a wide range of nanoparticles (carbides, nitrides, oxides, metals and composites nanoparticles). The method is based on the decomposition of gaseous or liquid reactants by a powerful CO2 laser radiation followed by a quenching effect. The mixture of reactants must absorb the radiation of the laser and if necessary an absorber can be added (as SF6, C2H4 for example). To produce iron containing nanoparticles, iron organometallic precursors (such as ferrocene and iron acetylacetonate) were solubilised in various mixtures of solvents. An ultrasonic generator was used to produce an aerosol of the solution in argon gas. The process parameters (precursors, solvents, gases, laser parameters) were varied in order to study their effect on the properties of the recovered nanopowders. All the synthesized powders are black. Examination of the products by microscopy TEM shows small iron compounds embedded in carbon. X-ray diffraction gives information on the species encapsulated in carbon. Indeed most of the powders seem to contain iron metal and/or iron carbide. Only a few samples show the presence of iron oxide. The addition of C2H4 (absorber) or N2O (oxidizer) tends to strongly increase the quantity of carbon contained in the powder and therefore wrongly raises the production rate. Characterization of the magnetic properties and chemical analyses are ongoing and will be very helpful to determine and optimize the process parameters in order to fulfil the requirement for MRI and hyperthermia. A2 – Keynote Paper METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS: FROM BINARY METAL TO MULTI METAL AND DOPED METAL OXIDES Markus Niederberger, Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; markus.niederberger@mat.ethz.ch 10 Surfactant-free nonaqueous sol-gel routes constitute one of the most versatile and powerful synthesis methodologies for nanocrystalline metal oxides with high compositional homogeneity and purity. Although the synthesis protocols are particularly 43 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) simple, just involving metal oxide precursors and common organic solvents, the obtained nanocrystals are characterized by a wide variety of sizes and shapes, however are rather uniform and monodisperse within one reaction system. Surfactant-free sol-gel routes in organic solvents provide several advantages. The small number of reactants on the one hand makes it possible to study the chemical mechanisms involved in metal oxide formation. On the other hand, the relatively slow reaction rates facilitate the preparation of multi metal and doped metal oxide nanoparticles, because it is easier to match the reactivity of the metal oxide precursors in nonaqueous media than in water. This talk will give an overview of i) surfactant-free nonaqueous sol-gel routes to binary, ternary, and doped metal oxide nanoparticles, ii) the basic chemical pathways involved in metal oxide formation, iii) selected applications, and iv) how microwave irradiation can be used to shorten the reaction times from days to minutes and seconds. Session A2 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS OF MANGANESE OXIDE NANOCUBES Lorette Sicard, Fréderic Herbst, Marie-Josèphe Vaulay, Souad Ammar, JeanYves Piquemal and Fernand Fiévet, ITODYS, Université Paris 7, UMR CNRS 7086, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France; sicard@itodys.jussieu.fr 11 Manganese oxide nanocubes have been obtained by the so-called polyol route. The synthesis is very simple, without the need of additives, and consists of dissolving manganese acetate in diethylene gycol and to add water at 100 °C. Before the addition of water, a rose powder precipitate. This product can be recovered. It has been identified as a manganese alkoxide, or acetate-alkoxide, with a lamellar-like morphology. The addition of water allows to obtain the manganese oxide Mn3O4. This brown powder has an hausmanite structure and is composed of single-cristal nanocubes, monodisperse in size and measuring 12 nanometer side. The magnetic properties of the oxide were studied: it is paramagnetic at ambient temperature and becomes ferrimagnetic below 40 K. In the litterature, a confusion is often made between the Curie and the blocking temperature for the nanocrystals of Mn3O4. Here we confirme by magnetic measurments that it is a Curie Temperature and that the particles do not exhibit a superparamagnetic behavior. The change of the synthesis conditions (temperature and pH) allows to tune the aspect ratio and to obtain nanorods. Session A2 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS OF HIGH PURITY HYDROXYAPATITE NANOPOWDER BY THE SURFACTANT-ASSISTED AND HYDROTHERMAL METHOD Xinlong Wang and Ying Zheng, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Canada; yzheng@unb.ca 12 High purity hydroxyapatite nanopowders similar with bone have been successfully prepared by chemical precipitation followed by low-temperature hydrothermal treatment using citrate acid as organic modifiers and starting from calcium chloride and trisodium phosphate. Several techniques including XRD, FTIR, TEM and SAED were used to 44 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) characterize the as-prepared hydroxyapatite nanopowders. The results indicated that the purity of the synthesized powders varied with the reactive pH value and the particle sizes and the crystallinity of the resultant hydroxyapatite nanorods increased with an increasing autoclaving temperature. The hydroxyapatites obtained at 60°C were fiber-like powders with weak crystallization and after hydrothermal treatment at 110°C, well crystallized nanorods (37.6nm×13.3nm) with uniform morphology. The process of crystal growth was also discussed. Session A2 – Keynote Paper TRENDS IN NANOMATERIALS SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS Richard Brotzman, Patrick Murray, Glenn Judd, and Harry Sarkas, Nanophase Technologies Corporation, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA; rbrotzman@nanophase.com 13 The global adoption rate for nanomaterials continues to increase, not only in the US but also in Europe and Asia. Successful commercial application development requires each market be understood and the value proposition of a nanomaterial-based solution quantified. This is a market environment where nanomaterials compete with other technologies to bring value to new products. There are several market realities • Application success is higher with customer application collaboration • No one wants nanoparticles in the powder state • One type of nanoparticle will not provide solutions to all applications • Commercial quality and quantity is required to participate in the market(s) • Market success requires nanoparticles, surface engineering, and dispersing capability Differences between nanoparticles produced by different synthesis strategies will be discussed along with applications most appropriate to the specific synthesis method. NTC’s integrated technology platform – nanoparticle synthesis, surface treatment, dispersion – will be discussed and market successes in several market segments presented (personal care, polishing, polymer additives and coatings, textiles). But the production of high quality dispersions is not enough. NTC has learned the dispersions must be tailored for specific formulations to achieve the efficacy required for market success. The specific example of a new family of formulated, nano-alumina based dispersions for coating applications will be presented. These formulation-tailored dispersions enable the scratch resistance of water-based coatings to be equal or better than solvent-based coatings. Session A2 – Contributed Paper DISPERSION AND STABILITY OF TiO2 NANOPARTICULES SYNTHESIZED BY LASER PYROLYSIS IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS Carole Sentein, Benoit Guizard, Sophie Giraud, Chang Yé and François Ténégal, CEA-Saclay,DEN-DANS/DMN/SRMA/LTMEx, Bât.460, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; carole.sentein@cea.fr 14 45 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) In the framework of the European Project NANOSAFE2, the development of secure industrial production systems and safe applications is of major interest. For this goal, we worked on the development of equipment able to collect in liquids the nanoparticles produced by gas-phase processes such as laser pyrolysis. Hence, synthesis and liquid collection of TiO2 nanoparticles was developed on one hand and on the other hand, dispersion in water and stability of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis was studied. In the perspective to recover/collect in water the TiO2 nanoparticles produced by laser pyrolysis, studies were held to optimize the dispersion and the stability of the suspensions of TiO2 nanoparticles. The objective is to favour the slurrying of the nanoparticles in the liquid and to produce stable suspensions for storage and applications. The influence of different parameters on the dispersion and the stability was studied. The evolution in time of suspensions for TiO2 nanoparticles with different specific surface areas was studied. The effect of the free carbon content upon the powder characteristics was also considered. The effect of the addition of dispersing agents (10 different were tested) on the suspensions behaviour was measured. Characterization of the particle size distribution was performed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). DLS measures the Brownian motion of the particles and relates it to the particle size. Particle size and shape of the TiO2 nanoparticles were also studied by AFM and TEM. Comparison of the powder characteristics produced after a dry or a liquid recovery was performed. Specific surface areas and density are almost the same and the main difference concerns the carbon content rate which is much higher after a dry recovery. As the TTIP (titanium isopropoxide), reactant used for the TiO2 synthesis, is very reactive with water, non pyrolysed part of it may hydrolyses during liquid collection and leads to different volatile sub-products which disappear during powder recovery. At last, the characteristics reproducibility for the powders issued from the liquid recovery means was tested. A good reproducibility was noticed for specific surface area, density and anatase versus rutile rate. Session A2 – Contributed Paper AN EASY PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF FERROMAGNETIC COBALT NANORODS VIA THE POLYOL PROCESS: TOWARDS THE FORMATION OF PERMANENT MAGNETS Yaghoub Soumare,a Jean-Yves Piquemal,a Guillaume Viau,b Thomas Maurer,c Frédéric Ott,c Grégory Chaboussantc and Fernand Fiévet.a a ITODYS, Université Paris 7, case 7090, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris cedex 05, France ; jean-yves.piquemal@univ-paris-diderot.fr; b Université de Toulouse, INSA, LPCNO, UMR CNRS 5215, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex4, France ; c Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA/CNRS UMR12, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex 15 The preparation of anisotropic metal nanoparticles has attracted many attention because of their unique properties. Solid templates with nanometer-sized pores, such as anodic aluminium oxide or polycarbonate membranes prepared by nuclear track etching, have been widely used, but methods involving the direct precipitation of anisotropic nanoparticules are highly attractive because they allow, a priori, easy scale-up. In solution, anisotropic growth is achieved either by addition of a mixture of surfactants that 46 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) adsorb selectively on different crystallographic faces or by controlling the growth rate of the different crystallographic planes of the particles. Several studies report the synthesis of metallic nanowires or nanorods using organometallic complexes but the reaction is generally carried out under hydrogen pressure for long periods (48 h). nother alternative is the polyol process which has proven to be an interesting route for the production of oxide and metal nanoparticles. One of the characteristics of the process is the possibility of finely adjusting the reaction conditions by the choice of the polyol. Recently, we reported on the formation of well isolated wires with the composition Co80Ni20 using 1,2butanediol as the solvent. Application of an external magnetic field (H = 10 kOe) at 140 K resulted in the alignment of the nanowires with a very high observed coercive field (6.5 kOe). Given that Co presents a higher saturation magnetization than Ni, the preparation of anisotropic particles of pure cobalt should lead to materials displaying better magnetic properties than their alloys. We present a simple, rapid (15 min) procedure for the preparation of metallic nanorods using the polyol process with heterogeneous nucleation (Ru) without the need for a solid template. The key parameters are: i) the nature of the cobalt source and ii) the basicity of the medium. No other surfactant was used in the course of the synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the nanorods have a mean diameter of 20 nm and a mean length of 100 nm. They crystallize with the hcp structure, the long axis of the particles being parallel to the crystallographic c axis. They are ferromagnetic at room temperature and can be aligned by an external magnetic field, leading to coercivities higher than those of the non-oriented pressed powders. High coercive fields, up to 9 kOe at 140 K (10 kOe at 5 K) are observed.. Compared to metallic nanowires prepared with a solid template, the good results obtained here are explained by the small diameter of the wires and their very good cristallinity. These results open up new possibilities for the preparation of high-temperature magnets that can compete with existing permanent magnets such as “AlNiCo” and “SmCo”. Session A2 – Invited Paper SUPERCRITICAL HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC INORGANIC HYBRID NANOCOLLOIDS Tadafumi Adschiri, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, WPI, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; ajiri@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp 16 We propose a new method to synthesize organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles at supercritical hydrothermal conditions. By introducing organic ligands (amino acids, carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols, aldehydes, etc.) into supercritical hydrothermal synthesis atmosphere, organic -inorganic hybrid nanocrystals are synthesized. This is due to the homogeneous phase formation for the organic substance and metal salt aqueous solutions at supercritical conditions. Particle size is in the range from 2.5 nm to 10 nm, and particle size dispersion is extremely narrow. Crystal shape can be controlled to be sphere, nano-cube, nano-ribbon etc. By selecting a proper modifier, particles can be dispersed perfectly in organic solvents or in aqueous solutions. By drying the colloidal solution, self-assembly structure of nanocrystals can be obtained. This implies a variety of applications of the nanoparticles including nanohybrid polymers, nano-ink, nano-paints, and bio-imaging probe. 47 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session B1 – Keynote Paper ENCAPSULATION OF DRUG NANOPARTICLES IN SELFASSEMBLED MACROMOLECULAR NANOSHELLS Michael Pishko, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, 3122 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845. mpishko@tamu.edu 17 A layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique was used to encapsulate core charged drug particles in a polymeric nanoshell. This approach provides a new strategy in the development of polymeric vehicles for controlled release and targeting to diseased tissues and cells. A nanoshell composed of two biopolymers, poly-L-lysine and heparin sulfate, were assembled stepwise onto core charged drug nanoparticles. The exterior surface of the nanoshell was functionalized with biocompatible polymers(poly(ethylene glycol)) and targeting functional moieties, such as folic acid or protein ligands. Drug nanoparticles of dexamethasone, paclitaxol, and 5-fluorouracil were fabricated using a modified solvent evaporation technique, producing particles within a range of 150 to 300 nm. Assembly of the nanoshell was characterized by zeta potential measurements and XPS. Surface morphology of the encapsulated drug nanoparticles were viewed by TEM and SEM. XPS data collected for PEG modified drug nanoparticles confirmed that the peak at 286 eV represented the repeat unit in a PEG molecule. Zeta potential results re-confirmed PEG’s presence at the surface. Cell uptake studies of PEG modified drug particles were performed using a flow cytometric assay and suggested that the neutral charge of the nanoshell results in decreased phagocytosis after 48 hours of incubation. Using paclitaxel nanoparticles with a breast cancer cell line, the nanoparticiles were found to be effective in the absence of an excipient such as Cremophor EL. Strategies to create multifunctional nanoparticles will also be discussed. Session B1 – Contributed Paper MICROENCAPSULATION OF ACTIVE NUTRACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS FOR CONTROLLED DELIVERY Rachel M. Frazier1, Whitney L. Hough-Troutman2, Daniel T. Daly1, Robin D. Rogers2,3; 1Alabama Institute of Manufacturing Excellence, University of Alabama, Box 870204, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; 2Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Box 870204, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; 3School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK; rmfrazier@bama.ua.edu 18 Controlled delivery of active nutraceutical ingredients (ANIs) has been a hot topic in recent years as consumers desire continuous sugar release. Blood glucose levels are subjected to a sudden burst of sugar after a meal, which then levels off as time progresses. Although many delivery systems are available, they can be complex and utilize a variety of binders and other inactive ingredients, which may be deleterious to the digestive system. A relatively simple delivery module has been designed to attach and 48 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) encapsulate sugars and flavorants, which are then released in an acidic environment similar to the stomach. Polyetheramines are the basis of the molecular scaffold by which ANIs are attached via hydrolyzable bonds such as ether, ester, and imine. The molecular scaffold with attached ANI is then encapsulated into cellulose beads that can be ingested. The bonds between the ANI and molecular scaffold are then cleaved in an acidic environment to release the ANI, chemically unchanged and without additional release of any by products. This process also utilizes the reusable and renewable resources of cellulose, ethanol, and polypropylglycol that allow this to be a viable industrial process. We have demonstrated controlled release of ANIs in acidic solution of pH ~ 2. The ANIs are released after approximately 200 minutes. When compared to the hydrolysis of the bonds from the molecular scaffold alone, this is 30 times slower to release into solution. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the bead encapsulation of the molecular scaffold to provide continuous release of ANIs. The controlled release of ANIs and the dependence on process variables will be presented. Session B1 – Invited Paper ENCAPSULATION PROPERTY OF UNIMOLECULAR NANOCAPSULE BASED ON HYPERBRANCHED POLYMER Toshifumi Satoh, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, JAPAN; satoh@poly-bm.eng.hokudai.ac.jp 19 The novel unimolecular nanocapsule consisting of hyperbranched carbohydrate polymer (1) as a core and L-leucine ethyl ester as the shell was synthesized by the reaction of 1 with the N-carbonyl L-leucine ethyl ester. The carbamation reaction was found to be a convenient method for preparing the organic solvent-soluble amphiphilic hyperbranched carbohydrate polymer (2). The encapsulation ability of 2 toward water-soluble dyes has been investigated by UV-vis and CD measurements in chloroform. These results indicated that 2 was a unimolecular nanocapsule with an encapsulation ability toward hydrophilic dye molecules, such as rose bengal. In addition, the rose bengal encapsulated in 2 showed a slow release, and its release rate was extremely accelerated under basic conditions. Hence, 2 was a good candidate for pH-sensitive controlled-release systems, and the encapsulation-release property of 2 possibly provides a strategy for designing new drug delivery systems. Session B1 – Invited Paper NANOENCAPSULATION VIA INTERFACICALLY CONFINED REVERSIBLE ADDITION FRAGMENTATION TRANSFER (RAFT) MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION Yingwu Luo, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Bio-Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; yingwu.luo@cmsce.zju.edu.cn Nanocapsules of functional substances have shown promising applications in the area of drug delivery, catalysis, dye dispersion, optical medium, data storage, and so on. Many 20 49 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) different innovative technologies of nano-encapsulation have been developed recently. Most of these technologies are of low efficiency or difficult to scale up due to involving complicated many-step procedures such as repeated centrifugation or filtration, core removal and re-filling or involving a very dilute system. In view of large-scale practical applications, it is very desirable to have a versatile approach of nano-encapusulation with high efficiency. We invented a general strategy of nanoencapsulation of liquid substance by the interfacially confined RAFT miniemulsion polymerization, which is high efficient, environmentally benign, and easy to scale up. An amphiphilic RAFT oligomer was designed and used as a surfactant to prepare miniemulsion (oil droplets of 50~500nm dispersed in water). Due to their amphiphilic properties, the amphihilic RAFT molecules will self assemble on the interface of water/droplets once miniemulsion is formed via ultrasonication. When a water-soluble initiator like potassium persulfate (KPS) is introduced, water-soluble primary radicals are born in the water. After several additions of monomer, the oligoradicals become surface active and are captured by mini-droplets. The surface-active radicals with anionic head groups are anchored on the interface of mini-droplets and water. Since the RAFT agent molecules are also anchored on the interface, the radicals would transfer among the RAFT agents via RAFT reactions. By this way, the radical is located at the interface during most of polymerization time, so the polymerization is confined on the interface. The polymer chains would grow inwards gradually, leading to the formation of a polymer shell. The approach will be demonstrated in synthesizing a variety of nanocapsules with different core materials (phase change materials, dyes), shell properties (crosslinked, Tg), and capsule sizes and its distributions (uniform in size). The key parameters controlling the formation of the nanocapsules were identified. This work is financially supported by NSFC (#20474057). Session B1 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS OF MONODISPERSE PARTICLES AND CAPSULES BY SUBMERGED INKJET-PRINTING Marcel Böhmer, Jan Steenbakkers and Ceciel Chlon, Biomolecular Engineering, Philips Research, NL, marcel.bohmer@philips.com 21 Monodisperse microparticles of biodegradable polymers of a controlled size and composition were synthesized using a drop on demand inkjet nozzle operating at 24,000 Hz, jetting monodisperse emulsion droplets into an aqueous solution of poly-vinyl alcohol. These emulsion droplets were converted to polymer particles by selective removal of the carrier solvent. The polymer concentration in the ink and emulsion droplet size determine the final particle size. Inclusion of alkanes leads to the formation of polymer-shelled oil-filled capsules and the subsequent removal of the alkane gives monodisperse hollow particles that can be activated with ultrasound to release their contents. To include hydrophilic, high molecular weight drugs into such particles double emulsion techniques are applied. Ink-jetting a first emulsion instead of a homogeneous solution leads to exactly the same particle size as inkjetting the pure polymer solution at the same concentration, indicating that all the water incorporated in the first emulsion is extracted. As particle sizes obtained with this techniques are highly predictable submerged inkjet-printing can be used effectively to study polymer combinations, the swelling of hydrogels and incorporation efficiencies of high molecular weight drugs. 50 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session B1 – Contributed Paper INCORPORATION IN POLYMERIC NANOCAPSULES IMPROVES THE ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF MELATONIN AGAINST LIPID PEROXIDATION IN MICE BRAIN AND LIVER Scheila R. Schaffazicka, Ionara R. Siqueirab, Alessandra S. Badejoa, Denise S. Jornadaa, Adriana R. Pohlmanna,c, Carlos Alexandre Nettod,, Sílvia S. Guterresa*; a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS)-RS, Brazil; b Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (UFRGS)- Brazil; c Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química (UFRGS)- Brazil; d * Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (UFRGS)- RS, Brazil; silvia.guterres@ufrgs.br 22 It has been recently shown that the association of melatonin with polymeric nanoparticles causes a significant increase of the in vitro effect against lipid peroxidation. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the in vivo acute antioxidant effect of intraperitoneal administration of melatonin-loaded polysorbate 80-coated nanocapsules with that of melatonin aqueous solution in mice brain (frontal cortex and hippocampus) and liver. The lipid peroxidation through thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, the total antioxidant reactivity (luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence) and the free radical levels (formed dichlorofluorescein) have been carried out. Our results show that a single melatonin aqueous solution injection exerted no antioxidant activity in the evaluated range, while the administration of the melatonin-loaded polysorbate 80-coated nanocapsules caused a marked reduction on lipid peroxidation levels in all studied tissues. No differences on free radical content were found in the tissues. The melatoninloaded nanocapsules also increased the total antioxidant reactivity in the hippocampus. These in vivo results are in accordance with our previous in vitro findings and confirm the hypothesis that polymeric nanocapsules improve the antioxidant effect of melatonin against lipid peroxidation. Session B1 – Invited Paper REVERSE PHASE LAYER-BY-LAYER POLYELECTROLYTE SELF ASSEMBLY ENCAPSULATION OF WATER SOLUBLE MICROPARTICULAR MATERIALS Sebastian Beyer1, Mak Wing Cheung2, Marten Werner3, Dieter Trau2, 4 ,*; 1 Gelsenkirchen University of Applied Sciences, Germany; 2Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, bietrau@nus.edu.sg; 3Lund University, Sweden; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; *presenting and corresponding author; all authors contributed equally 23 We report on a novel method for the encapsulation of highly water soluble microparticular materials by using Reverse Phase Layer-by-Layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte self assembly. Until now LbL polyelectrolyte self assembly coating and encapsulation 51 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) methods were only applicable to none or poorly water soluble materials. Our method extends the material spectrum for the first time into highly water soluble materials including drugs, vitamins and other compounds with potential applications in Bioengineering. By using our novel method Reverse Phase Layer-by-Layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte self assembly we have demonstrated the direct encapsulation of crystals of proteins, insulin, carbohydrates, vitamins, organic and inorganic salts. The method is simple and robust and applicable to a broad range of substances. Typically applications of this new method can be the protection of enzyme sensitive highly water soluble drugs by the nanometer thick capsule membrane, a controlled release of the template material, coatings for biomaterials. Advantages of this new method are for example the very high encapsulation efficiency for microcrystals or other microparticular materials as well as for gel-beads with entrapped water soluble substances and the creation of powders and solids of encapsulated materials. Multilayer deposition was proven, layer thickness was determined by Atomic force microscopy and the releases of several encapsulated substances with potential applications in drug delivery were studied. Session B1 – Contributed Paper LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY ON GOLD NANOPARTICLES Emek Seyrek, Gregory Schneider, Gero Decher; CNRS - Institute Charles Sadron, 23 Rue du Loess, BP 84047, Strasbourg 67034, France; emek@ics.u-strasbg.fr 24 Methods for preparation and characterization of core/shell gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using electrostatic layer-by layer (LbL) assembly will be presented. Different gold cores were prepared with sodium citrate or L-ascorbic acid as the reducing agent, which required different parameters for LbL deposition. LbL was performed by sequential deposition of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, utilizing centrifugation and/or ultrafiltration techniques. The polyelectrolytes employed were polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), polystyrene sulfonate (PS) and dextran sulfate (DS). The parameters that effect the efficiency and reproducibility of the methods, i.e. the concentration of reducing agent for AuNP synthesis, type and concentration of polyelectrolytes, concentration of AuNPs, parameters of centrifugation and ultrafiltration, will be discussed in detail. The current challenges and future potential applications for these core/shell AuNPs will also be presented. Session C1 – Invited Paper DIRECTED ASSEMBLY WITH NANOPARTICLE SYSTEMS Kevin Yager, Jason Benkoski, Eric J. Amis, and Alamgir Karim, Polymers Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; alamgir.karim@nist.gov 25 The use of functional nanostructured and nanofilled polymer films as templates for advanced lithography, solar cell films or nanoporous membranes, is limited by prohibitively long time required for defect annihilation, and the typically stringent preparation conditions. We have previously reported some of our work on directed self- 52 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) assembly methods for block copolymers that include thermal gradient zone annealing, environmental vapor spin-coating, and physically confining and chemical patterned substrates. This talk will describe a new approach, the facile directed assembly of blockcopolymer of PS-PMMA using a nanoparticle coating cast on silicon substrates. The partial substrate coverage and average surface energy of the coating are loosely controlled to achieve a near-neutral condition for both blocks. This strategy combines the topographically disrupting effect of nanoparticles on block-copolymer surface ordering with competitive surface wetting energetics for the blocks to achieve parallel and perpendicular orientations. Finally, the self-assembly characteristics of the cast nanoparticles are compared to the nearly unperturbed state at a liquid-liquid interface. Session C1 – Contributed Paper FORMATION OF HIGHLY ORDERED ANISOTROPIC NANOPARTICLE SUPERLATTICES BY SELF-ASSEMBLY ON WATER SURFACES Takuya Harada and T. Alan. Hatton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA t_harada@mit.edu 26 The establishment of well defined methods for the fabrication of highly ordered, twodimensional nanoparticle assemblies (superlattices) is crucial if various future applications based on functional nanoparticles are to be realized. We report here on the self-assembly of nanoparticles on liquid surfaces as a potential approach for the generation of homogeneous, relatively defect-free, large-area, nanoparticle films, and explore means for the facile control of the self-assembled nanoparticle layer properties. We have shown that a peculiar, planar anisotropic, highly ordered nanoparticle superlattice is formed when the colloidal dispersion of magnetic (such as Fe3O4) nanoparticles is dried on the water surface under certain controlled conditions. In this presentation, we will detail the experimental conditions under which these anisotropic nanoparticle superlattices are formed, and discuss possible mechanisms for the formation of such anomalous self-assembled nanoparticle layers. Session C1 – Invited Paper LARGE DNA-BASED PARTICLES FROM OLIGONUCLEOTIDE HYBRIDS WITH ORGANIC CORES Martin Meng, Matthias Bauer, Oliver Plietzsch, Carolin Ahlborn, Shahid Soomro, Thierry Muller, Stefan Bräse, Wolfgang Wenzel, and Clemens Richert; University of Karlsruhe and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 76131 Karlsruhe and 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; cr@rrg.uka.de 27 Small nanoparticles of defined three-dimensional structure can be formed through the programmed, sequence-specific assembly of short DNA strands. The extension of this concept to large nanoparticles of > 100 nm diameter, let alone macroscopic crystals has proven challenging. To date, no designed crystals, generated through base pairing between complementary nucleic acid strands have been reported. We have initiated a research program focused on the assembly of oligonucleotides covalently linked to organic core molecules. As a first example, we present DNA-based assemblies of sub53 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) micrometer size that are generated through hybridization in aqueous buffer. These were characterized by electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. Another sequence was found to assemble into an insoluble solid upon cooling in aqueous solution. Session C1 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS AND SELF-ASSEMBLY OF GOLD NANORODS Eugene R. Zubarev, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA; zubarev@rice.edu 28 Gold nanorods exhibit strong optical scattering and absorption in the visible and nearinfrared regions due to the localized surface-plasmon resonance. The longitudinal plasmon of gold nanorods is dependent on their aspect ratio. However, the nanorods synthesized by classical seed-mediated method have a very limited range of achievable aspect ratios (3-5). Numerous attempts to increase the aspect ratio to values greater than 5 have met little success so far. This presentation will describe methods to tune the plasmon peak in a reversible fashion and obtain nanorods with any aspect ratio ranging from 1 to 200. One-dimensional growth and shortening of nanorods in aqueous solution in the presence of Au (I) and Au (III) ions, respectively, will be discussed. Self-assembly and the preparation of the periodic arrays of nanorods from organic and aqueous solutions will be discussed as well. Session C1 – Invited Paper LIPID TUBULES WITH BIREFRINGENT CORES AND THEIR ORDERED ARRAYS Jiyu Fang, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center and Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; jfang@mail.ucf.edu Self-assembled lipid tubules with crystalline bilayer walls are supramolecular architectures. By filling lipid tubules with nematic liquid crystals, we have formed optical anisotropic fibers. Due to the tunable refractive index of namatic liquid crystals, the lipid tubules with liquid crystal cores might have potential applications in sensors, photonic devices, and optical communications. We have shown that 2-D ordered arrays and 3-D cross-bar junctions of the lipid tubules with liquid crystal cores can be fabricated on a verity of substrates by confined dewetting, microfluidic networks, and microcontact printing. The ability of fabricating lipid tubules into ordered arrays is an important step in integrating them with functional devices. 29 Session C1 – Invited Paper ARRAYS OF CARBON NANOTUBES COATED BY NANOPARTICLES OF METALS AND METAL-OXIDES Emanuela Tamburri, Silvia Orlanducci, Francesco Toschi, Valeria Guglielmotti, Maria Letizia Terranova, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Dip.to Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche and MINASlab,Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Roma, 00133, Italy; Emanuela.Tamburri@uniroma2.it 30 Ordered arrays of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been utilized as a suitable platform for the growth of nickel nanoparticles and nanocrystalline metal-oxide. The CNTs systems 54 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) have been prepared following two different methodologies. In a case, well organized CNTs arrays have been grown on a Si substrate by Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) techniques whereas in the other case the CNTs have been opportunely aligned on a multifinger interdigitated electrode via a dielectrophoretic post synthesis process. The metal-oxide coatings (TiO2, Ta2O5, ecc) have been realized during the CVD growth process of nanotubes. The nickel nanoparticles have been deposited on the CNTs arrays by means of electrochemical methods. In this case the ordered arrays of CNTs on the Si and on the multifinger substrates act as electrode surface for the electro-reduction of the metal. The morphology and structure of the Ni-coated CNT bundles have been characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). By changing the parameters of the electrochemical process, it is possible to modulate the morphological characteristics of the Ni deposits, which can be obtained in form of nanoparticles uniformly distributed along the whole length of the CNT bundles. A detailed study of the nucleation mechanism of Ni onto CNT has been performed using transient current technique and a correlation between growth mechanism and samples morphology is presented and discussed. The possibility to maintain the architecture of the pristine nanotube deposits after the Ni coating process opens new perspectives for integration of CNT/Ni systems in magnetic and spintronics devices. Moreover the metal-CNTs systems could have some interesting applications as protective coatings against corrosion and electrochemical detection of traditional “nonelectroactive” amino acids. Session C1 – Invited Paper SURFACE PATTERNING USING INTERFACIAL COLLOIDAL CRYSTALS Li Jia, Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA; ljia@uakron.edu Charged colloidal particles experience long-range electrostatic repulsion at the air-water interface. Within a confined space, the monodisperse spheres form 2-dimensional hexagonal crystals with the adjuestable lattice constant by the surface pressure. Such interfacial films are difficult to be transferred onto a solid substrate with the order intact because the noncontiguous particles in the films can be easily moved out of their lattice positions. This presentation will describe a process that allows the transfer of the hexagonal non-contiguously packed (HNCP) interfacial colloidal crystal onto a solid substrate. The process requires the optimization of the attractive forces between the colloidal particles and the substrate and the minimization of the water-wettability of the substrate surface. After the initial transfer, manipulations to minimize the destructive capillary force or to improve adhesion are sometimes necessary to secure the particles in their lattice positions. The resulting pattern on the solid substrate possesses long-range order on the square millimeter scale. Two particle systems will be discussed, the 258 nm positive particles and the 2.7 mm negative particles. Depending on the particle size and periodicity, the patterned surfaces display diffractive or antireflective properties. 31 55 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session D1 – Keynote Paper NANOPOWDER SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION Ian Morrison and Ani Nikova, Cabot Corporation, Billerica MA 01821, USA; ian_morrison@cabot-corp.com 32 Many nanoparticles are most interesting when dispersed in a medium such as a liquid or a polymer. For these, understanding interfacial interactions is key to advancing the technology. Typically, predicting interfacial interactions is sought by measuring surface chemistry and surface morphology, particularly surface area. In principle, statistical thermodynamics tells us how to estimate interfacial interactions from the properties of the particle surface and the medium. In practice, predictions have been illusive and only correlations are the result, loosing the advantage of detailed surface analysis. For flat surfaces useful progress has been made by measuring contact angles of liquids of known surface tensions on solids of interest, primarily low surface energy polymers. It has been found that measuring the interfacial interactions for a few, carefully selected materials gives information to predict the interactions with other media. This is the idea behind characterizing surfaces with dispersion-energy and Lewis acid-base components. Contact angles on nanopowders cannot be measured by observation. We find that a fruitful method is to measure the gas adsorption isotherm over the full range of vapor pressure up to the vapor pressure of the liquid. As is well known, when the liquid has a finite contact angle with the solid, then the integral of the data gives the spreading pressure. The contact angle is still unknown. It is certainly likely that the greater the spreading pressure, the lower the contact angle. This is a hint. If liquids that interact strongly with the nanopowder surface are measured, the contact angle is zero (the liquid spreads). The integral of this data (plus the liquid surface tension) is the work of adhesion. We easily measure the work of adhesion on any (nonvolatile) nanopowder with several stronglyinteracting liquids. The use of dispersion-energy and Lewis acid-base theories to predict interfacial interactions are now practicable and verifiable; a goal not previously attained, even for systems with observable contact angles. Session D1 – Contributed Paper ZETA POTENTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION Ren Xu, Particle Characterization, Beckman Coulter, Inc., 11800 SW 147 Ave., Miami, FL 33116-9015, USA, ren.xu@coulter.com 33 Zeta potential measurement of particles in suspension is a very important research tool and quality control means for dispersion stability and product performance of nano or submicron particulate materials. There are two technologies that are commonly used for zeta potential measurement, i.e., electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and acoustic. The ELS technology produces accurate and high resolution results for both aqueous and nonaqueous suspensions. However, its current applications are limited to dilute samples due to the conventional optical arrangement. On the other hand, the acoustic technology can only measure zeta potential of concentrated samples and provides only average zeta potential with low sensitivity and low resolution. In this presentation, a novel technology (FST) used for ELS measurement is introduced. In the patented FST technology, 56 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) measurements are performed on particles near the electrode therefore avoiding multiple scattering and scattering attenuation due to high solid concentration. Combined with photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurement capabilities, this new generation of zeta potential and particle size measurement instrument from Beckman Coulter demonstrates that it can perform both size and zeta potential measurements for polystyrene latex suspensions covering four decades, ranging from 0.001% to 10% of solid concentration and obtain concentration independent results for both particle size and zeta potential. This instrument can also measure dilute samples or small scatterers with unprecedented sensitivity, sizing 0.6 nm Thiamin molecules (Mw~337 Dalton), and resolution, distinguishing generation 3 dendrimer with generation 5 dendrimer. Session # THE REAL-TIME, SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF NANOPARTICLE SIZE, ZETA POTENTIAL, COUNT, ASYMMETRY AND FLUORESCENCE IN LIQUIDS Bob Carr, Patrick Hole, Andrew Malloy, Jonathan Smith, Andrew Weld and Jeremy Warren, NanoSight Ltd, Salisbury, UK; bob.carr@nanosight.co.uk A new nanoparticle sizing and characterization technique is described which allows nanoparticles in a suspension to be individually but simultaneously detected and analysed in real time using a low cost instrument. Nanoparticles of all types and in any solvent can be detected, sized and counted through video-based tracking of their Brownian motion when illuminated by a specially configured laser beam. Depending on particle type, nanoparticles as small as 10nm can be visualized (though not imaged). The technique is robust and low cost representing an attractive alternative or complement to higher cost and more complex methods of nanoparticle analysis such as photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) or electron microscopy that are currently employed in a wide range of technical and scientific sectors. The technique uniquely allows the user a simple and direct qualitative view of the sample under analysis (perhaps to validate data obtained from other techniques such as PCS) and from which an independent quantitative estimation of sample size, size distribution and concentration can be immediately obtained. Examples of analyses of a wide range of sample types will be shown including nano-emulsions from pharmaceutical and clinical applications and metal oxides and nano-ceramics from the chemical, pigments and coatings industries. Advances in the technique will be described which allow each particle to be simultaneously analysed not just in terms of its size but also light scattering power (mass/refractive index) from which 3D plots of size v. tight scatter can be produced. Similarly, through the addition of electrodes in the device head, charged particles can be identified through their electrophoretic mobility, from which an estimate of zeta potential can be obtained on a particle-by-particle basis. Importantly, a mixture of negatively and positively charged particles can be resolved, each particle being simultaneously analysed in terms of its Brownian motion-derived size and scattered intensity. Furthermore, preliminary results will be presented that show an unprecedented ability to identify nanoparticle asymmetry in real time, again on a particle-by-particle basis and simultaneously linked to the parameters described above. Finally, by employing suitably shorter wavelength optical sources it is possible to excite fluorophores attached by antibodies, for instance, to specific types of biological nanoparticle. Accordingly, a wide range of fluorophores 34 57 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) currently employed in conventional flow cytometry for phenotyping cell lines and other biological particles, is currently being tested and which show promise as labels of sufficient efficiency to allow real time monitoring of biological microparticles at video frame rates. It should be noted that it remains possible to simultaneously determine nanoparticle size and surface charge under fluorescence analysis. In conclusion, the technique will uniquely offer a real-time, simultaneous multiparameter analysis (size, Ri, zeta potential, count and shape factor) of individual nanoparticles in suspension. The inclusion of a fluorescence capability significantly enhances the technique. This capability would, in effect, extend the current flow cytometric capability down one order of magnitude while uniquely adding a particle surface charge analysis. Session D1 – Invited Paper ULTRASOUND FOR CHARACTERIZING NANO-COLLOIDS: SIZING, ZETA POTENTIAL, RHEOLOGY. A.Dukhin and P.Goetz , Dispersion Technology Inc., 364 Adams Street, Bedford Hills, NY 10507 , USA; adukhin@dispersion.com 35 The scope of this talk includes description of several analytical techniques, which employ ultrasound for extracting information about the properties of nano-colloids. Ultrasound can propagate through samples that are not transparent for light, which open up many new applications not possible with classical light scattering methods. These ultrasound techniques offer a unique opportunity to characterize concentrated nano- and micro dispersion, emulsions and micro-emulsions in their natural states. Elimination of a dilution step required for most other techniques (light scattering, sedimentation, electrophoresis) is crucial for an adequate characterization of liquid heterogeneous systems, especially when the high concentration leads to structured systems. As with any macroscopic method, ultrasonic techniques characterize the sample in two steps. The first step is measurement of particular macroscopic property, which might be ultrasound attenuation, or sound speed, or electroacoustic signal. These raw data can be interpreted initially on phenomenological level. Acoustic spectrometer at this point can be considered as Acoustic Rheometer. We present phenomenological link between Acoustics and Rheology, and various applications, including characterization of chemical relaxation in homogeneous fluids, Newtonian fluid test, measurement of bulk viscosity. Longitudinal visco-elastic modulus can be used as system fingerprint similarly to the traditional shear visco-elastic modulus. There is possibility of the second step in the raw data theoretical interpretation. It would involve appropriate microscopic model of heterogeneous system, like separate spherical particles in Newtonian liquid. Alternatively it could be model of particles bounded into a network. Theoretical treatment allows extraction information on particle size, zeta potential, micro-rheological properties. We briefly discuss existing theories and concentrate more attention on the nanotechnology applications. 58 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session D1 – Invited Paper CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION AND ORIENTATION IN SOLID MEDIA Miran Mozetic, Plasma Laboratory, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; miran.mozetic@guest.arnes.si 36 A method for determination of particle distribution in solid media is presented. The method is based on selective etching of the solid medium from the surface of the object composing small particles distributed in the medium. The method performs best for characterization of objects made from any particles distributed in organic (often polymer) matrix. Samples are mounted in a vacuum chamber and exposed to a flux of oxidizing radicals, often neutral oxygen atoms in the ground state. The source of the atoms is weakly ionized highly dissociated plasma created in an inductively coupled radiofrequency discharge. Oxygen atoms react with the organic matrix even at room temperature causing slow etching of the matrix while leaving the particles intact. The etching rate depends on the treatment time and the flux of atoms, and is typically about a minute. After the treatment, the surface layer of organic material is removed and the particles become visible. The object is then imaged by a scanning electron microscope. Since the etching is performed at room (or slightly elevated) temperature, and since the particles do not react with oxygen atoms, the original distribution is preserved. The method is used routinely for characterization of polymer matrix composites. Several examples of application are presented ranging from bulk materials to coatings with an emphasis on different paints. Session D1 – Contributed Paper HIGHLY STABLE SUSPENSIONS OF METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES Ali Bumajdad and Asha Mathew, Kuwait University, Faculty of Science, Chemsitry Department, P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060, Kuwait; bumajdad@gmail.com 37 Highly dispersed nanoparticles of variety of pure- and mixed-metal oxides (namely Fe2O3; CeO2; CuCeO2; KCeO2; MgCeO2; NiCeO2; TiO2; and Cr2O3) were prepared using water-in-n-heptane microemulsion as template and stabilizing media. The employed surfactants were mixture of the cationic di-n-dodecyldimethylammonium bromide, DDAB, and the nonionic is polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether, Brij®35, at molar ratio equal 9:1. The effect of different variables on the suspension stability will be explained. Focus will be given to microemulsion droplet concentration, droplet size, nanoparticles concentration, and type of precipitating agent. Using SEM, HR-TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS, Viscometer, DSC, FT-IR, UV and other techniques, the properties of the nanoparticle suspensions (e.g. stability, amount stabilized, viscosity, etc.) and nanopowders (e.g. size, polydispersity, shape, crystallinity, composition, etc.) were studied and correlated with amount of surfactants used and water-to-n-heptane molar ratio. It is worth mentioning that such suspensions and powders have industrial applications like additives to coating and lubricant and also can be used as a catalyst. 59 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session D1 – Contributed Paper ORTHOGONAL TRACKING MICROSCOPY FOR NANOFABRICATION RESEARCH Matthew D. McMahon, Andrew J. Berglund, Peter Carmichael, Jabez J. McClelland, J. Alexander Liddle; Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; matthew.mcmahon@nist.gov 38 Particle tracking in two lateral dimensions by digital video microscopy can be implemented in a straightforward manner by the use of centroid algorithms. Obtaining position information in the out-of-plane dimension has been more difficult, typically requiring fitting to complicated Airy patterns. We introduce a technique called orthogonal tracking microscopy, in which we use micromirrors integrated with the sample to project a side-on view of the region of interest. The mirrors project vertical motion into lateral motion, allowing us to obtain full three-dimensional tracks from purely two-dimensional images using simple centroiding, and with vertical resolution comparable to lateral resolution. Session D1 – Contributed Paper FT-IR AND DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE FT-IR FOR QUANTITATIVE DRUG LOAD ESTIMATION IN ALGINATE NANOCAPSULES WITH TESTOSTERONE PAYLOAD Arup Mukherjee and Benoy B. Bhowmik, Division of Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemicals Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Calcutta University, 92,A.P.C. Road, Kolkata- 700009,India; hdct1@yahoo.co.in 39 Precise quantization of drug load in nanoparticle delivery devices have often suffered for multiple of factors. Large preparation batch to batch variations are a reality and complete dissolution requirements for drug molecules in interactive polymer colloid environment is in itself a dynamic inaccuracy. Additionally, the drug being present in a multi -chemical environment often require destructive sample dissolution treatments, chromatography or dialysis separation before any load estimation can actually be made. Transmittance FTIR and Diffuse Reflectance FT-IR (DR FT-IR) are powerful tools for accurate and nondestructive evaluation of a chemical component even when it is present in a complex physical mixture. The estimation is dependent upon fundamental vibrations due to specific functional groups and can be performed on a routine basis. This work deals in synthesis of steroid drug testosterone loaded hydro polymer alginate nanocapsules followed by, drug pay load estimation in FT-IR, DR FT-IR and in HPLC. Nanocapsules were prepared in a nano-emulsion, polymer cross linking technique and particles visualized in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Particles appeared spherical and in uniform coating in TEM micrographs. Photon correlation spectroscopy, PCS, diameter was observed 35nm, zeta potential – 5.2 and polydispersity 0.22. Differential scanning calorimetery, DSC, studies confirmed nanocapsules testosterone payload with specific endotherm appearing at 1510C independent of polymer decomposition response at 2920C. In KBr pellet, FT-IR, testosterone responded with CH2 stretching at 2939cm-1, alcoholic 60 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) OH band at 3395cm-1 and characteristic C=O vibrations at 1665cm-1 with aldehydic C-H stretching at 2874cm-1 and similar observations were corroborated with somewhat flattened OH vibration response in DR FT-IR gatherings. In FT-IR drug load quantization experiments, concentration versus absorbance standard graph were first drawn for testosterone C=O vibrations peak height ratio, against weighed drug concentration range. Base points were taken at 1720± 2.5 cm-1 and 1626± 2.5 cm-1. Validated JASCO QAU400 quantitative analysis suite software was used throughout accumulating 245 scans for each pure testosterone concentration points. Testosterone pay loaded alginate nanocapsules were then sampled and absorbance due to C=O vibrations were used for estimation of drug load. In parallel experiments, testosterone pay loads in nanocapsules were evaluated in DR FT-IR following Kubelka-Munk transform and in HPLC after dissolving the polymer coat in 1 % w/v sodium citrate solution. The drug load appeared 30.2% in HPLC and 31.2% in FT-IR quantization. FT-IR can be routinely used for precise and non destructive drug payload studies in nano-drug delivery devices. Session E1 – Keynote Paper TRANSPARENT, POLYCRYSTALLINE UPCONVERTING NANOCERAMICS: TOWARDS 3-D DISPLAYS Thomas R. Hinklin, Stephen C. Rand and Richard M. Laine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109-2136, USA; talsdad@umich.edu 40 We describe here the concept of a 3-D display wherein arrays of transparent upconverting phosphor pixels are formed in a 3-D hollow shape. This shape is then illuminated from within with a rastered IR source which in turn upconverts the IR to red, green and blue light in an “inverse planetarium” format to provide 3-D images. To realize such a display, one of the key steps must be the ability to produce transparent polycrystalline pixels. We report here the production of (Y0.86Yb0.11Er0.03)2O3 and (Y0.929Yb0.070Tm0.001)2O3 composition nanopowders, their characterization and processing to transparent, polycrystalline red and blue upconverting phosphors. The initial powders exhibit the cubic phase of yttria, and consist of unaggregated, single crystals with average particle sizes <50 nm that are readily compacted to green densities of 60-63 % of theory. Binder burnout on heating to 800°C in air, vacuum sintering to 1350°-1450°C and HIPping at similar temperatures at 140 MPa provides dense pellets with average grain sizes of ≈ 400 nm and up to 70 % transparency. These materials effectively unconvert 980 nm IR light to visible light (e.g. 662 nm for Er doped material) and offer the potential to serve as pixel materials for the proposed “inverted planetarium” 3-D display. Session E1 – Invited Paper PARTICLES ON THE BEACH: THE DREAM OF ELECTRONIC PAPER Tanya Z. Kosc; Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; tkos@lle.rochester.edu 41 It has been over a decade since a post-doc sat on a sunny California beach and wished he didn’t need to lug all his books with him. In the following years, he sowed the seeds for E-Ink, and many electrophoretic particle display technologies, including SiPix, have 61 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) followed suit. The unique Gyricon technology was revived after decades on the shelf, only to run into commercialization difficulties. A new concept of Quick Response Liquid Powder Displays suddenly emerged from labs and continues to make headway. With PInk, particles form photonic crystals, and a completely novel approach is being developed. Scores of innovative technologies continue to emerge from research facilities around the world, where funding or the lack there of, plays a crucial role in their potential for development. This talk will offer a brief look at the history of particle-based display technologies, and describe the current state of the art. Session E1 – Contributed Paper MODIFICATION OF PIGMENT SURFACE WITH ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS FOR MICROCAPSULE-BASED ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY In-Joo Chin, Hyun-Ryool Woo, Jung-Hyun Yun, Yong-Ku Kwon, and Hyoung-Jin Choi, Dept. of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea; ichin@inha.ac.kr 42 To realize the microcapsule-based electrophoretic displays, the individual pigment particles should be dispersed in the dielectric fluid. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and charged color organic pigment nanoparticles were modified with acryic copolymer to improve the dispersion stability of the nanoparticles in a dielectric medium and to balance the density mismatch among various nanoparticles. The modified particles were dispersed in a suspending fluid and then were encapsulated to form microcapsules of about 70 μm in diameter. Using gelatin and gum arabic as wall materials, microcapsules were prepared via the phase separation of oppositely charged polymers. To form the frontplane, a microcapsuled electrophoretic particles and polymer binder were coated on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, where a thin indium tin oxide (ITO) layer was deposited. We fabricated a 2.4 inch panel of 520 X 520 array of pixels with passive matrix addressing. Session E1 – Keynote Paper LOW ENERGY CLUSTER BEAM DEPOSITION METHOD TO PRODUCE FUNCTIONAL NANOSTRUCTURES AND HIGH INTEGRATION-DENSITY DEVICES Alain Perez, Patrice Mélinon, Veronique Dupuis, Bruno Masenelli, Laurent Bardotti, Brigitte Prével, Florent Tournus, Juliette Tuaillon-Combes, Alexandre Tamion, Estela Bernstein, Irène Wang, Nils Blanc, Dimitri Tainoff, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; alain.perez@lpmcn.univ-lyon1.fr 43 Functional cluster-assembled nanostructures with original structures and properties are prepared using the Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition method (LECBD). This technique consists of depositing supersonic clusters produced in the gas phase using a combined laser vaporization-inert gas condensation source. Low energy clusters with typical sizes ranging from ~ 1 to a few nm are not fragmented upon impact on the substrate leading to the formation of supported nanostructures 62 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) which retain the original structures and properties of the incident free clusters. Model nanostructured systems of any kind of materials (metallic, covalent, oxides) well suited for fundamental studies in nanoelectronics/nanomagnetism/nanophotonics and for applications to very high integration-density devices (~ Tbits/in2) are prepared by this method. After a brief review of techniques to produce, analyse, and deposit clusters in the LECBD regime, the specific aspects of the nucleation and growth process which governs the cluster-assembled nanostructure formation on the substrate will be presented. Characteristic examples of functionalized clusterassembled nanostructures prepared by LECBD will be also described: (i) magnetic nanostructures from Co-based nanoclusters (i.e. Co-Pt, Co-Sm) exhibiting a high magnetic anisotropy and blocking temperature well suited for applications to high density data storage systems, (ii) highly photo luminescent nanostructures from rare earth doped sesquioxide nanoclusters (i.e. Gd2O3:Eu3+) for applications to nanophotonics. Recent results on the preparation of 2D-organized arrays of cluster-assembled nanostructures by depositing low energy clusters on FIB-functionalized substrates in view to produce high integration-density devices will be reported. Session E1 – Invited Paper PREPARATION OF COMTAMINATION FREE SILVER NANOPARTICLE SUSPENSIONS FOR MICRO-INTERCONNECTS BY INK-JET PRINTING Lien-chung Hsu, Rong-tarng Wu, Ming-Hsiu Tsai, Weng-Sing Hwang and In-Gann Chen, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; lchsu@mail.ncku.edu.tw 44 Highly concentrated and stable suspensions of silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical reduction from silver nitrate in a formaldehyde reductant using an organic base, triethylamine, as the reaction promoter. In this reaction, a low molecular weight organic compound, thiosalicylic acid (TSA), was used as the protecting agent. The average size of the silver nanoparticles prepared from this method was less than 10 nm, which allowed low-temperature sintering of the metal. The suspensions were further stabilized by the addition of excessive triethylamine, which forms an amine salt with TSA. A 50 wt%, stable suspension was prepared. The suspensions of silver nanoparticles prepared by this method are free from any metal ion contamination, and are suitable for use in semiconductor industries. It can be inkjet printed on a silicon substrate and sintered at low temperature (below 300 oC) to form dot and line patterns. Session E1 – Contributed Paper A SURVEY OF NANOLITHOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE NANOSTRUCTURES Nancy Van Suetendael and Susan Earles, Florida Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA; Mary Helen McCay, Florida Institute of Technology, National Center for Hydrogen Research, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975; rvan_nan@bellsouth.net; nvansuet@fit.edu 45 63 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Over the last few decades, the semiconductor industry has witnessed a major revolution in manufacturing small electronic components, integrated circuits and chips. Now devices are being produced at the nanometer scale. However, along with the ability to scale down devices come challenges with designing and developing nanostructures that must operate properly in an increasingly smaller environment. Understanding the surface properties of materials at the atomic-scale level is one of the fundamental interests in advanced materials processing. With the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and later, the field of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), the nature of materials' surfaces, structure, electronic properties and reactivity could be thoroughly analyzed. Fabrication and analytical methods discussed in this paper have been used over the past few decades to create and characterize nanostructures formed on materials from porous Silicon (p-Si) to thin polymer films, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). This paper briefly discusses the evolution of the SPM, early nanolithographic techniques and Florida Institute of Technology's current research efforts in this area. It then focuses on AFMbased electrostatic nanolithography and dip-pen nanolithography, both of which continue to be valuable methods used to synthesize and pattern structures on a variety of materials. The survey concludes with a section on potential device applications and future trends in nanotechnology. Session E1 – Invited Paper NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDAL LITHOGRAPHY Jau-Ye Shiu, Chiung Wen Kuo and Peilin Chen, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Peilin@gate.sinica.edu.tw 46 In this presentation, we will describe a simple approach to fabricate robust two and threedimensional periodic porous nanostructures inside the microchannels using colloidal lithography. To fabrication three-dimensional nanostructure in the microfluidic channels, the colloidal crystals were first grown inside the microchannel using evaporation assisted self-assembly process. Then the void spaces among the colloidal crystals were filled with epoxy based negative tone photoresist. After subsequent development and nanoparticle removal, the well-ordered three-dimensional nano-porous structures inside the microchannel have been obtained. Depending on the size of the colloidal particles, periodic porous nanostructures inside the microchannels with cavity size of 330 nm and 570 nm have been obtained. The dimension of interconnecting pores for these cavities was around 30 nm. The behavior of single lambda phage DNA in these nanoporous structures was studied using fluorescence microscope. It was found that the length of DNA molecules oscillated in the nanoporous structures at an applied field of 5V/cm. The measured length for lambda phage DNA molecules was larger in the 330 nm cavity than those measured in the 570 nm cavity. To construct two-dimensional periodic array of nanostructures inside the microfluidic channels, nanosphere lithography has been employed to grow a single layer of well-ordered close-packed nanoparticle arrays inside the microfluidic channels. The size of the polymeric colloidal nanoparticles could be trimmed by oxygen plasma treatment. These colloidal nanoparticles were then used as the etching mask in a deep etching process. As a result, well-ordered size controllable nanopillar arrays could be fabricated inside the microfluidic channels. The gap distance between the nanopillars could be tuned between 20 nm to 80 nm allowing the formation 64 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) of nanofluidic system where the behavior single lambda phage DNA molecule has been investigated. It was found that the lambda phage DNA molecules could be fully stretched in the nanofluidic system formed by nanopillars with 50 nm gap distance at a field of 50 V/cm. Session F1 – Keynote Paper ASSEMBLY OF ORIENTATIONALLY ORDERED NANOCRYSTALLINE FILMS AND SUPERLATTICES Lennart Bergström*1, Anwar Ahniyaz1,3, Niklas Hedin1, Yasuhiro Sakamoto1, Peter Lipowski2, Rudolf C. Hoffmann2 Joachim Bill2 and Fritz Aldinger2, 1Department of Physical, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; 2MaxPlanck-Institut für Metallforschung und Institut für Nichtmetallische Anorganische Materialien der Universität Stuttgart, PML, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; 3Institute for Surface Chemistry, YKI, Stockholm, Sweden; lennartb@inorg.su.se 47 Self-assembly has evolved into one of the prime “bottom-up” candidates for facile manufacturing in nanotechnology. Self-assembly offers a high degree of versatility, simplicity and flexibility in the production of bulk materials and coatings and allows the introduction of specific functions with a high degree of spatial accuracy. Self-assembly processes commonly scan a rich energy landscape with many metastable states that can be kinetically arrested. This talk will give an overview of recent research on the synthesis and assembly of inorganic particles with a focus on the formation of ordered arrays of nanocrystal with well-defined size and shape, and deposition of nanostructured films on substrates. Evaporation of dilute dispersions on various substrates yields colloidal arrays and it will be demonstrated how the coverage and short-range order of the deposited nanoparticles can be controlled. We will discuss how the characteristic dimensions of the superlattice are controlled by the particle concentration as well as by introducing weak magnetic field (PNAS, 104, 17570-17574, 2007). In addition, we will describe recent work on controlled deposition of inorganic, crystalline films from solution. The thermally activated mineralization of ZnO in a methanol solution is a complex process, including the formation of a metastable amorphous intermediate phase followed by crystallization and aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles. Comparisons with the formation of polycrystalline zinc oxide films on substrates coated with organic self-assembled monolayers suggest that it is the regulation of the concentration of reactive species through the formation, and subsequent dissolution, of the intermediate amorphous phase in solution that controls the formation of smooth and textured films. Session F1 – Contributed Paper STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOL-GEL DERIVED HYBRID COLLOIDS FOR NANOPOROUS MATERIALS AND THIN FILM MEMBRANES Hessel L. Castricum, Johan E. ten Elshof, Dave H.A. Blank, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, the 48 65 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Netherlands; Rob Kreiter, Jaap Vente, Energy Research Centre, Petten, the Netherlands; j.e.tenelshof@utwente.nl We recenty developed a new type of sol-gel derived hybrid material with molecular separation capacity for small molecules like H2O and H2. The material consists of a polymerized 3D network of organofunctional silica precursors with pore sizes mainly in the range 0.24-0.30 nm. It can be shaped into supported thin films of 20-100 nm thickness by dipcoating. Thin film membranes made from this material have remained operating stably at 150°C under hydrothermal conditions for more than 1.5 years already, which is unprecendented for molecular-sieving membranes. They can be applied as energy-efficient alternative to conventional technologies (e.g. distillation). The size and shape of the sol particles need careful control in order to be able to derive defect-free thin film membranes from them. In the present contribution we report a study on the structural development of organofunctional silica sols. The sols were made from organofunctional precursor solutions that are known to be suitable for the preparation of defect-free molecular sieving membranes. They are based on mixtures of tetra-ethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS), methyl-triethoxy-silane (MTES) and bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (RO)3Si-C2H4Si(OR)3 (BTESE). We studied the effect of processing variables on size and shape of the sol particles, i.e., precursors, water/Si and acid/Si molar ratios, and the sequence in which the reactants were added to the mixture. The hydrolysis and condensation rates of the individual precursors under acid-catalyzed reaction conditions were determined with 29Si liquid NMR. More developed sols and mixtures of silanes were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to determine the hydrodynamic radius, and Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) to determine particle size and fractal dimension. The structural evolution of these sols, which typically have radii of gyration smaller than 2 nm, is reported. We found that the hydrolysis rates of TEOS, MTES and BTESE differ substantially. However, their rates of condensation are more or less similar after a short induction period. It is therefore expected that mixtures of precursors are able to form colloids in which different precursors are mixed on a molecular scale. Depending on the composition of the mixtures, phase separation into more hydrophobic and more hydrophilic regions can occur. Session F1 – Invited Paper KINETIC FEATURES OF METAL NANOPARTICLE FORMATION IN POLYMER FILMS G. Mills, A. S. Korchev, K. E. Foti, M. Sartin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; millsge@auburn.edu B. L. Slaten, Department of Consumer Affairs, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 49 The photoreduction of Ag+ and Cu2+ ions present within thin, optically transparent films consisting of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), SPEEK, and poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, was studied by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy in conjunction with EPR, XPS, IR and TEM techniques. Titration of the films revealed that the solid polymer blends behave as strong acids in aqueous solutions. Results from ion exchange experiments indicated that the amount of Ag+ and Cu2+ ions incorporated into the films correspond to 55 and 30% of 66 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) sulfonic groups present in the SPEEK component, respectively. Optical and EPR data showed that illumination of the films results in α-hydroxy (or benzophenyl ketyl, BPK) radicals of SPEEK. Such radicals are believed to form when benzophenone (BP) groups of SPEEK are excited by 350 nm photons into a (n, π*) triplet state, which then reacts via hydrogen atom abstraction from PVA. The polymeric BPK radicals exhibited lifetimes of 30 min and about 5 h in the presence and absence of air, respectively. Optical and EPR results demonstrated that α-hydroxyl radicals of SPEEK are able to reduce Ag+ and Cu2+ ions present in the films. The photoreduction of Cu2+ ions in the solid matrices yielded cuprous ions; Ag+ ions were transformed into spherical silver crystallites with an average diameter of 5 nm, which exhibited a surface plasmon signal centered at 395 nm. Kinetic data revealed that the photoreduction of Ag+ took place via a monophotonic process that was not affected by the presence of air. Such findings are not surprising given that the coefficient for the diffusion of O2 inside PVA films is very low. Ag particles were formed initially through a slow zero-order process, but the reaction rate increased continuously at longer photolysis times. Such results suggest that Ag+ ions quench the triplet state of the BP groups from SPEEK, inhibiting the formation of BPK radicals. The inhibiting effect diminishes at longer times because increasing amounts of the quencher are transformed into Ag particles as the photoreduction proceeds. The activation energy for the photogeneration of metal particles amounted to 30 kJ/mol, a value that is typical of free radical reactions. A second pathway for the formation of Ag particles was noticed at T ≥ Tg for PVA (73 ºC). This process involved a thermal transformation that occurred with an activation energy of 145 kJ/mol, and that was metalcatalyzed since no dark reduction of Ag+ was detected in films free of Ag particles. Evidence will be presented that Ag crystallites become mobile within the polymer films at long exposure times. Session F1 – Contributed Paper SCALABLE, SOLID STATE SYNTHESIS PROCESS FOR PRODUCING NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS A. Singhal and G. Skandan, NEI Corporation, Somerset, NJ, 08873, USA; M. Doeff, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; S. Korutla, Lithium Technology Corporation, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA; asinghal@neicorporation.com 50 Safe Li-ion batteries with high power density that can operate over a wide temperature range, including temperatures as low as -30 oC, are required for hybrid electric vehicle applications. Additionally, Li-ion batteries with improved “abuse tolerance” are desired to reduce the use of expensive electronic control systems. Electrode materials with high temperature and chemical stability are needed for HEV and other large format applications. One approach to improve the safety and the performance of Li-ion batteries is to replace the state-of-the-art cathode (e.g., LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) and carbonbased anode materials with alternative materials. The major challenge that needs to be overcome before electrode materials with new chemistries can be commercialized in Liion batteries is their production cost. We have developed an economical single step, solid state synthesis processes for producing nanostructured electrode (cathode and anode) 67 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) materials. It was observed that the rate performance of cathode materials, both at room and low temperatures, is related to processing temperature, ratio of constitutients in the raw material and the mass density of the powder. The rate performance of cathode materials in half cells was a stronger function of the mass density than the electronic conductivity, and it was comparable to that of a commercial material when tested in conjunction with an improved low temperature LiBF4-based electrolyte (from Army Research Laboratory) at 0oC. Full cells (capacity of 9 -12 mAh) made of nanostructured cathode and anode with 1.0M LiPF6 electrolyte exhibited excellent cyclability. Session F1 – Invited Paper A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF NANOPARTICLES OF PLATINUM AND ALLOYS OF PLATINUM ADSORBED ONTO CARBON SUBSTRATES OF FUEL CELL SUPPORTED CATALYSTS Ram Subbaraman, Thomas Zawodzinski Jr., and J. Adin Mann, Jr., Department of Chemical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106 USA; j.mann@case.edu 51 The kinetics of reactions at the anode and cathode structures of fuel cells depend on the surface structure of supported nanocatalyst particles. The particle size and morphology of the catalyst particles that decorate the carbon particle substrate are factors that determine the efficacy of the redox reactions and therefore fuel cell operation. The motivation for this research is the determination of structures that optimize fuel cell function. We present the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the structure of nanoparticles of platinum and several of its alloys, gold, cobalt, copper, iron, and rhodium. The simulations include the effect of a carbon substrate on the morphology of the nanoparticles including various bond orders (sums of spherical harmonics to form various invariant functions) and the strain-vector field. The strain-vector field (the set of displacement vectors between the atom locations at equilibrium and the reference state) shows the distortion in the nanoparticle and on the surface atoms as a result of interaction with the substrate. The effect of particle size on the strain-vector field observed throughout the nanoparticle is discussed. Effects on particle morphology of alloying elements and the nature of the support are discussed. Bond orders for atoms in the clusters were calculated to further understand the presence of a secondary Mackay transformation between the icosahedron and cuboctahedron morphologies. The atom positions in a nanocrystal determined by MD along with the atomic number of each atom is sufficient to construct a model of the image determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). We compare simulated images and experimental images. It is clear from both the simulations and experimental work that there is a sufficient shift in the atom positions of adsorbed nanoparticles that the quantum chemistry is no longer that of the classical platinum surfaces. We will comment on the catalyst design problem implied by our results. 68 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session F1 – Invited Paper PLATINUM-BASED ALLOY AND INTERMETALLIC NANOPARTICLES AS FUEL CELL CATALYSTS Hong Yang, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0166, USA; hongyang@che.rochester.edu 52 Platinum-based nanostructures are excellent electrocatalysts in electro-oxidation of small molecules and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which are important for the protonexchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Ordered intermetallic surfaces can further improve the performance in these reactions over pure platinum. For practical application, a big challenge is to control the shape, crystal phase, and composition of nanometer-sized alloy catalysts in order to achieve high catalytic performance at low platinum content and costs. In this presentation, I will present the strategies for controlling the shape of platinum-based nanoparticles, the composition and crystal phase behavior of the alloy and intermetallic nanostructures. Several heterogeneous and bimetallic platinum nanostructures such as PtM (M=Pb, Pd, Ni, Fe, Co) will be covered. The formation mechanism of nanostructures and the relationship between the structure and electrocatalytic property of these nanomaterials will be discussed using direct methanol or formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction as the model reactions. Session F1 – Invited Paper MULTIMETALLIC NANOPARTICLES AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CATALYSIS Chuan-Jian Zhong, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; cjzhong@binghamton.edu 53 While multimetallic catalysts have long been exploited in catalysis, the understanding of factors governing the synergistic activities of such catalysts is extremely challenging. This presentation discusses recent findings of an investigation of the synthesis and processing of bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, composition, and surface properties to understand their synergistic electrocatalytic properties in fuel cell reactions. The synthesis strategy explores the manipulation of the metal precursor and the capping agent concentration ratios in the reaction solution, whereas the processing route explores thermally activated core-shell reactivities in a highly-concentrated solution of the nanoparticles. The resulting nanoparticles with controllable sizes (1-5 nm) and compositions (M1nM2100-n, and M1nM2mM3100-n-m) were supported on a variety of powder supports including carbon, silica, titanium oxide, and calcined by controlled thermal treatments. The nanoparticle catalysts were characterized using an array of techniques including XRD, FTIR, TEM, EDX, XPS, AFM, and TGA, and were examined for fuel cell electrocatalytic reactions, including methanol oxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction. The activity and stability of the electrocatalysts are discussed in terms of the synergistic properties of the bimetallic/trimetallic nanoparticles, providing fundamental insights into correlations among the nanoscale properties of the multimetallic catalysts, and roles of nanotechnology in the design and preparation of advanced catalysts. 69 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session F1 – Contributed Paper NOVEL PREPARATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTY OF WO3-V2O5/TiO2 NANOCOMPOSITES Huaming Yang, Yuehua Deng and Chengli Huo, Department of Inorganic Materials, School of Resources Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; hmyang9392@hotmail.com 54 WO3-V2O5/TiO2 nanocomposites have been successfully prepared via a novel method. TiO2 precursor was successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method. The precursor, ammonium tungstate and ammonium vanadiate were then mixed and milled for 10min to produce a mixture. Subsequent thermal treatment of the mixture at 500°C for 4 h in air results in the formation of WO3-V2O5/TiO2 nanocomposites with crystal size of 17 nm. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) quantitative analysis indicated that WO3:V2O5:TiO2 weight ratio of the synthesized nanocomposites is 7.89:12.41:79.70, which agrees well with the scheduled weight ratio (8:12:80). Large numbers of microcrannies on particle surface is greatly beneficial to photocatalytic reaction. UV-vis analysis indicates that this nanocomposite should be effective as a potential visible-lightdriven photocatalyst. The photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange (MeO) in WO3V2O5/TiO2 suspensions under ultraviolet illumination was investigated. The results indicate that a low pH value (pH=1.0) will improve the decolorization of the MeO solution. The photodegradation degree decreases with increasing the pH value of solution. Session A3 – Keynote Paper NANOPARTICLES AND NANOCAPSULES OBTAINED BY MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION Katharina Landfester1 ;1Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; katharina.landfester@uni-ulm.de 55 Functionalized nanoparticles and nanocapsules are of high interest in materials and biomedical applications. The miniemulsion technique is a convenient and powerful tool for the preparation of the specified polymeric particles or capsules with sizes ranging from 150 to 300 nm. The basic step for the particle preparation is the formation of a stable monomer-in-water miniemulsion. The particles are subsequently formed by polymerization of the respective monomer. As an example, biodegradable poly(nbutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles and nanocapules were prepared by anionic polymerization after the addition of a nucleophile to the miniemulsion. The choice of nucleophile determines the functionalization of the particle surface. The particles can excellently be used to pass the blood-brain barrier; various substances can be encapsulated in the particles and can be delivered in the brain. Biocompatible polyisoprene and polystyrene particles were synthesized through a radical polymerization process. A surface functionalization of the polystyrene particles was obtained by copolymerization with functional hydrophilic monomer such as acrylic acid or 70 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) aminoethyl methacrylate. The degree of functionalization has a direct influence on the cell uptake of these particles: the higher the functionalization is, the better the uptake in various cell line is. A specific functionalization can be obtained by binding peptides, proteins, or antibodies to the particles’ surface. Biodegradable poly(L-lactide) particles have been obtained from the preformed polymer by emulsification/solvent evaporation method, which is based on the precipitation of the polymer within the miniemulsion droplets and formation of the solid particles. For later detection of the particles, a hydrophobic fluorescent dye or magnetic particles was encapsulated into the polymer matrix. The formation of stable hydrophilic monomer droplets in the continuous organic phase offers the opportunity to perform the reaction not only within the droplets, but also at their interface via interfacial polyaddition. The resulting particles have a “core-shell” structure, consisting of a liquid cavity surrounded by a polymeric membrane. Therefore such capsules give the possibility to protect the encapsulated material from the influence of the environment. The nanocages with the hydrophilic core can be used as a transporter for DNA or drugs. By variation of several reaction parameters such as monomer and surfactant concentration, or the amount of the dispersed phase, the shell thickness can be adjusted to be between 13 and 25 nm. Additionally, a cell marker as for magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescent detection, and x-ray analysis can be incorporated. Session A3 – Invited Paper DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION OF CROSS-LINKED POLY(2ETHYLHEXYL METHACRYLATE-CO-CHLOROMETHYLSTYRENE) IN FLUORINATED SOLVENTS. Yan Zhu, Rangarani Karnati, and Warren T. Ford, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; warren.ford@okstate.edu 56 With the aim of developing reactive polymer colloids in fluorinated solvents, amphiphilic fluorinated block copolymers, poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate-b-(1H,1H-perfluorooctyl acrylate)) and poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate-b-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate)) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and characterized by 1 H NMR, IR and GPC analyses. Control of ATRP of the fluoropolymer block required a fluoroalkyl substituted 2,2’-dipyridine ligand for the Cu(I) catalyst. The block copolymers were investigated as stabilizers for the preparation of colloidal dispersions of cross-linked poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate-stat-chloromethylstyrene) in the fluorinated solvent HFE-7200 (an isomeric mixture of nonafluorobutyl ethyl ethers). The most effective stabilizers had block lengths of (EHMA)30 and (FOA)45 or (THFOA)50. The homopolymer of 1H,1H-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate also was an effective stabilizer for this dispersion polymerization when the mixture was heated by microwave radiation. Particle sizes decreased with increasing concentration of stabilizer. Surprisingly, the most stable polymer colloids were obtained using block copolymers that were incompletely soluble in HFE-7200 at 23 oC prior to polymerization. 71 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A3 – Invited Paper MONODISPERSE POLYSTYRENE PARTICLES PREPARED BY POLYMERIZATION IN SILICA PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS WITHOUT SURFACTANTS Masashi Kunitake and Sintaro Kawano, New Frontier Science, Kumamoto University, 2-29-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan; kunitake@chem.kumamoto-u.ac.jp 57 The polymerization of styrene using a lipophilic initiator in an O/W emulsion stabilized by unmodified mono-dispersed silica particles was conducted under static condition without suspension. Styrene was suspended in aqueous solution with 1wt% or less of silica particles (average diameter: 450nm). After the addition of AIBN as an initiator and the elimination of oxygen, the polymerization was conducted for 24 h at 60 statically without mixing the two phase solution consisting of an O/W emulsion and excess styrene. Surprisingly, nearly-monodispersed PS particles with 200nm average diameter newlyformed by polymerization were observed with silica particles in the solution. Furthermore, the emulsion consisted on silica and PS particles after polymerization was very stable and no sedimentation was observed even after several weeks, although obvious sedimentation was observed in silica dispersed solution after several days. In the presentation, we will discuss the formation mechanism of mono-dispersed PS particles and the stabilization mechanism of the silica/PS mixed particle solution. Session A3 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TARGETED POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Yvon Durant University of New Hampshire, Materials Science Program, G101 Parsons Hall, Durham NH 03824, USA; Ebo de Muinck, Angiogenesis Research Center, Jose Conejo-Garcia, Microbiology and Immunology department, Dartmouth Medical School, Borwell Research Building, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; yvon.durant@unh.edu Nanoparticles can be engineered to have specific combinations of properties to allow interaction with biological systems, while minimizing immune response and invasion. Progressively nanotechnology allow more specific diagnostics, less invasive tests, more effective therapy with fewer side effects and better comfort of patients. The following examples will be elaborated upon with an emphasis on synthesis. Diagnotics: Targeted magnetic nanoparticles sensors for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of angiogenesis. Polymeric nanoparticles containing a core of magnetite (Fe3O4) are functionalized with polyethylene glycol and a NGR homing peptide. The PEG layer enhance circulation time in the blood, while NGR allows targeting of the nanoparticles to CD13/APN cell surface receptor, that are over expresses in areas of neo-vessels growth. This MRI contrast agent has clinical utility for the diagnosis of cardiac diseases. Therapeutics: Targeted Gene Delivery of DNA to the ovarian cancer microenvironment We synthesized immunonanoparticles based on a combination of 3 phospholipids by self and direct assembly . The immunoliposomes contain folded plasmid that code for 58 72 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) interleukin 18 and green fluorescent protein (GFP), folded on spermamine. The liposomes are functionalized with antiCD11c in order to target CD11c cell receptors that are over expressed in ovarian cancer cells. Session A3 – Invited Paper MODIFICATION OF POROUS PVC PARTICLES VIA POLYMERIZATION OF ABSORBED MONOMERS IN STABILIZERFREE AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS Shir Hammer, Michal Shach-Caplan, Yachin Cohen and Moshe Narkis, Chemical Engineering Department, Technion–IIT, Haifa 32000, Israel; narkis@tx.technion.ac.il 59 The focal point of polymer science and technology tends to shift from wholly new polymers towards polymer blends. A unique method for the preparation of polymer blends is in-situ polymerization, which is the polymerization of one monomer in the presence of another polymer. In-situ polymerization in relatively large porous particles (>100 µm) is infrequent in the literature. Porous PVC particles can absorb liquid monomers, such as styrene, acrylates, or mixtures thereof, through filling the pores, dissolution in the PVC particle, or both. The monomer absorption level should be below the saturation absorption to secure that all the monomer absorbed is imbedded within the particle. Thus, particles can be dispersed in water while the absorbed monomer remains within them. The presence of an initiator dissolved in the absorbed monomer causes polymerization within the porous particle dispersed in the aqueous dispersion at a selected temperature. Under such polymerization conditions particle sticking is prevented and dispersion stabilizers are not required. Recently, a novel modification process was developed at the Technion, where an in-situ dispersion stabilizer-free polymerization/crosslinking of monomers within porous, suspension-type seed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) particles takes place. The polymerization/crosslinking of a given monomer within a porous particle of uncrosslinked polymer has led to the formation of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) and fine polymeric particles distributed in the hot melt processed PVC matrix. PVC is one of the most widely used polymers in the plastics industry. Modified properties such as processability, flexibility and impact strength have been achieved, thus production of new rigid PVC materials, modified by the novel in-situ method of polymerization of a monomer within suspension type porous PVC particles. The in-situ polymerization method, morphology of the modified PVC particles, their hot melt processability along with characteristics of thermally stable injection molded materials are presented. Session A3 – Contributed Paper FACILE SYNTHESIS OF LUMINESCENT MAGNETIC NANO-AND MICROSPHERES: EMBEDDING OF QUANTUM DOTS AND MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES IN A POLYMER MATRIX Jin Seon Park, Piercen Oliver and Dmitri Vezenov, Chemistry Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; dvezenov@lehigh.edu 60 73 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) We developed a new fabrication route to micron and sub-micron sized polystyrene (PS) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres that contain quantum dots (core/shell CdSe/CdS or CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The composite spheres were prepared from the bulk polymers with reaction times on the order of a few minutes. We were able to control the diameter of the spheres from 100 nm to 20 µm by changing reaction conditions. These polymer particles with fluorescent and magnetic inclusions were characterized in terms of their size distributions, surface morphology, fluorescence, and magnetic properties using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence microscopy, and Stokes drag analysis. Termination of the surface of these particles with carboxylic acid groups was achieved by using poly(methyl methacrylate co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-MAA) or poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) (PSSb-PAA) as a second component in the polymer matrix. A number of applications of these particles become possible by exploiting reactivity of the surface carboxyl groups. The use of these probes in force spectroscopy experiments will be discussed. Session G1 – Keynote Paper THE ROLE OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE IN NANOPARTICLE-CELL INTERACTIONS Francesco Stellacci, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. 13-4053 Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; frstella@mit.edu 61 It is know that specific molecules can spontaneously arrange on various surfaces forming two-dimensional poly-crystalline mono-molecular layers called self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These organic coatings are used to impart targeted optical, electronic and biological properties to surfaces. Very often SAMs composed of more than one type of molecule (mixed-SAMs) are used to simultaneously impart multiple properties. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies have shown that, in mixed SAMs, molecules phase-separate in domains of random shape and size. We will show that when mixed SAMs are formed on surfaces with a radius of curvature smaller than 20 nm they spontaneously phase-separate in highly ordered phases of unprecedented size. The reason for this supramolecular phenomenon is purely topological and can be rationalized through the “hairy ball theorem”. In the specific case of mixed SAMs formed on the surface of gold nanoparticles, the molecular ligands separate into 5 Å wide phases of alternating composition that encircle or spiral around the particle metallic core. This new family of nano-structured nano-materials shows new properties solely due to this novel and unique morphology. For example, we will show that the cell uptake of these particles strongly depends on the particle’s composition and the ligand shell morphology. Session G1 – Contributed Paper QUANTUM DOTS (QDS) ENCODED MICROBEADS WITH MAGNETISM AND CARBOXYL-ENDS Kang Sun ,Hongjing Dou, Wanwan Li, Pengfei Zhang, and Bin Xu, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; ksun@sjtu.edu.cn 62 Recently, the advances in modern bio-analytical science, biological imaging and clinical 74 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) diagnosis required to develop a technology which could process a large number of biological data and separate target biological molecules with high efficiency. The developments in nanotechnology make it possible to synthesize various functional nanoparticles with fluorescent, magnetic or electronic properties. Incorporation of functional nanoparticles into polymer microbeads can combine the advantages of both nanoparticles and microbeads. For example, Quantum dots (QDs) encoded multiplexed optical microspheres, which could theoretically achieve one million of labels with only 6color and 10-intensity of QDs were practically feasible, are one of the most promising techniques for massively parallel and high-throughput analysis of biological molecules, and microbeads doped with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are of great potential in cell sorting and assay separation. However, only limited research focused on developing multi-functional microbeads that allow simultaneous target encoding, enrichment, separations and bio-affinity. Herein, we report a strategy of fabricating carboxyl capped multi-functional microbeads (MFMs) with luminescent and magnetic functionalities. Our strategy to fabricate MFMs includes two steps: synthesis of porous PS microbeads with carboxyl-ends by combination of dispersion polymerization and seeded polymerization, and the facile embedding process of QDs and MNPs into microbeads. As is well known, MNPs possess excellent superparamagnetic properties, and QDs have unique optical and electronic properties such as size-tunable light emission, improved signal brightness, resistance against photo bleaching, and simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. Moreover, carboxyls on the surface of microbeads can be coupled with biological molecules or agents, and enhance the dispersibility and stability of microbeads in aqueous solution. Therefore the resultant multi-functional microbeads are anticipated to be the novel microcarriers which possess surface functional groups, well waterdispersibility, fluorescence, as well as magnetism. Our research results display that the multi-functional microbeads are promising in many medical fields. Session G1 – Contributed Paper MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITE COLLOIDS PREPARED USING A MINIEMULSION APPROACH Chantal Paquet, Kanchana Somaskandan, Arnold Kell, Benoit Simard, Steacie Institute for the Molecular Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; chantal.paquet@nrc.ca 63 Colloidal nanostructures with magnetic and luminescent functionalities are potential candidates for diagnostic tools, such as in magnetic cell capture and detection based on an optical readout. This presentation examines miniemulsion-based methods used to generate colloidal clusters of luminescent quantum dots and magnetic iron-based nanoparticles. The colloidal clusters are encapsulated in poly(carboxylic acid), allowing surface modification with small molecule probes, DNA or antibodies. We show that the architecture of the colloid containing the nanoparticles plays an important role in the luminescence properties of the quantum dots. The colloid architectures that optimize quantum dot luminescence as well as magnetic response, thereby leading to enhanced cell detection capabilities, are presented. 75 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session G1 – Contributed Paper OLIGONUCLEOTIDE-COATED METALLIC NANOPARTICLES AS A FLEXIBLE PLATFORM FOR MOLECULAR IMAGING AGENTS Nitin Nitin1, D. Javier2 and R. Richards-Kortum2, 1Department of Biomaterials, Southwest Research, San Antonio, TX, USA; nitin.nitin@swri.org ; 2Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 64 Targeted metallic nanoparticles have shown promise as contrast agents for molecular imaging. To obtain molecular specificity, the nanoparticle surface must be appropriately functionalized with probe molecules that will bind to biomarkers of interest. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a flexible approach to generate molecular imaging agents based on gold nanoparticles conjugated to a diverse range of probe molecules. We present two complementary oligonucleotide-based approaches to develop gold nanoparticle contrast agents which can be functionalized with a variety of biomolecules ranging from small molecules, to peptides, to antibodies. The size, biocompatibility, and protein concentration per nanoparticle are characterized for the two oligonucleotide based approaches; the results are compared to contrast agents prepared using adsorption of proteins on gold nanoparticles by electrostatic interaction. Contrast agents prepared from oligonucleotide-functionalized nanoparticles are significantly smaller in size and more stable than contrast agents prepared by adsorption of proteins on gold nanoparticles. We demonstrate the flexibility of the oligonucleotide-based approach by preparing contrast agents conjugated to folate, EGF peptide, and anti-EGFR antibodies. Reflectance images of cancer cell lines labeled with functionalized contrast agents show significantly increased image contrast which is specific for the target biomarker. To demonstrate the modularity of this new bioconjugation approach, we use it to conjugate both fluorophore and anti-EGFR antibodies to metal nanoparticles, yielding a contrast agent which can be probed with multiple imaging modalities. This novel bioconjugation approach can be used to prepare contrast agents targeted with biomolecules that span a diverse range of sizes; at the same time, the bioconjugation method can be adapted to develop multimodal contrast agents for molecular imaging without changing the coating design or material. Session G1 – Invited Paper QUANTUM DOT-BIOCONJUGATES: CHARACTERIZATION AND USE FOR SENSING AND LIVE CELL IMAGING Kimihiro Susumu, Igor L. Medintz, and Hedi Mattoussi, US Naval Research Laboratory, Division of Optical Sciences and Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC 20375; hedi.mattoussi@nrl.navy.mil 65 Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (Quantum dots, QDs) have several unique optical and spectroscopic properties that make them ideally suitable for use as fluorescent tags to develop a variety of biological assays, ranging from molecular sensing to in vivo cellular imaging. However, the best quality nanocrystals (made using high temperature solution 76 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) reaction routes) are hydrophobic and, therefore, not compatible with biological systems. We have developed approaches based on cap exchange of the native capping shell with modular compact ligands to promote their dispersion in a wide range of buffers. These ligands are based on the bi-dentate dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) motif, and each is made of a DHLA anchoring head, poly(ethylene glycol) segment with tunable size and a terminal functional group; the latter promotes biocompatibility of the nanocrystals. We have also developed conjugation strategies based on non-covalent self-assembly to couple CdSeZnS core-shell QDs to a variety of biomolecules. We start with brief characterization of the ligands along with the hydrodynamic dimensions of a series of CdSe-ZnS nanoparticles functionalized with various hydrophilic shells. We will complement that with a molecular characterization of the kinetics driving self-assembly of QDprotein/peptide conjugates (prepared via metal-affinity driven interactions). We then provide a few specific examples where these hybrid bioconjugates were employed in sensor design, or to probe the uptake of QD assemblies by live cells. Session G1 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF UNIFORM-SIZED NANOPARTICLES Taeghwan Hyeon* Jaeyun Kim, Hyon Bin Na, Kwangjin An, Taekyung Yu, Soon Gu Kwon, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea; thyeon@snu.ac.kr #66 We developed new generalized synthetic procedures to produce monodisperse nanocrystals of many transition metals and their oxides without a size selection process. The synthesized nanocrystals include metals (Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pd), and metal oxides (γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, MnFe2O4, NiO, and MnO) and MnS). We report the ultralarge-scale (10s of grams) synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals of magnetite and MnO from the thermolysis of metal-oleate complexes. We used some of these uniform-sized nanoparticles for various biomedical applications. We developed a new T1 MRI contrast agent using biocompatible manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles. When the MnO nanoparticles were injected bolus to a mouse through a tail vein line, the detailed anatomic structures of the brain, kidney, and spinal cord, were depicted in contrast enhanced T1-weighted MRI. Furthermore, functionalized MnO nanoparticles prepared by conjugation with a tumor specific antibody were used for imaging selectively the breast cancer cells in the metastatic brain tumor model. We reported on the fabrication of monodisperse nanoparticles embedded in uniform pore-sized mesoporous silica spheres and PLGA polymers. We fabricated magnetic gold nanoshells consisting of gold nanoshells (for NIR photothermal therapy) that are embedded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (for MRI contrasting agent), and conjugated them with cancer targeting agent (for targeting). Cancer cells targeted with magnetic gold nanoshells were detectable by a clinical MRI system and rapidly destroyed by exposing them to femtosecond laser pulses of NIR wavelength at a low power. We synthesized Ni/NiO core/shell nanoparticles and applied them to the selective binding and subsequent magnetic separation of histidinetagged proteins. We synthesized hollow magnetite nanocapsules and used them for both the MRI contrast agent and magnetic guided drug delivery vehicle. 77 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session G1 – Invited Paper DESIGN OF GOLD NAONPARTICLES FOR ULTRASENSITIVE BIODIAGNOSTICS USING SERS Radha Narayanan1, Gufeng Wang,2 Robert J. Lipert,2 Marc D. Porter; 1 Center for Nanobiotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Bioengineering, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA; 2Institute of Combinatorial Discovery and Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA; marc.porter@utah.edu 67 The drive for early disease detection, the growing threat of bioterrorism, and a vast range of challenges more generally in biotechnology have markedly amplified the demand for ultrasensitive, high-speed diagnostic tests. This presentation describes efforts to develop platforms and readout methodologies that potentially address demands in this arena through a coupling of nanometric labeling with surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). It specifically details the results from studies to elucidate the underlying factors that contribute to the higher SERS enhancements and lower detection limits observed for spherical and cubic CTAB stabilized gold nanoparticles (sp-CTAB-Au NPs and cuCTAB-Au NPs) compared to spherical citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles (sp-cit-Au NPs). We found that the use of sp-CTAB-Au NPs and cu-CTAB-Au NPs as extrinsic Raman labels (ERLs) lowers the limits of detection (LOD) by ~40x and ~340x for sandwich-based assays for human IgG protein in comparison to that for sp-cit-Au NPs. The role of the transition of capping agent from citrate to CTAB is investigated via a series of zeta potential measurements, solution extinction spectra, and TEM images during different stages of ERL preparation. The manner by which the ERLs bind to the capture substrate was investigated by surface extinction spectral studies as well as by SEM imaging. Moreover, the importance of possible differences in the surface area of the nanoparticles with respect to the amount of Raman reporter molecules that coat the nanoparticle surface is examined by fluorescence binding studies. Possible origins for the differences in LODs, including electromagnetic effects (e.g., hot spots and lightning rod effects), will be discussed. These findings will also be examined in light of issues related to nonspecific adsorption. New approaches to expand the number of potential labels through the use of mixed monolayer coatings as intrinsically strong Raman labels will briefly be reported. Session G1 – Invited Paper IN SITU DETECTION OF CELLULAR EXOCYTOSIS WITH A SINGLEWALLED CARBON-NANOTUBE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR Yit-Tsong Chen, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan; ytchen@pub.iams.sinica.edu.tw Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) based field-effect transistor (FET) has been used to monitor the synaptic transmissions among primary cultured embryonic cortical neurons. Chromogranin A (CgA), one of the molecules released from secretory vesicles 68 78 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) when the vesicles are fused with plasma membrane, is a diagnostic marker for neuroendocrine tumors and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Therefore, the detection of CgA is an excellent indicator of synaptic activity when synaptic vesicle at the presynaptic terminal is triggered to undergo exocytosis. We have demonstrated that the CgA released from the synaptic terminal of living neurons, stimulated by glutamate, can be detected in situ by the CgA-antibody modified SWCNTFET (termed CgA-Ab/SWCNT-FET with high selectivity. The low amount of CgA released from cultured neurons could not be monitored by immunoassay kits. Neither could it be detected with a Western blot in bath buffer. This label-free and highly sensitive SWCNT-FET biosensor, capable of measuring the immediate-vicinity release of CgA from neurons, is promising in medical examination and can further be applied to study the activity of individual neurons. The detection limit of the CgA peptides by CgAAb/SWCNT-FET can be as low as 1 nM. To further exploit the sensory applicability of SWCNT-FET for biological research, we have also applied CgA-Ab/SWCNT-FET to detect the release of CgA from cultured single bovine chromaffin cells. The histamineevoked exocytotic release of CgA from a single bovine adrenal chromaffin cell was detected in situ by CgA-Ab/SWCNT-FET. In the experiment, we have demonstrated that CgA-Ab/SWCNT-FET can discriminate the amount of CgA release depending on the strength of histamine stimulation. Session G1 – Invited Paper ELECTRIC DETECTION OF BIOMOLECULES BY NANOPARTICLENANODEVICE Wan Soo Yun, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; wsyun@kriss.re.kr 69 Nanoparticles can be adoted in nanodevices for the electric detection of biomolecules. When two electrodes are separated from each other by a distance which is camparable to the size of a conducting nanopaticle, immobilization of the nanoparticles in between the electrodes, or in a nanogap, leads to a jump in the electric conductance of the nanodevice. If this immobilization event is driven by a biomolecular recognition process, the device can work as a biosensor. Here, we report on the electric detection of biomolecules like DNAs and proteins by the combination of biofuctionalized nanoparticles and an interdegitated nanogap device whose surface also was biofuctionalized. Oligonucleotides and cancer-specific antigens in pM level were successfully detected by this method and their concentration were to be estimated from the integaration of the devices. We believe that this nanoparticle-nanodevice should be a promising alternative for the nanotechbased biomolecular sensing. Session H1 – Keynote Paper NANOMEDICINE: NANOPARTICLES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR CANCER TREATMENT Si-Shen Feng Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; chefss@nus.edu.sg 70 Cancer is a leading cause of death and has become the #1 killer in many eastern countries 79 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) such as Singapore. There has been no substantial progress in fighting cancer. The cancer death rate in US was 1.939‰ of the total population in 1950 and still 1.940‰ in 2001, 1.934‰ in 2002 and 1.901‰ in 2003 and 158.8‰ in 2004. Nanomedicine/Cancer Nanotechnology/Chemotherapeutic Engineering will radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer and fatal diseases. This presentation demonstrates through a full spectrum of proof-of-concept research how nanoparticle technology could provide an ideal solution to promote new-concept chemotherapy, which may include sustained, controlled and targeted chemotherapy; personalized chemotherapy; chemotherapy across various physiological drug barriers; and eventually, chemotherapy at home. Vitamin E TPGS coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-vitamin E TPGS copolymer nanoparticles are used as examples to formulate paclitaxel as model drug. Drug-loaded nanoparticles are characterized by various state-of-the-art techniques, including laser light scattering for size and size distribution, scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface chemistry, and zeta-potential for surface charge. Drug encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release profile is measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cellular uptake of fluorescent nanoparticles is quantitatively investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with Caco-2 cancer cells. In vitro HT-29 cancer cell viability experiment shows that paclitaxel formulated in the nanoparticles could be 46 times more effective than Taxol® after 24 hours of treatment. In vivo pharmacokinetics shows that the drug formulated in PLA-TPGS nanoparticles could achieve 3.9 times higher therapeutic effects judged by area-under-the curve (AUC) and 23.0 times longer half-life than Taxol®. One shot can realize sustainable chemotherapy of 336 hours compared with 22 hours for Taxol® at a single 10 mg/kg dose. Xenograft tumor model confirmed the advantages of the nanoparticle formulation versus Taxol®. Scientifically, we proved that nanoparticles of small enough size and appropriate surface coating can escape from elimination by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and thus shows the feasibility of nanotechnology for biomedical applications. Session H1 – Contributed Paper PARTICLE-STABILIZED EMULSIONS: SKIN PENETRATION STUDIES COMPARED TO CLASSICAL EMULSIONS. Justyna Frelichowska2, M. A. Bolzinger1,2, J. Pelletier J1,2, Y. Chevalier2; Université Lyon 1, ISPB Faculté de pharmacie; (1)Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, France; (2)CNRS, UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; frelichowska@lagep.univ-lyon1.fr 71 Pickering emulsions are stabilized solely by solid particles; therefore they are surfactantfree emulsions. This is especially attractive for cosmetic applications but it needs to be evaluated with that respect. We describe for the first time skin absorption studies of Pickering emulsions and we compare the behavior of Pickering emulsion to the emulsifier–stabilized one. The fate of silica nanoparticles in the skin was also investigated. To prepare Pickering emulsions, no emulsifier is required. This is an interesting approach in cosmetic formulation, and also for topical pharmaceutical 80 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) application. The solid particles that coat the emulsion droplets form a shell-like structure. Due to the strong adsorption of particles at the oil/water interface, Pickering emulsions exhibit an extraordin`ary stability. Thus, the active substance release and skin absorption behavior may be different in comparison to emulsifier-stabilized emulsions. The skin absorption of Pickering emulsions of oil-in-water and water-in-oil type was investigated. For each Pickering emulsion, the corresponding emulsifier-stabilized emulsions were also studied. The only difference in the composition of Pickering and classical emulsion was the choice of stabilizing agent: the partially hydrophobic silica for Pickering emulsions and an appropriate emulsifier for classical emulsions. According to our knowledge, no such comparative studies were performed before. For oil-in-water emulsions retinol was chose as a model lipophilic ingredient. For Pickering emulsion, most of the retinol was found in the skin horny layer. For the emulsion stabilized by emulsifier, retinol penetrated deeper and reached the dermis. The results suggest that Pickering emulsions are well adapted for delivery of very lipophilic ingredients to the skin surface. For waterin-oil emulsions caffeine was chosen as a model hydrophilic active ingredient. The kinetics of caffeine absorption was twice higher than for the emulsifier-stabilized emulsion. The distribution profile of caffeine in the skin layers was also different. More caffeine was found in the dermis for Pickering emulsion than for classical emulsion. The results show that Pickering emulsion is best suited to hydrophilic active ingredient delivery into deep layers of the skin. The faster skin absorption did not result from a faster active ingredient release from Pickering emulsion because the in vitro release was slower for Pickering emulsion. The rigid shell that surrounded the droplets slowed down the release rate. The silica particles that stabilize Pickering emulsion were silica aggregates of approximate size 160 nm. The fate of the nanometric silica particles is a concern with respect to possible harmfulness of nanoparticles. The silica particles were found only in the most external stratum corneum layers, corresponding to 5 µm of skin depth. Thus, the silica particles penetrate into external layers of the skin, which are desquamated. Pickering emulsions stabilized by silica particles as relatively safe formulation for topical application. Session H1 – Invited Paper DEXTRAN-COATED CERIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH pHDEPENDENT ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES J. Manuel Perez, Nanoscience Technology Center, Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fl 32826, USA; jmperez@mail.ucf.edu 72 Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are potent free radical scavengers with neuroprotective, radioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. We will present the facile synthesis of monodisperse, water-soluble and highly crystalline dextran-coated nanoceria with unique pH-dependent antioxidant activity. Our data show that dextran nanoceria loses its antioxidant properties at low (acidic) pH and it cannot be regenerated upon increasing the pH. The observed non-reversible poisoning of dextran nanoceria at low pH could have important implications in cancer therapy, as most tumors have acidic microenvironments due to high rate of glycolysis and lactic acid production. Since generation of oxygen radicals (oxidative stress) occurs during radiotherapy, leading to 81 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) healthy tissue damage, biocompatible dextran nanoceria could facilitate the protection of healthy tissue throughout these treatment regimes. Upon treatment with dextran nanoceria, cancer cells are not be protected against oxidative stress, due to their acidic microenvironment. In contrast, normal cells at neutral pH will be protected. We will present data showing the preferential cytoprotection of nanoceria-treated normal cells versus cancer cells in culture during oxidative stress. A possible mechanism for this behavior will be discussed. Session H1 – Invited Paper COLLOIDAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR MICRONUTRIENTS AND NUTRACEUTICALS Krassimir Velikov, Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; krassimir.velikov@unilever.com 73 The formulation of micronutrients and nutraceuticals in the design of functional foods brings enormous technological challenges. The incorporation of micronutrients and/or micronutrients can compromise the product functionality. Issues are often encountered related unwanted changes in the product physic-chemical stability, appearance, texture, flavor, taste and bioavailability due to inherited instability or interactions with other ingredients. This paper intends to present the general strategies in using colloidal nanodispersions as delivery systems for micronutrients and nutraceuticals. Some illustrative examples will be given on how colloidal delivery systems can address these issues in the design of new functional foods. Session H1 – Contributed Paper ENZYME RESPONSIVE HYDROGEL PARTICLES FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE Paul D. Thornton, Tom O. McDonald, Robert J. Mart, Simon J. Webb and Rein V. Ulijn, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) and School of Materials, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK; Rein.Ulijn@manchester.ac.uk 74 This talk will focus on design, characterisation and application of hydrogel particles with enzyme-responsiveness built-in. These particles, based on amino-functionalised poly(ethylene glycol acrylamide) (PEGA), are functionalised with peptide actuators that cause charge-induced swelling and payload release when exposed to a (disease specific) target enzyme. We will discuss the design rules of the peptide based actuators that control the responsiveness of these materials. Specifically, we will report on design of peptide actuators to match the specificity of the target enzyme, the charge properties and size of the to-be released protein payload and the pH and ionic strength of the solution. Fluorescently labelled albumin and avidin, proteins of similar size but opposite charge, were released at a rate that was governed by the peptide actuator linked to the polymer carrier, offering a highly controlled release mechanism. Release profiles were analysed 82 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) using a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy of the solution and two-photon fluorescence microscopy to analyse enzymatically triggered molecular events within hydrogel particles during the initial stages of release. Session H1 – Contributed Paper NANOPARTICLES IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC DOMAIN Hanna Mouaziz1, Damia Mawad1, Alexandra Penciu1, Yves Chevalier1, Hatem Fessi1, Henri Méhier2; 1LAGEP, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, UMR CNRS n°5007, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France ; 2CERMA, Bâtiment Actipro, Parc d’affaires international, Archamps, France; mouaziz@lagep.univ-lyon1.fr 75 Nanoparticles based on biocompatible and/or biodegradable polymers found widespread application in drug delivery. Encapsulation of drugs within the particles allows its slow release following its injection in the targeted organ. This study investigates the development of nanoparticles with radiopaque properties for the localized delivery of chemotherapeutic agents such as Paclitaxel. While adding radiopacity to the nanoparticles will facilitate the accurate deposition of the delivery system in the targeted tumor and its tracking over time, encapsulation of Paclitaxel in a polymeric system will prevent the drug from spreading systemically and hence minimizes its toxicity. Two strategies have been developed to impart radiopacity in the nanoparticles. On one hand, nanoparticles were obtained from radiopaque polymers by “nanoprecipitation” technique. On the other hand, nanocapsules containing an iodinated oil core surrounded by a classical biodegradable polymer shell were formulated by “emulsion-diffusion” technique. The anticancer agent could be encapsulated inside both types of nanoparticles. In the first strategy, polymers such as cellulose and cellulose acetate were modified with mono and tri-iodobenzoic chloride by means of ester bonds. Radio-opaque polymers having high iodine content (around 50 %) have been prepared and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Stable suspensions of nanoparticles were prepared by the “nanoprecipitation” technique. Sizes of particles varied around 100 nm as characterized by light scattering and electron microscopy. Radio-opacity of pure polymer materials and suspensions of nanocapsules was assessed by X-ray. Encapsulation and in vitro release of Paclitaxel were investigated. In the second strategy, nanocapsules have been obtained by the “emulsion-diffusion” technique using the usual contrast agent Lipiodol as the iodinated oil and the biodegradable polycaprolactone as a polymer shell. The formulation was optimized with respect to the oil-to-polymer ratio and emulsifier content. Stable nanocapsules of 450 nm were obtained as characterized by light scattering and electron microscopy. In particular, transmission electron microscopy allowed distinguishing the nanocapsule morphology as a sphere with an oil core and a polymer shell. Radio-opacity and encapsulation of Paclitaxel were also investigated as for the suspensions of nanoparticles. These two strategies allowed the formulation of nanoparticles suspensions containing iodine. These suspensions had sufficient X-Ray visibility. In addition, encapsulation of Paclitaxel was successfully achieved. In conclusion, radiopaque nanoparticles combining diagnostic and therapeutic applications were developed. 83 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session H1 – Invited Paper STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MESOPOROUS NANOPARTICLES FOR INTRACELLULAR CONTROLLED RELEASE AND BIOENERGY APPLICATIONS Victor S.-Y. Lin, Department of Chemistry, US DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3111, USA; vsylin@iastate.edu 76 We have synthesized a series of multi-functionalized, MCM-41 type mesoporous silica nanosphere (MSN) materials. These MSN materials were designed as a stimuliresponsive controlled release delivery system (Figure 1). Several pharmaceutical drugs, genes, proteins, and imaging agents were encapsulated inside the mesopores of MSN by capping the openings of the mesopores with various chemically removable caps to block the molecules of interest from leaching out. We studied the stimuli-responsive release profiles of these MSN delivery systems by using various non-cytotoxic chemicals as release triggers. Furthermore, the gene transfection efficacy, uptake mechanism, and biocompatibility of the capped-MSN systems with animal and plant cells and tissues have been investigated. For example, a MSN material with a large average pore diameter (5.4 nm) has been designed to serve as a transmembrane, controlled release carrier for a membrane impermeable protein (cytochrome c). We found that the enzymes released from the MSNs are still functional and highly active. We discovered that the cytochrome c encapsulated MSNs could be internalized by live human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and the protein could be released into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we successfully delivered both gene and its chemical inducer into cell wall containing plant cells/tissues and triggered gene expression under controlled-released conditions. We envision that these MSNs can serve as a universal transmembrane vehicle for many biotechnological applications including therapeutics and metabolic manipulation of cells. Session H1 – Invited Paper POLYSACCHARIDE-BASED NANOGELS FOR SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERY Eun S. Gil,1 and Tao L. Lowe1,2,3, Departments of Surgery,1 Bioengineering,2 and Materials Science and Engineering,3 Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA; tlowe@psu.edu 77 84 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic and complex structure composed principally of specialized capillary endothelial cells held together by highly restrictive tight junctions. It allows the passage of nutrients into the brain, while preventing the passage of many substances, posing a problem for cerebral drug delivery from the blood stream. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate novel cationic and degradable βcyclodextrin nanogels as drug delivery carriers for insulin and doxorubicin across the bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell (BBMVEC) monolayer, an in vitro blood brain barrier (BBB) model. We use dynamic light scattering and FTIR to characterize the particle sizes and degradation of the nanoparticles. We study the release kinetics of insulin and doxorubicin from the nanogels. We investigate the permeability of the nanoparticles without/with insulin and doxorubicin across the BBMVEC monolayer. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the nanogels can sustain release of insulin and doxorubicin, and showed 100% cell viability at the concentration of up to 500 μg•ml-1. The nanogels are not only twice as permeable as 4 kD dextran control, but also enhance insulin permeability across the BBMVEC monolayer. Session I1 – Keynote Paper SHAPING Au NANOPARTICLES: FROM SEEDS TO DECAHEDRONS FROM RODS TO OCTAHEDRONS Isabel Pastoriza-Santos, Jorge Pérez-Juste, Ana Sánchez-Iglesias, Enrique Carbó-Argibay, Benito Rodríguez-González, Luis M. Liz-Marzán Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain; lmarzan@uvigo.es 78 85 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Size and shape control are hot topics in both Colloid Science and Nanotechnology. In the case of metals, size and shape control can be used as a means to tailor the optical properties through modification of the plasmon resonance condition. Many synthetic protocols have been published for metal nanoparticle synthesis, though simultaneous size and shape control are still rare. We present here the controlled synthesis of extremely regular gold nanocrystals through ultrasound-induced reduction of HAuCl4 on presynthesized seeds, using PVP as a stabilizing polymer. A strict relationship between the final morphology and the crystalline structure of the seeds has been observed, with formation of decahedra (pentagonal bipyramids) using penta-twinned Au seeds but single crystalline octahedra using single crystal Pt seeds. The dimensions can be strictly controlled through the ratio between the amount of seed and the HAuCl4 concentration, and the monodispersity is as good as 10%. The optical properties of these particles can be reproduced with a very good agreement by means of a model for the resolution of Maxwell’s equations for bicones, so that a good correlation between particle size and optical response can be established. Additionally, it will be shown that the shape of (single crystal) gold nanorods can be finely tuned by controlled growth, again under sonication in DMF, in the presence of PVP. Reshaping involves the formation of rods with sharp tips and strongly faceted lateral faces, and ultimately leads to perfect, single crystal octahedrons. Careful analysis of the morphological and crystallographic structure of the different particles indicates that the growth rate on different facets follows the order {111}<{110}<{100}, which requires PVP adsorption to alter the surface energies of naked fcc faces. This result is thus in favour of a shape-inducing effect of the polymer, through different binding interactions for the different faces, as has been previously indicated by several authors. All these results are indicate that the crystallographic structure of the seeds plays a key role in determining the final structure and shape of the nanoparticles grown on them. Session I1 – Invited Paper MONODISPERSE ANISOTROPIC POLYMERIC MICROPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING A MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET GENERATOR Takasi Nisisako, Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R2-6, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan; nisisako@pi.titech.ac.jp 79 Microparticles with controlled anisotropies have myriad applications in a variety of fields. Above all, microparticles having a biphasic geometry of distinct compositions and properties, known as “Janus” particles, are attracting increasing attention of both fundamental colloid science studies as well as industrial applications. Colloidal particles with anisotropic shapes also have numerous applications; they can be used for modifying optical properties, controlling rheological properties of suspensions, and building selfassembled composite materials. Here, we present a microfluidic droplet-generating system for the fabrication of two types of monodisperse anisotropic polymer microparticles: bicolored Janus microspheres with an electrical anisotropy and nonspherical particles with tunable shapes. The microfluidic channel consists of a Yshaped channel and a sheath-flowing junction fabricated lithographically on a glass chip. 86 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) To produce the bicolored Janus microspheres, black and white acrylate monomers (isobornyl acrylate) were infused separately into the two arms of the Y-junction to form a two-color parallel stream. This two-color stream entered a shearing stream of a coflowing aqueous phase, producing biphasic Janus droplets of two miscible phases by a shearrupturing mechanism (102–103 drops/s). We could vary the size of the Janus droplets in the range of 50–200 μm by controlling the viscous shearing under the condition of a low Capillary number. The droplets were highly monodisperse, typically with a coefficient of variation around 2%. After the thermal polymerization outside the fluidic module, we could obtain monodisperse Janus microspheres having black and white hemispheres. The synthesized particles had an asymmetric charge distribution, and we could successfully demonstrate the electric actuation of the synthesized particles for paper-like display applications. To produce nonspherical particles, a photopolymerizable acrylate monomer (1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate) and a nonpolymerizable organic phase (silicone oil) were used, and we could produce monodisperse droplets comprising two immiscible organic fluids in a coflowing aqueous stream. At equilibrium, the droplets formed a snowmanlike Janus geometry by the minimization of interfacial free energies among the three liquid phases. Subsequent off-chip photopolymerization produced monodisperse polymer particles with hemispherical shapes. The size and shape of the droplets and particles were tunable through the variation of the flow conditions. Furthermore, we could massproduce the above-mentioned anisotropic polymer particles by the parallelization of 128– 256 microchannels on a chip. Session I1 – Contributed Paper LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES Richard Tilley, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington,Wellington, NZ; richard.tilley@vuw.ac.nz 80 Liquid phase synthesis is a powerful method for the formation of uniform sized nanoparticles and nanoparticles with a faceted morphology. General strategies for the formation of catalytic platinum and palladium nanoparticles and quantum dots through chemical synthesis will be outlined. The growth mechanism of how the particles form will also be presented along with HRTEM observations. In-situ studies using synchrotron radiation will also be discussed and the formation highly monodispersed nanocubes of platinum and palladium. Session I1 – Keynote Paper PARTICLE MEDIATED CRYSTALLIZATION Helmut Cölfen, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloid Chemistry, Am Mühlenberg, Research Campus Golm, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany; coelfen@mpikg.mpg.de 81 87 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Crystallization is one of the basic procedures for materials synthesis. However, the last decade has shown that crystallization does not necessarily proceed along the classical textbook pathway of nucleation and subsequent addition of the atomar or molecular species in a layer by layer growth process. Instead, nanoparticles can interact with each other and mutually orient resulting in an aggregate with mutual crystallographic order. The nanoparticles in such aggregate may crystallographically fuse to minimize their surface energy leading to a single crystal. Such particle mediated crystallization pathway is called “Non Classical Crytallization”. Nature also uses this pathway for the production of Biominerals with complex shape, enhanced physical properties and single crystalline behaviour. Some examples from Biomineralization and biomimetic mineralization will introduce the concept. Furthermore, mechanisms leading to the mutual orientation of crystalline nanoparticles in an aggregate resulting in mutual crystallographic order will be discussed. Such particle mediated crystallization pathways greatly enhance the possibilities of crystallization and morphogenesis. Session I1 – Invited Paper CACO3 PARTICLE SHAPES AS RESULTING FROM AGGREGATION OF NANOPARTICLES AND CONTROL BY POLYELECTROLYTES Amane Jada, ICSI-CNRS 15 rue Jean Starcky, BP 2488-F-68057 Mulhouse, France; A.Jada@uha.fr 82 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs such as calcite and vaterite of particles may form in water in the presence of various anionic polyelectrolytes. However, in the present work, the vaterite fraction may be obtained and stabilized depending on the polymer concentration and structure. Further, in the crystallogenesis process, the polymer interacts with the growing crystals and leads to control of crystalline structure, shape and size of CaCO3 crystals. Such interactions result in a retarding effect on CaCO3 nucleation and growth, as evidenced by an increase of the induction time. The final CaCO3 particles are found to result from the aggregation of nanocrystals, and have various shapes depending on polymer concentration and structure. It comes out that the properties of CaCO3 particles prepared in the presence of the polymer are function of the interaction efficiency between the polymers anionic repeating units and the calcium ions. Session I1 – Contributed Paper SURFACE-FUNCTIONALIZED INORGANIC-ORGANIC MULTILAYER PARTICLES: SYNTHESIS, SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS Hervé Dietsch, Vikash Malik, Camille Dagallier, Frank Scheffold and Peter Schurtenberger, FriMat, Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, Switzerland, herve.dietsch@unifr.ch 83 88 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) We demonstrate the exciting possibilities for size and shape control of surfacefunctionalized particles that we can achieve when playing with a variety of physical and chemical control parameters (nature of precursor, concentration, pH, temperature, ionic force…). We focus on the synthesis of colloidal ZnO and α-Fe2O3 (hematite) particles. We demonstrate full control of the particle shape from round, raspberry-like, cubical to anisotropic spindle-like particles with variable axial ratios. These particles can then be coated with a silica layer, allowing for the creation of a specific surface functionality for their incorporation in polymer matrices or simply for their stabilization in a desired solvent. We also show that an additional coating step with an organic coating using dispersion polymerization or controlled polymerization from the surface of the silica coated hematite is possible, leading to core-shell-shell particles with interesting surface properties. We finally present results from applications of these versatile particle toolbox to microrheological investigations of complex soft matter systems, studies of colloid crystal and glass formation and creation of nanocomposites with tailored properties. Session I1 – Invited Paper NANOMATERIALS AT INTERFACES: WET CHEMICAL ROUTES FOR SIZE, SHAPE AND ORIENTATION CONTROLLED NANOPARTICLES, Yuval Golan, Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; ygolan@bgu.ac.il 84 Semiconductor nanostructures have attracted interest for reasons such as anisotropy of material properties via shape control, size-dependent quantum confinement effects, and as building blocks in nanoscale devices. "Wet" chemical routes for synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures are straightforward and cost-effective and can result in highly uniform nanomaterials with precise size and shape control. Three synthetic methods will be presented, all in which interfacial processes play a major role. The first method takes advantage of the air-water interface in the presence of ultrathin polyconjugated organic films as a unique medium for synthesizing highly aligned nanoparticles of, e.g., PbS and CdS, and their assembly into ordered structures. The second technique will highlight highly uniform nanorods and nanowires of ZnS, CdS and ZnSe capped with alkylamine surfactants, and will focus on the role of the organic surfactants in controlling their structure and assembly into 2D and 3D super-structures. Finally, chemical bath deposition also offers a simple and versatile route for producing high quality PbSe and PbS thin films directly onto GaAs single crystal substrates without the use of organic ligand molecules. A wide range of microstructures is obtained, from nanocrystalline films to epitaxial single crystal films. Along with conventional in-house characterization techniques, in-situ techniques such as laser light scattering and small angle synchrotron x-ray diffraction are employed for monitoring growth and ordering in real time. 89 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session I1 – Contributed Paper VARIOUS LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE MORPHOLOGIES OBTAINED THROUGH SOLVOTHERMAL SYNTHESIS DIRECTED BY AMINO ACIDS Vanessa Prevot, Christine Taviot-Guého, Nathalie Gaillard-Caperaa, Claude Forano; Laboratoire des Matériaux Inorganiques, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 6002, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France, vanessa.prevot@univ-bpclermont.fr 85 In recent years, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted considerable attention because of their potentially numerous applications for catalysis, polymer formulation, chemical or drug storage and delivery and environmental remediation processes. These materials are described by general formula [MII1-xMIIIx(OH)2] [AmII 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ III 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ x/m.H2O] with M = Mg , Zn , Ni , Co , Cu ..., M = Al , Cr , Fe , Ga ...) and A = inorganic or organic anions. The great variety of metal and interlayer species combinations allows to tailor their physical (magnetic, optical, electrochemical) and chemical properties (redox and acido-basic properties). Although it is generally admitted that morphology has a great effect on the LDH performances, only few studies are related to the control over the shape, particle size, surface area and porosity of LDH materials. Because of their fairly low natural occurrence, LDH are generally synthesized by coprecipitation or homogeneous precipitation with urea. In this work, we report a novel synthetic process leading to three dimensional nanostructures of NiAl-based LDH (flowerlike, pomponlike, ball…). This synthetic approach is based on the precomplexation of the transition metal ions with amino acid molecules and the metal complex thermolysis under hydrothermal treatment. Reaction parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, concentrations and nature of the amino acid are found to be crucial in controlling the final composition, structure and morphology. Sacnning electron microscopy, UV-VIS, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis and X-Ray diffraction are adopted to investigate the evolution process of Ni precursors. The morphology variations were interpreted based on the amino-acid precursor nature and its decomposition pathways. Details of the synthesis and characterization of the materials generated there from will be presented in comparison with the growing process involved during classic coprecipitation and homogenous precipitation. Finally, since the morphologies are maintained under thermal treatment, this strategy allows also the preparation of 3D structured mixed oxides. Session J1 – Keynote Paper SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES AND SIWAFER THROUGH SURFACE INITIATED CONTROLLED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION, Atsushi Takahara, Yuki Terayama, Hiroki Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro Matsuda, Motoyasu Kobayashi, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan, Takahara@cstf.kyushu-.ac.jp 86 Surface-initiated polymerization from a solid surface is one of the promising methods to modify wetability, adhesion behavior, and frictional properties on the surface of inorganic sokids and particles. Controlled radical polymerization technique have been 90 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) applied to surface-initiated polymerization system, giving a tethered polymer with high graft density and controlled molecular weight, a so-called "polymer brush". In this study, hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer brushes with 10~ 40 nm thickness were prepared on the Si-wafer and silica nanoparticles by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of various vinyl monomers with different functional groups. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) brush was prepared by surface-initiated iodide transfer polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) from a silicon wafer, and successive hydrolysis of acetyl groups. The difference in adhesion force between PVA and PVAc brush surfaces was confirmed by force microscopy. Zwitterionic poly(2-methacryloyloxyehtyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) brush was also prepared by surface-initiated ATRP. PMPC brush showed extremely high hydrophilicity and water lubrication. The polymer chain conformation at the heavy water interface of PMPC brushes were characterized by neutron reflectivity. It was revealed that the PMPC chain was stretched to the water phase as well as high ionic strength aqueous solutions. The small influence of ionic strength on chain conformation was also observed for the water dispersion of PMPC-grafted Sinanoparticles. The highly water repellency surface was prepared by surfaced-initiated ATRP of 2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate (FA-C8). The PFA-C8 brush film showed surface ordered FA layer at the outer most surface. However, PFA-C8 on the Sinanoparticle have higher crystallinity than brush film on Si-wafer. Session J1 – Contributed Paper OPTICAL LIMITING STUDIES OF “NECKLACE”-LIKE GOLD NANOPARTICLES/POLYMER HYBRIDS Qiu Dai, Xiong Liu, Jianhua Zou and Qun Huo, Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32826; qhuo@mail.ucf.edu, qiudai@mail.ucf.edu 87 Metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag) and quantum dots are among the most exciting nanomaterials with promising applications potentials in biosensing, bioimaging, bioassay, targetd drug delivery. However, a significant challenge in nanoparticles field is the controlled chemical functionalizaiton of nanoparticles materials. Due to the presence of multiple reactive sites on a nanoparticles surface, it is extremely difficult to control the number and geometrical distribution of chemical functional groups on the nanoparticle surface. Recently we developed a unique solid phase place exchange reaction to synthesize gold nanoparticles with a single carboxyl functional group on the surface. Using these monofunctional gold nanoparticles, we synthesized sophisticated nanoparticles/polymer hybrid materials with necklace structure using a single step chemical reaction. The optical limiting performance studies of “necklace”-like gold nanoparticles/polymer hybrid using time-resolved spectroscopy will be elaborated in details during this presentation. Session J1 – Invited Paper RAFT POLYMERIZATION FROM NANOPARTICLES Brian C. Benicewicz, Yu Li, and Linda S. Schadler NYS Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical 88 91 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; benice@rpi.edu Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been applied to the controlled polymerization of various monomers under a wide range of conditions to prepare polymer materials with predetermined molecular weights, narrow polydispersities, and advanced architectures. The combination of the RAFT technique with polymer grafting techniques has been widely used as an approach to modify the nanoparticle surfaces with a variety of functional polymers. In our work, we developed an approach for attaching a variety of RAFT agents to the surface of nanoparticles with graft densities ranging from 0.01 to 0.68 chains/nm2. Using these surface-immobilized RAFT agents, styrenic, acrylate, and methacrylate monomers could be polymerized on the nanoparticle surfaces via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization in a controlled manner. The availability of the wide range of graft densities allowed us to study the polymer chain behavior in both the brush and mushroom regions. We have also utilized click chemistry techniques to modify the surface of nanoparticles. Graft polymerization of two azide-containing monomers was accomplished from the silica nanoparticle surfaces via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization. The resulting polymer-grafted nanoparticles contain a large number of reactive azido groups, which can be referred as “massively reactive nanoparticles”. Examples of subsequent click funtionalization of the nanoparticles will be presented. Session J1 – Invited Paper SURFACE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION DESIGN TO CONTROL DISPERSION BEHAVIOR OF NANOPARTICLES IN ORGANIC SORBENTS Hidehiro Kamiya, Murino Kobayakawa, Noriyuki Furukawa, Motoyuki Iijima, and Mayumi Tsukada, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan; Kenji Takebayashi, Shuji Sasabe and Takehisa Fukui, Hosokawa Powder Technology Research Institute, Shoudai Tajika, Hirakata-City, Osaka 573-1132 Japan; kamiya@cc.tuat.ac.jp 89 Aggregation and dispersion behavior control of nanopartucles in liquid suspension is one of the important technologies to apply nanoparticles in many fields, for examples, material, pigment, cosmetic and drug delivery systems. In this research, in order to develop the uniform dispersion of inorganic functional nanoparticles in organic liquid suspension, some kinds of approach were investigated by the control of surface interaction between nanoparticles based on the surface molecular and nanometer scaled structure design. In our first approach, the aggregates of inorganic oxide composite nanoparticles with different microstructure were collapsed by beads milling and particle surface was modified by silane coupling agent in organic sorbent with slight amount addition of pH-controlled water simultaneously. Since composite oxide nanoparticles were prepared and collected by dry process and hydrophilic surface molecular structure, large agglomerates were formed in organic sorbents. When the optimum milling and 92 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) surface modification conditions were selected, 90 wt % aggregates of oxide composite nanoparticles were able to be dispersed up to primary particles. In next approach, surfactant with different molecular structure was adsorbed on the surface of uniform dispersed TiO2 nanoparticle in aqueous suspension, the aggregates of nanoparticles were formed and precipitated in aqueous solution by the adsorption of surfactants. The separated aggregates from aqueous solution were dried and dispersed into organic solvents. If the optimum surface molecular structure was designed by the selection of molecular structure of surfactant, nanoparticles were dispersed up to primary particle in various kinds of organic solvents. Finally, the relationship between surface molecular structure and surface interaction in each organic solution was characterized by a colloid probe AFM method, and discussed the action mechanism of silane coupling agent and surfactant. Session J1 – Invited Paper COMPLEX PARTICLE COATINGS FROM BLOCK COPOLYMER MICELLE MULTILAYER FILMS Simon Biggs, Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, University of Leeds, Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; s.r.biggs@leeds.ac.uk 90 The modification of surfaces using polymer coatings has a long history and continues to provide a fruitful area for technology development and academic study. The purpose of such coatings is varied and includes surface protection, improved aesthetic qualities, increased environmental acceptance and controlled wetting properties. In aqueous particle dispersions, the ability to modify particle properties using steric polymer layers has also received considerable interest over many years. The primary reasons for using such polymer films are to improve particle dispersion stability, to improve the formulation characteristics for the particles, and to improve the acceptance of particles in medical applications. Recent advances in this area include the development of complex films through the so-called layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polymers and/or nanoparticles to provide highly functional coatings. In our research, we have been investigating the development of an alternative class of polymer coatings based on block copolymer micelles. Using oppositely charged micelles we are able to deposit complex films using the LbL approach consisting exclusively of copolymer micelles. These films are highly functional and provide a wide range of application possibilities. In this paper, the characterization and analysis of these films on particle substrates will be described. Evidence for the local structure within the film will be given showing clearly that the micelle structures are retained within the films. The development of capsules using such films will also be discussed using both particles and emulsion droplets as templates. Finally, possible applications for coatings of this type on particle substrates will be discussed. Session J1 – Invited Paper NANOPARTICLES AS TOOLS FOR CONTROLLING CELL FUNCTIO. V. Prasad Shastri, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt 91 93 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; prasad.shastri@vanderbilt.edu The full realization of the potential of stem and pluripotent cells in therapeutic applications such as organ regeneration and other cell-based therapies is dependent in part on developing a set of tools to control the differentiation of these cells into germ layer-specific and tissue-specific phenotypes. The most common strategy involves the use of soluble signals such as peptides and growth factors, in combination with extracellular matrix components, to trigger signaling cascades that promote differentiation. It is well known that cell shape and function are coupled. At the fundamental level the impact on cell function through changes in cell shape, is driven by events that influencin the interaction of the cell membrane with the substrate. This in turn impacts sub-cellular structures and processes through mechano-transduction. Cell membrane-surface interactions are influenced by surface chemistry, topography and spatial distribution of information. We recently demonstrated that biomaterial surface and chemistry can be independently and reproducibly modulated using an assembly of functionalized nanoparticles. In this talk, the potential of nanoparticle assemblies as a tool for impacting cell structure and function, and cytoskeletal organization in particular, will be elucidated. Furthermore, the impact of such changes in lineage specific differentiation of human progenitor cells will be explored. Session J1 – Invited Paper SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYISOBUTYLENE-BASED MEDICAL DEVICE COATINGS USING ELECTRONANOSPRAY™. Robert Hoerr and John Foley, Nanocopoeia, Inc., St. Paul, MN 55104, Greg Haugstad and Jinping Dong, Institute of Technology Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN and Judit Puskas, Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA; bob.hoerr@nanocopoeia.com 92 Coronary drug-eluting stent coatings have been associated with late-term thrombosis, raising questions about the local vascular response to the drug-polymer matrix after prolonged implantation. We have developed a comprehensive approach for creating novel drug-eluting coatings and evaluating their nanoscale and biological behavior. ElectroNanospray™ is a novel process that can be used to apply nanoparticles of various combinations of drugs and polymers to the surface of intricate medical devices, such as coronary stents. Using ElectroNanospray, a variety of surface morphologies have been achieved using a third generation drug-eluting polymer, arborescent polyisobutylenepolystyrene block co-polymer (arbIBS), and model drug dexamethasone, ranging from apparently smooth conformal films when imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to films that are composed of loosely packed nanoparticles. In addition, multilaminate films where each layer had a unique morphology were applied. While these different morphologies and combinations alter the rate of drug release as measured by HPLC, little is known about the way that nanoparticulate deposition might alter the time course and manner by which these poorly soluble drugs are released from these coatings. Using complementary techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal Raman microscopy, the real-time course of drug release was imaged, with baseline 94 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) images in room air and subsequently throughout prolonged incubation in a buffered salt solution. Apparently homogeneous films by SEM demonstrated more concentrated areas of drug deposition on the surface and throughout the film depth as imaged by confocal Raman. The fine structure of corresponding surface area, examined with AFM, showed nanoscale (~100 nm) drug particles within the surrounding polymer matrix. Post – incubation, SEM documented porous areas in materials that had previously appeared homogeneous. To evaluate the biological response to these novel coatings, we are using a novel atherosclerotic mouse model of balloon angioplasty and stenting, utilizing a “nano”stent that can be coated and implanted to observe how the coating performs in the intravascular setting. The ElectroNanospray process offers a high degree of compositional control for coatings made using these new polymers. These advanced, complementary imaging techniques provide rapid understanding how therapeutic agents are released from a coated implant’s surface. The mouse stent model provides a tool for showing how manipulation of surface composition, morphology and drug release might improve the biological response at the cellular interface between stent and arterial lumen. Session J1 – Contributed Paper HYDROLYSIS-INDUCED IMMOBILIZATION OF Pt(AcAc)2 ON POLYIMIDE NANOFIBER MAT IN THE FORMATION OF Pt NANOPARTICLES Nguyen Thi Xuyen, Gunn Kim, Hae Kyung Jeong, Kyung Ah Park, Eun Ju Ra, Min Ho Park, Cheol Woong Yang, Kang Pyo So, Kay Hyeok An, Young Hee Lee, Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, School of Advanced Materials and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Material & Development Department, Jeonju Machinery Research Center, Jeonju 561-844, Korea; nguyenxuyenbk@yahoo.com 93 Pt nanoparticles have been formed on the polyimide (PI)-based nanofiber mat via carbonization. The PI nanofiber mat was obtained from the electrospun poly(amic acid) (PAA) nanofiber mat after stabilization. Pt(acac)2 (acac - acetylacetonate) powder was dissolved in acetone with hydrolyzed PI nanofiber mat. The PI nanofiber mat was further carbonized to form Pt nanoparticles on the nanofiber surface. Pt nanoparticles were uniformly located over the carbon nanofiber surface with a size of 3 nm in average. The particle size was controllable by the heating rate and carbonization temperature. Our xray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that Pt ions in Pt(acac)2 molecules are mostly immobilized on the hydrolyzed PI surface while some of them (60 %) are released from (acac) to bind to carboxylic group, and then fully decomposed into Pt nanoparticles during carbonization. Based on the density functional theory, we calculated a Pt(acac)2 molecule on PAA (or PI). In the case of Pt(acac)2-PI, -stacking type adsorption is preferred and ~0.4 e are transferred from Pt(acac)2 to PI. On other hand, for Pt(acac)2PAA, Pt(acac)2 adsorbed near oxygen side group in PAA, and electron transfer is ~0.05 e. The cyclic voltammetric test demonstrates that our robust carbon nanofiber mat can be utilized for fuel cell electrodes. Session K1 – Keynote Paper 95 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) 94 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MINERAL FIBERS AND CARBON PARTICULATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY AND THE ROLE OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY Prabir K. Dutta1 John F. Long2, Marshall V. Williams3 and W. James Waldman4,1Departments of Chemistry, 2Veterinary Biosciences, 3Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and 4Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA; Dutta.1@osu.edu We discuss our work on the correlations between biological activity and physicochemical characteristics of minerals and particulates. Naturally occurring zeolite called erionite is highly toxic and causes mesothelioma and is more carcinogenic than crocidolite asbestos. No other zeolites, including mordenite have toxicities as large as erionite. For erionite, its toxicity is commonly associated with the iron that accumulates on its surface via ionexchange following its deposition within the lungs. Mordenite also has ion exchange abilities and to some extent a fibrous morphology. However, it is not carcinogenic. Thus, the difference in the biological and chemical reactivity of these two minerals provides insight about mineral toxicity. For assessment of biological response, phagocytosis as well as the oxidative burst as a result of phagocytosis by rat pulmonary alveolar macrophage-derived cells was examined. Ultrastructural studies of cells showed marked variation in size and numbers of the phagocytized particles. Reactive oxygen metabolite generation within a cell was noted upon phagocytosis. Extracellular release of oxygen species was measured via luminol chemiluminescence. The ability of the iron-exchanged forms of the zeolites to produce hydroxyl radicals from H2O2 (Fenton reaction) was studied. Mordenite was not mutagenic. Conversely, erionite was mutagenic in a doseresponse manner and the mutagenic potential of erionite was significantly enhanced by the addition of ferrous ions. To identify specific particulate physicochemical characteristics which determine bioactivity, we synthesized 1 μm or 100 nm carbonbased model particulates with or without surface Fenton-reactive iron. Internalization of all particulates, including coal fly ash and diesel emission particulates, by freshly isolated and differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) was verified by phasecontrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The differential ability of the various particulates to induce oxidative stress in MDM was determined by luminol chemiluminescence assay of the generation of extracellular reactive oxygen species in response to particulate exposure. Human endothelial cells isolated from various vascular beds were incubated with supernatants recovered from cultures of particulate-treated MDM, and assayed for induction of inflammatory endothelial adhesion molecule expression by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. While supernatants of MDM treated with coal fly ash or pure carbon particulates demonstrated little impact upon endothelial inflammatory activation, those recovered from MDM treated with diesel emission particulates or synthetic carbon particulates bearing surface iron induced high levels of endothelial adhesion molecule expression in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, per unit mass, 100 nm carbon-iron particulates were far more effective in endothelial inflammatory activation than their 1 μm counterparts. These studies have relevance to the environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials, including toxicity of fibrous carbon nanotubes and diesel exhaust particulates, carbon black and fullerenes. 96 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session K1 – Invited Paper PARTICULATE SUSPENSIONS OF ETTRINGITE FOR REMOVAL OF BORON COMPOUNDS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Nava Narkis and Svetlana Yusim – Bandel; Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; cvrnava@tx.technion.ac.il 95 Boron is an essential nutrient for vegetation at low concentrations, however, boron is toxic to plants at certain concentrations, but varies with species and climate factors. It can be damaging to crops if present in irrigation water. In view of the shortage in natural water resources, reuse of treated effluents, mainly for irrigation, is practiced. The presence of high concentrations of boron compounds in treated effluents limits the application of reused effluents for irrigation of plants and vegetation sensitive to the presence of boron. The boron compounds in effluents originate from water supply and from natural sources in soil, while the main part is derived from the detergents, found in household laundry and dish washing powders, using perborate as the single most important bleaching component. Boron concentration is not affected by the conventional treatment processes of water and wastewater. Thus, all the boron entering the water systems and added through domestic use finds its way to the treated wastewater. Boron concentrations in drinking water and wastewater are likely to increase with the entrance of sea water desalination processes for potable water, since boron compounds are not readily removed through reverse osmosis. Therefore, it is necessary to apply expensive multi – stage RO membrane treatment systems for producing finished water, which meets the WHO drinking water quality guidelines level for boron. The main purpose of this research was to study the use of ettringite particulate suspensions for removal of boron compounds from controlled synthetic aqueous solutions and effluents for reuse in irrigation. Ettringite is a mineral with the formal equation Ca6Al2(OH)12(SO4)3·26H2O. The ettringite particulate suspensions, produced in the reactor, by the reaction of aluminium sulfate and calcium hydroxide, efficiently remove boric acid and boron compounds up to complete removal. It was found that incresing the ettringite dose and contact time significantly improved boric acid removal efficiency. From the linearized form of the Langmuir adsorptoin isotherms, the maximum adsorption capacity value Qmax = 2.17 mg B/ g ettringite and the energy parameter b were determined. Ettringite particulate suspensions formed in effluents entirely removed boron and phosphorous compunds, the colloidal and suspended solids obtaining good clarification. In addition, the ettringite removed a part of the soluble organic contaminants from the effluents. After exposure of the ettringite particulates to an aqueous solution of boric acid, the used ettringite particulates were separated by centrifugation and re-suspended, without any treatment, in a new aqueous solution of boric acid. This process was repeated 4 times, each time the same used ettringite particulates were separated and re-suspended in a new aqueous solution of boric acid, continuing to efficiently remove boron compounds. 97 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session K1 – Contributed Paper CONTROLLING UPTAKE AND INTRACELLULAR FATE OF SURFACE-MODIFIED COLLOIDAL GOLD 1 Paola Nativo, 2Ian Prior and 1Mathias Brust; 1Department of Chemistry, 2 Physiological Laboratory, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; paola.nativo@liv.ac.uk 96 The use of metallic nanoparticles in biomedical sciences has witnessed increasing interest over the past few years. Such applications include, for instance, the detection, diagnosis and treatment of tumours, targeted gene and drug delivery, and labelling of intracellular structures. The interaction between the nanoparticles and the living cells is regulated by a complex dynamics, the understanding of which is of crucial importance to foster further developments in this field. There is consensus that spontaneous cellular uptake is governed by the endocytotic process whereby invaginations of the plasma membrane embrace nanoparticles into vescicles, i.e. endosomes. For many applications of interest, however, endosomes do not represent a favourable environment, as nanoparticles are prevented from reaching desirable targets such as the nucleus, mitochondria and the endoplasmatic reticulum. Here we present a systematic electron microscopic investigation of three different strategies for stabilised gold colloids to escape the endosomic pathway in a human fibroblast cell line (HeLa). First, we employed commercially available liposomes to encapsulate gold nanoparticles and deliver them by fusion with the plasma membrane. Although endocytosis was not suppressed, the presence of liposomes appeared to trigger another mechanism, which consists of the formation of caveolae, flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. This strategy resulted in a fraction of nanoparticles being freely dispersed in the cytoplasm. Second, we investigated the use of ultrasound as a potential method of stimulating cellular uptake. We performed experiments using a range of gold nanoparticles with various ligand shells, of which we had established different responses to spontaneous incubation. We found that sonication permitted the uptake of nanoparticles that otherwise would not be taken up spontaneously. We also observed free dispersion in the cytoplasm of those types of nanoparticles that otherwise would be taken up spontaneously and trapped in the endosomes. Third, we studied the modification of the particle surface with so-called membrane penetration factors (i.e., oligopeptides TAT and Pntn) as a means to facilitate the direct transfer of particles across the membrane. Again, in addition to particles trapped in the endosomes, a significant fraction of particles was found in the cytoplasm. As a further step towards the targeting of specific cell organelles, we added another peptide, Nuclear Localisation Signal (NLS), to the ligand shell. As well as in the endosomes and in the cytoplasm, we now also observed the presence of nanoparticles in the nucleus. Furthermore, a larger proportion of particles was found to group in the proximity of the nucleus. Interestingly, such nanoparticles were associated to previously unobserved membrane structures which resemble destroyed endosomes. Although still unclear, this finding suggests the existence of an endosomal trafficking pathway from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. 98 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session K1 – Contributed Paper BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SOLVENT-FREE NANOFLUIDS Daniel Clemans,† Rola Amad,‡ Zhiming Qiu,‡ and John Texter,‡ †Biology Department and ‡School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA; dclemans@emich.edu 97 Solvent-free nanofluids, such as those invented by Giannelis and co-workers, are being further modified and incorporated into nanocomposites and other new materials. Further, with the advent of nanotechnology, quite a bit of concern is being expressed about the toxicity of new materials. Many of these solvent-free nanofluids are essentially a new class of supramolecular ionic liquids, and most of these new nanofluids are surface functionalized with quaternary molecules and organic salts. Quaternary salts are well know to exhibit antimicrobial activity; we examined several sample nanofluids to see if they indeed are bactericidal. Most of our tests were done in challenges against a representative Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram- negative bacterium (Escherichia coli). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for each nanofluid were determined using standard methods. Some of the sample nanofluids exhibited MICs in the range of 30-38 μg/ml agains S. aureus, putting their performance in the same league as the well known antibiotic, ampicillin. Activity against E. coli was generally much less, although one of the examples had an MIC of 47 μg/ml. Results for nanofluids decorated with methyldidecylammonium sulfonates (I) and methyldecylimidazolium sulfonates (II) will be presented, along with results for nanofluids I also decorated with amino and acryl functional groups. The greater activity against S. aureus over E. coli is tentatively ascribed to the Gram-negative cell wall structure. The 8-9 nm diameters of these surface modified nanoparticles cannot exhibit molecular scale diffuison through aqueous polymer nets because of their supramolecular size and 7 nm diameter silica core. Session K1 – Invited Paper PRECLINICAL IMMUNOLOGICAL NANOPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION Marina A. Dobrovolskaia and Scott E. McNeil, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAICFrederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA; marina@mail.nih.gov 98 The unique physicochemical properties of nanosized particles make them attractive candidate drugs or drug carriers. A nanoparticle’s interaction with immune cells and plasma proteins may influence its biodistribution and drug delivery, so identifying the physicochemical properties which determine this interaction is an important part of preclinical development of nanoparticle-based drugs. This presentation discusses in vitro methods for identifying the properties of nanoparticles which influence the immune system, gives an overview of some of the properties that have been shown to influence immune system biocompatibility thus far, and details current challenges in the preclinical immunological evaluation of nanoparticles. Funded by NCI Contract N01-CO-12400 99 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session K1 – Contributed Paper SAPHIR (EUROPEAN PROJECT): SAFE, INTEGRATED & CONTROLLED PRODUCTION OF HIGH-TECH MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND THEIR RECYCLING Christophe Goepfert, CEA Programs & Development, CILAS, 8, Avenue Buffon - B.P. 6319, ZI La Source, 45063 Orleans Cedex, France; goepfert@cilas.com 99 Industrial needs in terms of multifunctional components are increasing. Several sectors are concerned, ranging from mature high volume markets like automotive applications, high added value parts like space & aeronautic components or even emerging activities like new technologies for energy. Also are concerned domains with a planetary impact like environment and new products and functions for health and safety of people. Nanotechnologies could play a key role in promoting innovation in design and realisation of multifunctional products for the future, either by improving usual products or creating new functions and new products. Nevertheless, this huge evolution of the industry of materials could only happen if the main technological and economic challenges are solved with reference to the societal acceptance. Those concern the mastering, over the whole life cycle of the products, of the potential risks, by an integration of the elaboration channels, while taking into account recycling. Session K1 – Contributed Paper LOCALISATION OF QUANTUM DOTS WITHIN CELL COMPARTMENTS IS DEPENDENT ON THE SIZE OF THE PARTICLE AND ON THE CELL LINEAGE Yvonne Williams1, Alyona Sukhanova2, Anthony Davies1, Igor Nabiev2, Dermot Kelleher2, Yuri Volkov1, 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; 2University of Reims, France; williamy@tcd.ie 100 How the living organism interacts with foreign particles is very much dependent on the size and shape of the particle. Engineered nanoparticles are found in an increasing number of applications in the biomedical sciences. Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) in particular may be very useful in the tracking of molecules in vivo. However the potential harm of these nanoparticles is still poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that change in NP size and shape can alter interactions with living cells and thereby affect toxicity. In this report using QDs of various sizes we examine the compartmentalisation of the QDs in three different cell lineages namely THP-1 (macrophage) cells, HEp-2 (epithelial) cells and AGS (endothelial) cells, that would be representative of the most likely environmental exposure routes in humans. The cells were fixed and permeabilised prior to the addition of the QDs thereby eliminating any effects due to active QD uptake mechanisms or to specificity of signalling routes in different cell types. All assays were performed using a High Content Analysis (HCA) platform, thereby getting robust data on large cell populations. We demonstrate that while the smaller QDs enter the nuclei and locate to the nucleoli in all of the three cell types, 100 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) the rate and passage differ depending on cell type. Furthermore as QD size is increased, penetration into the cell is reduced but each cell line had its own cut-off size reflecting cell-type determined nuclear pore size specificity. This gives rise to an important consideration regarding the susceptibility of certain organs, tissues and cells to QDs and may be of prime importance for biomedical imaging and drug delivery studies. Session F2 – Invited Paper FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AS BUILDING BLOCKS OF NOVEL BIOMATERIALS Lyudmila Bronstein1, Xinlei Huang1, Jason Dyke1, Hu Cheng2, and Bogdan Dragnea1, Departments of Chemistry1 and Psychological & Brain Sciences 2, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; lybronst@indiana.edu 101 Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) can be successfully functionalized and hydrophilized due to hydrophobic interactions with amphiphilic molecules such as phospholipids with poly(ethylene glycol) tails or amphiphilic polymers. The NPs with carboxy terminal groups serve as templates for the formation of novel biomaterials: magnetic virus-like particles (VLPs) based on Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV) proteins. Judging by the shell size, the BMV proteins form a single protein layer similar to wildtype virus despite a much larger size of the internal cavity/template. The VLPs derived from the magnetic NPs preserve their magnetic character. Injection of magnetic NPs into the plant leaves allows monitoring the particle diffusion via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because an MRI image is created at low concentration of NPs, these VLPs are highly promising MRI contrast enhancement agents with well adjustible functional exterior. Session F2 – Invited Paper STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CARBON-POLYMER COMPOSITES BY EXOTHERMIC EFFECTS INDUCED BY ELECTRIC FIELDS Masaru Matsuo, Setsuko Isaji, Qingyun Chen, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506 Japan; m-matsuo@cc.nara-wu.ac.jp 102 Improvement in reproducibility of electrical conductivity for carbon-polymer coomposites was achieved by using ultra-high molcular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) as polymer matrix. The origin of the positive thermal coefficient (PTC) phenomenon was found to be due to the distribution change of the interparticle gap between carbon fibers in the molten state of the polymers. This tendency was enhanced when carbon fibers were plated by thin nickel layer. The temperature on the composite surface due to exothermic effect was confirmed even at 1.5V, when content of carbon fibers against polymer matrix is beyond the critical concentration. With increasing voltage, the temperature increased and reached 150oC for UHMWPE and 250oC for PVA close to their apparent melting point. The current and voltage showed a linear relationship. However, when the temperatures increased close to their melting point, the drastic temperature decreases were observed, which was found to be due to the chain scissions. The crystallinity of polymer matrix was measured by X-ray 101 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) diffraction under the applied electric field. The crystallinity decreased with elapsing time because of the melting of the polymer matrix by exothermal effect. The thermal expansion between amorphous polymer chains was confirmed and this phenomenon was related to PTC effect. Session F2 –Contributed Paper SIZE DEPENDENT MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF POLYOL-MADE CoFe2O4 NANOPARTICLES Souad Ammar,1 M. Artus,1 F. Herbst,1 M-J. Vaulay,1 F. Villain,2 J-M. Grenèche,3 F. Fiévet. 1 1 ITODYS, Université Paris 7, UMR-CNRS 7086, 2 Place Jussieu 75251 Paris, France ; 2LCI2M, Université Paris 6, UMR-CNRS 7071, 4 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris, France ; 3 LPES, Université du Maine, UMR-CNRS 6087, Avenue Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France ; ammarmer@univ-parisdiderot.fr 103 The properties of materials composed of magnetic nanoparticles are a result of both the intrinsic properties of them and the interactions between them. The study of the intrinsic effects of finite size on zero-temperature spin ordering, magnetic excitations, and relaxation in such particles have been severely compromised due to their low crystallinity, in relation with the synthesis conditions. Very often, an important spin glass-like surface and/or core occur in these particles and mask these intrinsic effects. Moreover, some interparticules interactions may mask them as well. Highly crystalline monodisperse nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 with different mean size ranging from 2.4 nm to 6.9 nm have been obtained by the well known polyol method. The size of the particles has been controlled by adjusting the nominal Fe/Co and water/ metal molar ratios. A selected sample of 5.5 nm particle in size has been further grown by thermal treatment to reach an average crystal size of 9.9 nm. These particles exhibit clearly size-dependent magnetic properties. They are superparamagnetic with a blocking temperature, TB, which increases with particle size. Below TB, they are ferromagnetic with a high saturation magnetization. Its value increases with the particle size, approaching that of the bulk for the larger particles (~85 emu.g-1 at 5 K). They exhibit also a large coercivity. Its value reaches a maximum (14.5 kOe at 5 K) for the 3.5 nm sized ones. These magnetic properties appear to be due to structural and microstructural changes related to the particle size decrease: a deviation of the cation distribution from that of the inverse spinel structure and an increase of the surface/volume ratio. The influence of the dipolar interparticle interactions seems to be negligible. Session F2 – Keynote Paper POLYMER AND INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES INTENDED FOR BIOASSAYS Mitchell A. Winnik, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5S 3H6; mwinnik@chem.utoronto.ca 104 This paper covers several topics. It will describe the synthesis of polystyrene nanoparticles prepared by miniemulsion polymerization that contain typically 1000 to 2000 lanthanide ions per particle. The PS nanoparticles are taken up by lines of human 102 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) leukemia cells and serve as codes for cell type. Taking advantage of ICP-mass spectrometry detection, these labeled cells can be used to study chemically induced cell differentiation and cell adhesion. These experiments are caried out in collaboration with V. Baranov, and O. Ornatsky. A second topic, carried out in collaboration with G. Scholes, involves the use of water-solbule polymers as multidentate ligands for for tadtional colloidal quantum dots (QDs) such as CdSe, CdSe/ZnS, and PbS. I will present recent work in which we use pulsed-gradient spin echo NMR to measure the extent of ligand exchange when the as-synthesized QDS are treated with polymer in solution. Session F2 –Contributed Paper CONTROLLED CO-ASSEMBLY OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ANDPOLYMERS : TOWARDS THE GENERATION OF HIGHLY PERSISTENTSUPERPARAMAGNETIC NANORODS Jérôme Fresnaisa, Jean-François Berreta, B. Frka-Petesicb, O. Sandreb and R. Perzynskib; aMatière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII,Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France; b Laboratoire Liquides Ioniques et Interfaces Chargées, UMR 7612 CNRS Université Pierre etMarie Curie Paris-VI, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05 France; jeanfrancois.berret@univ-paris-diderot.fr 105 During the past years, we have investigated the complexation between nanocolloids and oppositely charged polymers. The nanocolloids examined were ionic surfactant micelles and inorganic oxide nanoparticles. For the polymers, we used homopolyelectrolytes or block copolymers with linear or branched architectures. The attractive interactions between oppositely charged species are strong and in general the simple mixing of disperse solutions results in a precipitation, or in a phase separation. Recently, we have developed means to control the electrostatically-driven attractions and at the same time to preserve the stability of the dispersions. Using this approach we have designed novel nanostructures, as those obtained with iron and cerium oxide nanoparticles. In this presentation, we give an account of the formation of colloidal and supracolloidal aggregates obtained by controlled co-assembly of 7 nm particles with copolymers. Nanostructured rods of length comprised between 5 and 50 µm and diameter 500 nm were also disclosed. By application of an external magnetic field, the nanorods were found to reorient along the magnetic field axis. Preliminary micro-rheology experiments on test fluids have demonstrated the potential use of these nanostructured rods to determine locally the viscoelastic response of complex fluids. Session F2 – Invited Paper THE ROLE OF SURFACTANT INTERACTIONS IN THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES AND NANOCOMPOSITES Dale L. Huber, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA; dlhuber@sandia.gov 106 The basic physics of nanomagents have been known for decades, and magnetic nanoparticles in inert matrices or particles beams have been shown to conform to 103 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) predictions. As a practical matter, magnetic nanoparticles are generally synthesized in a liquid matrix that is far from inert. The solvents and surfactants present in these solutions have a profound effect on the magnetic properties of the resultant nanoparticles. These effects are extraordinarily complex and are only beginning to be understood. I will discuss a series of experiments designed to understand the impact of surfactant and synthetic approach on the magnetic properties of nanoparticles, using iron nanoparticles as a model system. Iron was chosen as a model since it is both highly magnetic and highly reactive. In this system the choice of surfactant can alter measured values of saturation magnetization and magnetocrystalline anistotropy by as much as an order of magnitude. A variety of experimental data will be presented, along with probable mechanisms for the surfactant role in the magnetic properties. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Session F2 –Contributed Paper IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY LASER PYROLISIS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Virginia Bouzas and M. A. Garcia, Department Material Physics, University Complutense at Madrid; vbouzas@adif.es; R. Costo, M. P. Morales ands S. Veintemillas-Verdaguer. Institute of Materials Science, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 107 Small magnetic particles have attracted considerable attention owing to their technological and scientific importance. Iron oxide nanoparticles are one of the most suitable tools in biomedical applications because of their utilities as drug delivering, labelling bioelements and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. To fulfil all these objectives it is necessary to tailor precisely their magnetic properties. As the features of the nanoparticles are strongly depending on their structure, size and shape, it is needed production methods which allow controlling the structural parameters and therefore, the magnetic ones. Among the different methods that can provide this kind of nanoparticles, laser pyrolysis has the advantage to produce homogeneous and uniform material in quantities fairly larger than other chemical methods, which requires a much longer time to produce few milligrams and, results more expensive, too. Furthermore, this technique produces highly pure particles, a key condition for their use in biomedicine in order to avoid secondary effects. Here, we report on the preparation and magnetic characterization of Fe oxide nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis and the relationship between the preparation conditions and the magnetic response. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by pyrolysis laser using a continuous CO2 laser with Fe(Co)5, as precursor, and a mixture of C2H4-Air, as flux carriers. With this conditions, Fe oxide nanoparticles with size below 6 nm were obtained. Magnetization curves were measured at 10 K and Room Temperature (i.e., above and below the blocking temperature) and the thermal dependence of the magnetization was registered for a 1000 Oe field. All the samples presented superparamagnetic behaviour at 300 K. Results show that the magnetic properties are mainly related to the degree of crystallinity of the samples and less sensitive to the particle size. It is concluded that the size and the main structural and magnetic characteristics of the nanoparticles (coercive force, saturation magnetization, 104 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) anisotropy and blocking temperature) can be tuned in a wide range of values through the synthesis conditions. Specially, the carrier flux is the most determining parameter. Session F2 – Invited Paper BULK PRODUCTION AND MODIFICATION OF IINORGANIC NANOWIRES FOR SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE APPLICATIONS Mahendra K. Sunkara, Chemical Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; mahendra@louisville.edu 108 Highly crystalline nanowires and their architectures could allow for high surface area platforms with fast electron transport for efficient solar energy conversion and Lithium battery applications. So, processes for producing large quantities of nanowires with control on size, crystallinity and their modification for producing new compositions are critically needed. Over the last several years, our group demonstrated several nontraditional or catalyst-free synthesis methods for inorganic nanowires that can be scaled up for both large scale production as well as creation of novel 3-dimensional architectures. Recently, we succeeded in the scale-up of metal oxide nanowire production by synthesizing them in the gas phase without the use of substrates. This new microwave plasma reactor has the capability to produce about a kg of nanowires per day and has already been demonstrated for the synthesis of tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and highly doped zinc oxide. The bulk produced metal oxide nanowires have been further studied into various device applications such as dye sensitized solar cells, photoelectrochemical water splitting and lithium batteries. Our studies showed that tin oxide nanowires are promising materials for improving the performance of both tin oxide and other nanoparticle based dye sensitized solar cells. Similarly, our studies with Lithium battery tests show that nanowire based architectures could be used to generate new materials that provide stable performance over hundred cycles of charge –discharge with high capacity retention. In this presentation, we will highlight the bulk production results; the modification of nanowires; and their behavior in dye sensitized solar cells and lithium battery electrode applications. Plenary 2 165 HOW TO GENERATE AND MANIPULATE NANOPARTICLES WITH MINIMAL BIOLOGICAL IMPACT Vicki L. Colvin, Rice University, Houston, TX , USA; Abstract Unavailable Session A4 – Keynote Paper COMMERCIALIZATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLES Clinton T. Ballinger, Evident Technologies, Inc., 216 River St., Troy, NY 12180, USA; cballinger@evidenttech.com 166 Evident Technologies was the first company to commercialize semiconductor nanocrystal 105 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) back in 2002. These novel, tunable semiconductor nanocrystals can enable products across many different markets. The sales of the materials were brisk and Evident Technologies was able to tap into the pent-up demand. In 2006 Evident changed the focus and organizational structure to create and support higher-value product line development and commercialization. This change was driven by our feeling that these nanomaterials would soon be commoditized and it would be difficult to sustain a company on material sales alone. The transition from being a materials focused company to being a product focused company has been interesting. This presentation will highlight some of the trials and tribulation of this journey. One of the consequences to maturing as a product focused company is that we have seen a decrease in the level of complexity of our decision-making. We are no longer trying to decide which of the many different options for technology we should develop. Instead, we know we need to execute in just a few key areas: We need to take our advances in LEDs and become the leader in LED color technology – one of the strongest global markets. We also have to roll out our successful security products on a major scale. We need to partner with a strong company in the life science field so that our early product development can progress and return benefits to the company. This journey of transition is probably not unique to semiconductor nanocrystal technology and could be translated to carbon nanotube, nanowires, and other multi-purpose materials technologies as they mature. Session A4 – Contributed Paper AB INITIO DESCRIPTION OF THE QUANTUM DOT WITH NOVEL CORE STRUCTURE AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH ORGANIC LIGAND R. V. Belosludov1, H. Mizuseki1, A. Kasuya2 and Y. Kawazoe1, 1Institute for Materials Research, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; 2Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; rodion@imr.edu 167 Fluorescence diagnostics has recently gained an alternative implement in colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) due to their bright fluorescence, narrow emission, broad UV excitation, and high photostability. The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the structural morphology of the semiconductor core structure as well as the inorganic/organic interface at the atomistic level using highly accurate first-principles calculations in an effort to improve upon the materials currently used in cancer diagnosis and to provide experimentalists with the necessary data for the actual realization of these nanomaterials. The common strategy for making QDs biocompatible includes both covering the semiconductor core structure (CdSe) by a shell of semiconductor material (ZnS) with a larger band gap followed by a bio cap using different functional molecules which improve the solubility of the QD and provide a specific target to anticancer agents. However, even in this case, cyclotoxicity, correlated with the liberation of free Cd2+ ions due to deterioration of the CdSe lattice, has been observed. The current CdSe-core QDs have a crystalline structure. Therefore, one solution to the cyclotoxicity problem is to design and synthesize new nanocomposites that are more stable than crystalline QDs. Using first-principles calculations, we have predicted the existence of (CdSe)n (n=33 and 34) nanoparticles, which were also identified by mass spectrometry. These nanoparticles do not adopt the crystal form of CdSe while resembling more closely carbon fullerenes 106 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) and are remarkably stable. Using these configurations as initial structures, the new shellcore particles (ZnS)28/(CdSe)4 are found to be energetically stable. These results indicate the possibility of the formation of stable shell-core nanoparticles with a small concentration of Cd, significantly reducing the toxic effect of fluorescence II-VI semiconductor QDs. We have also found a highly stable nanocluster (CdSe)61 with the same core/shell feature, allowing us to suggest the possibility of an experimental synthesis of fullerene-like structures with a diameter of approximately 2 nm. As a continuation, we investigated the effect of organic ligand binding on the stability of CdSe as well as CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles with both crystalline and fullerene-like structures. There are several ligands such as MAA, DTT, DHLA employed in these calculations. The results show that the interactions of these ligands with crystalline particles are stronger than with fullerene-like particles due to charge transfer between the organic ligand and the surface atoms. This leads to a strong distortion of the core surface and in some cases, to decomposition of the nanoparticle. Moreover, the full covering of QDs can be easily achieved in the case of nanoparticles in comparison to the crystalline forms. Our results indicate that decreasing the size of the imaging agent can possibly lead to biologically inert coverings, making it possible to avoid cellular toxicity. Session A4 – Invited Paper PHOTOLUMINESCENT RARE-EARTH-BASED LAMELLAR ORGANIC-INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES Nicola Pinna, Mohamed Karmaoui, Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; pinna@ua.pt 168 The actual requirements for phosphors demands for high emission efficiency and for lower energy excitation compared to standard materials used in luminescent lamps, flat screens, television and biological labeling. However, in order to comply with such requirements new materials are needed. In fact, standard phosphors are based on the absorption due to a charge transfer mechanism related to the excitation of an electron from the oxygen 2p orbital to the 4f orbitals of a Eu(III) ion which generally takes place at around 250 nm (i.e. 5 eV). In order to decrease the required excitation energy materials based on different absorption physical processes are needed. A good approach is to use the larger absorption cross sections and low energetic absorptions of organic molecules to absorb the incident radiation which will be further transferred to the emitting lanthanide ions (antenna effect). However, lanthanide (Ln) complexes are known to be unstable under a UV excitation. In the last few years it was shown that non-aqueous sol-gel reactions of benzyl alcohol with different metal oxides precursors (alkoxides, chlorides, acetylacetonates,…) allow the controlled and straightforward synthesis of various crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles. Here, we present a general non-aqueous sol-gel route for the preparation of rare-earth (RE) ordered nanocrystalline hybrid structures. In a simple one-pot reaction process, RE(III) isopropoxides (RE= Y, Er, Gd, Sm, Nd) were dissolved in different alcohols and reacted in an autoclave between 250 and 300°C. This approach leads to 50 nm nanoparticles made of very thin (~0.6 nm) crystalline rare-earth oxide layers regularly separated from each other by organic layers of intercalated carboxylate molecules derived from the oxidation of the alcohol used as solvent (the thickness of the organic part is typically between 1.2 – 2.0 nm). The optical properties of 107 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) such hybrid nanoparticles doped with various lanthanides emitting ions were evaluated. It was found that an efficient charge transfer from the organic moieties to the Ln(III) emitting ion takes place. By following such an excitation path the energy required in order to sensitize the luminescent ions is significantly lower than the one needed by similar pure inorganic compounds. Furthermore, because the absorption cross section of the intercalated organic molecules is much larger than the one of the charge transfer mechanism related to the excitation of an electron from the oxygen 2p orbital to the 4f orbitals of a Ln(III) ion the radiance observed is larger (up to 50%) than the one observed in standard phosphors used in luminescent lamps, screens, etc. Finally due to the presence of organic molecules which naturally emit in the blue and green region of the visible spectrum the emission chromaticity can be tuned by the excitation energy without losing the high radiance values. Session A4 – Keynote Paper NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF METALS, OXIDES AND CHALCOGENIDES IN POLYOLS: CONTROL OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE PARTICLES. Fernand Fiévet, I.T.O.D.Y.S. Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, UMR CNRS 7086, 2, place Jussieu 75251 Paris Cedex 05 France; fievet@univ-parisdiderot.fr 169 Over the past years the so-called polyol process has proven to be a valuable route to prepare nanoparticles of various materials such as noble metals, magnetic metals or alloys, oxides, chalcogenides…Whatever the chemical reaction involved (reduction, hydrolysis, …) it is often possible by varying experimental conditions such as reaction temperature, use of a nucleating agent, basicity of the reaction medium, hydrolysis ratio to control the nucleation and growth steps of the particles. I will be exemplified how this process appears as a valuable tool for the synthesis of highly crystalline monodisperse particles with a very good control of composition, size and shape. Session A4 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIO-TEMPLATED ASSEMBLY OF HIGHLY PHOTOLUMINESCENT WATER SOLUBLE QUANTUM DOTS Qing Song, Xin Ai, Qi Xu, Shiyou Ding, Mike Himmel, Garry Rumbles and Arthur J. Nozik, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 qing_song@nrel.gov 170 To make highly photoluminescent water solube quamum dots (QDs) has been becoming very desirable as QDs are becoming the system of choice for photoluminescent biolabelling applications, and in many cases usurping, with greater stability, their molecular counterparts especially in single-species spectroscopies. In this presentation, we will discuss a detailed synthesis and the photophysics studies of water soluble core shell structured CdSe@ZnS and InAs@CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots that have been stabilized with a combination of two amino acids, histidine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). We show that this combination readily produces very stable solutions with good PL 108 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) efficiencies in UV-Vis and high PL efficiencies in NIR in the pH 6-8 range. Furhtermore, these amino acid modified QDs can also be readily assemblied on the cellulose substract via a histidine-modified, cellulose-bound protein. Session A4 – Invited Paper NEW APPROACHES TOWARDS WATER-SOLUBLE AND FLUORESCENT METAL NANOCLUSTERS Hongwei Duan, Min Kuang and Shuming Nie, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 2007, Atlanta, GA30322, USA; hduan@emory.edu 171 Metal and semiconductor nanoparticles are a topic of considerable interest in chemistry, biology, and materials sciences. This broad and interdisciplinary interest arises not only from their novel size-dependent electronic and optical properties but also from their dimensional similarities with biological molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. For semiconductors with well-defined energy band gaps, strong quantum-size confinement is observed when the particle sizes are smaller than the exciton Bohr radius (about 4-5 nm for CdSe). This has allowed the development of semiconductor quantum dots as a new class of fluorescent labels with unique properties and applications that are not available from traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. In contrast, metallic materials such as silver and gold do not have a discrete band gap, and quantum-mechanical properties are only observed in atomic clusters that are smaller than the Fermi wavelength (less than 1 nm) of the conduction electrons. As a result, metal nanoclusters consisting of only several to tens of atoms are likely to behave as “artificial atoms,” showing discrete and size-tunable electronic transitions. Due to this stringent size requirement, progress has been slow in developing fluorescent metal particles. This talk will cover our recent development in new approaches towards water-soluble and highly-fluorescent metal nanoclusters by using functional group-dense hyperbranched polymers as synthetic templates. Session A4 – Contributed Paper ENHANCED VISIBLE LIGHT PHOTOCATALYSIS BY TAILORING DEFECTS IN ZINC OXIDE CRYSTALS Sunandan Baruaha, Sudarson Sekhar Sinhab, Samir Kumar Palb, Arup Kumar Raychaudhurib and Joydeep Duttaa; a Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; bS.N.Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata , 700 098. India; joy@ait.ac.th 172 Toxic wastes from industries lead to environmental pollution and a lot of effort is being put in for the removal of harmful contaminants from soil and waste water. Wide band gap metal oxide semiconductors like zinc oxide (ZnO) show photocatlytic activities that have been used to degrade the harmful organic contaminants into harmless mineral acids. Metal oxides show enhanced photocatalytic activity with the increase in defects in the 109 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) crystals. A commonly used method of incorporating defect sites or electron vacancies into the ZnO crystal is through doping using transition metals like manganese, iron, cobalt, etc. However, we have proposed the creation of native crystal defects by controlling the crystallization phenomena during the growth of ZnO nanoparticles. This was achieved through fast nucleation and growth of the crystals and subsequent quenching of the precipitation reaction. The fast nucleation and growth of ZnO nanoparticles was achieved by the use of microwave irradiation for the hydrothermal synthesis. ZnO, with a bandgap of 3.37 eV normally absorb electromagnetic waves in the ultra violet region below 370 nm, but by introducing defects into its crystal lattice we observe a shift in the optical absorption more towards the visible light band (400nm to 700nm) through the creation of intermediate states that inhibits electron hole recombination. Photoctalytic degradation of Methylene blue (MB) were studied under visible light illumination with conventionally hydrolysed and microwave synthesized ZnO NPs as well as ZnO NPs doped with manganese (ZnO:Mn2+). The photocatalytic degradation of the dye showed that undoped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using microwaves have comparable photocatalytic activities as the transition metal doped samples using conventional hydrolysis for the nanoparticle synthesis. To elucidate the change in photocatalytic activity, time correlated single photon spectroscopy was used to observe the electronic transitions as excited electrons radiate energy to return to their stable states. The luminescence decay curves exhibited three decay component: (i) a very fast decay with time period τ1~ 0.5 ns (ii) a medium decay with τ2 ~ 5 ns and (iii) a very slow decay with τ3~ 44 ns. The percentage population of electrons present in the slow decay level is higher (~43%) as compared to the conventionally synthesized ones (~26%) indicating higher defective states in the microwave synthesized NPs, which is also reflected in the photocatalysis study. In this work we correlate the photocatalysis results with the lifetime measurements of the charge carriers. Session A4 – Contributed Paper METALLIC NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED UNDER SOFT REACTION CONDITIONS WITH HIGH YIELDS Donaji Velasco-Arias1, Maiby Valle-Orta1, David Díaz1*, Patricia SantiagoJacinto2 and Luis Rendón-Vázquez2, 1Facultad de Química, 2Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 0410, México D.F., México; david@servidor.unam.mx 173 In this contribution novel, easy and fast synthesis procedures of zero-valent bismuth, copper and iron nanoparticles will be shown (ZV-M NPs). These reduction reactions take place in few minutes, in colloid dispersions, using organic polar media, at room temperature, with high yields. In all cases the reducing agent is NaBH4. Sometimes additional organic species are used as nanoparticles stabilizers, such as citrate ions or triethylamine (TEA). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N, N´-dimethylformamide (DMF) and ethyleneglycol are the solvents that we used as reaction media. A typical synthesis procedure of ZV-Bi Nps includes Bi(NO3)3·5H2O (2 x 10-4 M), as metallic source, Na3(C6H5O7)·2H2O, (2 x 10-4 M) as capping agent, previously solved in few drops of water, NaBH4 (4 x 10-4 M) solved in 0.5 mL of methanol, and 24.5 mL of DMSO. All solutions were previously bubbled with argon as well as the final reaction mixture. The 110 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) corresponding chemical reaction is: 9 H2O + 3 [BH4]-1 + 4 Bi+3 ⇒ 6 H2⇑ + 3[BO]-3 + 18 H+1 + 4Bi° Using this ZV-Bi NPs chemical pathway, the resulting average particles diameter is 3.3 ± 0.97 nm, with a narrow distribution. Similar preparation methods are used for ZV-Fe and ZV-Cu NPs. The copper particles mean size is smaller than 12 nm. Otherwise, it is possible to distinguish two ZVI-NPs populations. The smaller NPs are superparamagnetic and they have an average diameter of ca. 5 nm. The other NPs are larger than 10 nm and exhibit ferromagnetic behavior. The characterization of the above mentioned ZV-M NPs includes the determination of the surface electric potential of the suspended particles, XRD, Raman, FT-IR, Mössbauer, UV absorption electronic, EELS, Z-contrast spectroscopies and HR-TEM. Session G2 – Keynote Paper NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN BIOMEDICINE Michael Giersig, CEASAR Research Center, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175 Bonn, Germany; giersig@caesar.de 174 The goals of the Nanoparticle Technology Group lie in the preparation of nanometersized semiconductor, metallic, and magnetic particles, followed by the creation of periodically ordered nanostructures (1-D, 3-D) based on single nanosized materials. An important factor in this context so far has been the design and fabrication of nanocomponents with new functionalities and characteristics for the improvement of existing materials, including biocompatible conductive materials, polymers, and composites. With this concept of nanotechnology in mind, we aim at developing innovative products and application options a number of which will be discussed in this presentation. Session G2 – Contributed Paper FUNCTIONALIZED INORGANIC NANOSTRUCTURES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Bonroy K., Jans H., Van de Broek B., Jans K., Reekmans G., Van Summeren A.,Van Meerbergen B., Stakenborg T., Trekker J., Bartic C., Verhaegen K. and Borghs G. IMEC, Kapeldreef 75 Heverlee 3001, Belgium; bonroyk@imec.be 175 Nanomaterials differ significantly from other materials due to two principle factors: the increased surface area and quantumsize effects. These factors can enhance properties such as reactivity, strength and physical characteristics including optical, electrical and magnetic behaviour. Due to these characteristics, the coupling of nanomaterials to biomolecular entities has the potential to revolutionize many fields of science and technology, possibly having a significant impact on current biomedical technologies, nanoelectronics and related areas. Our main goal is to synthesize tunable functionalized nanostructures and to explore their use in applications such as sensing, imaging, diagnostics, and treatment. To allow a full exploration, these functionalized nanostructures need to be developed at the crossroads of nanotechnology, chemistry, 111 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) biology and engineering. IMEC, one of Europe's leading independent research center in the field of micro- and nanoelectronics, nanotechnology, enabling design methods and technologies, is carrying out controlled interactions of biomolecules with various nanostructures that might be important for modern bioelectronics and life sciences. This includes processes using magnetic and metal nanomaterials for biosensing, imaging, cellinteractions and hyperthermia treatment. In this presentation, we will discuss different synthesis methods to obtain metal and superparamagnetic nanostructures especially designed for the needs defined by their final application. In addition various modifications of these nanostructures will be presented to make them more suitable for integration with biological applications. These modifications will include a functionalization of the nanostructures with a surface layer for enhanced solubility, biocompatibility or biorecognition abilities. These different modification steps are extensively characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), UVVis spectroscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Confocal Microscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Performance of the synthesized nanostructures in various applications such as sensing, heat generation and cell-interaction will be highlighted. During this presentation the above mentioned activities will be outlined and first results of this research will be presented. Session G2 – Invited Paper MICROGEL-BASED INKS FOR PAPER-SUPPORTED BIOSENSING APPLICATIONS Shunxing Su, Md. Monsur Ali, Carlos D. M. Filipe, Yingfu Li, Robert Pelton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; peltonrh@mcmaster.ca 176 As a first step for the development of biosensing inks for inexpensive paper-based biodetection, we prepared paper stripes printed with carboxylic poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) microgels that were modified either with an antibody or with a DNA aptamer. We found that the antibody and the DNA aptamer retained their recognition capabilities when coupled to microgel. The printed microgel remains stationary during chromatographic elution while the microgel-supported molecular recognition elements are accessible to their intended targets present in the elution solution. Our work indicates that microgels, large enough to isolate the biosensors from the paper surface, are sufficiently hydrophilic to be wetted during chromatographic elution, exposing the gel-supported affinity probes to their targets. Session G2 – Invited Paper CALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOCOLLOIDS FOR BIOIMAGING AND DRUG DELIVERY J.H. Adair*, S.M. Rouse, T.T. Morgan, E.I. Altinoglu, T.J. Russin, M.R. Parette, A. Tabakovic, W.B. White, P.C. Eklund, J.K. Yun, Y. Heakal, A. Sharma, G.P. Robertson, V. Ruiz-Velasco and M. Kester, Pennsylvania State University, University Park and Hershey, PA; NSF Ceramic and Composite Materials Center, 249A MRL Building, Hastings Road, Pennsylvania State 177 112 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; jha3@ems.psu.edu Paradigm-shifting modalities to more efficiently deliver drugs to cancerous lesions require the following attributes: nanoscale-size, targetability and stability under physiological conditions. Often, these nanoscale drug delivery vehicles are limited due to agglomeration, poor solubility or cytotoxicity. Thus, we have designed a methodology to encapsulate hydrophobic antineoplastic chemotherapeutics within a 20-30 nm diameter, pH-responsive, non-agglomerating, non-toxic calcium phosphate matrix. These 20nmsized nanocolloids can encapsulate both fluoroprobes and chemotherapeutics for in vitro and in vivo delivery to cells. The encapsulated fluoroprobes exhibit enhanced photostability and fluorescent emission and are colloidally stable in physiological solution at 37°C. As examples of the general potential for fluoroprobe-encapsulated calcium phosphate nanoparticles in medical research, we have used them to image a variety of cells in culture including: acutely isolated sympathetic neurons, vascular smooth muscle, and cancer cells without significant toxicity over therapeutic ranges. Furthermore, ceramide, an experimental bioactive, but physiologically insoluble, anticancer lipid was delivered within calcium phosphate nanoparticles to melanoma and drug-resistant breast adenocarcinoma cells, resulting in significant cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Our findings indicate that non-toxic calcium phosphate nanoparticles have the potential to increase the efficacy of physiologically insoluble drugs in vivo as well as to provide enhanced bioimaging. Session G2 – Invited Paper NIR ACTIVATED UPCONVERSION NANOPARTICLES WITH VISIBLE EMISSION FOR SENSING AND IMAGING G.S. Yi and G.M. Chow, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260, Republic of Singapore; msecgm@nus.edu.sg 178 Fluorescent materials, as bio-probes and sensors, should be ideally resistant to photobleaching, biocompatible, nontoxic, highly luminescent and highly sensitive, both in vitro and in vivo. Down-conversion organic dyes, fluorescent proteins and semiconductor quantum dots face the challenges of background signal due to autofluorescence and interference from biomolecules that can also be excited by the UV radiation. An upconversion multi-photon fluorescent bio-probe absorbs two or more low energy nearinfrared (NIR) photons to emit a higher energy visible photon. The key advantages of upconversion probes include improved signal-to-noise ratio, increased tissue penetration, and reduced photo-bleaching and decreased photo-toxicity. The multi-photon upconversion probes are mainly fluorescent organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. Their extremely low two-photon fluorescence efficiency requires excitation power density in the order of 106-109 W.cm-2 that can be delivered by an expensive, femto-second pulse titanium-sapphire NIR laser. The infrared-to-visible upconversion phosphors, with nanoscale size range and narrow size distribution, high quantum yield and fluorescence efficiency and “water soluble”, may be excited using inexpensive small laser diode or NIR lamp. In this talk, we present our work on the chemical synthesis of NIR-to-visible upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals of Yb–Er, Yb–Ho and Yb–Tm co-doped LaF3; and 113 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Yb–Er and Yb–Tm co-doped NaYF4 (core, core/shell and PAA coated core/shell). The effects of microstructure and crystal structure on the visible light (green, red and blue) emission properties were investigated. The dispersion of these nanoparticles in both polar and aqueous solvents was studied. The application of these nanocrystals in bioimaging was also pursued. Session G2 – Contributed Paper INFLUENCE OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES ON THE ATTACHMENT OF OSTEOBLAST CELLS TO SUBSTRATES Silvia H. De Paoli Lacerda, Nancy J. Lin, Matthew Becker, Jack F. Douglas, Alamgir Karim. Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; silvia.lacerda@nist.gov 179 The adhesion of cells to each other and to substrates is crucial in the development of healthy tissue, the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, and the suppression of immune response in auto-immune diseases. Cell attachment to surfaces is mediated by a large group of proteins that can be subdivided into families (integrins, cadherins, selectins and immunoglobulins) based on their chemical structure or biological function. Proteins are a type of naturally occurring nanoparticle, and we hypothesize that synthetic inorganic nanoparticles can similarly affect cell adhesion. We investigate this hypothesis by comparing cells seeded on substrates both with and without prior exposure to model gold nanoparticles. We choose gold nanoparticles and protein-coated gold nanoparticles for our initial study since these particles are relatively biocompatible, and efficient at scattering and adsorbing radiation for both diagnostic and therapeutic studies. These particles can also be obtained in a reasonably monodisperse form for a range of particle sizes, and the surface chemistry is tunable through the attachment of a wide variety of grafted proteins and other polymer layers. Our initial results indicate that the attachment and morphology of MC3T3-E1 murine preosteoblast cells are indeed affected by spherical gold and histone-coated gold nanoparticles having a range of diameters: 5 nm, 30 nm and 60 nm. Fluorescence and electron microscopy measurements show that the nanoparticles are physically aggregated on the cell membrane, a process that probably affects cell uptake. We conclude that while nanoparticles offer potential in cancer therapy and diagnostic applications and in the treatment of other diseases relating to cell attachment, their strong biological activity also points to possible unintended consequences of these particles to normal biological function through nanoparticle exposure in the environment. Session G2 – Invited Paper SIMULTANEOUS IMAGING AND DELIVERY OF SIRNA WITH QUANTUM DOTS Xiaohu Gao, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, William H. Foege Building N530M, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA; xgao@u.washington.edu 180 The rational design of multifunctional nanoparticles for siRNA delivery and imaging based on the use of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and proton-absorbing polymeric coatings is discussed. With a balanced composition of amine and carboxylic acid groups, 114 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) these nanoparticles are designed to address barriers in siRNA delivery such as cellular penetration, endosomal release, carrier unpacking, and intracellular transport. The results demonstrate dramatic improvement in gene silencing efficiency and reduction in cellular toxicity, when compared directly with existing transfection agents. The QD-siRNA nanoparticles are also dual-modality optical and electron-microscopy probes, allowing real-time tracking and ultrastructural localization of QDs during delivery and transfection. These new insights and capabilities represent a major step towards nanoparticle engineering for imaging and therapeutic applications. Session G2 – Invited Paper GOLD NANOPARTICLE PROBE-BASED IMMUNOASSAY FOR CANCER BIOMARKER DETECTION Xiong Liu, Qiu Dai, Lauren Austin, Janelle Coutts, Qun Huo, Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; qhuo@mail.ucf.edu 181 Gold nanoparticles, including spherical particles, nanorods and nanoshells with a size ranging from 10s to 100s nanometers, are known to have a large light absorption and scattering cross section in the surface plasmon resonance wavelength region. The magnitude of light scattering by a gold nanoparticle can be orders of magnitude higher than light emission from strongly fluorescing dyes. This unique property has enabled many important and promising applications of metal nanoparticles in biomedical field, such as molecular and cell imaging, biosensing, bioassays, and photothermal therapy. Recently, we developed a one-step homogeneous immunoassay for the detection of a prostate cancer biomarker, free-PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen), using gold nanoparticle probes coupled with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. A spherical gold nanoparticle (GNP) with a core diameter around 37 nm and a gold nanorod (GNR) with a dimension of 40 by 10 nm were first conjugated with two different primary anti-PSA antibodies and then used as optical probes for the immunoassay. In the presence of antigen f-PSA in solution, the nanoparticles and nanorods aggregate together into pairs and oligomers through the formation of a sandwich type antibody-antigen-antibody linkage. The relative ratio of nanoparticle-nanorod pairs and oligomers versus individual nanoparticles was quantitatively monitored by DLS measurement. A correlation can be established between this relative ratio and the amount of antigen in solution. The light scattering intensity of nanoparticles and nanoparticle oligomers is several orders of magnitude higher than proteins and other typical molecules, making it possible to detect nanoparticle probes in the low picomolar (pM) concentration range. f-PSA in the concentration range from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL was detected by this one-step and washing-free homogeneous immunoassay. As opposed to the traditional plate-based immunoassay, our assay is conducted in solution, which allows a much better mixing and antibody-antigen interaction. The assay does not involve any washing cycle and the assay result can be read as soon as the nanoprobe-sample incubation is completed. Moreover, extremely small amount of samples are needed for the assay (in this study, about 3.3 μL sample solution was used for each assay). The same concept has also been applied successfully for quantitative detection and measurement of DNA targets. 115 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session B2 – Invited Paper ENCAPSULATION OF MOLECULES IN MESOPOROUS SILICA PARTICLES: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS Igor Sokolov, NABLAB and Dept. of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY13699, USA; isokolov@clarkson.edu 182 Various molecules can be confined inside silica nano(meso)channels during selfassembly of porous silica shapes/particles synthesized in so-called method of templated sol-gel assembly. Combining different molecules, in principle, one could build a microscopic device/particle with complex response to external stimuli. I will demonstrate this idea for an example of fluorescent dyes confined inside nanosize channels of micronsize silica particles. From geometrical point of view, the synthesized silica particles are well aligned arrays of parallel nanochannels. Diameter of nanotubes can be tuned during synthesis from ~2 to 10 nm. Aligning different molecules inside each tube in a one dimensional array, one can attain various nontrivial properties. I will demonstrate ulrabright fluorescent silica particles that are ~170-260 times brighter that similar size colloidal agglomeration of quantum dots. Using different dyes we built particles in which the dye molecules are sufficiently close to each other to work in the regime of nonradiative energy transfer. This may bring a new family of novel sensors. Temperaturesensing particles based on this principle will be demonstrated. Session B2 – Contributed Paper TEMPLATED FABRICATION OF HOLLOW GOLD NANO-GRENADE PARTICLES FOR CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY Nicholas C. Linn and Peng Jiang, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; pjiang@che.ufl.edu 183 Hollow particles play an important role in microencapsulation – a process that has been widely exploited for controlled release of drugs. Here we report the fabrication of hollow gold nano-grenade particles by a simple templating process. Non-close-packed colloidal monolayers prepared by a simple spin-coating process are used as templates. A thin film of gold can be sputtered or electrolessly plated on the surface of the particles and the silica templates can be removed later on to form grenade-shape hollow nanoparticles. The resulting particles exhibit tunable plasmonic properties which can be easily tuned by changing the template particle size and the shell thickness. The optical properties of the two-dimensional (2D) ordered hollow particles have also been investigated by both experiments and theoretical calculation using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) model. The interior of the hollow nanoshells can be filled up with chemicals and the opening can then be sealed by a thin layer of hydrogel. We show that the chemicals inside the nanoshells can be delivered in a controlled manner when a laser is illuminated on these composite particles. 116 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session B2 – Invited Paper BIOPOLYMERIC MICROPARTICLES FOR ENCAPSULATION OF LIVE CELLS: BIOTRANSPORT AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS Anil K. Anal, Paul J. Tan, Robert B. Elliott, Maria Muzina, Michelle Tatnell, Livia Escobar, Bri E.Bintz, Christopher G.Thanos; Living Cell Technologies (Global) Ltd., Auckland 2025, New Zealand; aanal@lctglobal.com 184 Microencapsulation of cells and cell aggregates has been the most widely explored immunisolation strategy, but widespread clinical application of this technology has been limited, in part, by inadequate transport of nutrients, deleterious inflammatory responses, and immune recognition of encapsulated cells via antigen presenting pathways. For immunoprotection of these live cells, the polymeric membrane should allow permeability of glucose, insulin, oxygen and other metabolically active products, to ensure the functionality and therapeutic effectiveness of those cells. However, it must also prevent the passage of cytotoxic cells, macrophages, antibodies, and complement to remain effective. The successful immunoprotection requires the membranes that not only provide protection of the encapsulated cells from the host immune system, but also have properties that diminish the release of xenogenic antigens (typically < 20 nm) through reduced pore size and surface properties that prevent nonspecific adsorption. Alginate-polycation nanoporous biocapsules with permselective membranes of nanoscale thickness is achieved by applying layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication technique. These enhanced biocapsules have been characterized and implanted into the brain, peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous space in model animals. The transport properties of enhanced nanoporous biocapsules were characterized by the values of the diffusion coefficient (permeability), molecular mass-cut off, solute ingress or egress percentage. The determination of the solute mass diffused into capsule, and the exodiffusion can provide an accurate estimate of the behavior in an application, such as the metabolite supply to encapsulated cells or release of bioactive compounds. The pore size is reduced down to 10s of nm, coupled with modification of the outer biocapsule wall to prevent protein binding, nonspecific adsorption and would be able to overcome the immunological challenges and hinder the passage of small cytokines and the release of xenogenic antigens. The surface properties, layer deposition and pore size of enhanced alginate biocapsules (pre- and post-implantation) were observed under electron and confocal microscopy. The three dimensional surface profiles and molecular interactions of the layers were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and surface morphology from microscopy indicated that the enhanced alginate-polycation biocapsules has the capability of survival in all sites, including the harsh peritoneal environment, for at least 215 days. Session B2 – Invited Paper ELECTROSPRAY IN THE DRIPPING MODE FOR CELL MICROENCAPSULATION Jingwei Xie and Chi-Hwa Wang, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576; chewch@nus.edu.sg 185 Entrapment of living cells in microbeads is to protect the encapsulated cells from the host’s immune system, which can be used as drug delivery vehicles, immunotherapies 117 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) and engineered tissues. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the droplet formation and to better develop mono-dispersed microencapsulation of living cells with controllable size. The uniformity of microencapsulation size was realized by performing electrospray in the dripping mode and also stabilized by an additional ring electrode. Reduction of droplet diameter and increase in the dripping frequency were observed with increasing applied voltage to the nozzle using a conventional electrospray setup. The vibration of the needle was found to reduce when high voltage was applied to the nozzle. With increasing voltage applied to the rin modified ele g electrode, the dripping frequency was found to decrease with the formation of slightly larger sizes of droplets. Hep G2 cell line was taken as the model cell line for encapsulation in calcium alginate microbeads. Relatively uniform microbeads could be achieved when operating under low flow rates with high voltages applied to the nozzle by using a conventional electrospray setup. In contrast, uniform microbeads can not be obtained using a similar setup under high flow rates unless the ring electrode is applied with voltage to stabilize the electrospray in the dripping mode. In this ctrospray, microbeads with narrow size distribution and slightly larger size can be obtained even for cases under high flow rates. Phase contrast microscope images showed that the diameter of microbeads from around 200 µm to 2 mm could be finely tuned by adjusting various operating parameters. Session B2 – Invited Paper TRANSLATING THERAPEUTIC NANOPARTICLES Cory Berkland1,2; 1Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA; berkland@ku.edu 186 Pharmaceutical formulations containing nanoparticle colloids have emerged in the clinic. As a prime example, nanoparticle suspensions consisting of drug particulates have lead the way by improving the performance of poorly water soluble drugs. In contrast, nanoparticles designed to carry and deliver potent therapeutics in a targeted fashion have not yet matured to the point of tangible products. A wave of research aims to remedy this disconnect by improving the function of nanoparticulate drug delivery vehicles. Our lab has been working in each of these areas to develop nanoparticle formulations that effectively deliver, stabilize, target, and/or sustain the therapeutic effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients. A new approach for formulating dry powder aerosols using drug nanoparticles as building blocks will be discussed. Also, our efforts for improving the performance of injectable nanoparticles will be presented. Specifically, data will illustrate nanoparticle tracking using MRI, nanoparticle targeting using peptides, and pH responsive nanoparticles aimed at sub-cellular drug delivery. Each of these efforts will be highlighted with respect to current trends that are aimed to translate therapeutic nanoparticle to the market. Session B2 – Contributed Paper FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF P(NIPAM)/PS CORE/SHELL POLYMER PARTICLES Li Zhang, Victoria L. Dimonie, Andrew Klein, and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion 187 118 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Polymers Institute and Chemical Engineering Department, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; Eric.Daniels@Lehigh.edu Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM), well-known as a thermosensitive polymer with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST), can reversibly switch from a fully soluble, hydrophilic random coil at a temperature lower than its LCST to an insoluble globule at a temperature higher than its LCST. By encapsulating PNIPAM core particles with a polystyrene (PS) layer to form core/shell structured particles, possible applications can be envisaged in biological and drug delivery systems, coatings, and micro-reactors. The objectives of this research are to determine the methodologies needed to synthesize these particles, to understand the core/shell formation mechanism, and to apply this methodology to the preparation of other types of core/shell structured particles. Crosslinked, monodisperse PNIPAM particles were first synthesized by precipitation polymerization. The particle size of the particles was measured by three techniques under differing conditions and was found to be 300 nm at room temperature by dynamic light scattering (DLS), 150 nm at 35 °C by capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF), and 140 nm in the dry state by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particles had a volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of 34.9 °C and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 154.4 °C. Two different polymerization methods were used to prepare PNIPAM/PS core/shell particles: a multi-stage process and a semi-batch process. In both processes, uniform “raspberry” structures were obtained in which polystyrene formed small domains on the surface of the PNIPAM particles. The resulting particles were characterized by DLS, CHDF, TEM, and density gradient column experiments. It was found that the resulting particle size did not change as a function of temperature, which indicated that the PNIPAM particles were encapsulated by the PS. To smooth the surfaces of these “raspberry” structured particles, solvent swelling and heat treatment post-processes were investigated. The heat treatment post-process produced smooth surfaces while maintaining PNIPAM in the core of the particles. The mechanism of formation of the “raspberry” structure was investigated. It was found that polystyrene particles were first formed in the aqueous phase and then heteroflocculated on the PNIPAM particles. Linear PNIPAM generated in situ may function as a stabilizer for the PS particles during this process. The PS domains were found to be strongly attached to the PNIPAM particles. This mechanism can be potentially used for preparing other types of core/shell particles, particularly those with a hydrophilic core and hydrophobic shell. Session B2 – Invited Paper PARTICLES WITH COMPLEX SHAPES Samir Mitragotri and Julie Champion , Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; samir@engineering.ucsb.edu 188 Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles are routinely used for applications in drug delivery. Encapsulation of drugs in polymeric carriers protects them from enzymatic degradation and provides sustained release over prolonged periods. Further, encapsulation also allows drug targeting via cell and tissue-specific ligands. The performance characteristics of polymeric particles in the body, for example circulation times, macrophage clearance, 119 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) targeting and drug release rates, depend on several particle parameters including size, shape, surface chemistry, and mechanical strength. Our research aims at developing quantitative laws describing the relationships between particle design and performance. We particularly focus on engineering particle shape, a design parameter that has received little attention in the past. We have devised methods to generate particles of several distinct shapes and studied their impact on key processes in drug delivery, in particular phagocytosis, the clearance of particles by macrophages. Our results show that particle shape makes a profound impact on phagocytosis, more so that particle size. Based on this understanding, we have designed novel polymeric particles possessing complex shapes that are highly resistant to phagocytosis. These studies reveal that particle shape provides a new dimension in engineering of polymeric carriers and opens up new opportunities in drug delivery. Session C2 – Keynote Paper MOLECULAR RECOGNITION BASED PERMANENT ASSEMBLY OF NON-FCC COLLOIDAL CRYSTALS Margaret H. S. Shyr, Pierre Wiltzius, and Paul V. Braun, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA pbraun@uiuc.edu 189 Recently, we have discovered that by coupling the power of colloidal self-assembly to form large area, low defect density colloidal crystals, with the molecular recognition power and biochemical activity of DNA, that large area, highly stable, non-FCC colloidal crystals can be formed, and applied for photonic and other applications. The approach is quite general, and may enable the formation of a diverse array of structures from colloids, nanoparticles, and molecular objects which are far from the equilibrium self-assembled structure. Colloidal self assembly has been proposed for over 10 years now as a pathway to powerful photonic structures, however, to date, almost all structures are of one crystallography, namely face-centered cubic (FCC), and have rather limited optical properties. Clearly, if colloidal self-assembly is to make an impact on photonics, a new paradigm in colloidal assembly will need to be realized. A very significant issue is that FCC is not the ideal structure for most photonics applications, but through conventional self-assembly, closed-packed structures almost always are formed. DNA has been proposed to direct the assembly of colloids into non-FCC structures, however experimentally, the results have not been entirely satisfying, in part because the assembled structures are rather unstable, limiting their application. Our approach should solve most of these problems. Session C2 – Contributed Paper PROTEIN-GUIDED 3D -ASSEMBLIES OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTCILES Oksana Kasyutich, Walther Schwarzacher, University of Bristol, H.H. Wills Physics Lab., Tyndall Av., Bristol BS8 1TL, UK; oksana.kasyutich@bristol.ac.uk 190 We report a successful demonstration of application of protein crystallization technique to prepare a three dimensionally ordered array of magnetic nanocrystals. This method is a breakthrough in nanofabrication, which allows us to produce a new type of metamaterials 120 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) with unique magnetic properties. We utilise protein ferritin cages for a template constrained growth of superparamagnetic nanoparticles of magnetite/maghemite Fe3O4-γFe2O3 (Magnetoferritin), followed by thorough nanoparticles bioprocessing and purification, and finally by protein crystallization. Protein crystallization is driven by natural response of proteins to the supersaturation of the electrolyte, which leads to spontaneous nucleation and 3D-crystal growth. Within short period of time (hours to days) we were able to grow functional crystals on the mesa scale, with sizes in the order of tens, up to hundred microns. This is the first of its kind demonstration, as an alternative to reported earlier colloidal and supra-crystals. Session C2 – Invited Paper ACOUSTICALLY-INDUCED MICROPARTICLE ORBITING AND CLUSTERING ON A SOLID SURFACE: ORIGIN AND IMPLICATIONS Amr I. Abdel-Fattah, Peter M. Roberts, Sowmitri Tarimala, Reem Ibrahim Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; amr2450@lanl.gov 191 Behavior of colloidal particles in the bulk solution or at interfaces under the effect of high-frequency acoustics is critical to many seemingly different applications ranging from enhanced oil recovery to improved mixing in microfluidic channels and from accelerated contaminant extractions to surface cleaning, drug delivery and microelectronics. It can be detrimental or beneficial, depending on the application. In medical research, flow cytometry and microfluidics, for example, acoustically induced clustering of tracer particles and/or their sticking to the walls of channels, vessels, or tubes often becomes a problem. On the other hand, it can be tailored to enhance processes such as mixing in microfluidic devices, particle separation and sizing, and power generation microdevices. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, microscopic visualization experiments were performed in which polystyrene fluorescent (468/508 nm wavelength) microspheres with a mean diameter of 2.26-µm and density of 1.05 g/cm3, were suspended in either de-ionized water or a 0.1M NaCl solution. The freshly-prepared colloidal suspension was injected into a parallel-plate glass flow cell, which was subjected to high-frequency acoustics (200-500 kHz) through a piezoelectric transducer attached to one of the cell’s outer walls. When the suspending medium is de-ionized water, acoustic stimulation of the cell at 313 kHz induced three distinct particle behaviors: 1) entrainment and bulk transport via wavelength-scale Rayleigh streaming, 2) transport via direct radiation forces to concentrate at nodal or anti-nodal planes, and 3) entrapment via boundary layer vorticular microstreaming resulting in mobile particles orbiting deposited particles. This latter phenomenon is intriguing. It occurs at specific frequencies and the shape of the orbits is determined by the applied frequency, whereas the rotation speed is proportional to the applied amplitude. At the higher ionic strength, on the other hand, an additional behavior was observed: chain-like clustering at the cell’s surface starting with a deposited particle as the “seed” for this chain, which rows in the opposite direction of streaming. This behavior indicates that micro-scale acoustic effects are strongly coupled with electrokinetic effects. The different types of particle behavior observed in our experiments represent important physical mechanisms whereby acoustic energy is capable of affecting colloid mobility and distribution in systems of various 121 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) scales. Plausible explanations to these observations include: 1) oscillating pressure gradient across the deposited particles, 2) recalculating eddies around the deposited particles, 3) electrokinetic phenomena arising from the relative motion between the particles and the surrounding fluid, and 4) a phenomenon similar to dielectrophoresis, but arising from the non-uniform acoustic field in the colloid suspension: Diacoustophoresis. Session C2 – Invited Paper CRYSTALLINE COLLOIDAL ARRAYS: APPLICATIONS FROM FILTERS TO LASERS Stephen H. Foulger, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Advanced Materials Research Laboratories, 91 Technology Drive, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; foulger@clemson.edu 192 The research we are performing at Clemson University is grounded in the fundamental aspects of crystalline colloidal array derived photonic bandgap (PBG) materials and the extension of photonic crystal research into functional polymeric composites. Since the original proposal that three-dimensional periodic dielectric structures could exhibit a photonic bandgap, considerable attention has been focused on developing these materials into a form that is suitable for use in photonic applications. Unfortunately, the general exploitation of visible photonic crystals as devices has been hindered by the challenges in creating 3D periodic dielectric structures with a feature size comparable to the wavelength of visible light, as well as achieving significant dielectric contrasts that result in a strongly scattering system. To surmount these challenges, current effort is being directed at systems which undergo self-assembly at a nanometer length scale, such as colloidal crystals. Our group has focused on electrostatically-stabilized crystalline colloidal arrays. A crystalline colloidal array is a three dimensionally ordered lattice of self-assembled monodisperse colloidal particles, most commonly amorphous silica or a polymer latex, dispersed in aqueous or non-aqueous media. At high particle concentrations, long-range electrostatic interactions between particles result in a significant inter-particle repulsion which yields the adoption of a minimum energy colloidal crystal structure with either bcc or fcc symmetry. The ordering of the particles in the media results in spatial periodicities that range from ca. 100-1000 nm, often resulting in optical bandgap effects. The three main research thrusts within my group on these systems include (1) particle synthesis; (2) self-assembly & collective properties; and (3) device development. These three thrusts will be the major themes of my talk and will be presented in detail. Session C2 – Invited Paper PHOTONIC GLASSES AS MATRICES FOR RANDOM LASERS Cefe López, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; cefe@icmm.csic.es 193 Self assembly, the bottom up technique to fabricate complex materials architectures, has revealed as a powerful means for the fabrication of photonic crystals. This made artificial opals a playground to test numerous optical properties of photonic crystals both linear 122 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) and non linear and also to create various applications. Infiltration of opals with guest materials, a technique known as templating, is an excellent tool to provide additional functionality to bare opals to enhance their photonic properties. The most commonly used techniques involve chemical synthesis in the interior of the pores of the opals. They can be combined to produce several morphologies -conformal growth standing out for its quality- of different materials and can also be combined with physical ones where the guest material is introduced rather than synthesized in situ. The principal characteristic of PBG materials is their periodicity from which all their optical properties stem. When the order inherent to photonic crystals is eliminated a new category of photonic materials can be conceived that may, in analogy, be dubbed photonic glasses. In this new scenario, where diffusion substitutes wave propagation, new phenomena can be expected like random lasing, localization etc. Strict monodispersity and sphericity of the colloidal particles results in a resonant behaviour that shows up in the relevant light trandport magnitudes like mean free path and velocity. The special care needed to produce high quality photonic crystals is, surprisingly, also needed to produce photonic glasses because, upon sedimentation, certain colloidal particles show a strong tendency to order which has to be broken. Only conscientious attempts to fully remove order lead to structures fully devoid of any remnants of order as evidenced by optical properties or microscopy. With this material it is possible to create random lasers in which the lasing wavelength can be decoupled from gain profile and selcted at will. Session C2 – Invited Paper FABRICATION OF ORDERED 2D ARRAYS OF NANOPARTCLES USING SELF-ASSEMBLED DIBLOCK COPOLYMER TEMPLATES Shigeru Watanabe1, Inamur R. Laskar1, Tomokazu Iyoda2 1 Depart. of Appl. Sci., Fac. of Sci., Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan 2Chem. Res. Lab., Tokyo Inst. of Tech., 4259, Nagatsuda, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; watanabe@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp 194 Block copolymers to spontaneously form a rich variety of nanoscale periodic patterns have been received much attention as a self-assembled template on the ‘bottom-up’ nanofabrication, due to the convenient size, shape, and spacing tunability of the wellordered microdomains provided by specifying the volume fraction of each block. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers PEOm-b-PMA(Az)n consisting of hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrophobic polymethacrylate with azobenzene-based liquid crystalline side-chains (PMA(Az)), which readily self-assemble into hexagonally packed PEO cylinders in a PMA(Az) matrix. On the surface of the microphase separated films, the PEO domains with a nanoscale periodic pattern are chemically distinctive from the PMA(Az) matrix and are addressable by nanoparticles with high selectivity. In this paper, we demonstrate the template directed self-assembly of gold nanoparticles followed by a VUV/O3 etching. The assembled gold nanoparticles are transferred to the underlying substrate without destroying the regularity of the assembled nanoparticles. The mean center-to-center distances between the transferred gold nanodots correlated well with the PEO cylinder period of the PEOm-b-PMA(Az)n used as the templates. 123 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session C2 – Contributed Paper LIGHT DIFFRACTION ON POLYMER PARTICLE ARRAYS IN THE OPTICAL FAR- AND NEAR-FIELD Eckhard Goernitz, Bernd-Reiner Paulke and Juergen Wagner, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; eckhard.goernitz@iap.fraunhofer.de 195 Polymer particle arrays act as 3D optical phase gratings whose lattice constants depend only on the size (or distance) of the particles. For the fabrication of arrays with grating functions in the optical transmission range, spherical micrometer-sized polystyrene particles of very uniform size were prepared by various techniques of emulsion or dispersion polymerization and the surface functionality of the particles was adjusted in order to achieve a high organization potential via self-assembly. Mono- and multi-layers of hexagonally close packed particles were prepared on glass substrates by vertical deposition and lifting techniques. For some investigations, by filling the voids between the particles with UV-curable polymers, the refractive index contrast of the arrays was matched to Δn ≈ 0.03 in order to meet the conditions of kinematic diffraction theory. The optical transfer functions of these arrays were characterized by means of their spectroscopic and diffractive properties in the optical far field (Fraunhofer diffraction) as well as in the near field (Talbot interferences). Far-field diffraction was investigated by optical microscopy with Bertrand lens on single crystalline domains as well as by angle dependent laser diffraction and spectral goniometry. The work focused on the influence of the third lattice parameter (z-direction) on the spatial and spectral (RGB) intensity distribution of diffracted light and the results will be discussed with respect to the stacking of hexagonally close packed particle planes in the array. Light distribution at distances in the order of several lattice constants behind the array (optical near field) is of special interest for potential sensor applications based on direct coupling between the grating and a CCD matrix (Talbot illumination). By means of a simple microscopic technique, using parallel white light illumination and a motorized micro-stage, we observed and classified the Talbot pattern behind hexagonally close packed particle mono-layers (particle diameters in the range between d = 1.4 µm and 8.5 µm). Monochromatically colored Talbot self imaging planes were observed at distances ZT = 3d2/2λ and polychromatic fractional Talbot planes were found at specific distances ZT·p/q (with p, q – coprime integers). Fractional Talbot sub-images maintain the hexagonal order and fit in the original particle arrangement according to the scaling parameter q. We thank the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research for financial support. Session D2 – Keynote Paper PARTICLE ANALYSIS USING A MULTIWAVELENGTH DETECTOR ON THE ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGE Engin Karabudak, Saroj Bhattacharyya, Holger Strauss and Helmut Cölfen, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloid Chemistry, Am Mühlenberg, Research Campus Golm, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany; 196 124 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) coelfen@mpikg.mpg.de Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a classical and powerful technique for the absolute determination of particle size distributions as it is able to fractionate even very complex mixtures over the entire colloidal range into the individual components based on particle size and density. However, up to now, a limitation of the technique was the availability of detectors besides the standard UV/Vis and refractive index (RI) detectors of the commercial instrument. Also, the detection speed was not always sufficient to allow for a high speed and high quality particle size distribution analysis. In this contribution, we will present the development and application of a fast UV/Vis detector for the AUC, which is able to simultaneously detect all wavelengths from a larger range. This greatly enhances the data space from two to three dimensions, allows for averaging but most importantly allows to determine the UV/Vis spectral properties simultaneously to the particle size distribution. Also it acts as a turbidity detector with multiple wavelength dependent sensitivities. The latter allows for the determination of particle size distribuions with equal detector sensitivity over the entire colloidal range, whereas the former is important for all particles, which have size dependent optical properties like small metal or semiconductor colloids. Examples will be presented, which show the advantages of this detector, namely speed and simultaneous detection of whole UV/Vis spectra. For example, sedimentation velocity experiments can now be as fast as 150 s resolving a multicomponent mixture. Also, turbidity detection with multiple sensitivity will be demonstrated. Spectral properties of quantum size particles and their dependence on particle size now become accessible in a single sedimentation velocity experiment and mixtures with multiple chromophores can be resolved in a three dimensional space of radius, wavelength and absorbance. This opens up possibilities for fast AUC experiments for particle characterizations revealing additional informations, which were previously not available and which can hardly be obtained by other techniques with similar efficiency. This greatly enhances the application range of AUC for particle analysis. Session D2 – Contributed Paper MECHANICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MICRO-METER SIZED MONODISPERSE POLYMER PARTICLES Helge Kristiansen and Keith Redford, Zhiliang. Zhang1, Jianying. He1 Conpart AS, Lahaugmoveien 1, 2013 Skjetten, Norway; 1 NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; helge@conpart.no 197 Polymer particles in the size range of 1-20 micrometers are used for different purposes within microelectronics and micro-systems. Conpart AS is a Norwegian company specializing in the manufacturing, characterization and application of such polymer particles with an emphasis on providing unique properties for use in these applications. One of the unique properties of these particles is an extremely narrow size distribution. This is combined with a vide variety of possible chemical compositions, including highly porous particles or “polymer-matrix” particles filled with different oxides or metals. Also the surface properties are highly uniform both particle to particle and batch to batch which makes it easy to provide different types of surface coatings, including metal plating. Consequently it possible to manufacture particles with a large range of different mechanical, electrical, optical and other properties. Two of the most demanding 125 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) applications for such particles are as spacers for flat panel displays and as conductive particles for anisotropic conductive film (ACF). For use in ACF, the polymer particles are plated with metal to provide electrical conductivity. One of the most critical characteristics for the particles in both of these applications is the mechanical properties. Polymer particles have been characterized mechanically by using a modified nanoindenter. A flat “punch” has replaced the traditional pointed indenter tip. Typically a load curve with linearly increasing load until a maximum value, followed by a short hold and subsequent de-loading has been used. Major work has been undertaken to obtain a very high degree of reproducibility and consistency in the results. Important factors have been mechanical compliance of the substrate on which the particle are placed and wetting between the fluid in which the particles are dispersed and the substrate prior to the drying of the particles. This latter has shown to have a significant influence on the adhesion between particle and substrate. A range of particles with different chemistries including styrene, acrylates and formaldehyde based and with diameters ranging from 2 to more than 20 micrometers has been tested. The results show particles with highly different mechanical properties. Some particles show a typical brittle fracture at a certain load, depending on the composition of the particle. A FEM analysis has been made using linear elastic material models. After a very initial period of higher stiffness, some particles seem to follow an elastic material model for deformations until something like 20%. These same particles show at the same time a relatively high recovery. Other particle shows a very different behavior, with no distinct fracture point. SEM analysis does however reveal that cracks are developed in the particles, gradually increasing with increasing load and deformation. These types of particles have very little recovery. The paper will include a series of load-displacement curves for the different polymer materials tested as well as discussion of eventual failure modes (cracks etc.) taking place in the particles. Session D2 – Contributed Paper QUANTIFYING REAL-TIME CHANGES OF NANO-SCALE INTERACTIONS AT SURFACES USING QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE WITH DISSIPATION MONITORING Archana Jaiswala, Stoyan Smoukovb, Mark A. Poggia and Bartosz Grzybowskib. a Q-Sense Inc, Glen Burnie MD 21061, b Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA; mark.poggi@q-sense.com 198 In the present study, we have investigated the ability of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to quantify the interaction of particles at surfaces. We first will present recent results that address the effect of stagnant and dynamic motion of charged nanoparticles solutions on their adsorption onto silica surfaces. We were able to follow the real-time assembly (in liquid) of these chemically-modified particles. By simultaneously quantifying the changes in surface mass and viscoelasticity during the adsorption process, we were subsequently able to model the adsorption characteristics of these particles. We will also discuss recent advances that have been made in regards to using QCM-D to follow the assembly of biological nanoparticles (liposomes) onto surfaces. 126 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session D2 – Contributed Paper ADSORPTION OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ISOTHIAZOLINE BIOCIDES ON MINERALS AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT DESORPTION FROM A PAINT FILM Yao Kangaa,b, Jarrod Harta, David Gittinsa, Richard Greenwoodb, Neil Rowsonb and David Skusea, (a) Imerys Minerals, Par Moor Centre, Par Moor Road, Par, Cornwall, PL24, 2SQ, United Kingdom, (b) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; yao.kanga@imerys.com 199 The adsorption of active components such as biocides onto powders has become a very attractive process in the last few decades, especially in the food, drugs, paints or cosmetics sectors. In this paper, the potential of such powder-based carriers to allow the rate-controlled desorption of biocides in exterior paint films is explored. Initial experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption isotherms of two isothiazoline biocides, 2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) and the blend of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CIT/MIT) on a range of minerals of differing surface areas and morphologies. These minerals were: a bentonite clay, an halloysite, an amorphous silica and various grades of kaolin. The desorption profiles of free OIT and minerals coated with OIT, both added to an exterior paint formulation, were studied in order to assess the kinetics of release of the biocide from the films. The paints made were applied to flat panels using a paint applicator, at 50 µm in thickness. The levels of biocide desorbed in constantly stirred water with time were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the potency of the biocides was determined by growing Pseudomonas Aruginosa micro-organisms in bioassay experiments. Adsorption data obtained revealed that the biocide adsorbed to the minerals by varying degrees. The desorption data showed that the bentonite carrier system took over 48 hours to release half of the biocide from the paint film, compared with just 2 hours for the silica and the kaolin. The half-life of desorption for free (unabsorbed) OIT in the paint was approximately 1 hour. The bioassay results showed that CIT/MIT was 13 and 17 times more effective at reducing the growth of the micro-organisms than OIT when the kaolin and the silica were used respectively as carriers. Work is currently underway to determine the release profile of OIT from several other substrates (including some synthetic options). Session D2 – Invited Paper HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS IN A DRYING COLLOIDAL THIN FILM Frank Scheffold, University of Fribourg, Department of Physics, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; frank.scheffold@unifr.ch 200 The drying of a paint film is driven by the evaporation of the solvent and compaction of the solid component. In the course of this process the suspended particles undergo a continuous transition from liquid to an amorphous solid. Due to the evaporation of water the particle dispersion concentration increases until the colloids are dynamically arrested and subsequently the remaining water evaporates from the porous solid film. We report 127 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) on the observation of spatially and temporally heterogeneous dynamic properties of such a drying paint film. In order to access spatial variations with dynamic light scattering we present a new laser-speckle imaging experiment. We show how time and space resolved data can be recorded: The new concept is to study statistics of the near-field speckles produced by light diffusively reflected from the superficial volume of a strongly scattering medium. We use a spinning ground-glass disk to scramble the incident beam which allows us to create a large number of statistically independent optical configurations at each point in the imaging plane. Our approach provides a real-time twodimensional imaging of normalized intensity correlation (ICF) or structure function (ISF). Using this method we can access ensemble averaged dynamic properties on length scales as small as ten micrometers over the full field of view. Session D2 – Invited Paper INTERFACIAL ELECTROSTATICS OF MONOLAYER-PROTECTED GOLD CLUSTERS BY MOLECULAR PROBES Victor Chechik,1 Vadim K. Khlestkin,2 Julya F. Polienko,2 Maxim A. Voinov,3 and Alex I. Smirnov,3 1University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; 2Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; 3Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; . Alex_Smirnov@ncsu.edu 201 Properties of monolayer-protected gold nanocluster’s (MPCs) interface are generally manipulated through rational design and synthesis of the coating ligands. This is the key strategy for designing MPCs for biodiagnostics, bio- and chemical sensors, drug/DNA delivery, imaging, and biomolecular recognition purposes. Both stability and interactions of gold nanoparticles with proteins and DNA are governed by the surface potential resulting from the charge layer developed at the nanoparticle aqueous interface. Here we present a molecular probe technique for accessing interfacial surface electrostatics of ligand-protected gold nanoparticles. A series of ligands with variable length of the hydrocarbon bridge between the anchoring sulfur and the reporting pH-sensitive nitroxide is described. The protonation state of this probe is directly observed by EPR spectroscopy. For tiopronin-protected Au nanoparticles we observed an increase in pKa of up to ca. 1.1 pH units that was affected by the position of the reporter moiety with respect to the monolayer interface. Session D2 – Contributed Paper COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THREE P.A.T. TECHNIQUES IN A PILOT-SCALE FLUIDIZED BED GRANULATOR Ai Tee Tok1, Xue Ping Goh1, Wai Kiong Ng1, Reginald B.H. Tan1,2; 1 Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833; tok_ai_tee@ices.a-star.edu.sg; 2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576. 202 Recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines encourage the development of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) techniques to develop more in-depth process 128 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) understanding, improve process control and assure higher conformance to product specifications. However, the use of PAT in secondary pharmaceutical manufacturing is seldom implemented on production-scale as these techniques are still not fully established. To address this need, an experimental study has been conducted to apply three PAT tools simultaneously to monitor the progress of a granulation process in a pilot-scale fluidized bed (ID 0.3 m and height 0.6 m). Real-time analysis using focused beam reflectance measurement (Lasentec FBRM) and near-infra red spectroscopy (Bruker NIR) are conducted using in-line probes inserted into the bed. Acoustic emission measurements (Physical Acoustic AE) are performed by attaching acoustic sensors at two locations on the external wall of the fluidized bed. Powder samples collected at regular intervals during the granulation process are characterized off-line using Malvern laser diffraction (particle size distribution), scanning electron and optical microscopy (morphology) and loss on drying (moisture content). PAT data comprising chord length distribution and chord count (from FBRM), absorption spectra (from NIR) and average signal levels and counts (from AE) are compared with off-line particle properties, in order to investigate the response and sensitivity of each PAT tool in detecting the three granulation rate processes (wetting and nucleation, aggregation and growth, breakage). By comparing the results obtained using the three techniques, the work aims to provide some guidelines on the selection of a suitable PAT tool for process design and pilot-scale trials. Hands-on experience gathered and the difficulties encountered when using each PAT technique will also be discussed. Session D2 – Contributed Paper HIGH-THROUGHPUT NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION USING A MICRO-REACTOR AND ON-LINE DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING Thuy T. Chastek, Thomas Q. Chastek, Kazunori Ilda, Steven D. Hudson, Michael J. Fasoka, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8542, USA; thuy.chastek@nist.gov 203 Polymer particles are finding increasingly important applications in both industry and academia, for example acting as specialty additives to coatings, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. An important issue in preparing these particles is controlling their size and size distribution. A variety of factors can potentially influence these properties, which makes optimization of synthesis conditions somewhat demanding. Therefore, high-throughput (HTP) methods for developing new polymer particle synthesis strategies are of great value. Common synthesis challenges, such as isolation and purification of final products are not necessary to evaluate the size and size distribution of polymer particles, thereby simplifying HTP strategies. In this work, high-throughput non-aqueous dispersion (NAD) polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and measurement of PMMA latex are performed using a new micro-semi batch reactor integrated with online dynamic light scattering (DLS). The metallic microreactor was designed to handle the harsh conditions associated with NAD polymerization. On-line DLS was implemented for in situ monitoring of the PMMA latex particle size and size 129 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) distribution. Polymeric surfactants consist of PMMA and poly(octadecyl methacrylate) (PODMA) with systematically varied composition, architecture, and molecular weights. These were synthesized under conventional batch condition by Cu-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Comb polymers grafted with polyisoprene (PI) were designed and synthesized from backbone of a random MMA and glycidyl methacrylate copolymer. The properties of the surfactants were found to significantly affect the size and size distribution of the resulting particles. The dispersion polymerization of MMA using random copolymers as surfactants resulted in relatively large particles (~ 1 μm), whereas copolymers and comb polymer yielded nano-size particles (< 500 nm). Session D2 – Contributed Paper NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENT BY SPECTROSCOPIC MIE SCATTERING Rick Trutna, Maozi Liu, Danielle Chamberlin and Judith Hadley, Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95409, USA; Judith_hadley@agilent.com In this paper we present a spectroscopic technique for measuring particle size. The technique utilizes a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to measure the attenuation spectrum of a particle dispersion due to scattering. Using the Mie scattering theory, we compute the particle size distribution and particle concentration that best matches the measured scattering spectrum. While the operating range is material dependent, we have found that the instrument can measure particles sizes from 10 nm to 15 microns. The technique involves minimal sample preparation and clean up, and is fast. A measurement time of less than 10 seconds allows measurement of samples where dispersion stability is an issue or when the particles are dense and the sedimentation rate make traditional measurement techniques challenging. Since the technique does not rely on observing the Brownian motion of particles, the samples may be stirred or flowed during the measurement via the use of a stir bar accessory or utilizing flow through cells. An additional advantage of the technique is the ability to measure highly concentrated colloids at or near process concentrations with no dilution. Fast measurement time enables the study of samples changing over short timescales. This information can be critical in reaction kinetic studies and aggregation studies in biological systems. As well the fast measurement time has advantages for measurement of inorganic systems. For example, the dispersion of metal powders in water has been little studied due to two major problems: the complex colloidal behavior in which not only oxidation and hydrolysis but also dissolution occurs, depending on pH and temperature, and the density of most metals that promotes fast settling. Nickel powders have a high density, so that electrostatic repulsion is not sufficient itself to overcome the tendency to settle. With further complications due to its magnetic properties, surface modification techniques utilizing steric stabilization are required to prevent agglomeration. Obtaining accurate measurements the particle size of Ni is challenging in this environment of dispersion instability. The fast measurement times of our UV-Visible particle sizing technique facilitate measurement of such unstable systems. We report experimental results comparing particle size measurements via this technique to SEM image analysis demonstrating the accuracy of the measurement. We also present experimental results demonstrating the capability of this technique to accurately measure the concentrations of 204 130 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) populations in difficult bi- or multi-modal particle size distributions. We demonstrates the resolution capability of the UV-Visible particle sizing instrument with a sample of equal concentrations of 200nm and 300nm polystyrene latex. Such resolution has also been demonstrated for metal nanoparticles as well, for example with 80nm and a 150nm gold standard dispersions mixed in a 1:3 ratio. We also demonstrate the sensitivity of the method with the detection of 5 % v/v 100 nm polystyrene latex particles in a background of 95% v/v 3 µm particles. We believe this combination of fast measurement time, high resolution, and ease of sample preparation offers distinct advantages over existing techniques and enables new measurements. Session D2 – Contributed Paper EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATION BETWEEN PARTICLE SIZE AND LASER INDUCED INCANDESCENCE (LII) TIME DECAY IN TiO2 FLAME SYNTHESIS Carla Bellomunno, Silvia Maffi, Francesco Cignoli*, Giorgio Zizak, Giuliano Angella, CNR-IENI, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano Italy, cignoli@ieni.cnr.it; bellomunno@ieni.cnr.it 205 Particle size evaluation is a major issue in nanopowder synthesis. Many measurement techniques based on different principles are available to test synthesized powders, that as a whole give a good coverage over size range, output data meaning, and applicability to particles of varied nature. In general, these methods are applicable only to the final product and the response is typically available after some time. In the case of flame synthesis, in spite of the highly hostile environment, some perspectives of direct access actually exist, thanks to the gaseous nature of the same environment. This was pointed out several years ago as a promising extension of the Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) method widely used in soot diagnostics. Nevertheless, very few experiments were reported in the literature after the initial preliminary work. In particular, no LII experiments have been reported so far on titania flame synthesis, in spite of the fact that this is a typically flame-made nanosized powder. Here we present our results in LII experiments during TiO2 flame synthesis from TTIP vapors. Titania LII was generated by irradiation with the 4th harmonic of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The response of titania particles to laser excitation during the synthesis process was evaluated on the basis of spectral analysis and of Time Resolved LII (TIRE-LII). With the first method, the reaction of the particles to strong laser irradiation was studied. The fluence range suitable for the emission of a radiation predominantly due to incandescence was determined. Under those conditions, TIRE-LII signals were recorded at several heights above the burner, that is at different particle growth stages (particle size roughly from 10 nm to 50 nm). A sensitivity of the incandescence signal time decay to the particle growth was clearly observed. At the same locations a rapid insertion device was used to collect material samples on a Transmission Electron Microscope grid (thermophoretic sampling). From the TEM images, an average particle size is obtained, that is compared with the time decay of the incandescence signal at the corresponding flame location. This will be a first step towards the measurement of the particle size directly during the synthesis reaction. 131 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session E2 – Keynote Paper NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES USING COUPLED NANOPARTICLES WITH VIRTUAL PHOTONS AND POLARITONS Tadashi Kawazoe, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Tokyo 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. kawazoe@ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp. 206 So far, we have proposed several kinds of nanometric optical device (nanophotonic device) using a coupled nanoparticles (quantum dots: QDs), e.g., AND-gate, NOT- gate, optical nanofountain, and so on. The optical near-field interaction is the most dominant interaction for QDs with their separation of 5nm-100nm. Usually, the optical interaction in the near-field region is described as a dipole-dipole interaction. In vacuum, this description gives a good approximation. However, practical QDs are embedded in some matrixes or on substrates. So, we proposed the near field interaction to explain the optical interaction in the near-field region, which include the effects of the matrixes and the substrate. We consider that the interaction particle is not a photon but a polariton for the optically coupled QDs in the near-field region. In this point of view, we have observed an optically-forbidden energy transfer between QDs and demonstrated nanophotonic devices using QDs. We discuss the principles and the demonstrations of nanophotonic devices. Additionally, we mention the single excitation energy transfer between QDs and a single photon emission from the coupled QDs system using the optical near-field interaction. This single photon emitter has two blockade mechanisms and a high purity single photon is obtained. Session E2 – Keynote Paper DRIVING FORCES IN NANOPARTICLE ASSEMBLY Nicholas A. Kotov, Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; kotov@umich.edu 207 Physical properties of nanoparticles and nanowires are currently well understood. The next frontier is conceptualization of larger structures, such as nanoscale assemblies. This talk will discuss two paradigms in this field: (1) spontaneous assembly of nanoparticles and (2) quantum mechanical interactions of metallic and semiconductor building blocks in nanoscale assemblies. Anisotropic forces arising between nanocrystalline particles drive the self-assembly behavior of these colloidal particles. Interaction anisotropy between CdTe nanoparticles in solution leads to their spontaneous, template-free organization into free-floating sheets. Electrostatic interactions arising from a dipole moment and a small positive charge combined with directional hydrophobic attraction between the nanoparticles are the driving forces for the self-assembly, which we demonstrate by computer simulation. We found that nanoparticles show conceptual similarities with assembly of proteins. This supposition was recently confirmed by assembly of nanoparticles into spiral systems similar to those found in many biological systems. Electronic interactions in nanoparticle assemblies represent one of the fundamental problems of nanotechnology. Excitons and plasmons are the two most 132 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) typical excited states of nanostructures, which were shown to produce coupled electronic systems. The concept of these interactions between the Au and CdTe nanoparticles and nanowires will be discussed in terms of quantum mechanical coupling of excited states and unusual optical effects. As such, in presence of dynamic component for excitons theory predicts that emission of coupled excitations in nanowires with variable electronic confinement is stronger, shorter, and blue-shifted. These predictions were confirmed with high degree of accuracy in molecular spring assemblies, where one can reversibly change the distance between the exciton and plasmon. The prepared systems were made proteinsensitive by incorporating antibodies in molecular springs. Modulation of excitonplasmon interactions can serve as wavelength-based biodetection tool, which can resolve difficulties of quantification of luminescence intensity for complex media and optical pathways. Session E2 – Invited Paper LARGE-SCALE FABRICATION OF SINGLE ELECTRON DEVICES UTILIZING COLLOIDAL NANOPARTICLES Seong Jin Koh, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 West 1st ST Woolf Hall RM325, Arlington, TX 76019, skoh@uta.edu 208 ingle electron devices, having the capability of systematically controlling the transport and storage of single electrons, have brought a lot of attention as promising candidates for future nanoscale devices and sensors. However, their fabrication requires arranging or defining device components with nanoscale precision for electron tunneling to occur in a controlled way. The nanoscale geometrical requirement has limited their fabrication to a few units at a time. This talk presents a large-scale and chip-level fabrication of single electron devices. This was realized by utilizing colloidal nanoparticles as Coulomb islands and implementing CMOS fabrication technology as well as self alignment of source and drain electrodes over a large area. We demonstrate clear Coulomb staircase and Coulomb blockade behavior at room temperature. Although large-scale fabrication has been demonstrated for single electron devices, similar approaches may provide a useful pathway toward realization of integrated systems of other nanoscale devices and sensors. Session E2 – Contributed Paper LIGHT-ACTIVATED NANOPARTICLES FOR ION CHANNEL APPLICATIONS Laura Steller, Wolf D. Habicher, and Reiner Salzer, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069, Dresden, Germany; l.steller@ifw-dresden.de 209 Our target is the development of artificial ion channels based on nanosized particles that can be actuated by light and thus controlled efficiently. Light-activated artificial channels formed by these organic compounds are aimed at eliminating of the stochastic mechanism of artificial channels. Such a reversible photocontrol should be a powerful tool for using artificial ion channels as the basis for the development of biosensors, new pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems, as photoswitches, and in the field of 133 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) microfluidics. Our synthesized particles are devided in two regions: the gate part and the body part. The gate part is based on fast, light-driven azogroups that use steric differences between trans and cis isomers. The azogroups are attached to the transmembrane artificial ion channel body part formed by a special type of calix[4]resorcinarene. Such photochromic systems are reversible, switchable and exhibit photo-responsive conformational effects under different irradiation conditions. Information about the successfully artificial channel activity of our compounds are provided by the Patch-clamp technique, commonly used for electrophysiological analysis. Session E2 – Invited Paper NANOPARTICLES FOR MAGNETIC RECORDING: THE PROS AND CONES OF SELF-ASSEMBLY H.-G. Boyen1, U. Wiedwald2, J.-U. Thiele3, A. Romanyuk4, B. Kern2, K. Fauth5, C. Antoniak6, M. Farle6, P. Oelhafen4, U. Herr7, 1Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium, 2 Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany, 3 Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, 3403 Yerba Buena Road, San Jose, CA 95135, 4Institut für Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, 5Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, 6Experimentalphysik—AG Farle, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany, 7Institut für Mikro- und Nanomaterialien, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; hansgerd.boyen@uhasselt.be 210 Further reduction of the volume of magnetic structures appears as a natural route towards the enhancement of information density stored by corresponding magnetic devices. Such a reduction, however, generally results in a superparamagnetic behavior for any material below a critical volume, the value of which is governed by its magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy. Among the materials with a large anisotropy energy, FeXPt100-X alloys in the face-centered tetragonal (L1o) phase play a vital role since various techniques based on self-organization are available for the synthesis of corresponding nanoparticles and their organization into two-dimensional arrays. It turns out that, in the as-synthesized state, Fe50Pt50 particles exhibit a face-centered cubic structure, which has to be transformed by annealing at elevated temperatures into the desired L1o phase. Such phase transformation, however, can be achieved only within a limited range of compositions (x ≈ 40-60) raising the important question of whether or not statistical fluctuations during self-assembly might result in strong variations of the magnetic properties as well. In this case, even for particle ensembles with perfectly uniform size and shape, after the annealing step, a significant amount of superparamagnetic particles might still be present, thereby drastically reducing the potential of this material to be used in forthcoming magnetic data storage applications. In order to address this fundamental problem with a method sensitive to fluctuations within macroscopic areas, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been performed on FeXPt100-X reference films (26 ≤ x ≤ 68) in order to study chemical shifts and line shapes of appropriate core levels (Fe-2p, Pt-4f) induced by alloying. These reference data are then used in a second step to decompose core level spectra measured on Fe50Pt50 nanoparticle ensembles (prepared by colloidal and micellar methods) into chemically shifted components, thereby allowing to estimate the range 134 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) ostoichiometry fluctuations for the different preparation techniques. Session E2 – Invited Paper MEMORY EFFECTS IN INSULATORS INCORPORATING SEMICONDUCTING OR METALLIC NANOPARTICLES Dimitris Tsoukalas, School of Applied Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou 15780, GREECE; dtsouk@central.ntua.gr 211 An application field of interest during last years in microelectronics is the use of nanoparticles to store electronic charge. The so called nanoparticle memories present advantages over conventional flash electronic memories that make use a continuous polysilicon layer to store charge. These advantages relate mainly to better scaling properties of tunneling oxide through which the memory is charged and discharged that consequently allows for more aggressive scaling of the corresponding memory device. In this work we investigate a new method to fabricate either metallic or semiconducting nanoparticles at room temperature. The nanoparticle deposition technique is based on a physical vacuum deposition (PVD) process. The technique allows for controlled density and size deposition of nanoparticles. Particles are generated using a high-pressure magnetron sputtering device and carried away from the target area by the discharge gas into a condensation zone where nanoparticles are grown. The nanoparticles after being swept through this zone enter the main chamber through a final aperture and they are soft-landed on the substrate. It is thus possible to obtain nanoparticles with a size that according the process conditions used it ranges from 2 – 12 nm and an area density up to 1012 cm-2. As an illustrating example nickel nanoparticles are deposited at room temperature over a tunneling thermal SiO2 layer followed by the deposition of HfO2 as a control insulator. Simple MOS capacitor structures are used to analyze the memory properties and charge storage capability of the nanoparticles embedded in the above insulator matrix. Session F3 – Keynote Paper FROM FOAMS TO ‘DRY WATER’: PHASE INVERSION OF PARTICLESTABILISED MATERIALS Bernard P. Binks and Ryo Murakami; Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom; b.p.binks@hull.ac.uk 212 Phase inversion of particle-stabilised emulsions from oil-in-water to water-in-oil can be achieved either by increasing the particle hydrophobicity at constant oil:water ratio (transitional) or by increasing the oil:water ratio at fixed particle wettability (catastrophic). Here, we describe for the first time the corresponding inversion of particle-stabilised air-water surfaces, not achievable up to now with surfactant molecules. The nanoparticles are those of fumed silica, made hydrophobic by reaction with dichlorodimethylsilane. Inversion from air-in-water foams to water-in-air free flowing powders is effected via both transitional and catastrophic inversion. The novel materials so produced represent a way of encapsulating air or water, with the adsorbed particle layer providing a means to control the release of gaseous or liquid components respectively. 135 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session F3 – Contributed Paper LASER SYNTHESIS OF NON STOICHIOMETRIC TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES B. Pignon, L. Combemale, S. Marguet, D. Porterat, C. Reynaud, N. HerlinBoime, Nathalie Herlin-Boime, Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, Laboratoire Francis Perrin (CEA-CNRS URA 2453), Bat 522 CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvettte Cedex, France, nathalie.herlin@cea.fr 213 Oxide nanoparticles such as TiO2 have different properties according to their structure. Moreover, incorporation of heteroatoms in the TiO2 network may favour photocatalytic activity or absorption of solar light. Laser pyrolysis is an efficient method for the synthesis of various nanoparticles and in particular TiO2. By tuning the experimental parameters (laser power, atmosphere...), the flame temperature was controlled and nanoparticles (with or without dopants) were obtained in antase or rutile form with ratio in the range 10/90 to 90/10 from the pyrolysis of an aerosol of liquid Titaniumtetraisopropoxid. We present here recent results on the synthesis of N-doped and undoped nanoparticles. At high laser power, i.e. at high flame temperature, reduction reactions can take place and the particles are often produced in a substoichiometric phase: crystalline TiO, Ti3O4 or Ti4O7 were identified by X-Ray diffraction in various samples according to different experimental conditions. First results illustrating the consequences of this structural evolution on the properties of nanoparticles will also be presented with special emphasis on the optical properties in the visible-UV range. Session F3 – Invited Paper SUPRACOLLOIDAL STRUCTURES THROUGH LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACE DRIVEN ASSEMBLY Stefan A. F. Bon, Catheline A. L. Colard, and Patrick J. Colver, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.; S.Bon@warwick.ac.uk; www.stefanbon.com 214 We would like to discuss in depth our new and unpublished results on Pickering stabilized miniemulsion and suspension polymerization. We will report the synthesis of polymer latexes (styrene, (meth)acrylates and vinyl esters) using Laponite clay and colloidal silica as the exclusive stabilizers. We have developed a model which allows us to correlate particle size distributions with the amount of Pickering stabilizer used. We will discuss the influence of monomer hydrolysis and the addition of conventional surfactants on the polymerization kinetics and particle size distribution. In case of colloidal silica we will discuss the packing coordination of the silica nanospheres. With respect to liquid-liquid interface driven assembly on micronsized droplets we will show that Pickering systems are a tool to the design of non-spherical and high-aspect ratio microspheres. Moreover, we will demonstrate a new set-up to produce Janus particles using Pickering stabilization as a tool. Finally, we will report on the concept of using self-assembly of supracolloidal structures, as a versatile strategy to prepare cellular polymer materials. These materials are light-weight as they show a very high porosity, typically > 80%, resembling cellular natural objects such as sponges, bone, and wood. 136 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) We will show that we can control the properties of our cellular supracolloidal materials by variation of the building blocks from which the individual supracolloidal units have been build, and by use of different scaffolding techniques, such as radical polymerization of the continuous phase. It is our belief that our approach widens the window of the design of cellular materials and has scope to deliver exciting innovations in areas such as chromatography, cell storage, catalysis and sensors/detectors. Session F3 – Invited Paper NOVEL ASSEMBLY APPROACH TOWARDS ENERGY-MATERIAL PARTICLES Qiangfeng Xiao, HiesangSohn, Kimerbly Cross, Ding Weng, and Yunfeng Lu, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Box 951592, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; luucla@ucla.edu 215 There has been an increasing interest in developing novel materials that are suitable for energy storage and conversion. Some representative examples include the design and synthesis of highly porous materials for hydrogen storage, fuel cell electrode materials, supercapacitor, and battery electrodes. Various methods have been developed to synthesize such materials. Self-assembly, a method that utilizes noncovalent interactions to organize suitable building blocks into porous scaffolds has been emerging as a promising synthesis approach. Generally, an assembly approach allows precise structure and composition control through the judicious choice of building blocks, manipulating inter-building-block interactions, and boundary conditions. In this presentation, we will report the synthesis of carbon/ceramic nanocomposite particles through an assembly approach. Briefly, carbon and ceramic building blocks were organized into ordered mesostructured nanocomposite particles through an aerosol-assisted assembly process using surfactant as the pore-structure-directing agent. Subsequent carbonization process converts the particles into mesoporous carbon/ceramic particles with high electronic conductivity and significantly enhanced corrosion resistance. We will also report the synthesis of novel metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, and their alloy or nanocomposite particles in non-aqueous media. Traditionally, most of the assembly processes, such as the synthesis of mesoporous silica, has been conducted in aqueous media; this discovery enables the synthesis of a large family porous materials for energy-related applications, as well as other important applications. Session F3 – Invited Paper ULTRABRIGHT LEAD SELENIDE QUANTUM DOT NANOCLUSTERS Christopher M. Evans, Li Guo, Jeffrey J. Peterson and Todd D. Krauss, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627-0216, USA; krauss@chem.rochester.edu 216 Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have demonstrated enormous potential as superior fluorophores for biological imaging applications. Especially attractive is the possibility for imaging at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths between 700 and 137 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) 1000 nm, where there is reduced absorption by biological fluids and where organic dyes emit poorly. However, a fundamental weakness of QDs regarding biological imaging applications concerns their relatively large size. Biocompatible QDs are approximately 10–15 nm in diameter, with hydrodynamic diameters typically exceeding 25 nm. As such, it is virtually impossible for QDs to enter the cell through carrier-mediated mechanisms. Here, we report a facile and room temperature synthesis of PbSe quantum dot nanoclusters that emit in the NIR with remarkably high fluorescence quantum yields (typically >50%). With core diameters estimated to be < 2 nm, these clusters concomitantly address the optimal requirements for biological labeling: small hydrodynamic radius, high QY, water solubility and long-term photostability. Session F3 – Contributed Paper INTEGRATING TOP-DOWN FABRICATION WITH BOTTOM-UP SELF-ASSEMBLY Vincent M. Rotello, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003 USA; rotello@chem.umass.edu 217 Polymer-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles is a versatile and modular approach to the creation of nanostructured thin films and nanocomposite materials. We have developed a number of methodologies that provide nanostructured and nanopatterned materials. In our ongoing research, we are integrating these bottom-up self-assembly strategies with fabrication strategies to create functional devices and materials. The formation, properties, and applications of these materials will be discussed. Session F3 – Invited Paper INCORPORATION OF LAPONITE CLAY PLATELETS INTO POLYMER LATEXES: EVIDENCE OF CLAY LOCALIZATION BY CRYO-TEM IMAGING V. Mellon1, N. Negrete-Herrera1, J-L. Putaux2, T. McKenna1, E. BourgeatLami1 - 1Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères, Procédés (C2P2) - Equipe Chimie et Procédés de Polymérisation (LCPP) - UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE Lyon/UCBL – ESCPE - Bât. 308F – 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918 - BP 2077 - 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. 2Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, ICMG-CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France ; bourgeat@lcpp.cpe.fr Over the past decade, the concept of nanostructured materials, i.e. materials whose structural elements (clusters, crystallites, molecules or particles) have dimensions in the nanometer range, has attracted a great deal of attention. Indeed, these materials provide the unique opportunity to tailor the constituent properties toward optimal material behaviour by carefully designing the nanostructure. For example, in the case of polymerclay nanocomposites, it is generally admitted that a greater mechanical reinforcement is achieved with fully exfoliated structures rather than intercalated structures. A survey of the recent literature reveals that a great deal of effort has been devoted to synthesize polymer/clay nanocomposites with exfoliated clay layers. These methods include bulk 218 138 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization and emulsion polymerization, to name a few. The type of polymerization method will greatly influence the way the clay interacts with the polymer chains and its ability to swell and exfoliate. Among these methods, emulsion polymerization can be advantageously used by exploiting the natural swelling of the clay platelets in aqueous media. Provided that interactions are created between the clay surface and the growing polymer chains, this technique enables the clay platelets to be located on the surface of the polymer latex particles resulting in a honeycomb structure of the free standing film after water evaporation. If one wants to encapsulate the clay into the polymer particles, miniemulsion polymerization needs to be used. In this process, nanometric monomer droplets (assimilated to nanoreactors) containing the clay platelets are converted into a similar number of particles of related size and composition. In this communication, we will present some of the strategies recently developed in our laboratory to synthesize polymer latexes containing Laponite clay platelets located either on the surface or inside of the composite particles using emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization. Unambiguous evidence of clay distribution and localization within the latex samples has been provided by cryo-TEM images which gave insights into nucleation mechanism and nanostructure formation. Session A5– Invited Paper STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING NANOMATERIALS IN COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS G. Skandan, NEI Corporation, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA; gskandan@neicorporation.com 219 The last few years has seen many Nanotechnology start-ups come and go. The low hanging fruit that these companies were supposed to capitalize upon in a three-to-five year time frame did not materialize in a disproportionately large number of cases. The widespread enthusiasm in the early years of the millennium that spawned these enterprises has certainly subsided. Even multinational corporations have taken a careful watch-and-proceed approach, particularly keeping in mind the potential negative environmental and health effects of nanomaterials. It would appear that the traditional model of building a manufacturing infrastructure while simultaneously developing markets for the products, has not worked in the Nanotechnology space, which has led to investor fatigue. This presentation will analyze problems with conventional business plans followed by a discussion of NEI’s implementation of alternative business models. Three areas of business development will be highlighted: Li-ion battery electrode materials, corrosion protection, and functional hard coatings on polymers. In each case a different business strategy was adopted to get products into the market. Session A5– Contributed Paper THE NUCLEATION PHASE: AN EVALUATION OF TWO MODELS. Ingo H. Leubner, Crystallization Consulting, 35 Hillcrest Drive, Penfield, NY 14526-2411, USA, ileubner@crystallizationconsulting.com 220 Two competing models are available for the modeling of the crystal nucleation phase. 139 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Both start with the formation of agglomerates from the reactants. The major practical outcome is the concept of critical nucleus. From here, the two models take different paths. The well known classical model attempts to model the nucleation rate, J. This nucleation rate, J, is considered constant during the nucleation phase. On the other hand, the BNG model focuses on the total number of crystals formed, Z. The crystal number is derived from growth of the critical nuclei, the crystallization efficiency, and reactant addition rate. These factors determine the course of nucleation and predict an end of nucleation as the function of the crystal growth rate. In this model, the nucleation rate, ‘J’, increases from zero to a maximum, followe by decrease until nucleation ends. During this process, the crystal number and size distribution is determined. The BNG model consequently leads to an explicit, factor free model which quantitatively relates the number of crystals formed to reactant addition rate, crystal solubility, temperature, and the effects of crystal ripeners and restrainers. The consequences of these models on the process of practical crystallizations will be included. Session A5– Invited Paper NEW INSIGHTS ON NANOPRECIPITATION BY SOLVENT SHIFTING Julien Aubrya, Bernard Cabaneb, François Ganachauda,*; a) Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Equipe IAM, Ecole nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; ganachau@enscm.fr; b) Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes - UMR CNRS 7636, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10, rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France ; ganachau@enscm.fr 221 “Solvent-shifting” is a very simple process by which hydrophobic molecules may be dispersed in water as tiny (at least sub-micrometric) droplets of particles. The process appears deceptively simple: the hydrophobic solute is first dissolved into a polar solvent fully miscible with water, and then this solution is mixed with a large amount of water. The solution becomes a non-solvent for the hydrophobic molecules, which then phase separate as small droplets or particles. Industrially, the “solvent shifting” route is used to manufacture sub-micrometric particles of Vitamin A, dyes and drugs, since it has numerous advantages over other processes such as high-pressure homogenization or grinding, in particular the very small sizes that are easily achieved (most of the times nanometric), the simple nature of equipment, the low energy costs, and the easy implementation as an on-line process. On the other hand, different initial conditions and different composition pathways lead to different final results, which induced some confusion and conflicts in the understanding of the thermodynamic of the system. In this paper, we present some experimental results and theoretical considerations on pMMA nanoprecipitation in water, using acetone and THF as solvents. From the setting up of the phase diagram and microscopic and light scattering studies of particle size and distribution, we will try to answer the following questions: what is the non-equilibrium state from which the polymer solution starts its evolution (START)? Then, what pathway does it follow as it evolves from this state (RUN)? Finally, in what state does it get trapped at the end of this evolution (STOP)? We will also show that the nature, content, phase dispersion of the surfactant has a great influence on the structure and size of the 140 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) final polymer particles. Session A5– Invited Paper METAL AND SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLE DEPOSITION AND SEPARATION USING CO2-EXPANDED LIQUIDS Christopher B. Roberts, Juncheng Liu, Kendall M. Hurst, Steven R. Saunders. Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 210 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849-5127, USA; croberts@eng.auburn.edu 222 A novel process will be described that utilizes the pressure tunable physico-chemical properties of CO2 gas expanded liquid solutions to size selectively precipitate and fractionate polydisperse metal and semiconductor nanoparticle dispersions into multiple narrow size populations. Our work demonstrates that ligand stabilized nanoparticles can be size selectively precipitated by simply controlling the addition of compressed CO2 antisolvent to an organic nanoparticle dispersion. This tunable gas expanded liquid approach allows for rapid and efficient size separation while also reducing organic solvent usage. The efficacy of this process has been demonstrated with several types of metal and semiconductor particles at process scales ranging from microliters to >100 milliliters of an organic nanoparticle dispersion. In addition, this gas expanded liquid driven nanoparticle deposition process has been utilized to create ordered thin films and arrays of nanoparticles on device surfaces, such as MEMS devices, without the detrimental interfacial dewetting effects inherent to liquid evaporation driven nanoparticle deposition techniques. Session A5– Contributed Paper SUPERCRITICAL PARTICLE FORMATION: KINETIC PARAMETERS ESTIMATION Yousef Bakhbakhi, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; ybakhbak@ksu.edu.sa 223 Depending on the considered particle formation mechanism, population balance model of the gas antisolvent crystallization (GAS) process may include phenomena such as primary nucleation, secondary nucleation, crystal growth, as well as agglomeration and/or breakage (attrition) of crystals. The resulting equation is often of the integropartial differential form. A powerful numerical algorithm for the treatment of the implemented population balance model structures was applied in this work. The method/ algorithm is a combination of the Lax-Wendroff and Crank-Nicholson methods. Algorithm simulations were performed for changes in the main GAS process operating parameters, i.e., the antisolvent addition rate and saturation level. The simulations were performed at a process temperature of 25oC, while the antisolvent addition rate, Q A , was varied between 1 and 100 ml/min, and the initial solute concentration was varied between 25% and 100% of the concentration ratio. 141 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A5– Contributed Paper VISUALIZATION OF SPRAY AND PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SAS PRECIPITATION OF PMMA, PVP, AND COPOLYMERS Daniel L. Obrzut, Brian P. Sullivan, Andrew W. Monfort, Christopher B. Roberts, and Steve R. Duke, Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA; dukeste@auburn.edu 224 Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation process experiments were performed to directly relate spray properties to particle charateristics for a variety of operating conditions and for several polymers and copolymers. A high-resolution imaging system was used to study the spray characteristics of polymer/ethanol solutions in pressurized carbon dioxide. The visualizations provide high magnification video of the jet emerging from the spray nozzle and of the spray at various distances away from the nozzle tip. The precipitated polymer particles were characterized using a scanning electron microscope. Image processing and analyses were developed to measure jet breakup lengths, drop properties, and particle characteristics. Studies were conducted with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and copolymers from the monomers methyl methacrylate and vinyl pyrrolidone. Polymers and copolymers were processed through SAS to observe the effects of their solubility in ethanol on the SAS spray characteristics and the resulting particles. The solubilities of the copolymers were influenced by varying the methyl methacrylate to vinyl pyrrolidone ratio, which reduces the solubility in ethanol. Cloud point experiments were used to evaluate the saturation concentrations in ethanol for the polymers and copolymers. Process visualizations revealed that the spray of each polymer or copolymer solution into carbon dioxide had similar jet breakup lengths and droplet diameter distributions, and that these spray characteristics appear to be closely associated with the solvent (ethanol) properties. Distinct spray regimes were observed by varying system pressure. The SEM images showed variation in particle size distributions, and the presence of large particles and microballoons, with significant influence identified relative to the solubility of the polymer or copolymer in ethanol and to certain processing conditions. Session A5– Invited Paper SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF COMPLEX NANOCRYSTAL STRUCTURES Liberato Manna, National Nanotechnology Laboratory of CNR-INFM, Distretto Tecnologico – Isufi, Via Arnesano Km 5, 73100 Lecce, Italy; liberato.manna@unile.it 225 Current efforts and success of nanoscale science and technology are related to the fabrication of functional materials and devices in which the individual units and their spatial arrangement are engineered down to the nanometer level. One promising way of achieving this goal is by assembling of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals as the novel building blocks of matter. This trend has been stimulated by significant advancement in the wet-chemical syntheses of robust and easily processable nanocrystals in a wide range of sizes and shapes. The increase in the degree of structural complexity of solution-grown nanostructures appears to be the natural direction toward which nanoscience will increasingly orient. Recently, several groups have indeed devised innovative syntheses of 142 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) nanocrystals through which they have been able to group inorganic materials with different properties in the same particle. These approaches are paving the way to the development of nanosized objects able to perform multiple technological tasks. This talk will review the recent advances in the synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals, with emphasis on the strategies developed at NNL for the fabrication of colloidal nano-heterostructures, as well as on their properties and the perspectives in this field. Session A5– Invited Paper A NOVEL ROUTE FOR NANOSTRUCTURED LUMINESCENT NANOPARTICLES VIA Fe3+-CATALYZED OXIDATIVE POLYMERIZATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM Sun Jong Lee, Jung Min Lee, Yeon Jae Jung, and Dea Hyun Cho, Jung Hyun Kim, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Sudaemoon-ku, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea ; jayhkim@yonsei.ac.kr 226 Unsubstituted thiophene can be polymerized by Fe3+-catalyzed oxidative polymerization inside nano-sized thiophene monomer droplets, i.e., nano-reactors, dispersed in aqueous medium, which can be performed under acidic solution conditions with anionic surfactant. Besides, we proposed a synthetic mechanism for the formation of the unsubstituted polythiophene nanoparticles in aqueous medium. This facile method includes a FeCl3/H2O2 (catalyst/oxidant) combination system, which guarantees a high conversion (ca. 99%) of thiophene monomers with only a trace of FeCl3. The average particle size was ca. 30 nm, within a narrow particle size distribution (PDI = 1.15), which resulted in a good dispersion state of the unsubstituted polythiophene nanoparticles. The UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum were measured to investigate the light emitting properties of the prepared unsubstituted polythiophene nanoparticle emulsions. However, the luminescence efficiency of poly(thiophene)s in solid state is relatively low. It becomes one of the most critical drawback for practical applications. We introduced luminescent polythiophene shell-layer with 10 nm film thickness onto the surfaces of monodisperse poly(styrene) nanoparticles to improve the photoluminescence efficiency of poly(thiophene)s in the solid state. It was demonstrated that core-shell poly(styrene/thiophene) latex particles were successfully prepared by Fe3+catalyzed oxidative polymerization with seeded emulsion polymerization. This method provided a new synthetic route of core-shell type luminescent polymer particles with a thin shell layer. The resulting latex particles showed that luminescence efficiency in the solid state was better than that in the emulsion state due to the core-shell morphology with a thin shell structure. This new strategy is universal for the synthesis of many other materials or composite particles with controlled morphology. Finally, luminescent poly(styrene) nanoparticles were prepared by Fe3+-catalyzed oxidative polymerization in aqueous medium with heterogeneous emulsion phase. These poly(styrene) particles showed various unique properties, i.e., low molecular weight, photoluminescence properties, which were much different from the existing poly(styrene) polymer prepared by conventional emulsion polymerization. The luminescent poly(styrene) particles may have potential practical applications in various electrical and electro-optical devices, especially in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs).. 143 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session G3 – Keynote Paper PROTEIN SENSING USING NANOPARTICLE-FLUORESCENT POLYMER COMPLEXES Vincent M. Rotello,1 Uwe Bunz2 1Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003 USA; 2 School of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; rotello@chem.umass.edu 227 Most biomolecular recognition processes in biology occur via specific interactions. Sensory processes such as taste and smell, however, use “differential” binding where the receptors bind to their analytes by different binding characteristics that are selective rather then specific. In our research, we are exploiting the tunability and size of polymers and nanoparticles to provide sensors for biomacromolecules including proteins. In our research, we have used nanoparticle-fluorescent polymer complexes to identify and quantify proteins. where the nanoparticle surface provides the functional diversity required for protein differentiation.. Ongoing research focuses on the use of these sensors in biological fluids as well as their use to identify bacteria and other pathogens. Session G3 – Contributed Paper RESISTIVE CHEMICAL SENSORS FROM METAL OXIDE NANOCRYSTALS SYNTHESIZED IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS Nicola Pinna, Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro, 810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; pinna@ua.pt; and Giovanni Neri, Dept. of Industrial Chemistry and Materials Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy 228 Nowadays, chemical sensors find application in many technological fields, such as environmental, industry, medicine, automotive, etc. Due to their simple structure and low cost, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) resistive sensors represent the more investigated typology. In order to enhance their performance, the synthesis of various nanosized metal oxides has provided new impulse. Nanostructured materials are of interest both for basic scientific research and technological applications as their properties depend on their extremely large specific surface areas. Furthermore, their surfaces have generally unique properties which greatly differ from those of bulk materials. Because of the high surface-to-volume ratio, local phenomena such as adsorption or modification of the electronic structure at the surface may contribute significantly to the sensing properties of the materials. Here, we will introduce the synthesis and characterization of representative metal oxides nanoparticles by nonaqueous sol-gel approaches leading to the preparation of nearly monodisperse and highly crystalline nanoparticles. Their sensing properties and possible utilization in technologically relevant devices will be presented. 144 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session G3 – Invited Paper FLUORESCENCE LABELING OF BIOLOGICAL CELLS AND CREATING PROGRAMMABLE MATERIALS WITH BIOFUNCTIONALIZED COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS Wolfgang J. Parak, Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35037 Marburg, Germany; wolfgang.parak@physik.unimarburg.de 229 Two ideas for applications in which colloidal nanoparticles are used to interface cells are discussed. For this the report will be structured in three parts. In the first part the colloidal nanoparticles and in particular their surface chemistry will be discussed. In the second part a nanoparticles based FRET system for the detection of intracellular ions will be reported. In the third part an alternative system for the detection of intracellular ions based on polymer capsules / nanoparticles based will be described. With a very general procedure inorganic hydrophobic nanoparticles of different materials can be transferred into aqueous solution by coating them with an amphiphilic polymer that is based on a poly(maleic anhydride) backbone modified with alkylamine sidechains. Functional groups with an amino anchor can be directly introduced in the polymer by reacting them to anhydride groups of the backbone. This offers a very general route to water-soluble nanoparticles of high colloidal stability, with good size distribution, and with a variety of functional groups that are directly embedded in the polymer shell without the need of post-bioconjugation. A FRET-pair based on colloidal quantum-dot donors and multiple organic fluorophores as acceptors is reported. In contrast to similar systems which are used as biosensors and detect specific changes of the donor/acceptor-distance under the influence of analyte binding, our nanoparticle design seeks to optimize sensors that detect spectral changes of the acceptor at fixed donor/acceptor distance. This approach allows for relatively small acceptor-donor distances, and thus for high energy transfer efficiencies, while simultaneously permitting high colloidal stability. The photophysics of the system is characterized and compared to similar systems which have been reported in literature. Polyelectrolyte microcapsules have been loaded with a pH sensitive, high molecular weight SNARF-1-dextran conjugate. SNARF-1 exhibits a significant pHdependent emission shift from green to red fluorescence under acidic and basic conditions, respectively. The spectral properties of the dye were found to be largely retained after the encapsulation. Upon ingestion of SNARF-1-filled capsules by breast cancer cells or fibroblasts, the pH change of the local capsule environment during transition from the alkaline cell medium to the acidic endosomal/lysosomal compartments could be observed. By incorporating magnetic and fluorescent colloidal nanoparticles into the capsule-shell a novel type of multiplexed sensor system was developed. Session G3 – Invited Paper METAL NANOPARTICLE PLASMONS INTERACTING WITH CHIRAL MOLECULES Itai Lieberman, Gabriel Shemer, Tcipi Fried, Edward Kosower and Gil Markovich, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; gilmar@post.tau.ac.il 230 145 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Two issues related to silver nanoparticles interacting with chiral molecules will be presented: 1. Colloidal Ag nanoparticles coated with L-glutathione attached to bimane chromophores were studied by absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopies. The absorption and CD were resonantly enhanced via Ag surface plasmons by two orders of magnitude. The wavelength and particle size dependence of the enhancement indicated that the electromagnetic "antenna" effect was in action, as found in other surface enhanced optical phenomena. 2. The formation of chiral silver nanoparticles when deposited on DNA templates was observed by CD spectroscopy. Several experimens designed to better understand the mechanism leading to this effect will be presented. Session G3 – Invited Paper RAPID DETECTION OF S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE USING SELFASSEMBLED OPTICAL DIFFRACTION GRATINGS Ghanashyam Acharya1, Chun-Li Chang1, David Holland2, Cagri Savran1 and David H. Thompson2, Departments of Mechanical Engineering1 and Chemistry2, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; davethom@purdue.edu 231 A self-assembled optical diffraction biosensor for the rapid detection of S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), with a sensitivity limit of 24.5 pg/ml, has been developed. This detection strategy uses homocysteine antibody-coupled magnetic microparticles to capture SAH from solution and microcontact printed aptamer-functionalized micropatterns specific for SAH on the surface of gold-coated glass slides. Based on these specific interactions, SAH bound to the microparticles produces a self-assembled optical diffraction grating upon exposure to the aptamer-functionalized micropatterns. A 39-mer adenosine-specific aptamer sequence was chosen as the adenosine capture ligand for SAH. The aptamer binds to SAH with high affinity (~5x10-8 M) and selectivity. A ωbiotin hexyl chain was coupled to the 5’ end of the adenosine aptamer for immobilization onto streptavidin-saturated micropatterns. The aptamer-grafted micropatterns were then used to capture SAH-bound microparticles. Session G3 – Contributed Paper MULTOCOLOR LIQUID CRYSTAL NANOPARTICLES AS EFFICIENT FLUORESCENT REPORTERS IN BIOIMAGING AND BIOSENSORS Jawad Naciri, Christopher M. Spillmann, George P. Anderson, Banahalli R. Ratna, 4555 Overlook avenue, Naval Research Laboratory, Center For Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Washington DC 20375, USA; Jawad.naciri@nrl.navy.mil 232 This work describes a process of preparing stable fluorescent polymeric liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) using the miniemulsion polymerization technique. The nanoparticles consist of dye molecules and polymerizable liquid crystals and surfactants. 146 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) The anisotropy generated by the liquid crystal molecules can be used to control the selforganization of dye molecules incorporated inside the nanoparticles, which is primarily driven by π- π molecular orbital interactions. This self-organization corresponds to a variable aggregation and is accompanied by a characteristic alteration of the fluorescence spectra. The interaction between LC and dye molecules can promote or inhibit the aggregation of dye molecules. By varying the dye concentration inside the nanoparticles, emission signatures can be tuned to have the nanoparticles exhibit multiple colors using a single excitation wavelength. Because of their small size, intense fluorescence with large emission Stokes shift, and ease of bioconjugation, these nanoparticles may have broad applications in biological labeling and imaging. Session G3 – Invited Paper PLASMON-RESONANT NANORODS AS THERAGNOSTIC AGENTS Ling Tong, Yan Zhao, Terry B. Huff, Matt N. Hansen, Ji-Xin Cheng, and Alexander Wei, Department of Chemistry and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; alexwei@purdue.edu 233 Plasmon-resonant gold nanorods have been examined as multifunctional agents for imaging and photoactivated therapies. Nanorods can be imaged with single-particle sensitivity by two-photon luminescence (TPL) when excited by fs-pulsed laser irradiation, and have been monitored in vivo while passing through blood vessels at subpicomolar concentrations. TPL imaging can also be used to characterize the targeted delivery of ligand-functionalized nanorods to tumor cells. Nanorods were coated with oligoethyleneglycol (OEG) units using in situ dithiocarbamate formation, a novel and robust method of surface functionalization. Nanorods coated with methyl-terminated OEG chains were shielded from nonspecific cell uptake, whereas nanorods functionalized with folate-terminated OEG chains accumulated on the surface of tumor cells overexpressing their cognate receptor. Cells labeled with folate-functionalized nanorods became highly susceptible to photothermolysis when irradiated at plasmon resonance, often resulting in a dramatic blebbing of the cell membrane. The blebbing was determined not to be directly caused by nanorod-mediated photothermolysis, but rather due to the influx of extracellular Ca2+ following perforation of the cell membrane. Session G3 – Invited Paper METAL NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SENSING APPLICATIONS Haining Wang and Shengli Zou, Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2366, USA; szou@mail.ucf.edu 234 Metal nanoparticles have been utilized for the development of sensors with high sensitivities. We modeled the scattering and absorption spectra of single metal nanoparticles with different structures and particles arranged in one or two dimensional arrays. The objectives of the models focus on the simulations of the enhanced local electric fields around nanoparticles for the surface enhanced Raman scattering and narrow plasmon resonance peaks which may improve the sensitivity of chemical 147 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) detection. Enhanced local electric field |E|2 between two closely arranged nanoparticles with an enhancement factor of 106 was obtained. Narrow extinction peaks with a width of less than one nanometer are achieved in a one dimensional silver nanoparticle array. Novel optical properties of metal particles with core shell structures will also be discussed. Session H2 – Keynote Paper DEVELOPING TUMOR-TARGETED NANOTHERAPEUTICS ON COLLOIDAL GOLD NANOPARTICLES Giulio F. Paciotti1, Lonnie Myer1, Jay Friedman1, Doug Jones1, Shugeng Cao2, Jielu Zhao2, David Kingston2, Lawrence Tamarkin1. 1CytImmune Sciences, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive Rockville, MD 20850, USA; gpaciotti@cytimmune.com; 2Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; gpaciotti@cytimmune.com 235 Currently, first-line treatment of resectable solid tumors most commonly involves surgery followed by a regimen of chemotherapy and/or radiation. Unfortunately this strategy often fails because of recurrent or metastatic disease. To change this paradigm, new cancer therapies must deliver multifaceted therapeutics to destroy the heterogeneous population of tumor cells present within solid tumors prior to surgical removal. Our approach to this problem has been to develop a multifunctional nanotherapeutic, termed CYT-20000, that targets the delivery of two potent cancer therapies to solid tumors. CYT-20000 consists to 27 nm particle of colloidal gold that is covalently bound with tumor necrosis factor alpha, a paclitaxel prodrug and a thiolated form of PEG. Preclinical data reveal that CYT-20000 significantly increases the circulatory half-life of paclitaxel, albeit that the paclitaxel present in the circulation remains in a prodrug form. Pharmacodynamic data reveal that CYT-20000 actively sequesters the paclitaxel prodrug within the solid tumor and upon its arrival in the tumor the nanodrug generates paclitaxel over an extended period of time. These data are consistent with ability of CYT-20000 to induce a paclitaxel mediated anti-tumor response at significantly lower doses of drug. For example CYT-20000 was 16 fold more effective than paclitaxel administration since 2.5 mg/kg of the nanodrug was as effective as 40 mg/kg of paclitaxel. Collectively the data support that CYT-20000 not only targets the delivery of paclitaxel to solid tumors but once inside the solid tumor milieu the nanodrug acts as a slow release depot that generates paclitaxel over an extended period of time. Session H2 – Contributed Paper OPTIMIZATION OF NANOPARTICLE ARCHITECTURE FOR ENCHANCED TARGETING IN DRUG DELIVERY Matthew Hagy, Shihu Wang and Elena Dormidontova, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland Ohio 44106; eed@case.edu 236 Targeting of polymeric nanoparticles is one of the major thrusts in modern drug/gene delivery and nanoparticle architecture is one of the important factors influencing the 148 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) efficiency of targeting. We have applied Monte Carlo simulations to study the interaction between the cell surface carrying mobile receptors and ligands tethered to a protecting polymer layer covering a spherical or planar surface. We studied the effect of polymer length, grafting density (aggregation number), degree of functionalization, ligand architecture and valence on the efficiency of nanoparticle targeting for different energies of ligand-receptor interactions and receptor densities of the cell surface. The efficiency of targeting was estimated based on the (static) binding constant (free energy) and the average binding for nanoparticle-receptor surface interactions. Based on the obtained results we make predictions regarding the optimal design of a polymer-covered nanoparticle to achieve either the maximal possible degree of binding to a receptor surface, the maximum selectivity of binding or the most efficient use of ligands for a given energy of ligand-receptor interactions and density of receptors on cell surface. Binding constants and force-distance curves obtained from our simulations can be used to analyze the results of experiments such as surface force microscopy. Session H2 – Invited Paper DEVELOPMENT OF BORON NANOCAPSULES FOR NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY Kei Nakai1), Hiroyuki Nakamura2), Chunman Lee 3), Yasufumi Kaneda4) and Akira Matsumura1), 1.Dept. of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Univ. of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba,305-8575, Japan ; knakai@md.tsukuba.ac.jp 2.Dept. of Chemistry, Gakushuin Univ. 3.Dept. of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Univ. 4.Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka Univ. 237 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a tumor selective radiotherapy and clinical trial is ongoing for malignant brain tumor patients. It based on the 10B[n,α]7Li nuclear reaction. Tumor selective boron accumulation and neutron irradiation produces α particle and 7Li ion. These high linear energy transfer particles afford tumor selective cell killing. High accumulation and high tumor selective delivery of boron into the target tumor tissue are the most important requirements to achieve efficient BNCT. We developed novel boron delivery systems, one is fusion-mediated nano-particles based on HVJ-E drug delivery system. The other is liposomal delivery system based on double-tailed closododecaborane lipids. We examined the boron accumulation to cancer cell line in vitro and neutron irradiation experiments. Tumor bearing mice were used for bio-distribution experiments with these new particles. Tumor-targeting-particles were also designed and examined. As a result, boron concentration reached treatable range, which showed cell killing effect in in vitro neutron irradiation experiments. Bio-distribution studies clarified the time course of the liposomal boron delivery. Targeting molecule (transferrin, hyaluronic acid) enhanced the tumor accumulation. Pilot study of the treatment experiments is still undergoing but showing tumor disappearance in some subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that the current particles are potent vehicles for boron delivery on BNCT. 149 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session H2 – Contributed Paper FORMATION OF DRUG PARTICLES OF CONTROLLABLE SIZE USING SUPERCRITICAL CO2 Ram B. Gupta, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5127, USA; gupta@auburn.edu 238 Nanoparticles and microparticles offer unique properties that arise from their small size, large surface area, and the interactions of phases at their interfaces, and are attractive for their potential to improve performance of pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals, and other high-value-added materials. Over past two decades, supercritical carbon dioxide (above 31.1 oC and 73.7 bar) has emerged as a medium for the formation of micro- and nanoparticles of pharmaceutical compounds, due to the its adjustable solvent properties, high diffusivity, non-flammability, and non-toxicity. Depending upon the solubility in supercritical CO2, two classes of processes have emerged: (a) rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) for CO2 soluble materials, and (b) supercritical antisolvent (SAS) for CO2-insoluble materials. In RESS process, the drug material is first dissolved in supercritical CO2 and then expanded through a nozzle to rapidly precipitate as particles. Since the expansion occurs as fast as the speed of sound, the material comes out as small microparticles. But due to the limited solubility of drugs in supercritical CO2, RESS process had limited utility, so far. In our recently developed RESS-SC process [Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (2005), 44, 7380-7387] by using menthol solid co-solvent, the solubility has been enhanced by several hundred fold. The presence of the solid cosolvent also hinders the particle growth; hence the particles in nanometer size range are easily obtained. Menthol is later removed by sublimation, yielding pure drug nanoparticles. In SAS process, the drug material is first dissolved in an organic solvent. The solution is then injected into supercritical CO2, resulting in the extraction of solvent by supercritical CO2 and precipitation of the material. Since, the speed of extraction is fast due to the high (gas-like) diffusivity of supercritical CO2, the small microparticles of the material are obtained. We have further enhanced the extraction speed by ultrasonic mixing which results in nanoparticles [US Patent 6,620,351; September 16, 2003]. In the new process, the particle size is easily controlled by the extent of ultrasonic power supplied. The strong extraction ability of supercritical CO2 allows the production of pure drug nanoparticles, free of any residual solvent or additives. Session H2 – Invited Paper PARTICULATE AEROSOLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS Emily Thomas1, Stacy Sommerfeld1, Buffy Stohs2 and Jennifer Fiegel1,2, 1 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and 2Division of Pharmaceutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; jenniferfiegel@uiowa.edu 239 Bacterial respiratory infections such as tuberculosis, pseudomonas infections and diphtheria, remain a major source of global morbidity and mortality. Despite the often aggressive use of antibiotics, complete eradication of these infections is challenging, indicating a need for new treatment approaches. To address this need, we are developing 150 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) new dry powder aerosols with an improved ability to target the delivery of antimicrobial compounds to infected lungs. Dry powder aerosols containing antibiotics or antibacterial proteins have been formulated via spray drying, utilizing L-leucine to improve powder flow properties. Through experimental design, dry powders have been optimized for high drug loading (>50%), preservation of antimicrobial activity, high dispersibility from a simple hand-held inhaler and good aerodynamic properties to enable efficient deposition within the respiratory tract (total estimated lung deposition > 30%). Session H2 – Contributed Paper NOVEL INHALATION DRUG POWDERS WITH CRYSTALLINE LLEUCINE COATING Janne Raula, Anna Lähde, Esko I. Kauppinen; NanoMaterials Group, Laboratory of Physics & Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, FI-02150 TKK, Finland; Majid Naderi, Manaswini Acharya; Surface Measurement Systems, 5 Wharfside Rosemont Road, Alperton, London HA0 4PE United Kingdom; Jouko Lahtinen, Matti Paajanen; Laboratory of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O.Box 1100,FI-02015 TKK, Finland; janne.raula@tkk.fi 240 Flowability and dispersibility of fine drug powders is very important in respiratory drug delivery. Nowadays advanced delivery systems comprises carrier-free formulations where fine drug particles are delivered without an aid of course carrier particles. We present a novel method to simultaneously synthesize and surface-modify inhalable drug particles in the gas phase using the amino acid, L-leucine. Upon vapor deposition on the surface of salbutamol inhalable particles L-leucine form a coating of few nanometers crystals. XPS studies proved a strong enrichment of L-leucine (> 90%) on the particle surfaces. The coated fine powders perform good flowability and they can be fed via an inhaler (Easyhaler®) without carriers. Emitted doses (ED) from the inhaler were relatively high 5-7 mg/dose and their fine particles fractions (FPF) varied between 42-47%. Dispersive surface energy agreed well with the dispersion in a way that energy decreased while ED and FPF increased. Also, AFM studies showed that the force with the L-leucine coated salbutamol particles was approximately 20% of that between the uncoated particles. While uncoated particles strongly agglomerated, L-leucine coating protected particles by preserving them against agglomeration under relative humidities up to 65 %. Upon humidifying, salbutamol crystallized beneath the L-leucine coating. Session H2 – Invited Paper INTEGRATED MOLECULAR TARGETING, IMAGING AND SELECTIVE KILLING OF BREAST CANCER CELLS USING NANOTUBES Balaji Panchapakesan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA; baloo@ece.udel.edu 241 Molecular targeting and photodynamic therapy have shown great potential for selective cancer therapy. We hypothesized that monoclonal antibodies that are specific to the IGF1 151 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) receptor and HER2 cell surface antigens could be bound to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in order to concentrate SWCNT on breast cancer cells for specific nearinfrared phototherapy. SWCNT functionalized with HER2 and IGF1R specific antibodies showed selective attachment to breast cancer cells compared to SWCNT functionalized with non-specific antibodies. After the complexes were attached to specific cancer cells, SWCNT were excited by 808 nm infrared photons at 800 mW cm−2 for 3 min. Viability after phototherapy was determined by Trypan blue exclusion. Cells incubated with SWCNT/non-specific antibody hybrids were still alive after photo-thermal treatment due to the lack of SWNT binding to the cell membrane. All cancerous cells treated with IGF1R and HER2 specific antibody/SWCNT hybrids and receiving infrared photons showed cell death after the laser excitation. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that all the cells treated with SWCNT/IGF1R and HER2 specific antibody complex were completely destroyed, while more than 80% of the cells with SWCNT/non-specific antibody hybrids remained alive. Following multi-component targeting of IGF1R and HER2 surface receptors, integrated photo-thermal therapy in breast cancer cells led to the complete destruction of cancer cells. Functionalizing SWCNT with antibodies in combination with their intrinsic optical properties can therefore lead to a new class of molecular delivery and cancer therapeutic systems. Session H2 – Contributed Paper MONODISPERSE MAGNETIC FERRITE/CARBON CORE-SHELL NANOSTRUCTURES: FABRICATION AND APPLICATIONS Xian-Wen Wei, Guo-Xing Zhu and Rui Ge, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China; xwwei@mail.ahnu.edu.cn 242 Nearly monodisperse core/shell nanostructures with porous magnetic ferrite core and carbonaceous polysaccharide shells were prepared with a general and facile method. Catalyst specimen such as noble metals can be anchored on the surface of as-obtained core/shell nanostructures with a simple in-situ reduction technique without any foretreatment, which creates a ferrite magnetic microspheres/C/metal type of catalyst that could be used for liquid phase reactions and showed an excellent catalytic property with recoverable and reusable characters. The using of Fe3O4/C core/shell nanostructures as carrier for targeted drug delivery was also explored. It was expected that these materials may be applicable in targeted drug delivery, multiphase separation, and other organic and inorganic nanocarriers in the future. This work was supported by Science and Technological Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth (No. 04046065), the National Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 20671002, 20490217, 20271002), the State Education Ministry (EYTP, SRF for ROCS, SRFDP 20070370001) of P. R. China, and the Education Department ( No. 2006KJ006TD ) of Anhui Province. 152 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session C3 – Keynote Paper BACTERIA AND FUNGI AS TEMPLATES FOR SELF-ORGANISATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES Indrani Dakua, Alfredo Anceno, Oleg Shipin and Joydeep Dutta, Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, 12120 Pathumthani, Thailand; joy@ait.ac.th 243 Synthetic assemblies of nanometric metal particles into functional mesostructures for possible applications were attempted via physico-chemical control approaches that has proven to be challenging. Functional nanoparticles could assume rod, spherical or tubelike morphologies via dense assembly on surfaces of bacterial cells or fungal hyphae. The assembled macrostructures with template species-dependent dimensions could be employed as circuit or sensor components. Previous attempts on viral, bacterial, fungal or diatom surface templated assembly of inorganic materials are based on considerably complex chemistries involving proteins or DNA sequence recognition. More exotic methods have been reported for the assembly of metal nanoparticles in wire-like form, based on biological templates. Here we will report a simple, physiologically driven process where nutrient utilization serves as an essential driver of nanoparticle organization on living filamentous fungi and also our ongoing work on the assembly of chitosan-coated or glutamate-stabilized gold nanoparticles on living bacterial and yeast templates in nutrient rich versus nutrient poor milieu. Session C3 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS, SELF-ASSEMBLY AND FIELD-RESPONSIVE OPTICAL DIFFRACTIONS OF SUPERPARAMAGNETIC COLLOIDS Yadong Yin, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 92521 USA; yadong.yin@ucr.edu In this presentation we report the rational synthesis, self-assembly and field-responsive optical diffractions of monodisperse colloidal nanocrystal clusters (CNCs) of magnetite with tunable sizes from ~30 to ~180 nm. These CNCs are prepared through a hightemperature hydrolysis process using polyelectrolyte as a surfactant. Each cluster is a three-dimensional aggregate of many single magnetite crystallites of ~10 nm, thus retaining the superparamagnetic properties at room temperature. The CNCs show strong responses to external magnetic field due to their much higher magnetization per particle than that of individual magnetite nanodots. The use of polyelectrolyte as surfactant in synthesis provides the colloids highly charged surfaces. The combination of superparamagnetic property, high magnetization per particle, monodispersity, and highly charged surfaces allows the CNCs self-assemble into three-dimensional ordered lattices in solution in response to an external magnetic field. Such colloidal lattices diffract light with wavelength magnetically tunable in the entire visible spectrum, and the optical response to the external magnetic field is rapid and fully reversible. 244 Session C3 – Invited Paper TUNABLE GEL FILMS OF SINGLE DOMAIN COLLOIDAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS Tsutomu Sawada, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 245 153 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) 305-0044, JAPAN; sawada.tsutomu@nims.go.jp Colloidal crystals may be classified into two types; loosely packed colloidal crystals and tightly packed ones. The latter is often called synthetic opal and is drawing much attention especially as a template for making an inverse opal structure that can be a photonic crystal with a full band-gap if composed with sufficiently high dielectric constant material. With the loosely packed system, however, if its structure is immobilized in a polymer gel, we can obtain a highly tunable photonic crystal because of the extra space among particles, which is also a very attractive feature. The loosely packed colloidal crystal is usually formed in a system where like-charged particles are suspended in the liquid medium. In such a system, there seems to be a high possibility of forming large single crystals, which is desired in practical applications, due to strong, long-range interparticle interaction. In this presentation, I will show preparation of a large single-domain colloidal crystal, immobilization of the crystalline structure by gelation with preserving the crystalline quality, and tunable characteristics of the obtained gelled crystals. Session C3 – Contributed Paper SHEAR-ALIGNED ASSMEBLY OF COLLOIDAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL Chih-Hung Sun and Peng Jiang, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; pjiang@che.ufl.edu 246 A versatile spin-coating technique for assembling wafer-scale colloidal photonic crystals, along with a large variety of functional nanostructured materials has been developed. The methodology is based on shear-aligning concentrated colloidal suspensions using standard spin-coating equipment. It enables large-scale production of both 3D and 2D non-close-packed colloidal crystals as well as a wide range of nanostructured materials including 3D ordered polymer nanocomposites, macroporous polymers, nanohole arrays, metallic surface gratings, attoliter microvial arrays, 2D magnetic nanodots, metallic pyramid arrays, and more. The spin-coating platform is compatible with standard semiconductor microfabrication, enabling parallel production of micropatterns for potential device applications. The spin-coating process also provides a new route to study the fundamental aspects of shear-induced crystallization, melting and relaxation. Different from simple shear flows in conventional shear cells, the flow in the spin-coating process is inherently non-uniform. The application of assembled periodic nanostructures as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates will also be discussed. Session C3 – Invited Paper ARRAY OF NON-LINEAR DIELECTRIC NANO-CRYSTALS S. Berger, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion, Israel; berger@tx.technion.ac.il 247 Growth and properties of non-linear dielectric nano-crystals arranged in a high density array structure will be presented. The fabrication mechanism consists of three stages: formation of a high density array of alumina pores by electrochemical anodization of thin 154 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) aluminum film, insertion of a liquid solution into the pores, reducing the temperature of the liquid solution to the saturation point, nucleation from the saturated liquid solution and growth of single crystals. The density of the pores is in the range of 1010 cm-2. The average diameter of the crystals is varied from 10nm to 90nm by changing the applied electric field. The length of the crystals is also controllable by the length of the pores (1μm and 0.3μm lengths are demonstrated). Various non-linear dielectric nano-crystals were grown inside the pores such as Tri-Glytcine Sulphate (TGS), Sodium potassium double tartrate hydrate known as Rochelle salt (RS), potassium nitrate (PN) and potassium niobate (PNB). The crystals were grown with a preferred crystallographic orientation along the longitudinal axis of the pores. The RS nano-crystals in the pores have ferroelectric behavior with enhanced remnant polarization, coercive field and Curie temperature relative to bulk-size RS crystals. In the case of TGS nano-crystals in the pores, pyroelectric behavior is recorded for the first time for such small crystals. In the case of KNO3 nano-crystals in the pores, an induced electric field transition from paraelectric to ferroelectric behavior was found for the first time and does not occur under the same conditions in bulk-size crystals. These examples, which will be presented, demonstrate the unique non-linear dielectric behavior of the nano-crystals grown inside the alumina pores. The conditions for nucleation and growth of single crystals inside the pores are modeled and will be presented based on geometrical and free energy parameters. Session C3 – Invited Paper DNA ASSISTED ASSEMBLY OF LINEAR NANOPARTICLE ARRAYS ON CARBON NANOTUBES Zhaoxiang Deng, Yulin Li and Xiaogang Han, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; zhxdeng@ustc.edu.cn 248 Engineered DNA nanostructures have been successfully employed to scaffold the assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into well-defined 2D lattices as well as micronlong linear arrays. Although DNA represents an outstandingly ideal template for programmed assembly of materials, the flexibility of the structures it forms often causes problems such as curling, self-entangling and even self-crosslinking when used to assemble multivalent objects. In sharp contrast to DNA molecules, single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) with diameter down to several nanometers still has very high native rigidity that should make it well suited as a counterpart to DNA for assembling nanoscaled objects. Here we report a strategy toward the assembly of AuNPs onto DNAwrapped SWNTs. Wrapping of d(GT)n-SH DNA strands results in multiple thiol groups on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes. The assembly of gold nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes is then driven by gold-thiol bonding. Agarose gel electrophoresis is then used to purify the conjugates. Alternatively, we will also demonstrate that gold nanoparticles can be assembled onto carbon nanotubes by hybridizing the DNA complements attached on gold nanoparticles with those appended on carbon nanotubes, resulting in a selfassembly strategy with even more versatile controls. The success in assembling AuNPs onto SWNTs paves a way for further decorations of the nanogolds assembled on carbon nanotubes in order to achieve multi-functionalities. The strategy we have developed in 155 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) this work does not require any chemical modifications to the sidewalls of carbon nanotubes in order to introduce special chemical groups for the assembly. The resulted nanoparticle-SWNT conjugates are expected to find important applications in catalysis, nanoscale electronics as well as novel sensors. Session J2 – Keynote Paper MANUFACTURING OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOPARTICLES Heinrich Hofmann, Jatuporn Salaklang and Alke Petri-Fink; Institute of Material, Powder Technology laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, heinrich.hofmann@epfl.ch 249 Nanoparticles for biomedical or electronic devises like gas sensors ha to fulfil several needs of physical, chemical and biological origin. Particles with superparamagnetic behaviour , showing also fluorescenc and a very specific adsorption to organelles is one of the recent examples. It is evident that such particles has to show a very high colloidal stability even in comblex liquids like blood serum. To fulfil all these conditions, composite articles or beads with different nanosized particles like maghemite and manganese doped ZnS in a polymer or silica matric were manufactured. The surface was modified with several peptides and proteins whereas the paptide synthesis were carried out at the surface of the particles. The challang in the fabrication of such particles is the change of solveant, pH and ionic strength especially during during the coating step. To fulfil biological needs , the whole particle has to show a diameter < 100nm. We have developed a fixed bed reactor using the advadage that the core of the particles is made with superparamagnetic iron oxide. The particles are fixed in a strong quadropole magnetic field gradient which prevents agglomerationof the particle even we pass the point of zero charge several times during the coating.. Additionally to the improved quality, we have a much higher out put and better efficacy of peptide coating. An interesting application in the biomarker separation with such particles will be showed. Session J2 – Contributed Paper CHEMOMECHANICAL SURFACE MODIFICATION OF INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES S. Pilotek, S. Schär, K. Steingröver, F. Tabellion, Buhler Inc., Dept. PARTEC, Austin, TX 78701, USA; steffen.pilotek@buhlergroup.com 250 Inorganic Nanoparticles can be understood as carriers of functions and as such they are interesting for the use in functional materials. Examples for functions are UV absorption, photocatalytic activity, mechanical stability or surface structure. However, using nanoparticle powders, intorduction of particles into the matrix materials on the nanoscale is challenging and needs special attention. For practical applications, inorganic nanoparticles are needed in a well-dispersed state that is stable with respect to downstream processes like mixing, formulating, casting, coating, or molding. Surface modification enables manufacturing nanoparticle dispersions that fulfil the list of requirements. Using surface modification, nanoparticles can be stabilized in different media such as water or organic solvents. We propose a chemomechanical process in which starting from agglomerated nanopowders a surface modification reaction is carried 156 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) out under well-defined mechanical stress. We used high-energy agitator bead mills to provide the shear forces. This equipment is advantageous because it provides a wide parameter space for optimization like energy input, bead size and product flow velocity in addition to being easily scaleable. For stabilizing nanoparticles, the surface needs to be adjusted to the respective medium. We were able to disperse nanoscaled zincoxide in a series of diverse organic solvents such as ethanol, xylene, and butylacetate. As another example, chemomechanical processing yielded dispersions of photocatalytical titania in both water and xylene from commercial grade nanoscaled TiO2. As a step beyond stabilization, molecular surface modification makes surface functionalization of nanoparticles feasible. Functionalization may comprise the grafting of polymerizable groups or the control of IEP/ particle charge of a system. Using a surface modification with acrylic groups, we were able to introduce high percentages of pyrogenic silica into a radiation-curable acrylic matrix to improve mechanical properties. As another example, modification of pyrogenic silica with aminosilanes lead to cationically stabilized aqueous silica dispersions of low viscosity. Such systems may be applicable for the improvement of ink-jet printability of paper. As a summary, we present chemomechanical processing of inorganic nanoparticles into dispersions in water, organic solvents, and resins made by combining chemical and mechanical means. Session J2 – Invited Paper ELECTRON-INDUCED SURFACE MODIFICATION: PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY Gil Rosenman, School of Electrical Engineering-Physical Electronics, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel, gilr@eng.tau.ac.il 251 The major trends in modern microelectronic, optical, chemical, pharmacological, biomedical and other material-based processing technology are based on development of smart particles with modified physico-chemical-biological interface for variation of its fundamental properties. The developed technologies mainly apply diverse methods changing chemical identity of their surfaces by means of intermediate layers of different chemical origin which modify original surface energy and its related properties. We developed a new approach to design functional physico-chemical interface of solid state materials and applied it to micro- and nanoparticles for modification of their surface free energy and related properties (adsorption, adhesion, wettability, etc) with nanoscale resolution. This new patented concept is based on defect free electron-induced surface energy modification created by low energy electron irradiation. The electron current and energy of the electron beam in this method are co-adapted to micro- and nanoparticles sizes, electron/hole traps structure and their space distribution. The main advantages of the method are as follows: a. deep and gradual tuning of the tailored surface energy and related properties (adsorption, adhesion, wettability, etc) in a wide range b. tailoring the modified surface energy and related properties on unlimited material surface area or on micro- and nanoparticles c. complete reversibility of the modified surface energy and its related properties d. compatibility of the developed method with well-known techniques widely used in modern technology. The studies were conducted with different sorts of materials including, Si-based materials, dielectric amorphous (glass, polymers) 157 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) crystalline and ceramic oxide materials (mica, alumina, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, etc), some of metals (Ti, Al, Cu) and as well biomimetic materials (hydroxyapatite, hydrogels, calcium phosphates, sea shells, etc) and applied to micro- and nanoparticles. We present the results of wide experimental and theoretical research of the observed phenomenon in representative material SiO2 as well in micro- and nanopaticles of different origin TiO2, ZnO2, Hydroxyapatite and L-ascorbate for surface modification and variation of their key physical and technological properties. Session J2 – Invited Paper THE USE OF SUPERCRITICAL CO2 FOR CONDUCTING SILANE REACTIONS ON SURFACES Carl P. Tripp, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; ctripp@maine.edu 252 There are many attractions to using supercritical CO2 as a solvent when conducting surface reactions on silica. In addition to being an environmentally benign solvent, the supercritical CO2 has the unique ability to remove the water layer on silica. Moreover, reactions conducted in supercritical CO2 occur in regions of the surface that are not accessible with conventional solution or gaseous treatment protocols. Supercritical CO2 has the additional advantage of simple solvent separation through venting and when removed, there is no “caking” of the silica powder. However, some of these advantages are not realized for silane reactions conducted on other oxides such as titania and alumina. In this presentation, I will provide several examples of the use of supercritical CO2 for conducting reactions on silica and metal oxides. Examples include traditional silane chemistries as well as Atomic Layer Deposition with porous materials. Comparison to conventional solution and gas phase reactions will be provided in order to highlight the advantages and limitations of this solvent system. Session J2 – Invited Paper ADVANCES IN PROTEIN MIMICS USING PEPTIDE-COATED NANOPARTICLES Brian Turner, R. Gerald Keil, Scott Miller, Leslie Hiatt, Ryan Rutledge, David Wright, and David E. Cliffel, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA; d.cliffel@vanderbilt.edu 253 The ability to easily functionalize gold nanoparticles with peptides extending from the surface allows us to mimic the types of biomacromolecular recognition structures important in antigen-antibody interactions. Our initial successes demonstrated that surface modified gold clusters using peptide epitopes from hemagglutinin and anthrax protective antigen proteins would be specifically recognized by monoclonal antibodies for these proteins. Our additional work has explored the mapping of protein sequences of Ebola glycoproteins to identify the epitopes for specific antibodies by presenting it on a gold nanocluster. We have also developed a nanoparticle mimic for the fusion protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The ability to multi-functionalize molecular 158 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) recognition structures was demonstrated by showing that epitope recognition is orthogonal for two different peptide epitopes put on the same nanoparticle. Current work explores the NIR fluorescence of peptide-linked gold and platinum nanoparticles using the ability to cleave the linkage to control emission intensity. Session J2 – Invited Paper SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOSTRUCTURES VIA NANOPARTICLE SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION Ronald L Cook and Darrin Miller TDA Research, Inc. 4663 Table Mountain Drive Golden CO 80403, USA; cookrl@tda.com 254 Mesoporous materials are materials having pores with diameters larger than 2 nm and smaller than 50 nm. Although mesoporous oxides have been prepared from many materials (e.g. alkoxides of niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, cerium and tin) the bulk of reported mesoporous materials are prepared using silicon and aluminum alkoxides. Although zeolites (e.g. microporous materials, pores <2nm) are widely utilized in adsorption, separation technologies and catalysis, there is an ever increasing demand for new, highly stable well defined mesoporous materials because of the need for ever higher accessible surface areas and pore volumes for chemical processes involving larger and more complex molecules. The majority of zeolites and mesoporous materials (e.g. M41S , MCM-41, MCM-48, MSU-B, etc.) are synthesized using bottom up methods with organic templates. The mesoporous structure is formed around and in a sense directed by the geometry of the template. In this presentation we will discuss the synthesis of stable, crystalline mesoporous alumina materials using surfacefunctionalized boehmite nanoparticles as precursors. Reactions between the surfacefunctionalized boehmite nanoparticles via a self assembly reaction give rise to structured mesoporous alumina materials. Session J2 – Invited Paper GROWTH MECHANISM, STRUCTURAL REGULATION AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON-BASED NANOTUBES Zheng Hu, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; zhenghu@nju.edu.cn 255 The growth mechanism is a long-standing and controversial issue in the CNT-related studies and has become a choke point for the development of this field. By using the in situ thermal analysis-mass spectroscopic technique, the CVD growth process of CNTs with benzene precursor has been clearly illuminated and the six-membered-ring-based growth mechanism through surface diffusion is deduced. Along this line, a synergism mechanism of C5N-six-membered-ring-based growth through surface diffusion and vapor-liquid-solid growth through bulk diffusion was further inferred for the synthesis of CNx nanotubes from pyridine precursor. Accordingly, the nitrogen content in CNx nanotubes has been regulated within 3~8% and the so-synthesized CNx nanotubes have quite uniform distribution of the nitrogen species which is beneficial for the surface functionalization. The platinum nanoparticles were then conveniently immobilized on the 159 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) CNx nanotubes due to the N-participation which shows promising electrocatalytic property for methanol oxidation. Session L1 – Keynote Paper POLYMER VESICLES WITH HIGHLY SEWLECTIVE PERMEABILITY M. Kumar, M. Grzelakowski and W. Meier, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; wolfgang.meier@unibas.ch 256 The permeability and solute transport characteristics of amphiphilic triblock-polymer vesicles containing the bacterial water-channel protein Aquaporin Z (AqpZ) were investigated. The vesicles were made of a block copolymer with symmetric poly-(2methyloxazoline)-poly-(dimethylsiloxane)-poly-(2-methyloxazoline) (PMOXA15PDMS110-PMOXA15) repeat units. Light scattering measurements on pure polymer vesicles subject to an outwardly-directed salt gradient in a stopped flow apparatus indicated that the polymer vesicles were highly impermeable. However, a large enhancement in water productivity (permeability per unit driving force) of up to ~800 times that of pure polymer was observed when AqpZ was incorporated. The activation energy (Ea) of water transport for the protein-polymer vesicles (3.4 kcal/mol) corresponded to that reported for water-channel-mediated water transport in lipid membranes. The solute reflection coefficients of glucose, glycerol, salt and urea were also calculated, and indicated that these solutes are completely rejected. The productivity of AqpZ-incorporated polymer membranes was at least an order of magnitude larger than values for existing salt-rejecting polymeric membranes. The approach followed here may lead to more productive and sustainable water treatment membranes, while the variable levels of permeability obtained with different concentrations of AqpZ may provide a key property for drug delivery application Session L1 – Contributed Paper NOVEL FORMATION OF NANO-LIPOSOMES ENCAPSULATING A HYDROPHILIC DRUG SIMULANT IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEM Andreas Jahn1,3, Joseph E. Reiner1, Wyatt N. Vreeland2, Don DeVoe3, Laurie E. Locascio2, Michael Gaitan1, 1NIST, Semiconductor Electronics Division, EEEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA; 2NIST, Biochemical Science Division, CSTL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA; 3University of Maryland, Biomedical Engineering, College Park, MD 2001 USA; andreas.jahn@nist.gov 257 A facile method to tailor the size and size distribution of nanometer scale liposomes in a continuous-flow microfluidic design is presented. Encapsulation of a model drug into the liposomes is analyzed with Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy (FFS); and results show that this system allows for control of encapsulation efficiency as well as minimization of encapsulant consumption. A stream of lipids dissolved in isopropyl alcohol is hydrodynamically focused and sheathed between two oblique aqueous buffer 160 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) streams in a microfluidic channel. The laminar flow in the microfluidic channel enables controlled diffusive mixing at the liquid interfaces causing the lipids to become insoluble and self-assemble into vesicles. While in traditional bulk mixing techniques individual fluid elements experience uncontrolled mass transfer profiles and mechanical stresses; microfluidics enable precise and reproducible control of the flow conditions, hence reproducible fluidic mixing on the micrometer length scale is possible. This reproducibility allows for adjustment of the lipid self-assembly and the resultant liposome size and size dispersion. Using this technique, the liposome size is tunable over a mean diameter of 50 nm to 150 nm by adjusting the ratio of the alcohol-to-aqueous volumetric flow rate. For drug delivery applications, the encapsulation efficiency needs to be controlled as well; further minimizing the waste of the encapsulant that is not entrapped into the interior aqueous space of the liposome is desirable. In contrast to conventional mixing techniques where liposomes are formed in a bulk aqueous solution containing a homogenous concentration of the water-soluble encapsulant, this technique can confine the encapsulant to the immediate vicinity where lipids self-assemble into liposomes. The precise spatial localization of the encapsulant solely to the region of liposome formation allows for greatly reduced sample consumption without adversely affecting the liposome encapsulation efficiency. Size and size dispersion is determined with tandem Asymmetric Flow Flow Field Fractionation (AF4), Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (MALLS), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Analysis of the first two moments of the photon probability distribution function with FFS in combination with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) enables us to determine the encapsulation efficiency from the brightness of the liposomes. The liposome self-assembly strategy described here is amenable to drug encapsulation at the point of care, potentially enabling liposome-mediated drug delivery that is not limited by shelf life of the liposome preparation. Session L1 – Contributed Paper SIZE ANALYSIS OF LIPOSOMES BY BOTH PHOTON CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY (PCS) AND ASYMMETRIC FLOW FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION (AF4) Stefan Hupfeld, Martin Brandl, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, stefan.hupfeld@farmasi.uit.no 258 Liposomes have gained importance as versatile carriers for drugs. Depending on the preparation method their size may range from a few nanometers up to several micrometers. Size and size distribution are key characteristics of liposomes which affect not only their loading capacity and colloidal stability, but also their in vivo behavior like clearance from the blood stream and biodistribution. For successful targeting to solid tumors and inflamed tissue, small to intermediate sizes and good size homogeneity are required. Common size analysis techniques for liposomes comprise mainly photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) besides various electron microscopic approaches. Recent reports emphasize that PCS alone may be insufficient in terms of resolving more heterogeneous size distributions. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) features the fractionation of macromolecular to nano-particulate samples according to their diffusion coefficient / size. In our case AF4 was combined with online multi-angle 161 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) light scattering detection (AF4-MALS). The aim of this study was to compare size distributions obtained from PCS and AF4-MALS of a liposome sample prepared by extrusion through 30 nm-pore filters. The liposomes were made from egg phosphatidylcholine (Lipoid E80) by consecutive extrusion through filters with decreasing pore sizes down to 30 nm using a custom-made continuous high-pressure filter extruder. The resulting liposome sample was then analyzed by both photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), using Nicomp 370 (Particle Sizing Systems, Santa Barbara, CA), and AF4-MALS (Wyatt Technology Corp, Santa Barbara, CA). The AF4 consisted of a thin trapezoidal channel where a cross-flow was applied perpendicular onto a horizontal channel-flow (Eclipse 2, Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Dernbach, Germany). The detectors were an 18-angle MALS-detector (Wyatt Technology Corp) for size determination, and a single wavelength UV detector G1314A (Agilent Technologies Inc, Santa Clara, CA) and differential refractive index detector Optilab rEX (Wyatt Technology Corp) for concentration detection. The particle size of the liposomes was calculated using the Astra software (Wyatt Technology Corp) applying the “coated sphere model”. An AF4-method was developed having a channel height of 250 µm, a channel-flow of 1 ml/min and a cross-flow gradient decreasing from 2.0 to 0.15 ml/min over 30 minutes. This method provided both elution of the liposome sample within reasonable time and good separation of the sample. Size determination by AF4-MALS yielded a mean geometric radius that corresponds well with the mean hydrodynamic radius obtained by PCS using a Gaussian distribution fit. Both PCS and AF4-MALS represent thus good alternatives for size determination of small and homogeneous liposomes. However, fractionating the sample and subsequent online size and concentration determination by AF4-MALS gives a more detailed insight into the size distribution. Session L1 – Keynote Paper VECTORIAL TRANSPLANTATION OF PHI29 GP10 CONNECTOR PROTEIN INTO C20BAS LIPOSOME MEMBRANES Jong-Mok Kim and David H. Thompson, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; davethom@purdue.edu 259 The incorporation of DNA packaging motors into liposome membranes offers the promise of combining the positive features of viral and non-viral gene delivery by mimicking a positive attribute of viral function (i.e., controlled packaging of DNA) using a liposome composition that has a favorable safety profile and low immunogenicity. This contribution describes our effort to incorporate the gp10 motor protein connector of phi29 phage into a host liposome membrane. Since the band of hydrophobic residues in the connector that contacts the viral capsid is approximately 2 nm, it is too small to be incorporated within a conventional liposome bilayer membrane. We have chosen the eicosanyl-based bolalipid, C20BAS, as the host membrane for gp10 connector because it has a hydrophobic thickness that is compatible with the protein. Vectorial orientation of the connector within C20BAS liposomes was promoted using Ni2+:NTA-PEG600modified glass surfaces to capture N-terminal his-tag connectors prior to proteoliposome reconstitution. Confocal fluorescence, AFM and TEM data suggests that the phi29 gp10 162 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) connector is liposome-associated and that the liposomes can be detached from the surface after gp10 insertion by the addition of excess imidazole. Session L1 – Invited Paper LYOPHILISOMES: A NEW TYPE OF (BIO)CAPSULES Willeke WF Daamen, Paul P. J. Geutjes and Toin TH van Kuppevelt, Department of Biochemistry 280, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands; p.geutjes@uro.umcn.nl 260 A number of techniques have been explored to prepare hollow structures (capsules). For biological and biomedical applications, biocompatibility and biodegradability are major issues. It would be an advantage if bioactive molecules could easily be incorporated in capsule wall and/or lumen, creating high potency in the field of e.g. (targeted) drug or nutriceutical delivery. We here report a general methodology that enables the preparation of a novel class of nano- to microscale capsules ("lyophilisomes") using a combined freezing, annealing and lyophilization procedure. Elastin was used as a model system, but the methodology works equally well with other bio(macro)molecules. Solubilised elastin was obtained from purified elastin fibres. Capsules were prepared by quench freezing an elastin-acetic acid solution in liquid nitrogen, followed by annealing and lyophilisation according a standardised procedure. The morphology of the capsules was analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Capsules were sorted using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Fluorescent probes, enzymes or antibodies were incorporated in the capsule wall by addition to elastin solution prior freezing and lyophilization. To load the lumen of the capsules, the capsules were crosslinked for 24 h and incubated with probes, enzymes or antibodies for 96 h. The in vitro release was assessed after incubation with the enzyme elastase. Capsules ranged from 200 nm - 10 μm and could be separated on basis of size by FACS. Fluorescent-labeled (macro)molecules could be differentially incorporated in the capsule wall and lumen and were released by elastase digestion. Capsules could also be prepared from other proteins (serum albumin and atelocollagen) and from sugars (e.g. heparin). The methodology comprises three phases: micro-phase separation by fast freezing in liquid nitrogen, structural rearrangement by annealing and the creation of a lumen by lyophilisation, most likely according to a 3D analogy of the coffee stain principle. Capsule formation does not rely on amphiphilicity of the molecules used, but is based on physical rather then chemical principles. Molecules of interest could be differentially incorporated in and subsequently released from the lumen and/or wall of the capsules and may thus have potential as a binary delivery and release system. Using this technology, a wide range of new (bioactive) capsules may be anticipated. This methodology may fuel new developments in a large number of areas including food industry, agriculture, pharmacology and medicine. Session L1 – Contributed Paper EQUILIBRIUM AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM STRUCTURE OF LIQUID CRYSTAL NANOPARTICLES Ben J. Boyd1, Yao-Da Dong1, Shakila Rizwan2, Sarah Hook2, Michael Rappolt3, Heinz Amenitsch3, Thomas Rades2. 1 Monash Institute 261 163 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia; 2 School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; 3 Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research (IBN), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria; ben.boyd@vcp.monash.edu.au Nanostructured liquid crystalline particles, such as cubosomes and hexosomes, are gaining increasing interest for potential application in fields such as drug and agricultural delivery. Their internal nanostructure commonly reflects the liquid crystalline structure of the parent non-dispersed mesophase. Whilst the equilibrium internal structure of these particles has been well characterised using small x-ray scattering (SAXS), the surface structure and morphology of the particles, and the responsiveness of the internal structure to external changes in conditions has received little attention, despite their obvious implications for application. We have recently investigated the morphology of cubosomes and hexosomes using cryo-FESEM, which permits a three dimensional image of particles in the sublimation plane, providing an important advance on two dimensional cryo-TEM for investigating these particles. We have found that the surface structure of cubosomes and hexosomes appear quite different. The cubosome particles exhibit a nodular surface structure, consistent with fractured non-dispersed parent phase, whereas hexosome particles appear to have a smoother surface structure. Furthermore, previous reports that hexosomes are best represented by flat hexagonal prisms is challenged by the finding of particles whose morphology is best described by a squat cylinder capped by two cones, much like a ‘spinning top’. The finding has implications for the use of these particles where particle adhesion to surfaces is crucial to their performance, such as in agricultural delivery. The above results also indicate that the internal nanostructure of the particles has important implications for the surface structure and hence performance of the particles. The non-equilibrium internal nanostructure of cubosomes and hexosomes has been studied using synchrotron SAXS and significant differences have been observed on cooling liquid crystalline dispersions through equilibrium phase boundaries. Not only was supercooling of liquid crystalline particles by up to 40ºC observed, but the formation of phase structures not present on heating (such as the gyroid cubic phase only present at low water content in non-dispersed systems, but never in dispersions) was also found. Together these results represent advances towards a better understanding of both the internal and surface properties of liquid crystalline particles, of value for the development of these particles for delivery applications. Session F4 – Keynote Paper NANOPARTICLE BASED IONIC MATERIAL Emmanuel P. Giannelis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; epg2@cornell.edu 262 Nanoparticle-based ionic materials (NIMS) are hybrid particles comprised of a charged oligomeric corona attached to hard, inorganic nanoparticle cores. Because of their hybrid nature, physical properties –rheological, optical, electrical, thermal - of NIMS can be tailored over an unusually wide range by varying geometric and chemical characteristics of the core and canopy and thermodynamic variables such as temperature and volume fraction. On one end of the spectrum are materials with high core content, which display 164 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) properties similar to crystalline solids, stiff waxes, and gels. At the opposite extreme are systems that spontaneously form particle-based ionic fluids characterized by transport properties remarkably similar to simple liquids comprised of molecular building-blocks, but with negligible vapor pressures and high dielectric constants. These features are advantageous for a broad range of applications, including zero-vapor pressure solvents, heat-transfer liquids and lubricants, thin-film optoelectronic devices, high refractive index liquids for immersion lithography, where colloidal suspensions either cannot be used or require specialized design conditions to reduce solvent loss. Session F4 – Contributed Paper NANOFLUIDS FOR COATINS AND RESINS Zhiming Qiu and John Texter, Coatings Research Institute, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA; zhiming.qiu@emich.edu 263 Recent research by Giannelis and co-workers has led to the invention of colloidal particles surface functionalized with ionic liquid types of organic salts that form solventfree supramolecular liquids or nanofluids. Such surface functionalized nanoparticles can be further functionalized to make them suitably reactive for formulating resins and coatings. When such nanoparticles are functionalized with acrylate groups and mixed with other difunctionalied cross-linking agents, zero VOC coating formulations are obtained that can be used to make abrasion resistent clear coats curable by UV. When isocyanate or isothiocyanate functionalized nanofluids are made and mixed with diisocyanates, zero VOC coatings can be made that air cure into protective resins. Amine surface functionalization produces nanofluids that can be used to produce UV-resistant epoxy coatings when co-solubilized with aliphatic diglycidyl ethers. A roadmap for using such nanofluids for diverse nanocomposite applications is outlined. Session F4 – Invited Paper MOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES AND MESOSTRUCTURES Michael Z. Hu, ,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6181, USA; Phone: 865-574-8782; Email: hum1@ornl.gov 264 Molecular Engineering (ME) in combination with nanoscale process engineering, aiming at molecular-level chemical engineering of surfaces/interfaces and porous nanostructures, has emerged as one of the fastest-growing research areas at the frontier of science to precisely create novel functional inorganic nanomaterial architectures and devices for diverse applications. ME here refers to the processes of “engineered” self-assembly which involve both chemical reactions and non-reactive physicochemical interactions. This presentation will focus on our research efforts toward nanostructure tailoring/control of functional nano-materials and their energy, medical, and biotechnology applications. First, various nanoscale process engineering approaches will be discussed to enable the control of nanoparticle size and morphology as well as ceramic membrane nanostructures. Afterwards, the "engineered” assembly of molecular precursors into inorganic and inorganic-organic hybrid superstructures will be dealt with. Particularly, 165 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) our pioneering development of highly oriented meso-structures with porous channels of ca. 7.5 nm in diameter arranged in an ordered array in a large area, together with structured nanowires in ordered arrays will be highlighted. We have demonstrated the high performance of these oriented and structured nanomaterials in diverse applications such as bioseparations in DNA sequencing and fuel cell membranes with a significant enhancement in ionic conductivity as high as three to four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, our on-going efforts on constructing quantum dot superstructures will be used as an example for ME of nanoparticle surfaces. Finally, my future research perspective on molecular engineering and nano-materials will be briefly discussed. Session F4 – Invited Paper BIOMIMETIC ASSEMBLY OF FUNCTIONAL NANOPARTICLES Song Jin, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA, jin@chem.wisc.edu 265 Nature adopts a superior approach to nanomaterials assembly in biomineralization. We apply the principles derived from biomineralization processes to the assembly of nanoscale functional materials into nanoscale systems. By carefully controlling surface organic molecules to promote heterogeneous nucleation at designated regions while completely suppressing homogeneous nucleation elsewhere, we enable the controlled bottom-up assembly of inorganic nanomaterials directly from solution. Following this principle, surface carboxylic groups on selective regions were generated on commodity engineering polymers such as polycarbonate (PC) and poly(ethylene teraphthalate) (PET) by direct patterned UV irradiation through a photomask and then were successfully employed to selectively nucleate nanoscale crystalline inorganic materials, such as semiconductors ZnO and CdS, directly from aqueous solutions to form patterned arrays. We have demonstrated the application of such arrays of functional materials for macroelectronic applications. We have extended this biologically inspired approach to truly bottom-up nanoscale assembly of nanoparticles using self-assembled nanostructured block copolymers. We are exploring self-assembled synthetic collagen protein and β– peptide fibrils with known molecularly controlled sequence to specifically nucleate and assemble diverse family of inorganic nanocrystals. Session F4 – Invited Paper SINTERING METAL NANOPARTICLES Howard Wang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Advanced Microelectronics Manufacturing, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; wangh@binghamton.edu 266 We have carried out several measurements in order to understand the process of metal nanoparticle (MNP) film sintering. Small angle neutron scattering has been used to reveal the average diameters of silver and gold nanoparticles (Ag-NPs and Au-NPs) used in this study to be 4.6 and 3.8 nm, respectively, with a size distribution of ca. 20%. Spuncast Ag-NP and Au-NP films have been sintered at temperature ranges of 80 - 160 oC and 180 - 210 oC, respectively, for various times. The resulting film composition, 166 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) morphology and electric resistance have been revealed. Upon sintering, the organic content in MNP films reduces to less than 10% while the overall film thickness reduces to about the half of the as-cast film thickness. The resistance of sintered Ag-NP films can vary over more than 7 decades depending on the sintering temperature. The conductivity of Ag-NP films sintered at 150°C is 2.4 × 10-8 Ωm. The transport properties are affected by both the composition and morphology of sintered films. Session F4 – Invited Paper MULTIFUNCTIONAL POLYELECTROLYTE/NANOPARTICLE COATINGS Anindarupa Chunder, Ghanashyam Londe, Kenneth Etcheverry, Hyoung J. Cho and Lei Zhai, NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, 32826, USA; lzhai@mail.ucf.edu 267 Multilayer coatings fabricated from polyelectrolytes such as poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and silica nanoparticles provide various surface structures for superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic and hydrophilic/hydrophobic switchable coatings. A superhydrophilic surface ultizes the nano-cappliary effect attributed to the nanoporous silica nanoparticle network. A superhydrophobic surface was obtained by depositing hydrophobic materials onto a mulitlayer films with dual micro- and nanoscale structures. The thermal switchable surface is obtained by coated the multilayer film with the thermosensitive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). The water contact angle on the surface changed from 122 degrees at 70 oC to 25 degrees at 25 oC. These multifunctional coatings were conformally deposited onto microfluidic channels and two fully integrated microfluidic valves, one with a superhydrophobic polymer surface and the other with a switchable, thermosensitive polymer surface have been fabricated and tested. The passive valve with the superhydrophobic polymer surface selectively inhibits the flow of aqueous solutions without surfactants and passes aqueous solutions containing surfactants. In case of the thermosensitive valve, the switchable polymer surface becomes hydrophobic when heated to temperatures exceeding 65oC, thus inhibiting the flow of water and becomes hydrophilic at room temperature, thus allowing the flow of water. Session F4 – Invited Paper PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CLAY-BASED SELFSTANDING FILMS Takeo Ebina, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyaginoku, Sendai, 983-8551, JAPAN; takeoebina@aist.go.jp 268 We succeeded in preparing flexible-thin films having gas barrier property, visible-lighttransparency, and heat durability by casting aqueous dispersions of synthetic hydrophilic clay mixed with a little amount of water-soluble organic polymer. The film has a high gas barrier property against inorganic gases such as hydrogen and oxygen up to 600°C. Its 167 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) flexibility is similar to that of ordinary copying paper, and it can be cut, folded, and bent as desired. The dimensions stability is smaller than 10 ppm in the wide range of temperature. Transparent films were successfully prepared by using synthetic clays. The total light transmission ratio of those films exceed 90%. X-ray diffraction patterns suggest a unique close-packed lamination-structure of the films which may bring the superior heat durability. The developed films will be promising for wide variety of optoelectronic applications. Session A6 – Keynote Paper ENZYME QUANTUM DOT FACTORY Roger M. Leblanc, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; rml@miami.edu 325 The most common and classic procedure for the synthesis of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) involves high temperature inorganic methods that require the use of highly toxic precursors. More recently, green and biologically relevant methods utilizing bacteria have been proposed; however, these bacterial QD factories still do not overcome the need for a second conjugation step necessary to make the QDs biologically active. Recently this limitation has been overcome through the use of enzymes and proteins as matrix. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-casein, and organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA) have been used as ligands in the synthesis of protein stabilized CdS QDs in a one pot synthesis via arrested precipitation; there is no need for a separate QD-protein conjugation step. The proteins used vary in molecular weight, isoelectric point, and biological function, however, all act as a suitable matrix for QD formation. OPAA stabilized QDs retain their biological activity and may be used without further modification for the detection of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) at the nanomolar level in addition to hydrolyzing DFP into a less toxic product. Session A6 – Invited Paper ASSEMBLIES OF HYDROPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS TEMPLATES FOR NANOPARTICLES AND NANOMATERIALS SYNTHESIS Corine Gerardin; Institut C. Gerhardt, ENSCM CNRS UM2 UM1 Montpellier, France, gerardin@enscm.fr. 326 Double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) have attracted much attention in the past ten years with the development of many studies mainly in two fields : first, the polymer-controlled mineralization, especially the growth of crystals and inorganic nanoparticles of tunable size and shape, secondly the formation of polymeric micellar assemblies for their potential applications as drug carriers. The increasing interest in DHBCs is due to the capacity of these polymers, which are initially hydrosoluble, to acquire an amphiphilic character in water upon a change in a physico-chemical parameter of the system or upon addition of a substrate, which can be an ion, a molecule or a particle. The selective insolubilization of one of the polymer blocks leads to the formation of nano-aggregates, whose size and stability are tunable, giving them promising 168 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) applications in different fields. In the present paper, we focus on the case of micelles of DHBCs induced by complexation of an oppositely charged entity and we describe the use of complexation induced micelles for first, the preparation of hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles and second, the synthesis of long-range ordered hybrid mesostructured materials. In the first case, the induced DHBC assemblies result from the formation of a metal coordination complex and are used as nanoareactors for the growth of nanoparticles by inorganic polycondensation in suspension. In the second case, the induced DHBC assemblies are polyion complex (PIC) micelles formed by electrostatic complexation between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, and are used as new templates for preparing mesostructured hybrid silica-based materials. Session A6 – Contributed Paper LIPASE CATALYZED POLYCONDENSATION REACTIONS IN MINIEMULSION TO SYNTHESIZE POLYAMIDE NANOPARTICLES Lakshminarayanan Ragupathy1, Ulrich Ziener1, Katharina Landfester1, Harald Keller2, Motonori Yamamoto2 and Rainer Dyllick-Brenzinger2 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry III-Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; 2BASF Aktiengesellschaft, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; laks.ragupathy@uni-ulm.de 327 The process of miniemulsification allows one to generate small droplets (30 to 500 nm), which could be efficiently used as nanoreactors to perform a number of different polymerizations. Recently, lipase catalyzed polymerization in miniemulsion was found to be highly attractive to produce polyester nanoparticles because of its several advantages over enzyme catalyzed reactions in homogeneous phase such as (i) very low amount of lipase (0.125%), (ii) high molecular weight polymeric nanoparticles, and (iii) lower reaction time, i.e. < 24 h, for complete conversion. This is because of the interfacial activation of lipases and the enzyme is operating in its natural environment from the water phase attached to a hydrophobic surface. Here, we are presenting lipase catalyzed polycondensation reactions in aqueous miniemulsion to synthesize nanoparticles consisting of the polyamides such as nylon-8,10 and nylon-9,10. FT-IR and DSC were used to analyze these products while 1H NMR was employed to calculate the chain length of the formed oligomers and polymers. Kinetic studies on lipase catalyzed reactions between diethyl sebacate (DES) and 1,8-diaminooctane (DAO) were carried out at different reaction temperatures, i.e. 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C. The required time for lipase to produce a single amide bond between DES and DAO is observed to be 10 minutes with a 90% conversion. The number of amide bonds is observed to increase with increasing reaction time. Among the temperatures investigated, the lipase produces a comparably high number of amide bonds, i.e. 24.9 in a single molecule at 70 °C after 48 hours. The reactions without lipase also make amide bonds between diester and diamine, however the reaction rate is observed to be low, i.e. 1.5 in a single molecule at the same reaction condition. 169 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A6 – Contributed Paper IN SITU AND EX SITU TIME-EVOLUTION STUDY OF PHOTOLUMINESCENCE FROM ZnO/MgO CORE/SHELL QUANTUM DOTS Debasis Bera, Lei Qian, Paul H. Holloway; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA; dbera@mse.ufl.edu 328 In situ and ex situ time–evolution of photoluminescence data during growth of ZnO/MgO core/shell quantum dots were used to study the stability of the green-white (CIE: 0.32, 0.41) luminescence. The ZnO/MgO core/shell quantum dots, synthesized by a sol-gel process, exhibited a quantum yield 13 % compared to less than 5% for ZnO Qdots. The growth of ZnO Qdots was arrested by growth of the MgO shell. UV-Vis absorption data verified the quantum confinement of ZnO by a shell of MgO. Photoluminescence emission from defects in the ZnO/MgO quantum dots was stable for more than 65 days at room temperature. The integrated area of intensity for the greenishwhite luminescence peak was ~ 100 times larger than that of the band-edge UV emission peak at ~350 nm. Session A6 – Contributed Paper A NOVEL ROUTE TO HIGHLY TUNABLE EMULSIONS INCLUDING SINGLE STEP MULTIPLE EMULSION FORMATION Bernard P. Binks, Paul D.I. Fletcher and Benjamin L. Holt, Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK; b.l.holt@chem.hull.ac.uk; Kenneth Wong, Pascal Beaussoubre, Firmenich SA, Geneva, P.O. Box 239, CH-1211, Switzerland; Kenneth.Wong@firmenich.com, b.l.holt@chem.hull.ac.uk 329 Solid-stabilised emulsions comprising water, limonene and dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS)-modifed fumed silica nanoparticles, have been prepared without predispersion of the particles in either phase. The rheology, stability and continuous phase type of the resulting emulsions are controlled by subtle adjustments in particle concentration as well as extent of homogenisation, when using a single particle type in a batch emulsification process. This novel protocol also allows control over drop size and shape, as well as the production of multiple emulsions in a single emulsification process. The highly tunable nature of these batch emulsions is attributed to particle surface heterogeneity resulting in differences in wettability between dispersed and aggregated particles. Session A6 – Invited Paper MICRO-ALGAE AND NANOPARTICLES: TOWARDS “LIVING” MATERIALS. BIO-CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES WITH OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Roberta Braynera, Claude Yéprémianb, Chakib Djediatb, Thibaud Coradinc, Jacques Livaged, Alain Coutéb, Fernand Fiéveta; aITODYS, Université ParisDiderot, Paris, France; bLaboratoire de Cryptogamie, Muséum National 330 170 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; cCMCP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; dCollège de France, Paris, France; Roberta.brayner@univ-paris-diderot.fr Natural strategies for the synthesis of nanomaterials are an important aspect of nanotechnology today. Up to now, most of the synthetic preparation methods reported rely heavily on organic solvents and the reducing agents used such as hydrazine and sodium borohydride pose potential environmental and biological risks. At present, to avoid environmental disasters, there is a growing need to develop nontoxic procedures for synthesis and assembly of nanoparticles such as biomimetic approaches for the growth of advanced materials. Biomineralization processes often imply the formation of nanoparticles or nanocrystals, organized at larger scales via the self-assembly properties of templating macromolecules. It should be also possible to use the synthetic capabilities of living cells for the design of new nanomaterials. In this work, we show that the common Anabaena, Calothrix and Leptolyngbya cyanobacteria and Euglena gracilis are able to form Au, Ag, Pt and Pd metallic nanoparticles and also Fe based nanomaterials such as Fe3O4 and FeOOH of well-controlled size and shape. The metallic nanoparticles are synthesized intracellularly, and naturally released in the culture medium where they are stabilized by the exo-polysaccharides, allowing their easy recovery. Euglena gracilis can synthesize Fe3O4 and FeOOH. The magnetic behavior of these “living” materials depends on the nanoparticle structure, size and shape. Moreover, the size of the recovered particles as well as the synthesis yield is shown to depend on the micro-algae family and genus, demonstrating the flexibility of this approach. Session A6 – Contributed Paper AMPHIPHILIC DIBLOCK AND TRIBLOCK STABILIZERS FOR WATER-DISPERSABLE NANOPARTICLES Fabienne Gauffre, Jean-Daniel Marty, Christophe Mingotaud, Kamil Rahme, Javier Jubio Garcia and Stéphanie Sistach, IMRCP Laboratory, University of Toulouse, France. gauffre@chimie.ups-tlse.fr; Myrtil Kahn, LCC-CNRS, France 331 Since it was discovered that metallic and semi-conducting nanoparticles have unique optical properties, many biomedical applications have been proposed for these nanomaterials, in the fields of imaging, sensing, and therapy. However, all biomedical applications require water dispersability and long term stability of the nanoparticles at high ionic strength. The synthesis of well-defined metallic and semi-conducting nanoparticles are usually achieved in organic solvent, producing particles with a hydrophobic surface. Hence, the obtention of water-dispersible nanoparticles by direct synthesis or transfert is still a challenging task. Our group develops new strategies to produce various water dispersible nanoparticles, using designed amphiphilic stabilizers. Indeed, the self-assembling properties of amphiphilic compounds provide (i) enhanced adsorption at the surface of the particles; (ii) stabilization through non-covalent interactions with the surface, that avoids modification of the nanoparticles properties and direct generalization to particles made of various materials. We have investigated the stabilizing efficiency of various amphiphilic compounds with a diblock A-B structure 171 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) (A= hydrophilic, B= hydrophobic), such as surfactants and diblock copolymers, or with a triblock A-B-A structure: bola-amphiphile surfactants, triblock copolymers, coremultishell hyperbranched polymers. One of the main results is that triblock amphiphilic structures act as efficient stabilizers even in conditions where the formation of selfassembled objects (micelles, vesicles...) does not occur in solution (for instance at concentrations lower than the critical agregation concentration). The predominent role of the length of the hydrophobic B segment, for the colloidal stability is clearly evidenced. In addition, the use of bolaamphiphile surfactants with charged polar head and long alkyl chains (n>12) allows one to precipitate and redisperse the nanoparticles at will. Long term stability in condition of high ionic strength can be achieved by an appropriate choice of non ionic A-B or A-B-A copolymers, for instance made of hydrophilic oxyethylene and hydrophobic oxypropylene segments. Finally, core-multishell polymeric structures designed with a careful choice of their external groups exhibited a remarkable behviour, combining extremely long term stability with dispersabitlity of hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanoparticles in a wide range of solvents (from water to chloroform). Session G4 – Invited Paper DEVELOPMENT AND EXPLORATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES TOWARDS USE AS PROBES AND AGENTS IN PHYSICAL AND LIFESCIENCES Tobias Hertel, Vanderbilt University, Physics and Astronomy, 6301 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, tobias.hertel@vanderbilt.edu 332 Abstract Unavailable Session G4 – Contributed Paper NANOSENSOR-BASED DETECTION OF OXYGEN IN BIOSAMPLES Piotr J. Cywinski, and Gerhard J. Mohr, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; piotr.cywinski@uni-jena.de 333 The balance between oxygen supply and oxygen consumption is of paramount importance for tissues as well as microorganisms. In many diseases regional hypoxia is either a primary causative or an early contributing factor. The interest in determining the content of oxygen has spurred the development of oxygen sensing techniques starting from the first amperometric sensors through fiber optic based devices into the field of fluorescent polymer nanosensors. Oxygen electrodes or fiber optic based devices are useful to measure global oxygen content, but they are invasive and can only measure oxygen at the tip of the electrode at one point at a time. This makes it difficult to measure the oxygen distribution and to evaluate oxygen heterogeneities in ischemic tissues or microorganisms. Luminescent ratiometric nanosensors made of polystyrene have been developed for monitoring molecular oxygen in biosamples. The oxygen-sensitive dye platinum meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrine (PtTPFP), and the oxygen-insensitive 172 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) reference fluorophore N,N’-bis(1-hexylheptyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis-(dicarboximide) were incorporated into the particles to make them ratiometric. Additionally, the surfaces of nanosensors were functionalised for better biocompatibility and solubility in aqueous media. The size of the nanoparticles was determined by dynamic light scattering technique to be 120±10 nm. In order to asses the response of sensors to oxygen, a set of measurements in aqueous suspension, yeasts culture as well as in living cells has been carried out. In all cases the quenching of PtTPFP phosphorescence with increasing oxygen content was observed. At the same time fluorescence emission of the reference remained unaffected. The relationship between the sensor fluorescence and the oxygen content has been evaluated using the Stern-Volmer equation yielding a Stern-Volmer constant of 26±1 M-1. Session G4 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTOLUMINESCENT COLLOIAL QUANTUM DOTS FOR CANCER CELL IMAGING Kui Yu, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS), ational Research Council Canada (NRC), 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1A 0R6; kui.yu@nrc.ca 334 Photoluminescent (PL) semiconductor nanocrystals, when spherical in shape also termed as quantum dots (QDs), have attacted significant attention as optical imaging agents for nanomedicine studies. Usually, such bio-oriented applications require targeting to the site of interest, and the use of antibodies is acknowledged as one common strategy for specific and compelling targeting. In this presentation, we will address our efforts on the development of various nanocrystals exhibiting high-quality PL as well as on the bioconjugation for cancer cell targeting and imaging. The development of PL high-quality colloidal nanocrystals foucses on the synthesis-structure-property relationshp, and will be demonstrated by PL ZnCdS QDs with gradient distribution of components, Cd-rich inner cores and Zn-rich outer shells, synthesized via a non-injection one-pot approach. For the cancer cell targeting and imaging, a single domain antibody (sdAb) named EG2 is chosen, which binds strongly to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a protein of which is widely known as a tumor marker. The entity of our sdAb-conjugated QDs is robust in bio-labeling. Session G4 – Invited Paper COOPERATIVE PLASMON-MEDIATED MOLECULE FLUORESCENCE NEAR METAL NANOPARTICLES V. N. Pustovit and T. V. Shahbazyan, Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; tigran.shahbazyan@jsums.edu 335 We study theoretically radiative and nonradiative decays of an ensemble of molecules attached to a metal nanoparticle. We show that when the system size is smaller than the radiation wavelength, the excited molecular dipoles are hybridized with each other via the nanoparticle surface plasmon, leading to cooperative plasmon-mediated emission similar to Dicke superradiance. In particular, an ensemble of N fluorescenting molecules 173 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) adsorbed at random positions on nanoparticle surface has only 3 bright (superradiant) eigenstates each characterized by the single-molecule plasmon-enhanced radiative decay rate multiplied by approximately N/3, while the remaining N-3 states are optically dark (subradiant). The fluorescence quenching by the nanoparticle exhibits a similar behavior, with bright states having single-molecule nonradiative decay rate multiplied by the same factor and dark states having much longer but still finite non-radiative lifetime due to contribution of higher angular momenta. As a result, the radiation power of an ensemble is only thrice that of a single molecule near a nanoparticle irrespective to total number of molecules. Session G4 – Contributed Paper TITANIUM OXIDE NANOTUBE SYNTHESIS AND SURFACE MODIFICATION FOR DNA TRANSFECTION Anne-Laure Papa1, Nadine Millot1 and David Vandroux2; 1 Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 5209 CNRS - Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon cedex, France ; 2 Institut de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 21034 Dijon, France; nmillot@u-bourgogne.fr; Anne-Laure.Papa@u-bourgogne.fr 336 The cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CM) represent a very useful tool for the observation and the understanding of the cellular aspects of cardiac diseases. However, their uses were limited by low transfection efficiency with conventional techniques unless viral vectors which provide stable, long-term transgene expression. The present study presented the development of a highly efficient novel non-viral vector for cardiac myocytes based on the use of functionalized titanium oxides nanotubes (TiON). TiON are synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment (150°C, 4 bar) in a strongly basic conditions (NaOH, 10 mol/L). They have a tubular morphology being rolled up in spiral with an inner cavity and they are charged in surface with hydroxide groups. Moreover, these nanomaterials develop large specific surfaces. Transmission Electron Microscopy data shown that up to 80% of TiON were internalized in CM without sign of toxicity, suggested that this type of nanotubes would be a useful nanovectors for transfection of this well-known difficult cells. Our results show that functionalized these TiON with PEI allow the binding of DNA and its transfection in CM. Our results suggest that further development of these TiON may provide a new useful tool for research and clinical gene therapy in the field of cardiovascular disease. Session G4 – Invited Paper BIOFUNCTIONAL CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOCHIP MANUFACTURING BY PRINT PROCESSES Achim Weber, Kirsten Borchers, Sandra Genov, Thomas Hirth, Guenter Tovar, Fraunhofer-Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, achim.weber@igb.fraunhofer.de 337 174 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Nanoparticles display a very large surface-area. Therefore, coatings of functional nanoparticles adsorbed to a solid substrate yield an enlarged interface per footprint-area which is highly appreciated for probe-immobilization in bio-chip technology. Silica nanospheres, equipped with an organic shell, can be used to couple specific captureproteins or DNA-probes. Further to spotting of biofunctional nanoparticles in a micro arrayed format, the generation of a covering nanoparticle-coat in a user-defined shape allows for flexible assay-design and for fabrication of large bioconjugative interfaces on both, glass and polymer substrates. In view of the advantages that have been experienced in the past decade using biochip- based screening-approaches, biochip-production should be made a cheap, flexible and reproducible process. In order to set up an automated production-line for nanoparticle-based bio-chips we are developing an ink-jet printing process that is compatible with the treatment of biomolecules and that allows for high flexibility as well as accuracy in nanoparticle deposition. We will present results concerning substrate-activation, ink-preparation, the print-performance treating inkformulations containing (bio)functional nanoparticles and the maintenance of biological functions during the ink-jet process. Session G4 – Invited Paper MULTIMODAL/MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Swadeshmukul Santra, NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; ssantra@mail.ucf.edu 338 In recent years, multimodal/multifunctional nanoparticles have attracted tremendous attention in biomedical research such as cancer imaging, stem cell tracking, drug delivery etc. In this direction, we have developed various types of biocompatible core-shell fluorescent, radio-opaque and paramagnetic multimodal/multifunctional nanoparticles using water-in-oil microemulsion method. In this presentation, I will talk about development of silica and chitosan based multimodal/multifunctional nanoparticles as sensitive contrast agents for bioimaging and biosensing applications. The design and synthesis strategy of controlling particles size, aqueous dispersibility, biocompatibility and targetebility of nanoparticles will be discussed in details. Research data demonstrating both in vitro and in vivo applications of these nanoparticles will be presented. Session G4 – Invited Paper APPLICATION OF NANOGOLD TO BIOMOLECULAR RECOGNITION Long Jiang, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China. jiang@iccas.ac.cn 339 175 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) QCM surface modified with nanogold resulted in a great enhancement of fixation amount of single strain SH-DNA, which in turn increased the hybridization of target DNA. When nanogold attached to the end of target DNA the recognition sensitivity will increase to an extent of several orders. With a sandwich mode of DNA hybridization the detection ability to a target DNA consisted of 17 bases could improved from 10-12 mol/L to 10-16 mol/L. The effect of nanogold have been studied with electrochemical and mechanical property, which showed the high curvature of nanoparticles could provided more room for hybridization, and fixation strength of single strain DNA on the substrate could be improved by the dense packing of nanoparticles on the surface. Our experimental results showed that small nanogold on the larger gold ball surface can be a better collector of DNA in gene gun and microfluidic system application. Session B3 – Invited Paper SPIDER SILK PROTEINS - BIOPOLYMERS FOR ENCAPSULATION, COATINGS AND MORE Thomas Scheibel, Dept. of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; thomas.scheibel@uni-bayreuth.de 340 Biological materials often exceed the characteristics and properties of man-made ones. One well-known example is spider silk with superior mechanical properties such as strength and toughness. Most spider silks are used for building the web, which reflects an optimized trap for flying prey. Already thousands of years ago the excellent mechanical properties and low immunogenicity of spider webs have been acknowledged by men, employing them as fishing nets or as wound closure devices. However, large-scale farming of spiders has been quickly abandoned due to the territorial and cannibalistic behavior of most spiders. In order to avoid such complication, we developed a bioinspired system using bacteria as production hosts which produce silk proteins mimicking the natural spider silks. Besides the protein fabrication, we have developed a spinning technique to produce spider silk threads closely resembling natural silk fibers. Importantly, we can employ the bio-inspired silk proteins also in other application forms such as microcapsules or films useful for encapsulation or surface coatings. Our bioinspired approach serves as a basis for new materials in a variety of medical, biological, or chemical applications. Session B3 – Contributed Paper OLIGONUCLEOTIDE-COATED METALLIC NANOPARTICLES AS A FLEXIBLE PLATFORM FOR MOLECULAR IMAGING AGENTS G. Rossini, S. Crumlett, N.Nitin, J. Trevino, B. Goins1, N. K. Vail2, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; 1UTHSCSA San Antonio TX, 2Kinetic Concepts, Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA; gianny.rossini@swri.org 341 176 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) We have developed and characterized PLGA/PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for the purposes of providing targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to bone. We further demonstrate the encapsulation of a gamma-emitting radionuclide in these nanoparticles to study their in vivo biodistribution. Previous research has used surface modification to attach radioactive ligands to study nanoparticle biodistribution, however this approach can change the nanoparticle biodistribution properties. In this study, Tc99m (t1/2 ~6 hours) was conjugated to a model protein and encapsulated within nanoparticles using a custom w/o/w encapsulation protocol, which was optimized to produce labeled nanoparticles within 4 hours. This protocol can be used to prepare nanoparticles with narrow size distribution in the range of 100 to 200nm by controlling the process conditions. The encapsulation efficiency of Tc99m was approximately 5%. Nanoparticles were formulated from an 80/20 (w/w) mixture of PLGA (75/25 Lactide/Glycolide, 50-70 kDa) and either a custom synthesized PLGA-PEG (PLGA 50 kDa ave Mw, PEG 2 kDa) or custom synthesized PLA-PEG-Asp4 (PLA 48 kDa Mw, PEG 2 kDa), where Asp4 is an aspartic acid oligopeptide to target bone. The biodistribution of two nanoparticle formulations, 120±30nm and 200±30nm, was determined in C57BL/KaLwRij mice, which develop myeloma disease when inoculated with murine 5TGM1 myeloma cells. Nanoparticles (200 μL, ~0.5mCi) were administered via tail vain injection. Biodistribution was followed by Micro-CT scan and blood samples collected at 1, 2, 4, 20 and 40 hours. Micro-SPECT was performed on selected animals. Nanoparticle clearance from the blood was determined by counting blood samples collected from retro-orbital sinus at various times post-injection. Tissues were harvested post mortem at 44 hours post injection. Samples were weighed and counted, and organ distributions calculated as a % of dose/gram of tissue. We found that smaller particles remained in the circulation longer during the first four hours post-injection (27.18±4.01%) compared to larger particles (1.54±0.29%). After 44 hours a small amount radioactivity (1.38%±0.13) was found in the kidney confirming that the label was stable in vivo. The main difference between 200nm and 120nm particles was that bigger particles end up mostly in the liver (36.513±1.359) and smaller particles distribute mostly in the spleen 56.756±13.401 and liver 31.073±1.589. The above results were confirmed by Micro-SPECT performed at 2 hours. Total bone distribution was 5.586±0.654 for 200nm particles and 9.739±1.123 for 120nm particles. Future work will determine the bone targeting capability of long circulation nanoparticles by functionally modifying the surface with Asp4 a bone targeting agent. Session B3 – Invited Paper BIOMIMETIC PROCESSING OF SOFT-HARD CORE-SHELL MICROCAPSULES Mark A. Bewernitz, Palanikumaran Muthias, Adria Suarez, Laurie B. Gower; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6400, USA; lgowe@mse.ufl.edu 342 Core-shell microcapsules are being prepared which contain a fluidic core, such as an oil droplet, surrounded by a mineral shell of calcium carbonate. These “hard-“soft” particles are synthesized by coating surfactant-stabilized emulsion colloids with a mineral shell, 177 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) using a polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) mineralization process developed in the Gower lab. In this process, a highly hydrated amorphous precursor to the mineral is generated using a polymeric process-directing agent, such as polyaspartate, to generate liquid-liquid phase separation in the reaction medium. Droplets of the mineral precursor adsorb to and coat the emulsion colloids, and because of their fluidic character, they coalesce to form a smooth and continuous mineral coating that encapsulates the oil droplet, along with any active ingredients contained within the emulsion oil. Using confocal microscopy, it has been demonstrated that the microcapsules can entrap an oilsoluble dye, and preliminary studies demonstrate that the calcite shell is readily biodegradable. Morphological characterization of the particles by optical and scanning electron microscopy shows that they are around 2 to 5 microns in diameter, with a mineral shell thickness of several hundred nanometers. We are currently determining the ability to tailor these parameters, as well as degradation rate of the shell. A variety of commercial applications are envisaged for these biodegradable capsules, ranging from pharmaceutical microcapsules for drug delivery, agriculture (release of catalyst, pesticide, fertilizer), consumer products (cosmetics, skin and hair care), and self-healing composites. Session B3 – Invited Paper INNOVATIVE ENCAPSULATION FOR DIAMOND COMPOSITE COMPACTION Miriam Gathen, Evelina Vogli, Wolfgang Tillmann, Institute of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany; miriam.gathen@udo.edu 343 Diamond impregnated composites are frequently hot pressed. Further process routes are pressureless sintering of green compacts partly combined with hot isostatic pressing and hot isostatic pressing of encapsulated powder mixtures. In order to obtain a high compaction sintered components with low porosity or impermeable capsules are necessary for the hot isostatic pressing process. For that reason ultra-fine powder or capsules made of metal or glass are employed. The Institute of Materials Engineering pursues an innovative encapsulation process route: cold compaction of powder mixtures, pressureless sintering in a vacuum furnace, physical vapor deposition (PVD) of a coating, hot isostatic pressing. The thin PVD-coating acts similarly as a capsule and transfers the pressure in the subsequent hot isostatic pressing process. For the implementation of this process route two different bronze powders CuSn 85/15 (45-90µm, <40µm) and diamonds (40/50 US-mesh, 300-450µm) were used and six different mixtures produced: two pure bronze powder mixtures and a mixture of them (70% 45-90µm, 30% <40µm) as well as the three bronze mixtures with diamond addition (10Vol.-%). The mixtures were compacted at 550 MPa and pressureless sintered in a vacuum furnace at 993 K for 4 hours. In a PVD-process pure copper were deposited on the presintered composites. The thickness of the coating ranged from 12µm to 16µm. Subsequently, the coated composites were hot isostatic pressed at 993 K, 100 MPa for 4 hours. After the pressureless sintering composites based on bronze particles 45-90µm showed a beginning of neck formation, but also original grain boundaries (porosity ~18%). In composites with mixed particle sizes (70% 45-90µm, 30% <40µm) the fine bronze particles filled the pores between the coarse bronze particles and a slightly progressed sintering was 178 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) observed (porosity ~13%). Composites based on bronze particles <40µm showed a further development of neck formation (porosity ~11%). The diamonds were good embedded in the bronze matrix with microstructures mentioned previously. After the hot isostatic pressing of copper coated composites the microstructure of all composites were clearly more compacted and a porosity reduction of approximately 10% were measured. Consequently, the composites based on mixed and fine bronze particle sizes were in the final stage of sintering with significant neck growth and elimination of grain boundaries. Investigations of the copper coating on presintered composites showed that the coating thickness should be more than 12µm to close the open pores of the composite surface. Because the PVD-coating-process was performed under vacuum the pores were sealed without enclosing gas that hinder the subsequent sintering. Diamonds on the surface of the presintered composites were coated in the same way as the bronze matrix. While conventional metal or glass capsules are of restricted geometry the innovative encapsulation process route by means of PVD-coating offer a high geometric flexibility and consequently, the realization of complex shaped diamond impregnated composites. This novel encapsulation technique is suitable not only for diamond composites but also for powder of difficult compactibility. Session B3 – Contributed Paper FABRICATION OF FUNCTIONALISED POLYURETHANE NANOCAPSULES VIA INVERSE MINIEMULSION FOR EXPLOITING AS CELL MARKERS Umaporn Paiphansiri1, Sonu Sharma2, Julia Schmitz-Wienke3, Volker Mailänder3, Anna Musyanovych1, Volker Rasche2, and Katharina Landfester1; 1Institute of Organic Chemistry III - Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; 2Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 89081 Ulm, Germany; 3Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine/Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; umaporn.paiphansiri@uni-ulm.de 344 The concept of ‘nanoreactor’ prepared by the inverse (water-in-oil) miniemulsion process was applied to encapsulate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) marker, i.e. Magnevist®, into the aqueous core of well-defined polyurethane (PU) nanocapsules. The inverse miniemulsion was prepared by ultrasonication. The monodisperse aqueous nanodroplets comprising the MRI solution, sodium chloride, and 1,6-hexanediol or dextrane were dispersed in cyclohexane containing non-ionic surfactant, i.e. poly((butylene-coethylene)-block-(ethylene oxide)). The interfacial polycondensation takes place after addition of 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate to the obtained inverse miniemulsion at 60 °C, resulting in polyurethane nanocapsules. The nanocapsules obtained from the cyclohexane phase were then redispersed into an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulphate. The effect of molar ratio of diisocyanate to diol on nanocapsules characteristics, e.g. nanocapsule size, shell thickness, encapsulation efficiency and T1 relaxivity of the MRI marker was evaluated. In addition, the distribution of the marker in the nanocapsules was elucidated by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Prior to further study on the T1 relaxivity of nanocapsules, which contain the MRI marker in vivo, surface modification of those nanocapsules is required to improve the ability of targeted cellular uptake. Instead of incorporating the MRI marker into the core, pH independent 179 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) fluorescence dye was, thus, utilised for in vitro imaging under the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The carboxymethylation reaction or adsorption of cationic polyelectrolyte, e.g. polyethylenimine (PEI) or poly(aminoethyl methacrylate) (PAEMA), on the nanocapsule surface was performed in order to introduce carboxylic or amino groups, respectively. Comparing to the unfunctionalised fluorescent nanocapsules (having zeta potential of -47 mV), the increase in number of the amino functionalised nanocapsules (having zeta potential of +60 mV) leads to the enhanced incorporation into HeLa cells after 24 h incubation time as demonstrated by CLSM measurements. Session B3 – Invited Paper THE BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL MICRO/NANO CAPSULES IMMERSED IN LIQUIDS Michael Lefenfeld* and Curt Thies‡; *Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; ‡Thies Technology, Henderson, NV 89014, USA; mbl2102@columbia.edu 345 This presentation will focus on microscopic and spectroscopic experimental techniques that can be used to characterize the behavior of individual microcapsules immersed in liquids. Data discussed were obtained by observing the behavior of a number of individual microcapsules drawn from several different types of capsules. Some capsules were initially loaded with a highly water-soluble solid; others were loaded with a waterimmiscible solvent. The former were immersed in water and the latter in a variety of organic solvents. Significantly, the behavior in liquids of individual capsules drawn from a specific capsule sample varies greatly. Whereas some release their contents rapidly, others release their contents extremely slowly. This observation is consistent with the concept that microcapsules exhibit population or ensemble release behavior which can be characterized by statistical methods. Although examining the behavior of individual capsule in various solvents may be viewed as a time consuming process, such measurements can make a significant contribution to encapsulation process development and improvement studies and this will be noted. Session B3 – Contributed Paper CASEIN PROTEIN NANO GELS FOR ENCAPSULATION OF MINERALS Cornelis G. de Kruif1,2 and Thom Huppertz1; 1NIZO food research, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718ZB, Ede, The Netherlands; 2Van ´t Hoff laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; DeKruif@NIZO.NL 346 Caseins, the main proteins from milk, self-associate to form nanometer-sized micellar structures. These micellar structures are capable of encapsulating and protecting small mineral and other particles. Actually the biological function of the casein micelles in milk is to transport 5 nm sized calcium phosphate clusters. The calcium phosphate is required for the bone formation of the neonate. As an illustrative and technological interesting 180 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) example, we used the casein protein for the encapsulation of magnetite particles. Since magnetite is super paramagnetic, the so obtained particles can be manipulated and collected by a (weak) magnetic field. The protein matrix of the gel particles was stabilized by enzymatic cross linking. Such particles can also be functionalized so as to separate proteins. The particles and the technology used is food grade. Session M1 – Invited Paper STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MAGNETOPLUMBITE-TYPE CATIONS-SUBSTITUTED BARIUM FERRITE NANOPARTICLES G. B. Teh, Department of Bioscience and Chemistry, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; tehgb@mail.utar.edu.my 347 The magnetoplumbite-type (M-type) hexagonal ferrites of BaFe12O19 have been investigated with the substitution of oxides of cobalt(II), cobalt(III) and titanium (IV), in order to produce a quaternary system of the type BaO-Fe2O3-XO where X represents the dopant cation. Ethylene glycol was employed as the precursor and this technique had produced nanocrystallites of cation-substituted barium ferrites with particle sizes from 200-1000 Å. Co(II) substitution reduced the coercivity from 1082.39 G/mg in unsubstituted BaFe12O19 (363 Å) to 275.77 G/mg in BaCo(II)Fe11O19 (261 Å). Oxygen vacancies of 2.4 % were detected in the Co(II)-substituted barium ferrite by the means of thermogravimetry analysis. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution in BaCoXTiXFe12-2XO19 with X = 0.2 had exhibited an increase in both its remnant and saturation magnetization compared to its un-substituted barium ferrite. Significant increase in line broadening of the XRD patterns were observed indicating the decrease of particle sizes due to the Co(II)–Ti(IV) substitution. BaCo3Ti3Fe6O19 showed the highest coercivity but moderate saturation and remnant magnetizations. HRTEM imaging showed that Co(II)–Ti(IV) substitution in the system of BaCoxTixFe12−2xO19 (x = 1–6) produced no drastic change in the structure of the M-type ferrites. The HRTEM micrographs showed that BaFe12O19 is a well-ordered compound with a lattice fringe spacing of 11.6 Å of the {002} planes. The barium ferrite phase is found to be crystallized on the {111} plane of spinel iron oxide. The fine structure of M-type barium ferrites was not changed by the Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution with majority of the crystals displayed a long axis perpendicular to the c-axis of the Mtype structure. Disordered crystals showing the intergrowth between Co–Ti-substituted barium ferrite and the spinel-structured iron oxide were detected. Session B3 – Contributed Paper PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF (SUPER-)PARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES Aiguo Wu1, Tatjana Paunesku 1,2, Nicole Macheri2, Kenneth T. Thurn1, Eric, M. Brown1, Debiao Li2, and Gayle E. Woloschak 1,2,3* 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, 2Department of Radiology, 3Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; aiguo@northwestern.edu * Corresponding Author 348 181 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) There are many interests in (super-)paramagnetic nanoparticles such as magnetic storage in informatics, magnetic separation of waste water treatment in environment science, as well as contrast media in biomedical imaging. We prepared (super-)paramagnetic nanoparticles in aqueous solution around room temperature in air no inert gas protection during the whole preparation process. We will show some results from our group on preparation methodology, properties, characterization, and applications of (super-) paramagnetic nanoparticles particularly in bio/medical applications. We hope our results can benefit for the research fields in the preparation of (super-)paramagnetic nanoparticles via a simple and low-cost way as well as biomedical imaging based on these water-soluble nanoparticles. Session B3 – Contributed Paper DESIGN AND PROPERTIES OF HYBRID MAGNETIC NANOCARRIERS (HYMAC) Yun Yang,a Michel Boissière,a Joachim Allouche,a Corinne Chanéac,a Roberta Brayner,b Jacques Livagea and Thibaud Coradina. a CMCP, Université P. et M. Curie-CNRS, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France. bITODYS, Université Denis Diderot-CNRS,75251 Paris cedex 05, France; coradin@ccr.jussieu.fr 349 Hybrid nanoparticles associating alginate and silica were elaborated by spray-drying technique. This procedure is compatible with the encapsulation of iron oxide colloids and antibiotics. These nanoparticles could be up-taken by living cells and intra-cellularly degraded while demonstrating limited cytoxicity. They could be surface-functionalized with PEG chains and coated with gold colloids., with a significant impact on their cellular incoporation Their drug release properties were investigated, indicating a two-step degradation process that may arise from the difference in stability of the bio-organic and inorganic components. By varying the silica/biopolymer content, it was observed that the structure of these nanoparticles could evolve upon ageing from interpenetrating networks to core-shell and hollow sphere morphologies. Surfactants were also introduced in order to control the porosity of the silica network in the mesoporous range. Overall, these hybrid magnetic nanocarriers (HYMAC) appear as promising platforms for the development of multi-functional pharmaceutical materials. Session B3 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FUNCTIONALIZED WITH β-CYCLODEXTRIN FOR BIOSEPARATION. M S Uddin*, A Z M Badruddoza, K Hidajat, L Hong; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 117576; cheshahb@nus.edu.sg 350 In recent years, the unique and physicochemical features of surface functionalized magnetic nano-sized particles which are attributed to affinity of pendant functional 182 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) groups and magnetic properties are gaining significant interest in the field of bioseparation and purification. In this study, the surfaces of magnetic nano-particles were functionalized by grafting 6-ehtylenediamine-substituted β-cyclodextrin [β-CDX, X=NH(CH2)2NH2]. The magnetic nano-particles (Fe3O4) were synthesized by chemical precipitation method using Fe2+ and Fe3+ salt (1:2) with ammonium hydroxide under a nitrogen atmosphere and vigorous stirring at 80°C followed by resuspension of the nanoparticles in water using thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA). As thiol (–SH) group in thiodiglycolic acid has greater affinity for iron sites on surface, it is easily attached to the iron particles through coordination bonding. This procedure produced Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized against agglomeration. Finally, β-CDX bonded nano-sized magnetic particles were prepared through reaction between β-CDX and thiodiglycolic acid coated magnetic particles. β-CDX was synthesized in two step procedures from β-CD via preparation of 6-monotosyl β-CD (β-CDtosyl) which were also reported. The characterization of the resulting nano-particles were carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis. TEM results reveal the formation of single domain monodispersed nano-particles of mean diameter of ca. 10.5 nm. The successful attachment of β-cyclodextrin on the surface of magnetic nano-particles was ascertained from the results of FTIR, TGA, XPS and elemental analyses. Session M1 – Invited Paper FERROMAGNETIC CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES: GROWTH CONTROL AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY Tong Leung, WATLab and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; tong@uwaterloo.ca 351 Our recent work on metal nanoparticles (Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Au) electrochemically deposited on a H-terminated Si substrate or on an ultrathin polypyrrole film grown on a gold-coated Si substrate shows that the morphology (size, shape, density, and distribution), and structural and chemical compositions of these nanostructured materials can be easily controlled by varying the deposition conditions (pH, electrolyte concentration, deposition potential, charge, and current density). Using similar electrochemical techniques, we have recently obtained mono-sized, uniformly distributed Fe core-shell nanoparticles with three different morphologies: nanospheres of 6-10 nm in diameter, 25×130 nm oval-shaped nanorods (or “nanorice”), and nanocubes of 30-80 nm side length. These nanoparticles are found to primarily consist of a Fe metallic core and a mixed Fe oxides shell. In the present work, we report the first evidence of morphological changes induced by an external magnetic field during growth. The potential of using this magnetic-field-guided electrodeposition technique for constructing “patterned” nanostructured materials and for other applications will be discussed. Our recent results on the organic functionalization of these Fe core-shell nanoparticles (with and without the presence of an external magnetic field) will also be presented. 183 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session M1 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Everett Carpenter, Virginia Commonwealth University, Chemistry Department, 1001 West Main Street, PO Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA, ecarpenter2@vcu.edu 352 Abstract Unavailable Session M1 – Contributed Paper NON-AQUEOUS SOL-GEL ROUTES TO DILUTED MAGNETIC OXIDES Guylhaine Clavel, Andrea Pucci, Marc-Georg Willinger, David Zitoun Nicola Pinna, University of Aveiro, Department of chemistry and CICECO, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal and Institut Charles Gerhardt, CC15, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; clavel@ua.pt 353 Nanostructured oxides play a major role in the development of functional nanoscale materials and devices. Among them, diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) represent an important family of materials. In an extremely quoted paper of Dietl et al., ZnO and GaN have been predicted ferromagnetic at room temperature. Since 2000 a lot of controversial works were published on the subject showing that these materials show ferromagnetic behavior in function of the doping but also of the synthetic approach. A recent theoretical work predicts that transition-metal doped zirconia can be also ferromagnetic at room temperature in function of the metal dopant, its oxidation state and concentration. Non-aqueous sol-gel routes are remarkably successful for the synthesis of oxide materials. Solvent assisted synthesis and especially the “benzyl alcohol route” have several advantages such as a low reaction temperature and a high crystallinity and purity of the as synthesized oxides. We extended the “benzyl alcohol route” to the synthesis of transition metal doped oxide semiconductors. This synthetic method enables the incorporation of several transition metal dopants into oxide matrix. Here, we present the synthesis, the characterization and the magnetic properties of doped ZnO and ZrO2 nanoparticles. The synthesis involves the reaction of inorganic precursors and benzyl alcohol at moderated temperature and lead to high-quality nanocrystals presenting a homogeneous distribution of the magnetic ion. Manganese doped zinc oxide as well as manganese doped zirconia, exhibit mainly a paramagnetic behavior of the diluted spins. In the case of cobalt doped zinc oxide, the magnetic properties are affected by the synthesis condition, paramagnetic or ferromagnetic behavior was obtained depending on the solvent used. The homogeneity and local environment of the magnetic ions diluted into the matrix were characterised by high resolution TEM, electron energy loss spectrometry and by electron paramagnetic resonance, which is a local probe sensitive to oxidation state, local symmetry and spin-spin interactions. After providing evidence on the homogeneity of doping and the absence of any secondary phase, the magnetic properties of the as-synthesized nanoparticles were meticulously studied using SQUID and VSM magnetometer. 184 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session M1 – Invited Paper DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HETEROSTRUCTURED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AND NANOPARTICLE-CRYSTALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Jian-Ping Wang, Yunhao Xu, Xiaoqi Liu, Ying Jing, Timothy Kline Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; jpwang@umn.edu 354 In this paper, we will first discuss the desirable properties of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanoparticles with high-magnetic moment, high-anisotropy constant and smart functions will be emphasized. Then, we will report a newly-developed general gas-phase method to fabricate nanoparticles with selected crystal structures and a variety of heterostructures and use this method to fulfill the designed properties of magnetic nanoparticles for kinds of biomedical applications. For magnetic materials, crystal structure control is very important not only because the arrangement of bulk atoms determines the magnetic properties but also because atoms on different crystal surfaces have different contribution. Here we report a preparation method that can tune the crystal structure and magnetic properties of nanoparticles and at the same time provide materials without surface adsorbates. In this method gas phase aggregation is used to generate nanoparticles. Crystal structure control is achieved by directly manipulating the energy carried by nucleating atoms and growing species using magnetron plasma as the adjustable energy source. At three different densities of plasma, FePt nanocrystals with three different kinds of crystal structures, A1 icosahedron, A1 octahedron and L10 octahedron were prepared, respectively. High-resolution TEM images clearly show the different arrangements of atoms and magnetic measurements reveal that they have very different magnetic performance. These materials can be used as different types of nanoscale magnets having the same chemical composition. The potential applications of them are magnetic storage media, magnetic sensor and labeling devices, as well as that for biomedical applications. The technique reported here can be easily extended to other magnetic as well as non-magnetic nanocrystal fabrication thus to provide a general platform for technological and fundamental study at the nanometer scale. Heterostructured nanoparticles are highly desirable in applications such as medical imaging, drug delivery, thermal cancer treatment and etc., which combine different properties of the individual component structure into one single nanoparticle and have possible enhancement of each properties. Different from the previous two-step method used in both the chemical approach and physical vapor deposition approach, a “one-step” method is developed to synthesize heterostructured nanoparticles direct from gas phase. An integrated nanoparticle deposition system is used to fabricate the heterostructured nanoparticles in this study. It has been demonstrated that a variety of heterostructures can be produced by using the method, including core-shell, multi-core-multi-shell, dumbbell, and sphere with nodules. The heterostructure is formed by controlling the initial conditions of atom generating and the thermal environment in the nanoparticle source. Results have been obtained from different materials systems including Co and Au, Fe and Ag, FeCo and Si, and FeCo and Au/Ag/Cu. In the last part of the talk, applications and 185 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) advantages of the synthesized water-soluable and bio-compatible high-magnetic-moment nanoparticles will be reported in magnetic hyperthermia, MRI imaging, drug delivery and release and bio-sensing. Session M1 – Contributed Paper MAGNETIC PARTICLE BASED NANOBIOMARKERS FOR SENSING APPLICATION Chen-Zhong Li, Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W. Flagler St. Miami, Florida 33174, USA; E-mail: licz@fiu.edu Various nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanowires, nanoscale magnetic films, and conducting biomoleculars have emerged as candidates for new-generation sensoric chips. The innovation of using antibody modified metallic nanoparticles (Nps) as biological sensing elopements for the electrochemical detection of micro organisms and various toxins responds to the urgent needs for clinic diagnosis, homeland security and biowalfare. Due to nanoparticles are capable of forming active complexes with different type of biological substances, the antibody-Nps hybrids can serve to selectively recognizing the binding targets. Such nano sized particles provide a high surface-to-volume ration, increasing the density of immobilized antibody probes, which is beneficial for a high detection signal and sensitivity. In this report, combining MEMS technology, electrochemistry and immunology, a sensing system based on superparamagnetic magnetic Nps or core-shell structured magnetic Nps for quickly analysis of micro organisms will be presented. In the sensing array system, multi micro gold electrode array are fabricated upon polycarbonate surfaces using photolithographic processes. By guiding of magnetic biotags using on-chip generated magnetic forces to a specific electrode on the sensor chips, the electrochemical responses rapidly reflect important information such as bacteria motions and the type of bacteria. In addition, magnetic particles based immunosensors allow for a rapid regeneration and exchange of the magnetic bio-tags when needed. 355 Session D3 – Invited Paper ELECTRON MICROSCOPY CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL ORDER IN SMALL NANOPARTICLES Richard R. Vanfleet, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; rrv3@physics.byu.edu; Rumyana Petrova and Kevin R. Coffey, AMPAC, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA 356 Chemically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles of FePt and similar L10 ordered alloys are candidate materials for high-density magnetic recording media. The degree of chemical ordering is a fundamental parameter for useful application. The chemical order parameter (S) can be quantitatively measured by x-ray diffraction for sufficiently thick layers but signal to noise problems hamper studies on thin films and layers of nanoparticles. Additionally, X-rays measure large numbers of particles at once giving 186 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) results for an “average” particle but no information about particle to particle variation. High Resolution Electron imaging techniques can show ordered spacings to identify individual chemically ordered particles but do not give a quantitative measure of the degree of ordering (S). We will present our work on using single particle electron diffraction in conjunction with multislice simulations to extract order parameter values from individual particles. The important computational and experimental parameters and processes will be discussed. Session D3 – Contributed Paper QUANTITATIVE PARTICLE ANALYSIS BASED ON ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMAGING DATA Ben Lich*, Jens Greiser*, Ulf Willen**, Andy Prior** and Arjen Tinke***; * FEI Company, Achtsteweg Noord 5, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, ben.lich@fei.com; **Malvern Instruments, Grovewood Road, Malvern UK, ulf.willen@malvern.com; *** Johnson and Johnson Research, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium, atinke@prdbe.jnj.com 357 In pharmaceutical industry there is a growing tendency to develop less soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). In order to assure acceptable in vivo dissolution and bioavailability, the trend is to use larger specific surface area of the active substance leading to smaller drug particles. Since the shape of a particle can be considered as its size manifestation in three dimensions and since the surface/volume ratio exponentially increases with a smaller size of the particles, for sub-micron and nano-size particles the characterization of shape becomes increasingly important. Current size measurement techniques generally rely on an indirect measurement of the particle size, and reporting of Particle Size Distribution (PSD) data generally occurs based on the assumption that the particles are spherical. As pharmaceutical actives are typically obtained by crystallization and milling processes, particles are non-spherical and hence there is a growing interest in characterizing the accurate particle size and shape. A better understanding of the solubility of the active ingredients will lead to improved drug formulations. In this study we present promising results based on expanding the “seeing is believing” paradigm, i.e., scanning electron microscopy images are used not only for qualitative purposes, but also for the quantitative PSD analysis of a pharmaceutical sub-micron suspension. The effects of sample preparation, image acquisition conditions and image processing are evaluated. In particular, the consequences related to the choice of filters, imaging vacuum mode and detector technology will be discussed in more detail. Session D3 – Invited Paper MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AND XMR-TECHNOLOGY: A COMBINED TOOL FOR SINGLE MOLECULE DETECTION Andreas Hütten, Inga Ennen, Camelia Albon, Ning Ning Liu, Alexander Weddemann and Günter Reiss, Thin Films and Physics of Nanostructures, Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, P.O. 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; huetten@physik.uni-bielefeld.de; ennen@physik.uni-bielefeld. 358 187 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) A promising approach for a future diagnosis of, e.g., virus diseases is the application of magnetoresistive sensors in lab-on-a-chip structures. This enables the production of cheap, portable, easy-to-use and fast devices for the standard human diagnosis. Such biosensors are based on two recently developed techniques and devices: Magnetic markers and XMR-sensors, where XMR means either giant magnetoresistance (GMR) or tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR). The magnetic markers are specifically attached to the target molecules such as DNA or antibodies and can be manipulated easily by external magnetic gradient fields. Their magnetic strayfield can be picked up by a magnetoresistive sensor as a change of the electrical resistance which can be used for further automated analysis. Our contribution is focused on physical aspects which play an important role on the way to lab-on-a-chip structures: First, we will cover the development of highly sensitive GMR- and TMR- sensors with isotropic characteristics to optimize the magnetic interactions with the magnetic markers. Thereby, the resulting strategy for measurements and the sensitivity of the sensor elements will be discussed. Furthermore, concepts for the manipulation and controlled guidance of molecules attached to magnetic markers, e.g., in fluidic channels are presented. Therefore, a combination of suitable magnetic markers and magnetic gradient fields has been employed. Session D3 – Contributed Paper HETEROFLOCCULATION STUDIES OF DEFORMABLE AND NONDEFORMABLE POLYMERIC PARTICLES Hani Nur*, M.J. Snowden, V.J. Cornelius and L.S. Benée, Medway Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK, ME4 4TB; h.nur@gre.ac.uk 359 The interactions between different types of colloidal particles have been investigated with respect to particle size, surface charge, temperature and the deformability of the particle. The particles studied were anionic polystyrene latex (non-deformable) and deformable particles of cationic poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) [pNIPAM]. Three different anionic polystyrene latex dispersions, differing only in size, were mixed separately with cationic poly pNIPAM microgel particles in different ratios. The physical state of aggregation was observed visually and the state of aggregation was studied by turbidimetric measurements together with SEM analysis. The heteroflocculation behaviour was investigated at two different temperatures 25 and 50ºC, which are the temperatures below and above the volume phase transition (VPT, ~34ºC) of the microgel particles. A temperature dependent reversible flocculation was observed for some mixed particulate systems. Results has shown that the observed state of aggregation or stability is the result of a complex balance between diffusion effects (Brownian motion), electrostatic (repulsive and attractive) forces as well as van der Waals forces—all of which are influenced by the environment of the particles, particle-size, their relative concentrations, temperature and surface charge density under a particular set of experimental conditions. It is also observed that the ionic interaction between oppositely charged deformable and nondeformable particles can be manipulated by temperature or particle concentration as a trigger to switch on or switch off the heteroflocculation mechanism which may have 188 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) potential applications in water industry for removal of colloidal impurities. Some mixed particulate system showed very strong irreversible aggregation behaviour which could be exploited in the field of enhanced oil recovery. Session D3 – Contributed Paper PARTICLE OUTLIERS AND CONTAMINANTS - LOOKING FOR THE NEEDLE IN THE HAYSTACK. Leonardo Cinquea, S. Kim R. Williamsa, Edward E. Remsenb, Mungai Kamitib, David Boldridgeb, Mansour Moinpourc; aDepartment of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines. 1500 Illinois St. Golden, CO 80401, USA; bCabot Microelectronics Corporation, Aurora, Illinois; cIntel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA; krwillia@mines.edu, lcinque@mines.edu 360 The observed properties of material systems can be severely impacted by the presence of low levels of outliers or undesired particles. The ability to detect these undesirable components in an overwhelming sea of particles is an analytical challenge that impedes property-performance studies. Ensemble methods, such as those based on light scattering, provide average values and have insufficient resolution to discern small differences in particle populations. We have developed a method based on field-flow fractionation (FFF) and single particle optical sizing (SPOS). The high resolution flow FFF stage spatially separates particles into different sizes which are counted as they flow through the SPOS detector. The strengths of this complementary combination of techniques are that quantitative information can be obtained, particles present in low amounts are easily discernible, and dynamic changes in the particle population can be measured. This presentation addresses the development of the FFF-SPOS system and its application to colloidal and fumed silicas used for chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of silicon wafers. The CMP process, universally adopted in microelectronic components manufacturing, is based on the use of abrasive slurries for the planarization and polishing of components surfaces. CMP utilizes a combined chemical and mechanical abrasive action of the slurries particles on the surface to be treated. The particle size distribution is one key to effective treatment. A careful control of the large particle count is necessary to prevent extensive surface defects that will degrade the performance of the microelectronic component. In collaboration with a consortium of enterprises working in the semiconductor field, we have demonstrated the FFF/SPOS characterization of low particle populations amidst high total particle backgrounds and have applied the methods to CMP slurries. 361 CHARACTERIZATION OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS USING MULTIWAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS Maria-T. Celis1-3, Ana Forgiarini1-3, Laura Márquez3 and Luís. H. García Rubio2; 1 Lab. Polymers and Colloids (POLYCOL), Chemical EngineeringUniversidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101-Venezuela; 2 College of Marine 189 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Science, University of South Florida, St.Petersburg- Florida, USA; 3Lab. FIRP, Chemical Engineering- Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101Venezuela; celismt@ula.ve The stirring of a dispersed system result in the production of droplet/particle populations, generated from the dynamic equilibrium between the breakup and coalescence phenomena during the process, and determined primarily by the formulation and composition variables, mixing characteristics and system preparation. The estimation of the droplet/particle size and droplet/particle size distribution are important data, not only because they are linked with the manufacturer process, but also they provide information of the properties of the dispersed phase and are an important parameter affecting the stability of the dispersion.. The information contained in the UV-Vis spectrum on the absorption and scattering properties of the emulsions lead to the interpretation of the spectra in terms of the particle size distribution, the particle shape and the chemical composition of the oil and emulsifier. The aims of this research is on analyzes of dispersed systems (i.e. macroemulsions, nanoemulsions, polymers, and suspensions), on transmission spectrum as function of the dispersed phase concentration and physicochemical variables. The quantitative interpretation of the transmission spectrum is performed in the portion where no absorption is present (300-820 nm) leading to reliable estimated of particle size populations in the range of 0.02- 20 μm. The spectroscopy technique proposed is on the regularized solution to the inverse problem posed by the multiwavelength turbidity equation. The particle characterization methodology is based on a coupled sampling and dilution strategy combined with spectroscopy methods The possibility of obtaining information from a single multiwavelength measurement makes UV-Vis spectroscopy a powerful tool for characterization of dispersed systems. Session D3 – Contributed Paper SIZE-DEPENDENT INTRINSIC RADIATIVE DECAY RATES OF SILICON NANOCRYSTALS AT LARGE CONFINEMENT ENERGIES Milan Sykora*, Lorenzo Mangolini,† Richard D. Schaller*, Uwe Kortshagen,† David Jurbergs‡ and Victor I. Klimov*; *Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS J567, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA; sykoram@lanl.gov; †Department of Mechanical Engineering, High Temperature and Plasma Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ‡Innovalight Inc., 3303 Octavius Drive, Suite 104, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA 362 Following the initial observation of efficient photoluminescence (PL) from porous Si, there have been numerous reports on greatly enhanced emission efficiencies in various types of Si nanostructures. For example, a recently developed plasma-synthesis and organic surface passivation technique produces Si NCs with a PL quantum yield >60%. However, the mechanism for high-efficiency PL from Si nanostructures is still under debate. For example, “surface-state” models ascribe it to recombination of carriers trapped at surface sites, while in “quantum-confinement” models, the PL is explained by recombination across the fundamental nanostructure band gap. In the latter case, the observed increase in the radiative rate is attributed to confinement-induced relaxation in 190 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) momentum conservation, which opens an additional radiative decay channel via zerophonon, pseudodirect transitions. In the present work, we analyze the evolution of PL spectra of Si NCs on sub-picosecond to sub-microsecond time scales using different spectroscopic techniques. The early time PL spectra (<1 ns), which show strong dependence on NC size, are attributed to emission involving NC quantized states. The PL spectra recorded for long delays (>10 ns) are almost independent of NC size and are likely due to surface-related recombination. Based on instantaneous PL intensities measured 2 ps after excitation, we determine intrinsic radiative decay rates for NCs of different sizes. These rates sharply increase for confinement energies greater than ~1 eV indicating a fast, exponential increase in the oscillator strength of zero-phonon, pseudodirect transitions. Similar size-dependent trends are observed for samples prepared by two different gas-phase techniques, which strongly suggests that our results are not sample-specific but rather reflect intrinsic properties of Si NCs. Session D3 – Contributed Paper SCATTERING OF EM WAVES BY SMALL MAGNETIC PARTICLES Gautam Mukhopadhyay, Shruti Puri, Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India; gmukh@phy.iitb.ac.in 363 Scattering of electromagnetic (em) waves by scatterers in a medium having different dielectric constant as well as different magnetic permeability may show unusual properties. Numerous studies report unusual behavior of scattering effects by small magnetic spheres. Recently, some experiments have reported (cf. Mehta et al., PRL 96, 127402 (2006) ), the observation of a novel effect in scattering by micron sized magnetic spheres dispersed in a ferrofluid in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field.. It is reported that, at a critical value of the magnetic field applied to the system, the forward scattering disappears. Under certain conditions, along with forward scattering, back scattering is also found to disappear. To our knowledge, the theory behind those experiments still needs to be formulated. By modeling the ferrofuid as consisting of magnetic particles distributed in nonmagnetic medium, we describe its magnetic properties in terms of Maxwell-Garnett theory. We then develop general theory of scattering of em waves from ellipsoids dispersed in such a medium. In our analysis, we take the dielectric constant as well as the magnetic permeability of the medium and the scatterer to be different. The case of spheres in the experiments in question then follow as a special case of our general results. We find that there is a drastic change in the scattering pattern of the electric field if we consider the ellipsoidal particle to have nonzero magnetic susceptibility. By considering the dependence of electric and magnetic susceptibilities on the intensity of the field, we show that the forward scattering vanishes for a critical value of the magnetic field. Session D3 – Contributed Paper CHARACTERISING THE DISPERSION OF FINE AND ULTRA-FINE CALCIUM CARBONATE PARTICLES IN POLYPROPYLENE Paul G Jonesab, Yingdan Zhuc, David I Gittinsa, Jarrod R Harta, Stephen N Kukurekab, Neil Rowsonb and David R Skuse a) Imerys Minerals Ltd, Par 364 191 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Moor Road, Par, Cornwall, PL24 2SQ, UK b) School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK c) Interfacial Analysis Centre, Oldbury House, 121 St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8BS, UK ; paul.jones@imerys.com The previous decade has shown an increasing research interest into the formulation of a well-dispersed mineral/polymer nano-composite but the cost-effective incorporation of nano-scale calcium carbonate particles in non-polar polymers has had limited success to date. Conventional polymer matrices that contain low aspect-ratio fine fillers have not been thoroughly characterised. The high level of interest in nano-composites has resulted in a significant number of literature and patent publications, but the challenges that face an engineer in large-scale production are seldom addressed. This work aims to provide a platform for further research by characterising the dispersion of fine low aspect-ratio fillers in a conventional polymer matrix. Provided that dispersion is achieved, finer particles of the discrete phase purportedly improve various mechanical properties, including impact strength. This has lead to research both into improving dispersion and reducing the average size of these dispersed particles. The concept is complicated by particle agglomeration, the occurrence of which becomes more favourable with increasing specific surface area. Novel treatments and production routes have been investigated with the intention of limiting these effects. A host of mineral properties both prior and subsequent to their incorporation within a polymeric matrix have been studied and the existing correlations between these properties and the resulting mechanical properties have been identified. Future work will involve researching less energyintensive routes firstly for producing minerals to the desired size specification and secondly in the composite production stage. Session E3 – Invited Paper ENCAPSULATED WHITE-LIGHT CdSe NANOCRYSTALS AS NANOPHOSPHORS FOR SOLID STATE LIGHTING Sandra J. Rosenthal,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tn; sandra.j.rosenthal@vanderbilt.edu 365 Ultrasmall CdSe nanocrystals yield emit broad spectrum, pure white emission with chromaticity coordinates of (0.324, 0.322). As such, they present an exciting possibility in the area of solid-state lighting (SSL) technology. We have employed these nanocrystals in prototypical SSL devices in which the nanocrystals serve as a nanophosphor pumped by a UV LED. Thirteen dissimilar polymers were examined as potential encapsulants for these single size nanocrystals. Of the encapsulants tested, the most robust, color stable, and homogeneous encapsulation was obtained using a biphenylperfluorocyclobutyl polymer. Devices utilizing the ultrasmall nanocrystal and this polymer had a high color-rendering index of 93. 192 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session E3 – Contributed Paper IMPROVED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION OF A NANO-FLUOROPHORE IN METAL NANOSHELLS WITH PLASMONIC RESONANCE Wallace C. H. Choy1, Xue-Wen Chen1,2, Sailing He2, and P.C. Chui1; 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; 2Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang University; Joint Research Centre of Photonics of the Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden) and Zhejiang University, Zhijingang campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; chchoy@eee.hku.hk 366 Fluorescent nanomaterials, including organic and metallorganic dye molecules, fluorescent proteins, II-VI and III-V compound semiconductor nanoparticles, polymer/dye-based nanoparticles and silica/dye hybrid particles, have been the subject of intensive research in recent years for their vast applications ranging from biomedical therapeutics and diagnostics to information storage and optoelectronics. For fluorescence based applications, fluorescence efficiency, i.e. the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the emitter, is an important issue. Due to the existence of pronounced nonradiative decay of excitons in the nanoscale structure, low EQE is an often-observed feature. Most of the reported strategies aim to reduce the nonradiative decay rate for improving the fluorescence efficiency. The direct and effective approach to improve the EQE is to increase radiative decay rate and the out-coupling efficiency since EQE is the product of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and the outcoupling efficiency. The enhancement of radiative decay rate results in the Purcell enhancement of IQE. However, there are few studies on increasing the radiative decay rate and out-coupling efficiency simultaneously in core-shell nanoparticles to enhance the fluorescence efficiency. Here, we will address this issue. In this paper, spontaneous emission (SE) rate and the fluorescence efficiency of a bare fluorescing nanoparticle and the nanoparticle with a silver nanoshell are analyzed rigorously by using a classical electromagnetic approach with the consideration of the nonlocal effect of the silver nano-shell. The dependences of the SE rate and the fluorescence efficiency on the core-shell structure are carefully studied and the physical interpretations of the results are addressed. The results show that the SE rate of a bare nanoparticle is much slower than that in the infinite medium by almost an order of magnitude and consequently the fluorescence efficiency is usually low. However, by encapsulating the nanoparticle with a silver shell, highly efficient fluorescence can be achieved as a result of a large Purcell enhancement and high out-coupling efficiency for a well-designed core-shell structure. We also show that a higher SE rate may not offer a larger fluorescence efficiency since the fluorescence efficiency not only depends on the IQE but also the out-coupling efficiency. Session E3 – Invited Paper COLLOIDAL CIGS PARTICLES: A PRECURSOR ROUTE TO ULTRA LOW COST PHOTOVOLTAICS Matthew Panthani, Vahid Akhavan, Brian Goodfellow, Brian A. 367 193 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Korgel,Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; korgel@che.utexas.edu Colloidal copper indium gallium selenide (and sulfide) (CIGS) nanocrystals approximately 10 nm in diameter or less were synthesized by high temperature arrested precipitation. The ligand chemistry turns out to be extremely important for the synthesis of these CIGS nanocrystals, and many common ligands used for arrested precipitation of metal and semiconductor nanocrystals do not work because they negatively impact the reaction chemistry and yield primarily stable molecular byproducts. Deposition strategies were then developed to achieve uniform, thick (~1 micrometer) CIGS nanocrystal films largely free of cracks. The as-deposited films are relatively resistive and prototype photovoltaic (PV) devices constructed from these films show only a weak PV response. Further processing steps were developed to greatly improve the properties of the nanoparticle films, resulting in decreased resistance, better photoresponse and higher PV efficiencies from devices constructed with these nanoparticle-based absorber layers. Session E3 – Invited Paper ENHANCEMENT OF THE EMISSION OF COLLOIDAL NANOCRYSTALS EMBEDDED IN PHOTONIC DEVICES Luigi Martiradonna, A.Qualtieri, T.Stomeo , L.Carbone, A.Tandaechanurat, L.Manna, S.Iwamoto, Y.Arakawa, R.Cingolani and M.De Vittorio, Scuola Superiore ISUFI, NNL of CNR-INFM, Univ. del Salento, via per Arnesano, Lecce, I-73100, Italy - IIS, INQIE, RCAST, University of Tokyo; luigi.martiradonna@unile.it 368 The development of photonic devices based on wet-chemically synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is nowadays one of the main research topics in international laboratories, due to their broad excitation spectra and narrow emission bands also at room temperature, tunable optical gain from the UV to the NIR spectral range, high photochemical stability. The insertion of these nanoemitters into photonic crystal (PC) cavities with localized optical modes having high quality factor (Q) and small modal volume can be exploited to develop high performing optical devices such as single photon sources, ultra-low threshold lasers and non-linear devices. We propose the fabrication of semiconductor nanocrystal based 2D-PC nanocavities by directly patterning and releasing a thin membrane of a functional material composed by NCs dispersed in a positive electronic resist. No pattern transfer from the resist to underlying membrane layers is required, since the resist itself acts as the suspended waveguiding layer. Therefore the optical quality of the resonating structure is only determined by a single high-resolution lithographic step, while it is not affected by any etching process. This can strongly improve the overall quality and repeatability of the fabricated devices, whose measured performances match almost perfectly the expected ones inferred by the simulation of ideal structures. This technological approach enables the enhancement and spectral tailoring of the emission of colloidal nanocrystals with full applicability both in the visible and the infrared spectral range, thanks to the optical transparency of the 194 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) polymeric membrane in which the emitters are dispersed. Moreover, the flexibility of the suspended structures can be also exploited for the fabrication of optical strain sensors and micro-actuators. Session E3 – Invited Paper ELECTROCHROMIC POLYMER WINDOWS Chunye Xu, Lu Liu and Minoru Taya, Center for Intelligent Materials and Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; chunye@u.washington.edu 369 As the economy is growing in the world, energy is being strongly demanded. Commercial buildings in the United States use 18% of the total energy consumption each year. Of this amount, 26% was spent on air-conditioning. Windows make up approximately 13% of wall area in new residences and up to 50% in large office buildings. Because of our limited access to energy on earth, energy efficient devices or energy saving systems are urgently required. A promising technology developed to help face this challenge is electrochromic (EC) or ‘smart’, switchable window technology. EC polymer materials can change their optical properties reversibly under an applied potential due to electrochemical oxidation and reduction. These windows are capable of controlling the throughput of radiant energy, potentially greatly reducing the amount of electricity consumed by heating and air conditioning, by allowing sun in during the winter and blocking it during the summer. Compared with other EC windows and lenses, organic based EC polymers used in this technology have gained popularity due to their small energy consumption, rich color, excellent open circuit memory, long lifetime and fast switching speeds. Additionally, ease in fabrication of large scale and flexible devices are positive features. EC windows are composed of mutiple chemical layers including an ion storage layer formed of nanoparticles, TiO2-V2O5. This layer plays a criticle role in balancing the charges of an EC active layer, so as to maintain a high contrast ratio of the device. The user can control the degree of tint, which remains after the power is turned off (open circuit memory). ECW for architecture window applications could save space by eliminating the need for dirt collecting shades, curtains, and blinds. Additionally, there are applications in aircraft, automobiles, sunglasses, displays, etc. Session E3 – Invited Paper 3D FUNCTIONAL HETERONANOSTRUCTURES MADE BY ASSEMBLY AND SHAPING OF NANOPARTICLE-FILM SYSTEMS Nina Kovtyukhova and Tom Mallouk, Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802; nina@chem.psu.edu 370 This presentation summarizes our progress in the synthesis and characterization of high aspect ratio inorganic and composite inorganic/organic nanostructures, and considers perspectives of their application as building blocks for assembling nanoelectronic circuits. Our strategy is based on shaping established particle-based thin-film devices, such as p-n heterojunction and Schottky diodes, insulating layers, and thin film transistors, into tube-encapsulated nanowire structures. This has been achieved by 195 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) combining wet adsorption methods for making thin-film devices with template electrochemical synthesis. We have recently demonstrated the applicability of two layerby-layer (LBL) assembly techniques to template membranes with cylindrical pores and to metal nanowire substrates. A variety of building blocks, such as semiconductor particles, short individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, polymers, and molecular precursors, can be alternately adsorbed one-layer-at-a-time inside the membrane pores and/or around metal wires. Important advantages of this strategy are (i) the possibility of organizing chemically and geometrically different blocks within a single nanostructure, (ii) technologically simple, inexpensive and scaleable synthesis of relatively uniform nanotubes and tube-encapsulated nanowire devices with excellent control over their length and diameter, (iii) precise control over thickness of the electroactive tube-shell, which is easy achievable by varying the number of adsorption cycles and by washing between adsorption steps in order to remove weakly bound particles or molecules. Using these synthetic strategies, insulated metal interconnects, coaxially-gated in-wire thin film transistors, and nanowire p-n heterojunction diodes can be prepared. The latter exhibit a rectification ratio close to that of p-n diodes prepared from single-crystal Si or InP nanowires. Importantly, the electrical characteristics of the tube-encapsulated nanowire devices are similar to those of large area planar thin film devices that were prepared by similar LBL techniques. This means that nanoparticle and molecular organic components can be introduced into the wire-in-tube structures without qualitative changes in their electrical, and most probably, chemical properties. Session E3 – Contributed Paper A NOVEL METAL/SEMICONDUCTOR EPITAXIAL INTERFACE: SiO2 FILM CONTAINING COOKIE-LIKE Au-NiO NANOPARTICLES SHOWING GAS SENSING PROPERTIES Alessandro Martucci1, D. Buso1, M. Guglielmi1, M.L. Post2, G. Mattei3, P. Mazzoldi3; 1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Settore Materiali, Università di Padova, Italy alex.martucci@unipd.it; 2 Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada; 3 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Padova, Italy 371 The known favorable lattice matching between Au and NiO crystals (difference between unit cells constants reported in few hundredths of nm) made possible the growth of peculiar cookie-like nanoparticles (25 nm mean diameter) inside a porous SiO2 film by simply tailoring the film synthesis parameters. The unusual aggregates result from the coupling of well distinguishable Au and NiO hemispheres, which respectively face each other through the (100) and (200) lattice planes. High resolution TEM analysis revealed that the twofold nanostructures show a sharp flat interface with epitaxial coherence between the Au and NiO phases. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) bands observed in optical absorption spectra put in evidence the effect of the atypical dielectric nature of the media surrounding the Au aggregates. SPR bands appear to be strongly red-shifted and modified in shape compared to typical SPR bands observed for AU NPs in solution. Each Au aggregate faces both the SiO2 matrix (n = 1.46) and the NiO (n = 2.34) surface, which in turn lead to the observed shifted and double-featured SPR band in absorbance spectra. This conclusion is further confirmed by a simulated fitting of the spectra 196 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) obtained using the Mie relations for Au NPs immersed in a non absorbing media. The films show noticeable and reversible change in the optical transmittance when exposed to CO and H2, with peculiar features according to the detected species. Presence of CO does not modify the maximum SPR band wavelength, while H2 induces a clear shift of the overall plasmonic resonance frequencies. Moreover the absence of cookie-like aggregates (i.e. Au and NiO as separated aggregates) emphasizes the detection of H2 in the whole operative temperatures range (50-300°C) tested, while films with cookie structures show a marked sensibility towards CO especially at lower operative temperatures ranges (50150°C). These observations may indicate a dielectric nature of the H2 detection mechanism and a more pronounced catalytic character of the CO detection. The conclusion is not trivial as in literature H2 and CO detection mechanisms are generally related only to catalytic oxidation of the two species. Furthermore an unusual increase of optical absorption confined around the SPR frequencies has been observed in films containing cookie structures exposed to CO. A possible explanation could be related to electron injection from NiO into Au in the cookie-like Au/NiO nanoparticles, thereby increasing the number of electrons available at the Au side of the Au/NiO interface that are involved in the catalytic oxidation of CO. Session F5 – Invited Paper MORPHOLOGY DESIGN IN RECYCLABLE NANOPOROUS TEMPLATES - TOWARDS HIGH-THROUGHPUT PRODUCTION OF TAILOR-MADE NANOFIBER ARRAYS Markus Geuss,1 Silko Grimm,1 Reiner Giesa,2 Hans-Werner Schmidt,2 Nitin Shinge,3 Thomas Thurn-Albrecht,3 Ulrich Gösele,1 Martin Steinhart1; 1 Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Germany); 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth (Germany); 3 Department of Physics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany); steinhart@mpi-halle.de 372 Arrays of aligned nanofibers and microfibers with diameters ranging from 20 to 1000 nm consisting of tailor-made polymeric or polymer-derived materials are a promising material platform for a broad range of applications in the fields of separation, storage, and sensor technology. Moreover, they may serve as functional surfaces with specific wetting properties, as artificial adhesive structures or as substrates for tissue engineering. Using self-ordered nanoporous alumina membranes (anodic aluminum oxide, AAO) containing hexagonal arrays of parallel nanochannels as shape-defining hard templates for the preparation of the nanofibers, hybrid membranes containing the latter in inorganic scaffolds are directly obtained. Infiltration of polymer melts in AAO yields nanotubes under conditions where a mesoscopic precursor film wets the pore walls, and solid nanorods may form by classical capillary rise. Controlling structure formation processes such as crystallization, mesophase formation and microphase separation of block copolymers in the two-dimensional confinement of the nanopores of the AAO hard templates yields, for example, ferroelectric polymer nanotubes with high longitudinal polarization, as required for polymeric sensors and actuators, or nanofibers with a tailored mesoporous fine structure. Moreover, mechanical extraction from the AAO hard 197 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) templates, which can thus be recycled, is a potential high-throughput access to highly ordered arrays of released, functional nanofibers. Session F5 – Contributed Paper TEMPLATE ASSISTED HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALLIZATION USING GELATIN NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED VIA MINIEMULSION PROCESS – A BIOMIMETIC APPROACH Anitha Ethirajan,*a Ulrich Ziener,a Katharina Landfester,a Andrey Chuvilin,b Helmut Cölfenc; (a) Instituite of Organic Chemistry III – Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm,Germany; (b) Electron Microscopy group of Material Science, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (c) Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam,Germany; anitha.ethirajan@uni-ulm.de 373 The hydroxyapatite/gelatin hybrid nanoparticle has a great potential to be used as a regenerative filler or as a scaffold for nucleation for new bone growth. These hybrid nanoparticles offer the feasibility of being injected directly into the damaged part or as coatings on implants to reduce the immune response or administered intravenously with functionalization. Here, we report a novel biomimetic strategy to synthesize hydroxyapatite inside of crosslinked gelatin nanoparticles which serve as nanoenvironment for the crystal growth in aqueous phase. The synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles using the inverse miniemulsion technique is itself very much intriguing due to the flexibility offered by the technique in tailoring the properties of the gelatin nanoparticles. It can be shown that the nano-environment promotes a different growth environment for the crystal due to the confinement inside the particle. The formation of hydroxyapatite inside the particles follow Ostwalds rule of stages. At first an amorphous phase is formed, which itself has a great potential to be used as a resorbable bone substitute. This further transforms into single crystalline hydroxyapatite via an octacalcium phosphate intermediate. The solution mediated transformation into the hydroxyapatite phase without any calcination step is studied in detail using TEM and XRD measurements. Session F5 – Invited Paper EFFECTS OF SURFACE IMPRINTING ON THE SELECTIVITY ORGANOSILICA SORBENTS FOR PRECONCENTRATION Michael A. Markowitz, Scott A. Trammell , Mazyar Zeinali, Brian Melde, Paul Charles, and Anne Kusterbeck, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375; michael.markowitz@nrl.navy.mil 374 Preconcentration allows the collection of enough sample mass to obtain detectable signals from a sensor array. Efficient preconcentration materials offer the potential for an ultra-sensitive sensor suite with rapid response time for the detection of explosives and other targeted molecules in field-deployable instruments. We are interested in developing robust sorbent materials for preconcentration that will selectively collect, concentrate, retain and detect illicit materials with the intent on improving the sensor response times 198 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) and limits of detection by several orders of magnitude in complex military environments. The ability to rapidly concentrate and detect materials without being in close proximity to the suspected target is a current gap in the capability of today’s systems. The development of new materials is key to trace detection of chemical species and will provide additional stand−off distance for detection. Using template directed molecular imprinting, we have engineered organosilicas with selectivity for TNT and organophosphonates, rapid adsorption−desorption kinetics, sensitivity, high stability, resistance to fouling, and adsorption capacities much greater than those of other sorbents. In addition, the ability to fabricate these materials as powders and thin films makes them suitable for in use in multiple sensor configurations. This presentation will focus on using mesoporous organosilicas for rapid pre-concentration and extraction of TNT for electrochemical analysis. The relative effects of the benzene and diethylbenzene bridged organic-inorganic polymers on electrochemical response and desorption behavior and, the effect of template directed molecular imprinting on TNT adsorption from contaminated soil extracts will be discussed. Session F5 – Invited Paper EXPLORING NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS BY FIBER-DRAWING NANOMANUFACTURING Zeyu Ma, Yan Hong, Chaoming Wang, Liyuan Ma, Ming Su, NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; mingsu@mail.ucf.edu 375 We have developed a novel technique for the mass production of ordered nanomaterials using fiber-drawing nanomanufacturing (FDN). In this method, the powders or a rod of a suitable material are filled in a matching glass tube, which is drawn into fibers at high temperature. These fibers are cut to short pieces of equal length, and stacked to form a bundle for the next drawing. By repeating the draw-cut-stack process, the diameter of the filling materials is reduced stepwise. The method can control the diameter, length and inter-feature spacing with high production yield and high level of manufacturability. We have made vertically aligned long nanowires of alloys, semiconductors, glasses, and inorganic materials, as well as microchannel arrays etc. The novel materials are being explored as novel substrates for energy conversions, biomolecular separation and analysis, and novel encapsulation strategy for other functional materials. Session F5 – Invited Paper METAL NANOPARTICLE PLASMONS INTERACTING WITH CHIRAL MOLECULES Itai Lieberman, Gabriel Shemer, Tcipi Fried, Edward Kosower and Gil Markovich, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; gilmar@post.tau.ac.il 376 Two issues related to silver nanoparticles interacting with chiral molecules will be presented: 1. Colloidal Ag nanoparticles coated with L-glutathione attached to bimane chromophores were studied by absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopies. The absorption and CD were resonantly enhanced via Ag surface 199 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) plasmons by two orders of magnitude. The wavelength and particle size dependence of the enhancement indicated that the electromagnetic "antenna" effect was in action, as found in other surface enhanced optical phenomena. 2. The formation of chiral silver nanoparticles when deposited on DNA templates was observed by CD spectroscopy. Several experimens designed to better understand the mechanism leading to this effect will be presented. Session F5 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF DOPED CARBON NANOTUBES: NEW MATERIALS WITH ENHANCED PROPERTIES Mauricio Terrones; mterrones@ipicyt.edu.mx 377 ABSTRACT UNAVAILABLE Session F5 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS, DISPERSION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLE-BASED RESISTS FOR DROPLET PRINTING Horng-Show Koo1,* and Mi Chen2; 1 Department of Optoelectronic System Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinfeng Hsinchu 304 Taiwan, R.O.C.; 2 Department of Materials Science and Enginnering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinfeng Hsinchu 304 Taiwan, R.O.C.; frankkoo@must.edu.tw 378 We demonstrate the synthesis, dispersion and characteristics of the nanoparticle-based photosensitive resists. The size-controlled synthesis of organic resist with particles can be attained by chemical and mechanical processing with solvent and promoters. Effects of particle size of pigments in resists on optical, chromatic, and fluidic properties have been observed and measured. The smaller particle size with the range of nanometer in resists is facilitated to the better of droplet ejection from nozzle and thin film formation on glass substrates. The size-controlled synthesis of resist inks with reddish pigments in nanometer exhibits better characteristics of jetting, wetting and curing, and can be significantly used to fabricate color filter by droplet printing process. The transmittance of the prepared monochrome color filters remarkably increase with decreasing particle size of reddish pigments, while color chromaticity of color filters increases within optimum range of pigments particle size in nanometer. The relationship between wavelength and transmittance of organic photosensitive resists with nano-particle reddish pigment, indicating the dependence of spectral shift in wavelength on pigment size in nanometer. Similarly, greenish and bluish pigments have the same behavior in optical, chromatic, and fluidic properties. 200 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A7 – Invited Paper NANOSCALE HOLLOW SPHERES: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES Claus Feldmann, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; feldmann@aoc1.uni-karlsruhe.de 379 Advanced nanostructured materials are of fundamental interest in chemistry and materials science. To this concern, nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes have gained significant importance in recent years. In comparison to these structures knowledge on nanoscale hollow spheres is much more limited. Nevertheless, certain applications such as nanocontainers, drug delivery, high-surface materials for catalysis and gas adsorption as well as structural building units for ultrasonic imaging or for low-weight materials have been intensely discussed already. State-of-the-art strategy to realize nanoscale hollow spheres is based on a solid core, on which in a first step a shell is precipitated. As a second step, the core/template is removed by a suited etching process. This strategy requires monodispersed and non-agglomerated templates. Here, colloidal polymer lattices, silica or gold particles have been applied most often. For several issues (e.g. container functionality, drug delivery) the solid template, its removal and a subsequent refilling of the container is disadvantageous. A much higher flexibility in synthesis and application would be possible with liquid cores/templates. In this study, hollow spheres are realized via a w/o (water-in-oil) microemulsion, without applying a solid template. HR-TEM images show ellipsoidal particles with outer diameters of 20 nm to 50 nm and a wall thickness of 4 to 10 nm. HR-TEM images also exhibit the sphere wall normally to be highly crystalline. The presentation will focus on the synthesis and characterization of nanoscale hollow spheres. Oxide-type as well as metal-type spheres will be shown. Furthermore, first aspects addressing physical properties and relevant features of application will be discussed. Session A7 – Invited Paper OPTICAL FABRICATION OF HOLLOW AND CORE-SHELL METAL NANOSPHERES Seol Ji Kim, Chil Seong Ah, Jong-Yeob Kim and Du-Jeon Jang, School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, NS60, Seoul, 151-742, Korea; djjang@snu.ac.kr 380 A hollow platinum nanosphere has been fabricated by excavating the core silver metal of a Ag@Pt core-shell nanoparticle optically. The surface-plasmon resonances of the shell platinum metal were excited with picosecond laser pulses of 1064 nm. Thermalized photon energy induces silver to melt and effuse through the shell rapidly, producing a smooth hollow platium nanosphere. The mutual transposition of the core and the shell of a Au@pt core-shell nanosphere has also been obtained by employing picosecond laser pulses to excite the surfaceplasmon resonances of platinum. The thermalized energy of the plasmon resonances makes the core metal of the gold melt earlier than the shell metal of platinum because of melting temperature differences and causes the gold to soak out of the core to the surface of the nanosphere. A new reversed core/shell Pt@Au core-shell nanosphere is formed with further irradiation. 201 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A7 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ECCENTRIC TITANIASILICA CORE-SHELL AND COMPOSITE PARTICLES Ahmet Faik Demirors, Alfons van Blaaderen and Arnout Imhof, Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CC, The Netherlands; a.f.demirors@phys.uu.nl 381 We describe a novel method to synthesize colloidal particles with an eccentric core-shell structure. First, titania-silica core-shell particles were synthesized by silica coating of porous titania particles under Stober conditions. We can control access of silica to the pores in the titania, allowing us to produce either core-shell or composite particles. Calcination of the core-shell particles gives unique eccentric core-shell structures, due to extensive shrinkage of the highly porous titania core with respect to the silica shell. However, when the titania particles are silica treated prior to drying they result in composite titania-silica spheres. Both structures are very interesting: composite particles are important for catalysis, coatings and photonics and eccentric core-shell particles are increasingly receiving interest for their potential applications especially in size-selective catalysis and photonics. Session A7 – Invited Paper PRODUCTION, GROWTH MECHANISM, AND APPLICATIONS OF CORE-SHELL IRON/CARBON NANOPARTICLES Kuo Chu Hwang, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; kchwang@mx.nthu.edu.tw. 382 Well graphitized core-shell iron/carbon nanoparticles (Fe@CNPs) were produced via an unprecedented "microwave arcing" process from both solid metallocene precursors and in organic solutions without co-formation of carbon nanotubes. Fe@CNPs were wellcharacterized by various spectroscopic measurements. Saturation magnetization measurement shows that the as-produced core-shell Fe@CNPs are ferromagnetic in nature with a coercivity value of ~ 115 Gauss. Pre-synthesized Co nanoparticles were used as templates for the growth of graphene shells in toluene-C60/70 solutions. Via acid etching and removal of the central core Co nanoparticles, hollow carbon nanoparticles could be obtained. Further thermal annealing by focused microwave irradiation leads to merging of small core-shell metal/carbon nanoparticles into large ones, as well as conversion of body centered cubic (bcc) α-Fe to face centered cubic (fcc) γ-Fe. The possible growth mechanisms will be discussed. Fe@CNPs were surface functionalized to have either carboxylate or amine functionalities with a water solubility of ~ 500 mg/L and without losing the magnetic properties. The distribution of surface grafted oligomers indicates that the chemical reactivity of the outmost graphene shell is not the same at different locations, with highly strained regions having higher reactivity than less curved regions. Core-shell Ni/ or Co/carbon nanoparticles can also be prepared in a similar way. 202 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A7 – Contributed Paper MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FROM METALLORGANIC PRECURSORS Serena A. Corr, Renata Tekoriute, Alexios P. Douvalis, Munuswamy Venkatesan, Robert D. Gunning, Peter D. Nellist and Y. K. Gun’ko, School of Chemistry, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; igounko@tcd.ie 383 The main aim of our research is to develop new iron oxide based nanomaterials with broad range of potential applications. Here we report an organometallic approach using new metallorganic precursors for the preparation of magnetic iron oxide based nanocomposites. The heterometallic Fe(II) alkoxide [(THF)NaFe(OtBu)3]2 was employed as an iron source for the synthesis of magnetite nanocrystals, which were produced using controlled hydrolysis and ultrasonic treatment. The resulting nanocrystals have been analyzed and a 3-D contour plot generated, which gives a quick guide to the conditions necessary to produce particles of a required size. Sol-gel one step processing of the iron(II) alkoxide [Fe(OBut)2(THF)]2 and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) at various ratios afforded new silica - iron oxide magnetic nanocomposite materials, ranging in shape from nanocrystals to nanorods depending on percentage of TEOS added. The presence of a silica shell around the nanoparticles improves their stability, magnetic characteristics, biocompatability and provides sites for further functionalisation. The nanocomposites have been investigated by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetization measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis. These magnetic nanocomposite materials might have a number of potential applications in biotechnology, medicine (e.g. as magnetic fluids for MRI), catalysis and magnetic storage. Session A7 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS, CHARATERIZATION AND ASSEMBLIES OF GOLD NANORODS AND COPPER NANOCRYSTALS Yonglin Liu and A. R. Hight Walker, Optical Technology Division, Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; yonglin.liu@nist.gov 384 Two colloidal nanoparticle solutions have been produced and studied; gold nanorods and copper nanocrystals. Gold nanorods have been explored for biological and medical use as optical contrast agents in two-photon luminescence diagnostic imaging, and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. A persistent challenge limiting their applications is the reproducibility of the chemical synthesis. Our research has enable gold nanorod production with high yield and uniformity of both size and shape, via a colloidal, seedmediated, and surfactant-assisted method. 2-D ordered structures of the nanorods are self-assembled during evaporation of solvent on a substrate, while the presence of organic molecules such as homocysteine, glutathione, and glucose facilitates other assemblies. Chemical-induced transverse overgrowth of gold nanorods leads to the formation of peanut-shape nanocrystals. Secondly, copper nanoparticles have multiple applications due to their catalytic, electrochemistry, magnetic and optical properties. Our 203 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) approaches to the synthesis of crystalline Cu nanoparticles will be presented, both aqueous and organic solvents procedures. By using glucose as a nontoxic and renewable biochemical reducing agent in aqueous solutions, the reductive reactions from Cu(II) to Cu(0) are found to be finished in just half an hour at the low temperature of 60 °C in the presence of poly-vinylpyrrolidone. The experimental results show the nanoparticles to be crystalline and mainly composed of face-centered cubic Cu with a fairly narrow size distribution (50-200 nm). Furthermore, synthesis of Cu nanocrystals, especially Cu nanorods, produced in organic solvents involving manipulation of reaction temperatures and time in the presence of amine and acid as capping agents will also be presented. All nanoparticles are characterized using TEM, HR-TEM, XRD, and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. The mechanistic aspects of particles size control and shape formation will also be discussed. Session A7 – Contributed Paper MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF MANGANESE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES OBTAINED BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF SOL-GEL DERIVED OXALATES Subhash Thota, Bhagwati Prasad and Jitendra Kumar*; Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India; jk@iitk.ac.in 385 Among the transition metals, manganese is complex but interesting because it exhibits many oxidation states and form different oxides having wide range of technological applications, viz., catalysis, ion exchange, molecular adsorption, dry cells, varistors, high density magnetic storage media, solar energy conversion, etc. However, the behavior of manganese oxides in nanoscale has been explored in the recent past with vigor to understand them fundamentally and to determine their full industrial potential. So, an effort has been undertaken here to study the formation, morphology and magnetic properties of nanoscale manganese oxide particles. For this, the oxalate powder has been first synthesized by sol-gel process, using manganese acetate tetrahydrate and oxalic acid as precursors and ethyl alcohol as solvent, and dried at 80˚C for 24h. The product essentially contains MnC2O4.3H2O with orthorhombic crystal structure (lattice parameters a = 10.524 Å, b = 6.614 Å, c = 9.769 Å, Z = 4) and some anhydrous oxalate (α-MnC2O4). The dried powder on calcination at 300oC for 2h in air form hollow rectangular parallelopiped bars of nearly square base. But, decomposition at 500˚C in air produces Mn2O3 nanoparticles with Mn3O4 and Mn5O8 as secondary phases - displaying morphology of inter connected beads or clusters made up of tiny spherical particles (diameter ~30-40nm). The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility (χ) data reveal a) antiferromagnetic behavior of Mn2O3 and Mn5O8 (Néel temperature TN being 79K and 130K, respectively), b) ferromagnetic character of Mn3O4 (Curie temperature TC~55K), and c) bifurcation in (χ-T) curves under zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) conditions. On the contrary, dried sol-gel product yields mainly MnO with some Mn3O4 on decomposition at 500˚C for 2h in nitrogen ambient. The values of blocking temperature (TB) of Mn3O4 for the above two cases are 40 and 45K, respectively and these are attributed to different average particle size; the corresponding magnetic 204 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) susceptibility values are 2.52 and 0.67 emu/g.Oe, respectively. The results suggest that a small quantity of Mn3O4 is invariably present and gets confirmed by susceptibility data only below 50K when that turns ferromagnetic. Obviously, it is difficult to avoid the formation of Mn3O4 in the preparations. Further, the initial product on calcination at 1100˚C for 4h forms pure Mn3O4 (body centered tetragonal phase, a~5.77Ǻ, c~9.45 Ǻ) without any impurity and displays superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperature TB = 30K, magnetization at TB = 16.62 emu/g and TC = 50K. Session A7 – Contributed Paper MONOFUNCTIONAL GOLD NANOPARTICLES PREPARED FROM A NONCOVALENT INTERACTION-BASED SOLID PHASE MODIFICATION APPROACH Xiong Liu, Qiu Dai, Jianhua Zou and Qun Huo*; NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA; qhuo@mail.ucf.edu, xiongliu@mail.ucf.edu 386 We demonstrate here a solid phase reaction approach towards monofunctional gold nanoparticles using a non-covalent interaction-based ligand immoblization method. Recently our group developed a "catch-and-release" mechanism for controlled chemical functionalization of nanoparticles. In our previous work, bifunctional thiol ligands to be attached to gold nanoparticles were first immobilized onto a polymer support by covalent chemical bonds. In the work reported here, bifunctional thiol ligands, 11mercaptoundecanoic acids, were immobilized to positively charged silica gel and Rink resin through electrostatic interactions. After a one-to-one place exchange reaction between the alkanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles and the polymer-bound bifunctional thiol ligands, monocarboxyl gold nanoparticles were obtained as the major product by cleaving off from the polymer support under mild conditions. This modification of synthetic procedure greatly reduced the cost and time needed for the solid phase monofunctionalization of nanoparticles, and also extended the range of monofunctional nanoparticles that may be prepared from this solid phase approach. Session A8 – Keynote Paper INORGANIC/ORGANIC COMPOSITE MICROSPHERES WITH TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY Haruma Kawaguchi, School of Science & Technology, Keio University Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, JAPAN; haruma@applc.keio.ac.jp 387 Among several methods to prepare inorganic/organic composite microspheres, ‘in-situ inorganic nanoparticle formation in polymeric microsphere’ was focused on in this paper. First, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel was prepared via precipitaion polymerization in an aqueous medium. At this time, some functional monomers were copolymerized to give functional groups (F) into the PNIPAM microgel. The F’s such as amino group and sulfonic group played a role to invite the precursor of inorganic 205 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) nanoparticles. After the precursor diffused in the microgel, reduction or oxidation was carried out for in-situ nanoparticle formation. Thus, the distribution of nanoparticles could be controlled by the distribution of functional groups in the microgel. When gold nanoparticles embedded in PNIPAM microgel, the microgel dispersion had color which was originated by surface plasmon resonance and the color changed with temperature. When titania nanoparticles were embedded in the microgel, the photo-catalytic ability of composite microspheres was controlled by temperature. Session A8 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF SMALL, SMART MICROGEL PARTICLES Lise Arleth,1* Xiaohu Xia, 2† Rex P. Hjelm,1 Jianzhong Wu,3 and Zhibing Hu2; 1 Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center, H805, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545. 2 Departments of Physics and Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203. 3Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California,, Riverside, CA 92521. * present address: University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.. † present address: Wm. Wrigley, Jr. Co., Chicago, IL, USA; hjelm@lanl.gov 388 We report the synthesis and characterization of small temperature responsive microgel particles of potential use in drug delivery and other applications where temperature responsive release is required. Monodispersed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanoparticles, with the hydrodynamic radius less than 50 nm at room temperature, were synthesized in the presence of a large amount of emulsifiers. These microgel particles undergo a swollen-collapsed volume transition in an aqueous solution when the temperature is raised to around 34°C. The volume transition and structure changes of the microgel particles as a function of temperature were probed using laser light scattering and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) with the objective of determining the small particle internal structure and particle-particle interactions. Apart from random fluctuations in the cross linker density below the transition temperature, we found that, within the resolution of the experiments, these particles had a uniform radial cross-linker density on either side of the transition temperature. This result was in contrast to previous reports on the heterogeneous structures of larger PNIPAM microgel particles, but in good agreement with recent reports based on computer simulations of smaller microgels. The particle interactions changed across the transition temperature. At temperatures below the transition, the interactions are described by a repulsive interaction far larger than that expected for a hard sphere contact potential. Above the volume transition temperature, the potential was best described by a small, attractive interaction. Comparison of the second order osmotic virial coefficient from static laser light scattering at low concentrations with similar values determined from SANS at 250-times greater concentration suggested a strong concentration dependence of the interaction potential. 206 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session A8 – Invited Paper MICRO- AND NANOSPHERE CROSSLINKED HYDROGELS WITH HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND SPECIAL OPTICAL PROPERTIES Ting Huang, Xiaonan Kou, Kexin Jiao, Changcheng He and Huiliang Wang, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China; wanghl@bnu.edu.cn 389 Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks swollen with a large amount of water. However, hydrogels made from both synthetic and natural materials are usually mechanically weak, thereby strongly impeding their practical applications, especially biomedical applications. There is currently a widespread interest in developing new types of hydrogels with high mechanical strength. We developed a new way to fabricate hydrogels with with a new and well-defined network structure and high mechanical strength. In this method, macrmolecular microspheres (MMS) or nanoshperes (MNS) were used as the key building blocks. Emulsions containing MMS or MNS were irradiated with 60Co-γ rays in oxygen atmosphere and thus peroxy groups were formed on their surfaces. Then a hydrophilic monomer was added into the emulsion, followed by bubbling the mixture with nitrogen to remove oxygen. When heated, the peroxides decomposed to form free radicals which initiated the grafting polymerization. Physical entanglement and chemical bonding of the grafted polymer chains led to the gelation of the solution. The macromolecular microsphere (or nanosphere) crosslinked (MMC or MNC) hydrogel can effectively dissipate the mechanical stress on it, and thus has extremely high mechanical strength which is usually several tens to several hundreds times of that of normal structure hydrogel. The concentration of MMS or MNS, irradiation time, monomer concentration, and reaction temperature are critical for the successful synthesis of MMC and MNC hydrogels. These factors also affect the final mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The hydrogels with a 90% water content could withstand compressive stresses over 10 MPa or more. Some of the hydrogels could almost completely recover their original shapes even after an extremely high strain (99.7%) in compression tests. The MNC hydrogels show special optical properties. Their colors vary with MNS solid content and monomer concentration. This method may become a general one for hydrogel synthesis due to its broad choice of polymeric materials and monomers. The hydrogels may be used in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. Session A8 – Contributed Paper EFFECTS OF ENERGY ON THE NUCLEATION OF DRUG NANOPARTICLES UNDER HIGH SUPERSATURATION Hsien-Hsin Tung, Lei Wang, Santipharp Panmai, Mike Riebe; Pharmaceutical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA; Hsien_Hsin_Tung@Merck.com 390 Rapid precipitation under high supersaturation is a proven technique to generate nanoparticles for improvement of dissolution rate of water-insoluble compounds. In essence, rapid precipitation consists of two stages. The first stage is the generation of a uniform, clear, unstable and highly supersaturated solution. For this stage, significant 207 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) progress has been made in characterizing the mixing requirement to create such a solution. The second stage is the formation of particles under high supersaturation. The primary mechanism is spontaneous nucleation under supersaturation which determines the particle size. Therefore, the key parameter is degree of supersaturation. However, little or no attention has been given to evaluate the impact of energy application on particle size at this stage. The current study demonstrates the impact of energy application on particle size at the second stage. We show that particles can be generated effectively below 400 nm using this approach under the conditions investigated. This finding contrasts sharply to results where no energy is applied at the second stage and only particles > 1 um are generated under high supersaturation. While additional energy can be applied after the second stage to reduce microparticles to nanoparticles, it is shown that the amount of energy spent is much higher than the case where energy is applied during the second stage. A hypothesis on the fundamental mechanism responsible for the difference is presented. Session A8 – Invited Paper NANOPARTICLE LATEXES FROM REACTIVE IONIC LIQUID SURFACTANTS Dustin England, Feng Yan, and John Texter, Coatings Research Institute, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA; jtexter@emich.edu 391 Reactive ionic liquid surfactants based on an imidazolium headgroup and a reactive acrylate in the tail group have recently been introduced to prepare interesting solvogels and reversibly porating materials by using bulk microemulison polymerization. Thermally initiated co-polymerization of surfactant and methyl methacrylate in microemulsion domains predominantly populated by oil-in-water nanodroplets yields nanolatexes substantially smaller than latexes obtained by nonreactive surfactant homologues. We demonstrate the formation of nanolatexes approximately 20 nm in diameter with yields of the order of 50%. These latexes can also be used as transparent film formers and binders, and they also are very stable in high levels of indifferent salt, indicating that the primary mechanism of stabilization in aqueous systems is steric. Precipitation or coagulation by molar levels of bromide is characterized, as is destabilization by hexafluorphosphate and tetrafluoroborate ions at lower concnetrations, due to binding equilibria with the imidazolium group. Session H3 – Invited Paper THERMAL GELATION OF OIL-IN-AQUEOUS CURDLAN EMULSIONS Tomoaki Hino, Koichi Inoue, Hisao Oka, The College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University; 2-1723 Ohmori, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan; Yoshiho Ogura, Saori Ohchi, Saburo Shimabayashi, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan; t-hino@kinjo-u.ac.jp 392 Curdlan, i.e., β-1, 3-D-glucan, forms gel by heating of its aqueous suspension. Vitamin E was emulsified in 3-7 w/v% curdlan aqueous suspension containing 1-7 w/v% HCO-60. The resultant suspension was heated at 70ْ C for 5 min, resulting in gel. The volume 208 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) fraction of oil phase was 0.1-0.3. Effects of preparation conditions on the physical properties of gel were investigated. Young’s modulus and crushing stress of the gel were measured with a curd tension meter. The release of vitamin E from the gel was evaluated with the rotational basket method. Increase in the concentration of curdlan yielded the increase in Young’s modulus and crushing stress. Vitamin E release was prolonged and syneresis was suppressed with increase in the concentration of curdlan. Increase in the concentration of HCO-60 yielded the decrease in Young’s modulus and crushing stress. Vitamin E release and syneresis were accelerated with increase in the concentration of HCO-60. These results are due to the reduction of the droplet size and consequent increase in the total surface area of the droplets. Increase in the volume fraction of oil phase yielded the decrease in Young’s modulus and crushing stress. Droplet size increased and vitamin E release was prolonged with increase in the volume fraction. Session H3 – Contributed Paper SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DNA MESOSPHERES AS DRUG DELIVERY CARRIERS FOR INTRATUMORAL CHEMOTHERAPY Iris V. Schumacher1,3, Karly A. Jacobsen1,3, and Eugene P. Goldberg1,2,3; 1 Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3Biomaterials Center, University of Florida, PO Box116400, Gainesville, FL 32611-6400, USA; driris.mse@gmail.com 393 Conventional cancer chemotherapy results in systemic toxicity which severely limits effectiveness and often adversely affects patient quality of life. There is a need to find new drugs and delivery methods for less toxic therapy. Previously reported DNA complexing studies with chemotherapy drugs suggest unique opportunities for DNA as a drug carrier. The objective of the studies reported here was an investigation devoted to the synthesis and evaluation of novel DNA-drug nano-mesospheres (DNA-MS) designed to be drug carriers for localized chemotherapy via intratumoral injection of drug loaded DNA-MS dispersions. DNA-MS were prepared by a modified steric stabilization method with glutaraldehyde crosslinking originally developed in our lab for albumin MS. In addition, a novel ionic crosslinking method was developed using gadolinium trivalent cations via the DNA phosphate groups. Covalent and ionic crosslinked DNA-MS syntheses yielded 50nm to 5μm smooth spherical particle morphology with relatively narrow process controlled size distributions. In aqueous dispersions, up to 200% swelling was observed depending on crosslink density; with dispersion stability for more than 48 hours. DNA-MS containing 12% (w/w) mitoxantrone were prepared for the first time by drug loading during the DNA-MS synthesis. Loading with methotrexate (9% w/w) and 5-fluorouricil (5% w/w) was similarly achieved. In vitro drug release from DNA-MS was measured for up to 35 days in phosphate buffered saline by a minimum sink release test. The effect of gadolinium crosslink concentration on mitoxantrone release was evaluated at gadolinium molar equivalences in the range 20% to 120%. The most highly crosslinked DNA-MS exhibited the most prolonged drug release. The drug efficacy of mitoxantrone loaded DNA-MS was evaluated in vitro using a murine Lewis lung carcinoma cell line. A significant cytotoxic response was found at mitoxantrone doses as 209 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) low as 1ppm. Drug release properties, DNA biodegradability, and observed cancer cell cytotoxicity of drug loaded DNA-MS suggest that they may prove useful for intratumoral chemotherapy. Session H3 – Invited Paper BENIGN NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Wolfgang Sigmund, Yi-Yang Tsai, and Chris Woan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; wsigm@mse.ufl.edu 394 Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been proposed as effective free radical scavengers in a variety of cellular systems. It is our hypothesis that introduction of such nanoparticles to islets prolongs their viability and improves their function by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Applying a novel reverse micelle method we have synthesized citrate-coated CeO2 nanoparticles that are well dispersed, highly crystallized and measure 3.7nm. Furthermore, they are stable in an aqueous system for an extended period of time. We will present a materials approach based on nanoparticles to reduce the free radical concentration in cells to healthier levels and thus offer increased longevity. We have demonstrated that free radical scavenging of CeO2 nanoparticles is a catalytic reaction, which is driven by the presence of oxygen vacancies in the catalyst. We will present the synthesis and characterization of doped ceria based nanoparticles and quantum dots, their scavenging efficiency and traceability in cells. We use a yeast model to demonstrate improvements towards longevity. Session H3 – Invited Paper PEPTIDE NANOPARTICLES AS A PLATFORM FOR VACCINE DESIGN Peter Burkhard, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Peter.Burkhard@uconn.edu 395 We describe the structure-based design of a novel type of nanoparticles with regular polyhedral symmetry and a diameter similar to small viruses, which self-assemble from single polypeptide chains. The computer designs are verified by structural and biophysical analyses including electron microscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, CDspectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Such nanoparticles with regular polyhedral symmetry represent an ideal repetitive antigen display system. Surface proteins of pathogens or fragments of such proteins can easily be engineered into the peptide sequence of the nanoparticle. Notably, the surface proteins of enveloped viruses contain a trimeric coiled-coil sequence essential for their cell penetration mechanism. For example, by extending the trimeric coiled-coil of the nanoparticle by the respective coiled-coil sequences of HIV, influenza, Ebola, or another enveloped virus, a subunit vaccine against these viruses can be designed. Since the nanoparticles are composed of small protein oligomerization domains they are easy to synthesize by standard recombinant E. coli protein expression systems. The vaccines can be produced in one single manufacturing process without the need of any additional chemical modifications and, as opposed to most virus like particles, they are stable without the need of DNA packaging inside. 210 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session H3 – Invited Paper MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF DRUG CARRIER POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES Adriana R Pohlmann, Eliezer Jager, Cristina G. Venturini, Alessandro Jager, Fernanda Poletto and Sílvia S Guterres, Instituto de Química and Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil; pohlmann@iq.ufrgs.br 396 Nanocapsules are submicrometric drug carriers widely studied in the past 20 years. Environment sensitive fluorescent polymers were used to prepare nanocapsules with the objective of verifying the molecular composition of their particle/water interface. The polymer is restricted at the oil/water interface forming a wall, which interacts with both inner and outer pseudo-phases at the same time. Then, to establish a quantitative correlation between the drug permeability and the polymer concentration in the nanocapsules, an indomethacin ester derivative was used as lipophilic model to simulate a perfect sink condition of release. After increasing the polymer concentration (0 to10 mg/mL), the concentration of particles in suspension was constant, and the indomethacin ester release was delayed. The ester diffusion was the main mechanism of release, and applying the Fick’s first law, the calculated indomethacin ester fluxes (J) decreased from 2.20 x 10-7 to 1.43 x 10-7 mg cm-2 min-1. So, the drug relative permeability decreased according to the increase in the polymer concentration fitting a power law. Finally, after increasing either the concentration of sorbitan monostearate or that of capric/caprylic triglyceride, the core materials, the half-lives of the ester release varied from 198 to 365 and 266 to 495 min, respectively, keeping constant the polymer concentration. In conclusion, the control of the indomethacin ester release is dependent on the supramolecular structure of the carrier and it can be achieved either by changing the thickness of the polymeric wall or by varying the concentration of the core constituents. Session H3 – Contributed Paper PREPARATION AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLY(BUTYLCYANAOACRYLATE) NANOPARTICLES AS DRUG CARRIER SYSTEMS FOR THE BRAIN Clemens K. Weiss1, Julia Schmitz-Wienke1,2, Volker Mailänder2, Thomas Hauk3, Dietmar Fischer3, Katharina Landfester1; 1Dept. of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, clemens.weiss@uni-ulm.de; 2Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Helmholtzstraße 10, 89081 Ulm, Germany; 3Institute of Experimental Neurology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany 397 Biodegradable poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles are proposed for drug delivery purposes to the brain. Although the mechanism and the requirements are not completely elucidated, these particles are known to permeate the blood brain barrier (BBB) and are thus able to deliver drugs into the brain. Polysorbate or poloxamer 211 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) functionalization of PBCA particles seems to enhance the permeating abilities. Miniemulsion polymerization is a convenient way for the preparation of poly(nbutylcyanaoacrylate) nanoparticles and simultaneously control their surface properties. First the monomer butylcyanoacrylate (BCA) is dispersed in an acidic, aqueous surfactant solution to yield a stable miniemulsion. For the stabilization of the miniemulsion anionic surfactants like sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) could be used as well as nonionic surfactants as polysorbates or poloxamer. In order to initiate the polymerization of BCA, hydrophilic nucleophiles are added to the system. The choice of nucleophile determines the functionalization of the particle surface. With this technique unfunctionalized, amino acid functionalized and MethoxyPEG (MePEG)-functionalized particles could be prepared. The particles can be labeled with a fluorescent dye or loaded with bioactive substances as vitamins and drugs. Polysorbate or poloxamer functionalization can be obtained by using either of these polymers as surfactant during the miniemulsion process. Their nucleophilic hydroxy groups link the surfactant covalently to the particles. The particle sizes can be adjusted between 60 and 250 nm with a narrow size distribution. ζpotential measurements indicate the presence of the desired functionality. Additionally the molar mass of the PBCA was determined by GPC. The impact on biological systems was assayed in various in vitro and in vivo studies. After incubation of several cell lines (including mesenchymal stem cells and human microvascular endothelial cells) with particle dispersions, the fluorescence intensity in the cells caused by the fluorescent dye incorporated in the particles was determined by flow cytometry. Visualization of the cells with the incorporated particles was performed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The amount and kinetics of cellular uptake of the nanoparticles is determined by the nature of the functional groups present on the particles and by the cell line. Brain sections of rats, treated with various doses of particle dispersions showed a concentration dependence of the BBB permeation of polysorbate functionalized PBCA-nanoparticles. Session H3 – Contributed Paper FABRICATION OF LIGAND-CONJUGATED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FROM MESOPOROUS SILICON FOR TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY Jarno Salonen1, A. Närvänen2 and V-P. Lehto1, 1Department of Physics, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland, 2Department of Biosciences, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland ; jarno.salonen@utu.fi 398 In the present work, magnetic mesoporous silicon nanoparticles have been fabricated for targeted drug delivery applications. Silicon wafers have been electrochemically anodized using a computer controlled pulsed etching current to vary the porosity of the structure (pore diameter), and thus, the wall thickness between the pores. Periodically produced thinner pore walls will function as predetermined sites for fracture in wet milling. Prior to the milling, the porous layers were electrodeposited in aqueous FeCl3 solution in order to make the structure magnetic. The wet milling was carried out in undecylenic acid solution, which reacted with the new intact surfaces produced during the milling. The covalently bound undecylenic acid enables the further functionalization of the particles with standard biochemical procedures, e.g., to obtain ligand-conjugated magnetic 212 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. The nanoparticles have two functionalities: the magnetic homing can be used to concentrate the nanoparticles close to the desired tissue of organ and the ligand conjugation targets the particles to designed cell receptors. The possible ligand conjugations and targeting studies will be discussed in the presentation in detail. Session H3 – Invited Paper DRUG LOADING TO LIPID-BASED COLLOIDAL CARRIERS Heinrich Haas, Ursula Fattler, Medigene AG, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany, Michael Wiggenhorn, Gerhard Winter, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; h.haas@medigene.com 399 Cationic colloidal carriers target proliferating (aniogenic) endothelial cells, which are formed in pathological situations such as tumor growth and chronic inflammation. The specific characteristics of angiogenic vasculature, inter alia the presence of excess negative charge, are thought to be the foundation for binding. EndoTAG™ is a technology platform of cationic lipid-based carriers for neovascular targeting. The first product which has emerged from this new technology is EndoTAG™-1, a product comprising cationic and zwitterionic lipids and the anti cancer agent paclitaxel. One important issue in the development of such pharmaceutical formulations is to control processes like drug loading to the carrier particle and drug release from the particle to the aqueous environment. Here approaches to study and to improve drug loading to cationic lipid carrier matrices are presented. Structural and functional coherencies at the molecular scale are regarded. Particular attention is given to the role of electrostatic interactions for the formation of drug-loaded colloidal carrier formulations. Session C4 – Keynote Paper NONLINEAR DIELECTRIC FUNCTION OF METAL NANOPARTICLES AND OPTICAL SWITCHING Yoshihiko Takeda, Hiroyoshi Momida, Masato Ohnuma, Takahisa Ohno and Naoki Kishimoto, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0003, JAPAN; TAKEDA.Yoshihiko@nims.go.jp 400 Nanostructured metals are noteworthy optical materials because these notable optical properties promise to be applied to biological plasmonic sensors and key components of future optoelectronics devices. Optical nonlinearities are also applied to optical switching of a single nanoparticle by optical bistability and so on. The optical nonlinearities of metal nanoparticle materials are strongly reflected by a local electric field and are enhanced in the vicinity of the surface plasmon resonance. For the design of optical devices and the understanding of optical nonlinearities, it is significant to evaluate the wavelength dispersion of nonlinear parts of the dielectric function of actual materials. Here we present the dispersion of nonlinear dielectric function evaluated from transient spectra of various metal nanoparticle materials. We discuss the contribution of interband and intraband transitions and will mention the switching operation. 213 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session C4 – Invited Paper POLYMER COLLOIDAL CRYSTALS FOR LASER APPLICATIONS Seiichi Furumi, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan; FURUMI.Seiichi@nims.go.jp 401 The monodispersed microparticles have an intrinsic capability to self-assemble the facecentered cubic lattice structures on the substrate from the suspension media. The highly ordered 3-D architectures of colloidal particles are called as the colloidal crystals (CCs). The CC structures have received tremendous interests as one of the alternative and facile fabrication technique of the 3-D photonic crystal structures. Significant progress has established not only various fabrication techniques for high-quality CCs, but also their versatile applications to optical sensors with external stimuli. In this presentation, we report a novel potential utility of CCs for the flexible polymer lasers by low-threshold optical excitation. The laser cavity structure consists of an intermediate light-emitting layer containing a fluorescent dye sandwiched between a pair of polymeric CC films. The optical excitation of the device gave rise to the laser oscillation within the photonic band-gap of the CC films. Interestingly, the laser action could be generated by optical excitation even though the CC laser device of all polymer materials became bent shape by mechanical stress. Session C4 – Invited Paper COMPOSITE CONJUGATED POLYMER-FULLERENE NANOPARTICLES AS MODEL SYSTEMS FOR THE STUDY OF OPTOELECTRONIC PROCESSES IN ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES 402 Andre J. Gesquiere, Daeri Tenery, Zhongjian Hu, NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando FL 32826, USA; andre@mail.ucf.edu Conjugated polymer based solar cells are a promising technology for effective solar energy conversion. Unfortunately, the complexity of the morphological structure of the organic materials at the molecular and mesoscale in these devices and the lack of fundamental understanding of these materials and devices is significantly hampering progress in the field. This is particularly the case for bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices (BH-OPV), in which an interpenetrating network of electron donor and acceptor materials provides a large interfacial area for efficient photoinduced charge separation. However, one of the most severely limiting factors in these PV devices is the resulting complex nanostructured morphology of the active layer that is created by mixing of the electron donor and acceptor molecules. As a result, low carrier mobility and inefficient carrier transport is typically observed. We have developed a novel approach to spectroscopically investigate this issue in terms morphology and electronic structure of the materials and their interfaces at the molecular scale. Novel composite nanoparticles of the conjugated polymers MEH-PPV and P3HT doped with the fullerene PCBM were fabricated and are observed to be excellent simplified model systems for the study of molecular scale morphology effects at play in these complex nanostructured 214 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) materials. Single particle spectroscopy reveals the extent to which variations in polymer chain folding and interactions between polymer chains and fullerenes affect material morphology, spectral- and optoelectronic properties, providing a detailed molecular scale insight in the morphological effects at play in the active layers of bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices that would otherwise be masked by the presence of the bulk. Session C4 – Invited Paper SELF-ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS WITHIN PHOTONIC CRYSTAL NANOCAVITIES FOR THE REALIZATION QUANTUM NETWORKS H. P. Seigneur, M. N. Leuenberger, and Winston V. Schoenfeld, CREOL: College of Optics & Photonics, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816; winston@creol.ucf.edu 403 Quantum dots offer many attractive features that are critical to quantum information systems such as carrier localization and long decoherence times, making them an excellent candidate for the realization of quantum bits (qubits). One often overlooked element of quantum information is the quantum counterpart to information transfer within a classical circuit. In quantum information one is subject to greater constraints since quantum bits are represented as superpositions of states that are not simply reproduced. In essence, reproduction or relocation of a quantum state requires quantum teleportation, thus enabling quantum bit transfer within a quantum network. In this talk, we will present the basis of a method to achieve quantum teleportation within quantum networks through entanglement of a single photon polarization with a single excess electron spin within a quantum dot. The discrete density of states of the quantum dot provides a means to realize a two level system that can then be used to create entanglement between a single photon and a single electron through the Single Photon Faraday Effect. The basic physics behind the teleportation process will be presented along with an outline of some of the existing hurdles that remain in moving towards the physcial realization of such a teleportaion platform, most notably the design of a photonic crystal host and the ability to controlably introduce a single quantum dot within a designed nanocavity defect. Session C4 – Contributed Paper ELABORATION OF PHOTONIC COLLOIDAL CRYSTALS WITH A WELL-DEFINED ARCHITECTURE Pascal Massé, Jean-François Dechézelles, Renaud Vallée, Serge Ravaine, CRPP – CNRS, Université Bordeaux-1, 115 avenue du Dr Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France; ravaine@crpp-bordeaux.cnrs.fr 404 Colloidal crystals are expected to have applications in optical devices such as photonic band gap crystals. For these applications, it is critical to fabricate a high-quality colloidal crystal with a controllable organization. We present here the fabrication by the LangmuirBlodgett technique of three-dimensional colloidal crystals containing planar defects of various types. We have investigated the structure-optical properties relationship of these materials by combining Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy experiments. We show that the defect state position in the stop band varies 215 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) periodically with the value of the ratio of the diameter of the colloids of the lower and upper opals to the size of the particles of the defect layer. Moreover, both the wavelength and the magnitude of the pass band are found to continuously vary with the position (i.e. altitude) of the defect layer inside the material. We demonstrate that the incorporation of one to four periodically distributed planar defects in colloidal crystals induces the opening of new gaps and bands in the original photonic band structure. These experimental results were successfully simulated and the results of the simulations are presented and discussed. Session J3 – Keynote Paper NANOSTRUCTURING SURFACES INTO 3D: INTEGRATING LITHOGRAPHY AND SELF-ASSEMBLY Jon A Preece, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK, j.a.preece@bham.ac.uk 405 The creation of three-dimensional nanostructured materials is crucial to the development of nanoelectronics, optical devices, drug delivery agent, biosensors and many other nanometre-scale systems. However, the development of practical methods capable of generating nanostructures and building up into the third dimension represents a major task, and is one of the greatest technical challenges now facing nanofabrication. Perhaps of the most interest for the future is the possibility of creating functional nanostructures by combining bottom-up self-organisation of self-assembled nanoentities, which occur in solution, with top-down lithographic approaches such as UV, X-ray and electron-beam lithography. The integration of top-down approaches and bottom-up self-assembly processes suggests that materials and subsequent devices could have multiple length scales, from the micron to the atom. The term precision chemical engineering encapsulates the precision engineering of writing to surfaces in a spatially controlled fashion to direct the surface chemistry, coupled with the engineering that is involved in fabricating three-dimensional architectures from the surface from molecular and condensed phase entities. Another aspect that is encapsulated by this term is the fact that the three-dimensional structures are not only engineered, but are held together by both mechanical and chemical interactions. Thus, the stability of the three dimensional structures will be dominated by thermodynamics as well as mechanics. This integration of the two methodologies is representing a new paradigm for creating nanostructured surfaces, and will involve close collaboration between scientists and engineers. This lecture will report on progress in our laboratory on various novel self-assembled materials coupled with various lithographic writing processes. Session J3 – Contributed Paper NEW TRACERS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON MULTIFUNCTIONNAL NANOSIZED HYBRID PARTICLES Cédric Louis, Nicolas Charvet, Nano-H S.A.S., 23 rue royale, Lyon, 69001, FRANCE; c.louis@nano-h.com; Stéphane Roux, LPCML, 22 avenue Gaston Berger, Domaine scientifique de la Doua, 69622, Villeurbanne, FANCE, Carole Farre, M. Lanselot, Carole Chaix, SMPH, UMR CNRS-bioMérieux 2714, 46, allée d'Italie, Lyon, FRANCE, Christophe Marquette, Loïc Blum, 406 216 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Biomoléculaire UMR CNRS 5013 Bat. CPE – UCBL 43 Bd. du 11 Nov. 1918, 69622, Lyon, FRANCE Assembled nanotechnology systems based on multifunctional nanoparticles open prospects for promising applications or improvements of existing applications. The nano size confers to the particles specific properties such as stealthiness and high colloidal stability with respect to the environment. We describe our design, development, and manufacture of nanopowders we designate as Nano-Hybrid Particles (NHP) and we describe the biological surface modification of nanospheres for such NHP applications. We describe the production and adaptation of hybrid nanoparticles where we combine in a single small object, a multitude of organic dyes with luminescent and magnetic rareearth ions. This approach constitutes a promising strategy for achieving the preparation of ultra-sensitive, multicolored and highly photostable luminescent tracers. Several properties are concentrated inside these NHPs: magnetic (gadolinium oxide), luminescent, surface fonctionnalisation, high stability, anti-bacterial effects. Inorganic particles (3 to 100 nm) can be derivatized with organic compounds polysiloxane shell layer, as is well known in the field. The flexibility and the large amount of available functionality of organic compounds open new perspectives for inorganic nanometric cores: better stability of the nanoparticles is assured, new physical and chemical properties are obtained, and surface chemistry is suitably modified in order to optimise tracer mobility and specificity. To functionalise nanoparticles different strategies are used. One strategy is an indirect reversible grafting of nanoparticles to micron-sized magnetic beads and the automated synthesis of probe (DNA) sequences directly at the surface of the nanoparticles. The goal is to obtain luminescent biological probes. These new materials are furtive, specific, adaptable and adjustable: chemically and physically. These particles are therefore well-suited for tracking simultaneously several labeled objects in various environments: in-vitro (IV injection), in-vivo (incubation) and in other systems (liquid or solid). We integrate these new materials into several applications: coding systems, authentification, biological detections, diagnostic systems, contrast agents, therapeutic agents, and antibacterial agents, among others. Session J3 – Invited Paper A CHEMICAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO COLLOIDAL MOLECULES Adeline Perro,1,2 Etienne Duguet,2 Olivier Lambert,3 Jean-Christophe Taveau,3 Elodie Bourgeat-Lami,4 Serge Ravaine1, 1CRPP – CNRS, Université Bordeaux-1, 115 avenue du Dr Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France; 2 ICMCB – CNRS, Université Bordeaux-1, 87 avenue du Dr Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France; 3Molecular Imaging and Nano-Bio-Technology, IECB, UMR-CNRS 5248, Université Bordeaux-1, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F33607 Pessac, France; 4Chimie Catalyse Polymères Procédés – Equipe LCPP - UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL – ESCPE, Bâtiment 308 F, BP. 2077, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918 - BP 2077, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ravaine@crpp-bordeaux.cnrs.fr 407 217 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) One area of particular effort recently is the use of colloidal particles as precursors in engineering new materials. Nevertheless, these particles are nearly always spheres. This places limitations on the structures that can be built, especially in making photonicbandgap materials. Therefore, it is a great challenge to create new colloids with an original shape, i.e. different from the sphere, in a controllable manner. We present here an original approach to create organic-inorganic colloidal clusters with a perfect controlled shape. The synthetic route of these structures, which are composed of spherical silica spheres surrounded by a varying number of polystyrene nodules, consists in the emulsion polymerization of styrene in presence of silica particles, which have been surface-modified by a coupling agent containing polymerizable groups. We have demonstrated that the colloidal clusters’ morphologies result from the minimization of an energy term, which is the sum of an attraction towards the centre and two-body particle repulsions which can balance the attractive central force. By varying the size of silica seeds, the number of latex particles growing on their surface could be controlled and predicted morphologies were observed, including line segments, triangles, tetrahedra, etc. A main advantage of this technique is also that we can precisely control the reaction time, allowing us to tune the final morphology of the colloidal clusters. Session J3 – Invited Paper STRUCTURES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IMMOBILIZED ONTO HYDROGEN-TERMINATED SILICON(111) SURFACE Yoshinori Yamanoi, Kazuki Uchida, Tetsu Yonezawa, Nao Terasaki, and Hiroshi Nishihara Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1,Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan; yamanoi@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp 408 Silicon is the most important material in modern technology by virtue of three useful characteristics: (1) easily available substrate, (2) easy preparation of highly purified crystals, and (3) precise control of electrical conductivity by doping. Recently, the organic modification of silicon surfaces has attracted much interest in both surface science and organic chemistry. A useful approach is the covalent attachment of unsaturated hydrocarbons with atomically flat hydrogen-terminated silicon (H-Si) surfaces through the hydrosilylation reaction. A variety of organic monolayers have been demonstrated to attach covalently to silicon surfaces through stable silicon-carbon bonds (340 kJ/mol). Nanoparticles exhibit a range of physical and chemical properties that are promising for potential applications in new generations of electronic, optical, and chemical devices. Immobilization of nanoparticles in a single layer on conductive or semi-conductive surfaces is required for application to nanosized devices. For example, single electron tunneling of a gold nanoparticle on a gold surface through , -dithiol was reported, although the gold nanoparticles were found to move on the gold surfaces due to weak Au-S bonding (167 kJ/mol) under ambient conditions. We report here the immobilization of -alkene-1-thiol-protected gold nanoparticles and 4ethynylbenzenethiol-protected gold nanoparticles on a hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) surfaces by thermal treatment through alkyl chains and -conjugated chains, 218 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) respectively. The detailed structural examinations of the modified silicon surfaces were investigated by HR-SEM, AFM, and cross-sectional TEM. This method enabled the immobilization of a gold nanoparticle at a specific site on a silicon surface by a strong covalent bond. Session J3 – Contributed Paper LANGMUIR ADSORPTION STUDY OF CdSe/ZnS QUANTUM DOTS ON SYNTHETIC TEMPLATES: INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND pH Jungjin Park, Silvia H. De Paoli Lacerda, Scott K. Stanley, Brandon Vogel, Jack F. Douglas, Dharmaraj Raghavan* and Alamgir Karim; Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; jungjin.park@nist.gov; *Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 409 We consider the utility of Langmuir adsorption measurements for characterizing nanoparticle-substrate interactions. Spherical CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dot nanoparticles (QD) were chosen as representative particles because of their widespread use as fluorescent biological labels, facile control over ligand chemical functionality, and their relatively monodisperse size. Model self-assembled monolayer (SAM) substrates were similarly utilized because they allowed for precise control of substate chemistry. In our initial exploratory measurements, we kept the QD functional group invariant and varied the chemistry of the substrate through the choice of the SAM molecule end-group moeity. Specifically, the QD were functionalized with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and self-assembled monolayer (SAM) substrate containing amine (–NH2) was prepared and the SAM substrates employed (–CH3) and(–COOH) end-groups. First, we followed the kinetics of nanoparticles adsorption on the aminosilane SAM layer by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) over a range of particle concentrations, and then we deduced the corresponding Langmuir adsorption isotherms desribing the concentration adsorbed at equilibrium as a function of temperature. Analysis of this data allowed us to determine the Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant (KL ≈ 2.25 μM-1 ), quantifying the particlesubstrate interaction, and the maximum particle coverage (θmax ≈ 224 ng/cm2) under the thermodynamic conditions investigated (25 °C, pH = 9). We then explored the effect of varying pH on Langmuir adsorption to gain insight into the role of electrostatic interactions on nanoparticle adsorption. Our study shows that more nanoparticles were adsorbed on the aminosilane surface under neutral pH conditions than either acidic or basic pH solutions. This change in nanoparticle adsorption with pH was further quantified and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and confocal fluorescence microscopy measurements. We conclude from this exploratory study that Langmuir adsorption measurements provide a promising approach to quantifying nanoparticle-substrate interactions. This metrology should be useful for better understanding and controlling synthetic nanoparticle self-assembly processes at interfaces and interactions between nanoparticles and biological materials. 219 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session J3 – Invited Paper COATING AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF PARTICLES USING INITIATED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (iCVD) Kenneth K. S. Lau, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; klau@drexel.edu 410 Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) represents a novel CVD method for producing thin polymer coatings. iCVD utilizes benign and selective chemical pathways via polymerization mechanisms typical of liquid-based chemistries to produce linear stoichiometric polymers with full retention of monomer functionality. By combining the strengths of tunable materials design found in liquid synthesis and precision nanoscale control found in a solvent-free CVD environment, we will demonstrate iCVD’s ability to functionalize and encapsulate particles down to the nanoscale. We will present examples of coating particles using iCVD to create superhydrophobic surfaces; to produce reactive surfaces for binding; to give core-shell refractive index contrast; and to apply coatings for controlled drug release. Results from FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, AFM, VASE, UV-vis and GPC will be used to show the nature, including composition, structure and properties, of these iCVD films. A discussion will also be made on our experimental and modeling work in understanding iCVD polymerization kinetics. Session J3 – Invited Paper SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES FOR CELLTARGETED DRUG DELIVERY F. Cengelli1, J. Grzyb2, F. Tschudi-Monnet3, X. Montet4, A. Montoro1, H. Hofmann5, S. Hanessian2, L. Juillerat-Jeanneret1; 1University Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; 2Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; 3Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; 4Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism and Medical Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; 5EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; lucienne.juillerat@chuv.ch. 411 SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) with a core size of 9-10 nm diameter and polymer coatings such as polyvinyl alcohols (PVA) may be useful both for selective disease detection by MRI and targeted drug delivery provided that their polymer surface is functionalized with therapeutic drugs and/or cell-targeting molecules. Our objectives are to develop surface-functionalized-SPIONs and to evaluate their biocompatibility, uptake by specific cells and cellular localization in cells and organs, and their therapeutic efficacy. Using 2-dimensional cell cultures the presence of amino groups on the SPIONs coating was shown to be mandatory for cell uptake, and this uptake did not modify cell proliferation. The fluorophore-modified polymer coatings and the iron oxide core of SPIONs were vizualized by confocal microscopy and by prussian blue detection and electron microscopy, respectively, demonstrating cell internalization. In 3dimensional cell culture models SPIONs were found associated with cells, being able to invade tumor spheroids but not differentiated brain aggregates. In vivo aminofunctionalized-SPIONs were found in the spleen and the liver but not the brain and 220 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) kidneys. SPIONs functionalized via specific aminoPVA-linkers by the therapeutic drugs doxorubicin, 5-fluorouridine or campthotecin displayed anti-tumor activity, but this effect was dependent on the chemical characteristics of the drug-linkers and the intracellular localization of the drug-SPIONs. SPIONs uptake by cells and anti-tumor efficacy of drug-functionalized-SPIONs were increased in the presence of an external magnetic field. These approaches gave a proof of concept of the feasibility of using drug-functionalizedSPIONs in biological systems for magnetically targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to human cells and of their potential to be selectively taken up by living cells in 3dimensional structures. Session J3 – Contributed Paper BLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR THE STABILIZATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN WATER Kamil Rahme, Fabienne Gauffre, Jean-Daniel Marty and Christophe Mingotaud, IMRCP Laboratory, Paul Sabatier University, CNRS UMR 5623, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France. rahme@chimie.ups-tlse.fr 412 We develop new strategies to stabilize nanoparticles in water, avoiding formation of covalent interactions between the stabilizer and the surface of nanoparticles that might inhibit their properties. For this aim we used neutral diblock and triblock copolymers that are amphiphilic and capable to self-organize around the nanoparticles. EOx-POy-EOx (Pluronics®) had been efficiently used in the molecular state (unimers), for the stabilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNps) in NaCl aqueous solutions. These polymers were compared in the same conditions with other PEO based polymers such as EOx homopolymer and EOx-POy diblock copolymers. The effects of concentration and structure of the block copolymer (including block lengths, and overall length of the polymer) have been systematically investigated, using well-defined AuNps (diameter ~12 nm). Aggregation and precipitation processes were assessed separately using empirical parameters calculated from optical absorbance spectra. Different aggregation states were observed and characterized by the displacement of the plasmon resonance band of the AuNPs. Increasing the concentration, PEO and PPO block lengths, or the overall length of the polymer enhanced the colloidal stability of nanoparticles. Among all these parameters the length of the PPO block shows the most important influence on the stability. Different techniques such as Dynamic Light Scattering, TEM, cryoTEM and Small Angle Neutron Scattering with contrast variation have been used to study the structure of Polymer-AuNPs aggregates. It was observed that in the presence of AuNps, under conditions where micelles are not formed (T < CMT), polymer adsorbs over the AuNps forming large globules, that may explain the achieved colloidal stability. A study of the cytotoxicity of the system Polymer-AuNPs was accomplished on fibroblast cells. Results show low or no cytotoxicity. In conclusion this strategy using non-toxic PEO/PPO block copolymers can be applied to efficient stabilization of AuNPs in water, and present great potential for biological applications. 221 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session E4 – Keynote Paper BRIDGING THE GAP: FROM CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOWIRES TO MOLECULAR AND SINGLE ATOM DEVICES Neil T. Kemp,1,2 Jack W. Cochrane2 and Richard Newbury2; 1. Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, France; 2. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; neil.kemp@ipcms.u-strasbg.fr 413 One-dimensional nanostructures such as nanowires and nanotubes have received much attention due to their unique physical and electrical properties, and their prospects for application in devices such as ultra-sensitive chemical and biological sensors, transistors, logic gates and miniaturized electronic circuits. Although conducting polymer nanowires and nanotubes have been fabricated for more than ten years, integration into devices in a cost-effective manner for large-scale production remains a challenge. In this report we demonstrate a template-free electrochemical method for growing ordered conducting polymer nanowires within pre-fabricated devices such that electrical contacts are made in situ during the polymer synthesis, thereby avoiding the difficulties associated with positioning the nanowires and making electrical contacts post-synthesis. The devices we have made show excellent electrical connections and the controllable geometry of the nanowire growth is shown by the progressive transition in dimensionality of devices consisting of 1) planar 3-D ordered nanowire arrays bridging 500 nm junctions to 2) a linear 2-D ordered nanowire array, and ultimately, 3) a single 1-D ordered nanowire bridge. We report on the electrical transport properties of the nanowires, which show evidence for Coulomb Blockade transport at low temperatures, and demonstrate the use of the nanowires as highly sensitive chemical sensors. The development of a “Lab on a Chip” style fabrication platform for making “bridged” molecular and single atom electronic devices via electrochemical techniques will additionally be presented. The approach, which integrates microfluidics with a silicon chip containing lithographically defined circuits, allows for the formation of sub nanometer spaced electrodes and the easy insertion of molecular entities. Using this technique single atom junctions displaying quantized conductance have been fabricated. Session E4 – Invited Paper ELECTRON INDUCED FIELD-EMISSION FROM CARBON NANOTUBES Alireza Nojeh, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CANADA; anojeh@ece.ubc.ca 414 Carbon nanotubes, hollow cylindrical structures of carbon with nanometer scale diameters, have been one of the centers of attention in the world of nanotechnology for over 15 years due to their outstanding properties such as mechanical and electronic characteristics. One particularly promising area of application of carbon nanotubes is electron emission. Electron sources are in demand in many applications including electron-beam lithography and microscopy, synchrotrons, electron holography, flat-panel displays, and free-electron analog to digital conversion. More recently, the emerging area of vacuum nanoelectronics with promise for high-frequency applications is creating a 222 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) new demand for nanoscale, well-controlled electron sources. Typically, electrons can be emitted from a material using thermionic emission, field-emission (by quantummechanical tunneling), Schottky emission (using a combination of heat and field) and photo-emission. Nanotubes are particularly good candidates for field-emission due to their high aspect ratio, leading to strong enhancement of an externally applied field and therefore emission at low applied voltage. This is particularly appealing for applications such as field-emission displays. Moreover, due to their small emission spot and high current-carrying capability, nanotube electron emitters have already demonstrated brightness levels of an order of magnitude better than traditional field-emitters. In this talk, a new mechanism of electron emission from single-walled carbon nanotubes will be discussed. In the described experiment, the nanotube is under an external field just below the threshold of field-emission. Under this condition, electrons from the nanotube shank accumulate at the tip, but do not have enough energy to overcome the emission barrier. A “primary” electron beam then hits the nanotube tip and provides the necessary “kick” to the nanotube electrons and make them emit. For every primary electron hitting the nanotube tip, a large number of electrons are emitted from the nanotube – multiplication factors (ratio of emitted to incident electrons) of up to 100 were measured. This strong amplification (compared to the normal secondary electron emission coefficient of materials typically around 1 to 2) provides opportunities for new high-gain electron multipliers, ultra-high-spatial-resolution electron detectors and nanoscale vacuum transistors. A model based on first-principles calculations to explain the phenomenon will also be presented. Session E4 – Contributed Paper UTILIZING THE LABILITY OF LEAD CHALCOGENIDES TO PRODUCE HETEROSTRUCTURED NANOCRYSTALS WITH BRIGHT, STABLE INFRARED EMISSION Jeffrey M. Pietryga and Jennifer A. Hollingsworth, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; pietryga@lanl.gov 415 Lead chalcogenide nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs), and PbSe NQDs in particular, provide efficient emission over a large spectral range in the infrared, but their application has been limited by instability in emission quantum yield and peak position on exposure to ambient conditions. Conventional methods for improving NQD stability by applying a shell of a more stable, wider-bandgap semiconductor material are frustrated by the tendency of lead chalcogenide NQDs towards Ostwald ripening at even moderate reaction temperatures. Here, we describe a partial cation exchange method by which we take advantage of this lability to controllably synthesize PbSe/CdSe and PbS/CdS core/shell NQDs. These new heterostructured NQDs show improved emission efficiency and, critically, are stable against fading and spectral shifting for at least several months. Further, these NQDs are also stable enough at elevated temperatures to undergo additional shell growth to produce PbSe/CdSe/ZnS core/shell/shell NQDs that represent initial steps toward bright, bio-compatible optical labels emitting at tissue-transparent wavelengths. 223 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session E4 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBE ENCAPSULATED FERROMAGNETIC METAL NANOWIRES: TOWARDS SPIN ELECTRONIC APPLICATION Yasuhiko Hayashi1 and Gehan A. J. Amaratunga2; 1Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555 Japan; 2Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom; hayashi.yasuhiko@nitech.ac.jp 416 Encapsulating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with various materials, such as metals and their compounds or organic molecules, is highly attractive for the development of carbonbased nanomaterials with new electronic, magnetic properties. Especially, aligned metal encapsulated CNTs or nanowire inside CNTs with ferromagnetic metals such as Fe, Ni, Co or their compounds have significant potential in high density magnetic recording media due to their nanoscale size and strong anisotropic property, leading to small bit size. Moreover, the tube structure provides an effective barrier against oxidation effect, which significantly influences the magnetization in ferromagnet inside tube. Here we present a growth and characterization of self-assembled aligned PdxCo1-x alloy nanowire encapsulated MWCNT arrays on Pd/Co thin layers coated Si substrate (Pd/Co/Si) by dc bias-enhanced plasma CVD (dc BE-PCVD) method with C2H2 and NH3 as the reaction gasses. We also prepared MWCNTs grown on a Co thin layers coated Si substrate (Co/Si) to know the effect of a Pd layer on the top of a Co layer. Pd/Co multi-layers itself have attracted much interest for future magnetic recording media, due to their strong perpendicular anisotropy induced by a PdxCo1-x alloy. The magnetic properties of large area PdxCo1-x alloy nanowire encapsulated inside MWCNTs were investigated by a vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Off-axis electron holography in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to correlate the magnetic microstructure of magnetite PdxCo1-x alloy nanowire in individual MWCNTs. The SEM images show the teardrop-shape particles encapsulated in the tube top of MWCNTs. The alignment and density of MWCNTs on the Pd/Co/Si substrate are better and denser than that of MWCNTs on Co/Si substrate. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements for the encapsulated metal inside MWCNTs showed that the metal seems to be chemically uniform and to be PdxCo1-x alloy and the atomic ratio of Pd:Co is approximately 1:1 from the semi-quantitative of the EDS spectrum. The hysteresis loop of the ferromagnetic metal nanowire encapsulated inside MWCNTs shows clear ferromagnetic behavior and the easy axis of magnetization is parallelly (PL) to the MWCNT tube axis, as can be elucidated from the large coercive fields (Hc) and remanence (Mr) values. The phase shift caused by the magnetic flux is clearly observed outside the tube indicating a magnetization parallel to the tube axis by electron holography. And the magnetic field lines show a magnetic symmetry of the metal nanowire encapsulated inside MWCNTs. The powerful technique of the electron holography in the TEM enabled us to obtain the saturation magnetization of “each” and the magnetic “interaction” between PdxCo1-x alloy nanowire encapsulated inside MWCNTs by calculating the magnetic field lines. Our results demonstrate significant progress towards the goal of producing spinelectronic devices from ferromagnetic 224 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) PdxCo1-x alloy nanowire encapsulated inside MWCNTs. Session E4– Contributed Paper SILVER NANOWIRES - A LOW VOLUME ADDITIVE FOR HIGH THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY Richard Baldwin, nanoComposix, 4878 Ronson Court, Suite K, San Diego, CA 92111, USA, richard.baldwin@nanocomposix.com 417 For many materials it is desireable to have high thermal or electrical conductivity. One possible route to such properties is the addition of thermally and electrically conductive nanoparticles. However, high loadings of such materials may have deleterious effects on other properties, such as a loss of mechanical strength in solids, or high viscosity in liquids. Additives with high aspect ratios allow for a greater increase in conductivity for a given mass or volume loading. Silver nanowires with lengths in the tens of microns and widths in the tens of nanometer range allow for the generation of a thermal or electrical percolation network at very low loadings. We report here the preparation and charaterization of these silver nanowire composites, in the form of electrically conductive polymers (resistivity less than 0.001 Ωcm for a volume loading of 6% in polyurethane) and as thermal management fluids ( 0.5 wt % silver nanowires increasing the thermal conductivity of water by 68%). Session E4 – Invited Paper LARGE SCALE FABRICATION APPROACH OF CARBON NANOTUBE BASED ELECTRONIC DEVICES Saiful I. Khondaker and Paul Stokes, Nanoscience Technology Center and Department of Physics, Uinversity of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; saiful@mail.ucf.edu 418 Carbon nanotube (CNT) is considered to be an ideal candidate for the fabrication of nanoscale electronic devices such as field effect transistors (FETs) and single electron transistors (SETs) owing to its nanometer-sized diameter and exceptional electrical properties. Early fabrication techniques of CNT devices involved random placements of CNT, locating them with atomic force microscopy (AFM), and finally defining source and drain electrodes using electron beam lithography (EBL). In addition, most of these devices were often controlled by a global back gate because of its ease of processing. Such fabrication processes neither offer high throughput nor individual control of each CNT device necessary for parallel fabrication of nanoelectronic devices. In this talk I will present our current efforts for large scale fabrication of locally controllable CNT-FET and CNT-SET devices. The approach is based on directed assembly of individual single walled carbon nanotube from dichloroethane via AC dielectrophoresis (DEP) onto prepatterned source and drain electrodes with a local aluminum gate in the middle. We find that both metallic and semi-conducting nanotubes can be assembled. For semiconducting nanotubes, we show that the measured device performance such as subthreshold swing of local-gated semiconducting nanotube FET is superior compared to the global back gated device possibly due to channel controlled operation. At low 225 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) temperature, we find that both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes show SET behavior and the SET size is defined by the size of the aluminum gate. Directed assembly of local gated CNT devices at selected position of the circuit via DEP pave the way for large scale fabrication of CMOS compatible nanoelectronic devices. Session E4 – Contributed Paper RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF CARBON NANTUBES AND NANOWIRES PREPARED BY ARC DISCHARGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN Giuseppe Compagnini, Luisa D’Urso, Paola Russo, Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6 Catania 95125 (Italy); Silvia Scalese, Viviana Scuderi, Vittorio Privitera CNR-IMM Stradale Primosole 50 Catania 95100 (Italy); gcompagnini@unict.it 419 In the last few years plasma processes confined in liquid media have been increasingly considered for the possibility to obtain nanostructures for several materials. Laser ablation as well as the ignition of arc discharges in different environments have been studied for the formation of metal nanoparticles as well as carbon based nano-materials. In this work we present some results obtained by the ignition of arch discharges in liquid nitrogen using graphite electrodes. We discuss about the deposition of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the encapsulation of linear carbon chains to form hybrid CnH2@CNT structures at the cathode, with features depending on the discharge conditions. Raman spectra and Transmission Electron Microscopy will be used to characterize the obtained samples. In particular the analysis of the first and second order Raman signals gives a general trend in which CNTs’ ordering increases by increasing the discharge current form 10 to 100 A. Moreover a strong correlation between the orderdisorder properties of the CNTs and the presence of linear carbon chains embedded has been observed. The origin of the carbon nanowires’ spectral features and their correlation with disorder are discussed in the frame of some theoretical considerations given in literature. Session F6 – Invited Paper COOPERATIVE ASSEMBLY ROUTES FOR NANOCOMPOSITES Muhammet S. Toprak, Functional Materials Division, Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden; toprak@kth.edu 420 The ability to assemble materials that are organized over different length scales has a recognized importance for the development of new functional materials. In particular, the potential for application of emerging nanoscale objects can often only be realized by arranging such components into larger scale assemblies. Complex coacervation is one phenomenon that presents new opportunities for single-step syntheses of ordered micronscale objects that are composed from predefined nanoscale objects. Coacervation is a spontaneous aqueous phase separation that often produces microspheres from oppositelycharged chemical entities. We have previously studied such assemblies made from organic ions, metallic nanoparticles, or quantum dots, and have utilized the coacervates’ 226 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) chemical properties to form inorganic shell structures. We have sought to extend the variability of assembly components, to in turn extend the variety of potential uses. This work demonstrates use of coacervation that uses magnetic nanoparticles as assembling components. Various functional nanoparticles including metallic and semiconducting (quantum dots) are also introduced into the assembly. The resulting objects retain the original magnetic properties, and are unusually robust under various conditions. We also demonstrate the potential use of these hybrid assemblies for biomedical applications. Session F6 – Invited Paper SOLID PARTICLES IN LIQUID FILMS Tommy S. Horozov, Surfactant & Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, U. K.; t.s.horozov@hull.ac.uk 421 Solid colloidal particles can spontaneously attach to air-water or oil-water interfaces and act as an effective stabiliser of foams and emulsions even in the absence of any surfactant. The thinning and stability of the liquid films separating the bubbles or droplets are crucial for the overall stability of foams and emulsions. They are strongly affected by the presence of particles in the films. To understand better the role of solid particles in such systems we investigate the behaviour of micrometer and submicrometer solid particles in free standing liquid films. The films are observed in monochromatic reflected light and the thickness profile of the film meniscus is reconstructed from the interference pattern. It is used to determine the three-phase particle contact angle at the liquid interface in real time without the need of sophisticated equipment or complex calculations. The Brownian motion of an ensemble of particles simultaneously attached to both film surfaces is analysed and information about their lateral interactions is obtained. Session F6 – Invited Paper TAILORING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLE/POLYMER COMPOSITES M. A. Garcia1, V. Bouzas1,M. Bernabo2 D. Haskel3, A. Pucci2, G. Ruggeri2, J. de la Venta1, E. Fernández-Pinel1, J. Lal4, M. Bleuel4, S. G. E. te Velthuis5, A.Hoffman5,6, J. Llopis1, C. deJulian7; ma.garcia@fis.ucm.es. 1Dpt. of Materials Physics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 3Dpt. of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, ItalY 3Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA 4; Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL, USA 5 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL USA 6Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL USA 7 Molecular Magentism Laboratory, University of Firenze, Italy 422 Nanoparticles (NPs) are interesting systems since they present different properties than bulk materials with the same composition. NPs exhibit a large fraction of surface atoms, which are different to those of volume mainly due to the broken symmetry at the surface which alter their electronic configuration and consequently their physical and chemical properties depending on electronic states. Moreover, the features of these surface atoms 227 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) can be altered by bonding with other species, as organic molecules, arising new physical properties. A surprising example of these surface effects is the observation of magnetism at room temperature in gold NPs capped with dodecanethiol in spite of the diamagnetic behaviour of the bulk gold. This magnetism is related to the polarization of the bonds between the Au surface atoms and the sulphur atoms at the end of thiol chains. Capping the nanoparticles with thiols also varies its optical properties, modifying the absorption of surface plasmon resonances. A more interesting observed effect when a chorophore is attached to the particle through the thiol change. We recently demonstrated that in this system, the polarization of light is preserved during energy transfer between the chromophore and the NP, an effect never observed before. These outstanding properties are retained when the particles are embedded in a polymeric matrix that provides a substrate for an easy handling of the NP. This polymer containing the thiol capped Au NPs can be stretched before it becomes stiff. We have confirmed by EXAFS measurements that this stretching process alters the features of the Au-thiol bonds, inducing anisotropies in the optical and magnetic properties of the material. This is a new method to induce anisotropy that can be used to provide metal nanoparticles able to recognize anisotropic environment and for the design on novel linear polarizers. Furthermore, it represent a new method to tune the physical properties of hybrid nanostroctures consisting on hard/soft matter that can be applied to many other materials than thiol capped Au NPs. Session F6 – Contributed Paper GRAFTING OLIGOMERIC IONMERS TO SILICA NANOPARTICLES VIA ATRP APPROCH AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PEM FUEL CELL Xinhui Zhang†, Zhaolin Liu†, Liang Hong*† Siok Wei Tay†: †Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, * Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Molecular Engineering, National University of Singapore; Chehongl@nus.edu.sg 423 This work reports an innovative method to restructure the Nafion® membrane via dispersing into the matrix of it a low content of chemically modified silica nanoparticles, which have a thin layer of the grafted ionmer chains, known as the “hairy” layer. Anionic type polyelectrolyte chains were grafted to silica nanoparticles via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This grafting polymerization results in a soft and thick polymer layer surrounding the silica core according to TEM and DSC observation. Two types of vinyl monomers, i.e. 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, potassium (SAP) and 3imidazoly-2-hydroxyl-propyl methacrylate (IPMA) were employed to construct the soft layer, which can be either homopolymeric or copolymeric structure. The resulting nanocomposite membranes revealed clearly better fuel cell performance as well as lower methanol permeability in contrast to the pristine Nafion membrane. 228 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) Session F6 – Invited Paper SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF CLASSES OF NONCARBONACEOUS NANOSTRUCTURES Stanislaus S. Wong, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Stony Brook, SUNY, 79 Cornell Avenue, Upton, NY 11973, USA; sswong@bnl.gov 424 Environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies have gradually been implemented as viable techniques in the synthesis of a range of nanostructures. In this work, we focus on the application of green chemistry principles to the synthesis of complex metal oxide and fluoride nanostructures. In particular, we describe advances in the use of templatedirected techniques as environmentally sound, socially responsible, and cost-effective methodologies that allow us to generate nanomaterials without the need to sacrifice on sample quality, purity, crystallinity, in addition to control over size and shape. Session F6 – Contributed Paper FUNCTIONAL PAPER BASED ON PHOTOLUMINESCENT NANOPARTICLES ADSORPTION ON MODIFIED CELLULOSE FIBRES Pierre Sarrazin, Didier Chaussy and Davide Beneventi, Laboratoire de génie des procédés papetiers, 461 rue de la Papeterie BP65 - 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, France ; pierre.sarrazin@efpg.inpg.fr; Laetitia Vurth and Olivier Stephan, Laboratoire de spectroscopie Physique, 140 avenue de la Physique BP87 - 38402 Saint Martin d’Heres, France 425 The elaboration of paper sheets bearing new functional properties is becoming a promising way to broaden the use of cellulose-based materials to application fields currently restricted to synthetic polymers. Nowadays, the two main techniques used to manufacture functional paper sheets are coating or printing active slurries on a preformed fibre network. In these cases, specific properties arising from these treatments are mostly developed at the surface of the paper. Nevertheless the bulky functionalization of a paper sheet is also possible by a modification of individual fibres in aqueous suspension before the formation of the paper sheet. The objective of this study was to elaborate a bulky photoluminescent paper using copolyfluorene as active polymer. Photoluminescent and/or conducting organics polymers are currently emerging as outstanding candidates for the manufacturing of new composite materials for low-cost electronic devices. Main advantages of these tailored compounds are the cost and the easiness of conception. Besides the classical vacuum evaporation coating, conducting or photoluminescent polymers can be dissolved in organic/aqueous mixtures and miniemulsified in water to give stable emulsions with controlled droplets size. Towards thy meaning, an active photoluminescent copolyfluorene was synthesised in both steps to obtain an amorphous orange solid. The copolymer was efficiently emulsified with a cationic surfactant to reach stable yellowish photoluminescent nanosized positive charged particles. Copolyfluorene colloids were adsorbed on cellulose fibres which are originally charged negatively by the presence of carboxylic functions. The adsorption was carried out with a low and sufficient amount of colloids to create bulky efficient photoluminescent handmade paper sheets. In order to improve the adsorption of copolyfluorene colloids, a chemical and a 229 Abstracts of the Oral Program (continued) mechanical treatment were carried out on cellulose fibres. Namely, TEMPO oxidation and beating. The selective TEMPO mediated oxidation of secondary alcohol groups of cellulose fibres into carboxylic functions led to an increase of negative charges and consequently in an improvement of the fibre adsorption capacity and sheet photoluminescence. Beating is an intense mechanical treatment which increases cellulose fibres accessibility by shortening and peeling fibres. Beating yields fines, very short fibres, which can adsorb more colloids because of their higher specific surface area. The high adsorption capacity of beaten fibres is counterbalanced by fines loss during the sheet formation process. Under the tested conditions beating led to a decrease in sheet photoluminescence. Micrographs under UV-light showed the presence of photoluminescent spots on the fibre surface indicating that copolyfluorene colloids were adsorbed as large aggregates. An homogenous fibre coating was reached by stabilizing the colloidal suspension during the adsorption step by adding a cationic surfactant which prevented colloids aggregation. However, the presence of a continuous coating layer decreased hydrogen interactions between fibres and thus slightly decreased paper sheets strength. 230 Abstracts of Poster Program Poster Session P1 PALLADIUM-COBALT NANOPARTICLES ON CARBON SURFACES: AN ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SURFACE ANALYSIS Lisandra Arroyo-Ramírez, Raphael G. Raptis and Carlos R. Cabrera, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscale Materials, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, PO Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346; lisyarroyo@gmail.com 109 Nano-sized metal particles continue to attract interest for different researcher areas due to their different physical and chemical properties when compared to bulk material. The common catalysts are easily poisoned and expensive; therefore research has been going into maximizing the catalytic properties of other metals by shrinking them to nanoparticles in the hope that will be an efficient and economic alternative. Metal nanoparticles can be prepared by chemical methods allowing the control of size and composition distribution of the particles. In these methods precursors are usually used as starting material. Additionally, the demand for tailored catalytic nanoparticles has encouraged the use of heterobimetallic molecular precursors. Our focus is on the catalyst synthesis by single source precursor with metal(1)-metal(2) ratio predetermined in the complex. In this work, we describe the study of deposition and reductive decomposition of the heterobimetallic precursor [NH4]2CoPd2(Me2Ipz)4Cl4 (CoPd2) on carbon surfaces such as: highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and carbon black (Vulcan). This type of organometallic compound will be used as precursor for the preparation of an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. The nanopartricles formation was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and surface analysis techniques, such as: atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). AFM and SEM images of modified HOPG with the precursor show particles with different nanometer sizes. The CoPd2 precursor was thermally reduced under hydrogen atmosphere, a procedure which removes the organic ligads, forming bimetallic nanoparticles. The composition of the modified surface described was characterized by XPS analysis. The presence of precursor and the metals are confirmed on the surface of Vulcan before and after reduction with XPS analysis.The voltammograms showed that the CoPd2 precursor is an electroactive species and has different behavior before and after the reduction process. This study will be essential in catalytic nanoparticles development for oxygen reduction reaction. We propose an easy and economic methodology for the nanoparticles formation. 231 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NOBLE METAL NANOPARTICLE FILMS PRODUCED BY GLANCING ANGLE DEPOSITION Douglas A. Gish†, Francis Nsiah‡, Mark T. McDermott‡,*, and Michael J. Brett†,*; †Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada; dgish@ualberta.ca; ‡ Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2 Canada; * National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada 110 Glancing angle deposition (GLAD) was used to fabricate noble metal nanoparticle films. Glancing angle deposition is a single-step deposition process utilizing oblique angle physical vapour deposition combined with precision substrate rotation. Using GLAD, the morphology of thin films can be tailored on nanometre size scales by exploiting the selfshadowing effects which arise when vapour flux arrives at highly oblique angles to the substrate surface. This allows for the fabrication of nanoparticle films with designed particle shapes such as spheres, posts, chevrons, or helices. Thin films consisting of a dense collection of spherical silver nanoparticles were prepared using GLAD. The particle diameters ranged from approximately 20 to 300 nm. These films exhibited an optical extinction peak due to the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The extinction spectra of the films in an air medium exhibited a peak around a wavelength of 368 nm. This peak was observed to red-shift linearly with increasing refractive index of the medium surrounding the particles. The refractive index dependence of the extinction peak position was exploited to detect molecular binding events at the particle surface. The surface of the particles was functionalized with solutions of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol and rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) to allow for the detection of anti-rabbit IgG binding. The binding of molecules to the nanoparticle surface increased the local refractive index near the particle surface, and caused a redshift of the extinction peak. The peak wavelength shift at varying concentrations of antirabbit IgG was measured and fit to the Langmuir isotherm. This yielded approximate values for the saturation response, Δλmax = 29.4 ± 0.7 nm, and the surface confined binding constant, Ka = (2.7 ± 0.3) × 106 M−1. The GLAD technique is not limited to silver, and can be used to fabricate particles out of a variety of different inorganic and organic materials. Multilayered films consisting of more than one material are also possible. The properties of a particular organic material, tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3), cause it to self-organize into a pseudo-hexagonal array during the deposition process. By using such a film as a template layer, a similarly ordered array of noble metal nanoparticles can be fabricated on top of the Alq3 layer. The resulting films consist of particles with improved uniformity in size, shape, and orientation compared to films fabricated without the Alq3 template layer, which affects their optical properties. Poster Session P1 MICROWAVE-POLYOL SYNTHESIS OF TCO NANOCRYSTALS Elin Hammarberga, Anna Prodi-Schwabb, Claus Feldmanna; aInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe (TH), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; bEvonik Degussa GmbH, Creavis Technologies & Innovation, D45764 Marl, Germany; hammarberg@aoc1.uni-karlsruhe.de 111 232 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Thin films exhibiting a high electrical conductivity and optical transmittance are of major technical importance in, e.g., solar cells, flat panel displays, and electrochromic devices. The required combination of properties can be realized by degenerate doping of widebandgap oxide semiconductors, such as In2O3, SnO2, or ZnO. The transparent conductive oxide (TCO) most widely applied in optoelectronic devices is ITO (In2O3:Sn4+), owing to an exceptionally high conductivity, combined with a high optical transmittance. However, research on possible replacement materials is intensive, due to the preciousness of indium metal. To date, doped ZnO, as well as ternary and quaternary compounds, are considered promising candidates. TCO films are commonly produced via vacuum-based gas phase methods, such as magnetron sputtering or chemical vapor deposition. Patterned structures thereof are normally created via lithographic etching. Altogether, these manufacturing processes are time-consuming, cost-intensive and produce large amounts of waste. Here, significant improvements could be realized if instead deposition techniques such as dip- or spin-coating, ink-jet, off-set, or silk-screen printing were applied. However, this requires the availability of a suited suspension or ink, containing nanoscale, non-agglomerated and crystalline TCO particles. Aiming at a facile and lowcost liquid phase synthesis of TCO nanomaterials, we have investigated a microwaveassisted polyol synthesis. Herein, precipitation of oxide nanoparticles occurs via hydrolysis of a solved metal precursor in a polyol medium. The polyol – a high-boiling multidentate alcohol such as diethylene glycol (DEG) or glycerine – acts as solvent as well as surface stabilizer. As a result of the surface stabilization, particle growth and aggregation are prevented during nucleation and crystallization. This leads to the formation of non-agglomerated particles, typically 5-50 nm in diameter, with a near monodisperse size distribution. Due to the high-boiling solvent, well-crystallized materials can be synthesized at ambient pressure. In addition, the application of microwave irradiation has turned out to be advantageous with regard to material crystallinity and particle morphology. Here, our results will be exemplified with the synthesis of ITO, AZO (ZnO:Al3+), and IZO (ZnO:In3+) nanocrystals in DEG. Size, size distribution, and crystallinity of as-prepared particles are investigated based on dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. As-prepared particles turn out to be single crystalline and exhibit a near monodisperse size distribution. Furthermore, spectral properties, as well as significant electrical conductivities of powders and thin films will be presented. Poster Session P1 SPONTANEOUS STRUCTURE FORMATION ON THE NANO SCALE Stefan Walheim, Regine Hedderich, Thomas Schimmel, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Nanotechnology, POX 3640, D 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; regine.hedderich@int.fzk.de 112 Sharp-edged and well-defined microstructures can be produced by a simple spin coating process from a polymer solution. Dissolving two immiscible polymers in a common solvent and subsequent spin-coating the solution leads to phase separation during the evaporation of the solvent. Both, a lamellar morphology and laterally structured morphologies are observed, depending on polymer-substate and polymer-polymer 233 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) interactions. Thus, by controlling the phase distribution, surfaces with tailored properties can be created. Examples are controlled wetability, tribological and optical properties and their application as lithography masks. The lateral lengths scale can be adjusted within a wide range from several micrometers down to the 10 nm scale. By selectively dissolving one component of the polymer blend film a nanoporous coating is obtained. The refractive index of our film can be adjusted in a range from 1.6 down to 1.05 by tuning the composition of the polymer solution. Such films can serve as high-performance antireflection coatings with outstanding optical properties. The undesirable reflection from glass is reduced by the application of a thin layer; this makes use of the interference at thin layers. Optimal anti-reflection surfaces for glass require a refractive index n=1.22. There are however no known traditional materials with a refractive index <1.3. The new process is simple and economical. The effective refractive index can be precisely determined by controlling the degree of porosity. Another attraction is that the water sign on the glass can only be seen in reflection. By the use of micro-contact printing and scanning probe lithography - the self-organisation of the resulting polymer pattern can be controlled such that well ordered layout-defined structures can be achieved. An example of derivatives of these structures are bio-functionalizable structures with laterally defined spots of only 10 nm in diameter which are fabricated by the combination of polymer blend lithography and block copolymer nanolithography. Investigations made by in situ light scattering during the typically five seconds of film formation give insight into the structure formation process. Poster Session P1 ROTATIONAL MOULDING OF FIBRE-REINFORCED INTEGRAL SKIN PE FOAM COMPOSITE Dylan .D. Jung, D. Bhattacharyya and A. J. Easteal*, Department of Mechanical Engineering, *Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland,New Zealand, d.jung@auckland.ac.nz 113 In the past few years, scientific and industrial research has been increasingly focused on composite materials comprising wood fibres in thermoplastic matrices, because of their advantages of lower cost, improved stiffness, and better processibility compared to other materials. However, the number of potential applications has been limited because of their low impact strength and high density compared to natural wood and certain plastics. Recently, the concept of creating microcellular foamed structures in composites through batch or continuous extrusion processes has been successfully demonstrated to significantly improve the shortcomings of these composites. Although foam extrusion of plastic/wood fibre and rotational foaming of neat polymer have been tried, fibrereinforced integral skin foam composites by rotational moulding have not hitherto been achieved. The research methodology included melt-blending and extrusion of organic and inorganic fibre incorporated in plastics, grinding the resulting composites to powders, and rotational moulding of the powders with added chemical blowing agents and catalyst. Rotational moulding was carried out using a purpose-built laboratory scale machine that simulates industrial scale rotational moulders, and the mould that was designed using the Pro-E Engineering software. Mechanical and thermochemical test data for the 234 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) composites are obtained. The morphology characteristics, which affect the final mechanical properties of the fibre-reinforced integral skin foam composite, will be presented. Poster Session P1 STABILITY OF Ag-TiO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS ASSESSED BY A PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DICHLOROACETIC ACID Victor M. Menéndez-Flores1, Donia Friedmann2 and Detlef W. Bahnemann1; 1Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3, D-30167Hannover, Germany; 2Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center University of Aarhus, Building 520, Room 128, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; menendez@iftc.uni-hannover.de 114 The photocatalytic activity of Ag+ ions at the surface of commercialy available as well as self-prepared TiO2 particles has been investigated in consecutive runs for the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA). The photodegradation of 1 mM of DCA was realized employing a concentration of 0,5g L-1 of photocatalyst in a reactor (50 mL) with a plain quartz window on which the light beam (λ ≥ 320 nm) is focused. The reactor is equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, a water-circulating jacket and three openings for electrode, gas supply, and sample withdrawing. The investigation was performed to compare the catalyst performance at different silver loadings (from 0 to 2 atom % silver) and at two different pH conditions: pH 3 and pH 10. The highest photocatalytic efficiency (ζ = 3.37) was observed with the 0.2 atom % Ag-P25 TiO2 at pH 3 and with colloidal TiO2 photocatalyst which were the most resilient to deactivation by the Cl- ions at pH 3. This is believed to be due to the greater number of active sites in the latter sample. The degradation was followed by TOC measurements and by the calculation of the photonic efficiency from the initial rate of the H+ ion formation under pH-stat reaction condition. Reusing Ag-P25 TiO2 photocatalyst for three consecutive degradation runs within twelve hours, does not reveal any permanent negative effect on the photocatalyst performance. In any case, the photoactivity of the catalysts was observed to be easily recovered by a simple washing technique. Poster Session P1 STOP-FLOW LITHOGRAPHY OF COLLOIDAL, GLASS, AND SILICON MICROCOMPONENTS Robert F Shepherd1, Priyadarshi Panda2, Zhihao Bao3, Kenneth H Sandhage3, T Alan Hatton2, Jennifer A Lewis1 and Patrick S Doyle2, 1 Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois,, U-C, 1304 W Green St.,Urbana, IL 61801, 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, 3 Department of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; jalewis@uiuc.edu and pdoyle@mit.edu; pdpanda@mit.edu 115 The assembly of oxide and non-oxide microcomponents from colloidal building blocks is 235 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) central to a broad array of applications, including sensors, optical devices, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), as well as to fundamental studies of granular materials. Progress in these areas has been hindered by the availability of colloidal microcomponents of precisely tailored size, shape, and composition. Here, we report a method for patterning colloidal building blocks into controlled structures via stop-flow lithography (SFL). Microcomponents are created at rates that exceed 103 min-1 in both simple and complex, i.e., microgear, shapes using an index-matched system composed of silica microspheres suspended in a photocurable acrylamide solution. Upon drying, the resulting colloidal structures are akin to non-spherical granular media. These structures are then transformed at elevated temperatures into microcomponents composed of porous or dense glassy oxides or porous silicon via magnesiothermic reduction. The SFL method provides the exquisite control over component size, shape, and composition needed to enable fundamental and technological advances in wide variety of fields. Poster Session P1 116 SYNTHESIS OF POROUS ANATASE NANOPARTICLES AND Au/TIO2 NANOMATERIALS BY MINIEMULSION TECHNIQUE Renate Rossmanitha, Clemens K. Weissa, Katharina Landfestera, Jasmin Geserickb, Nicola Hüsingb ; a) Institute of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; renate.rossmanith@uniulm.de; b) Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-EinsteinAllee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany Porous anatase nanoparticles with high specific surface area have many potential applications for example as catalyst support or as electrodes in lithium ion batteries. However, the applications depend strongly on the particle size and their crystalline structure. Highly dispersed Au/TiO2 catalysts are of great interest in many oxidation and reduction reactions for example the low temperature CO oxidation. Here we report a novel template-free approach to synthesize porous anatase nanoparticles. By combining the sol-gel process with the inverse miniemulsion technique spherical particles of about 200 nm were prepared which consist of aggregated small anatase crystallites of several nanometers in size with a specific surface area of more than 300 m²/g after calcination at 400 °C. The only employed surfactant is a block copolymer (P(E/B-b-EO)) which stabilizes the aqueous droplets with the water-soluble precursor bis(2-hydroxyethyl) titanate (EGMT) in the organic phase. The miniemulsion technique is of advantage because it produces small monodisperse droplets in which hydrolysis and condensation to the final TiO2 particles takes place. During the reaction each droplet acts as a nanoreactor under preservation of droplet size, droplet number and the concentration in each droplet. Therefore, the particle size can be easily tuned in a wide range. For the synthesis of Au/TiO2 nanomaterials Au was introduced both in-situ and after synthesis by depositionprecipitation process. HAuCl4 as the gold source was reduced by temperature or addition of an reducing agent. The obtained powders were characterized by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen sorption (BET). 236 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 NANOPARTICLE SIZE-SELECTIVE FRACTIONATION PROCESS USING CO2-EXPANDED LIQUIDS AT DIFFERENT PROCESSING SCALES Steven R. Saunders1, Madhu Anand2, Christopher B. Roberts1. (1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849. (2) Conoco Philips Company, 333 PL Bartlesville Technology Center, Highway 60 & 123, Bartlesville, OK 74004, USA; saundsr@auburn.edu, robercr@auburn.edu. 117 We have recently scaled up a process that allows for the size-selective fractionation of ligand-stabilized metal and semiconductor nanoparticles that utilizes the pressure tunable physico-chemical properties of CO2 gas expanded liquids (GXL’s). The nanoparticle size separation technique is based on the controlled reduction of the solvent strength of organic phase nanoparticle dispersions through increases in concentration of the antisolvent CO2 via pressurization. These changes in solvent strength affect the subtle balance between the osmotic repulsive forces (due to the solvation of the stabilizing nanoparticle ligand tails) and the van der Waals forces of attraction between different sized particles necessary to maintain a stable dispersion. Through modest changes in CO2 pressure, increasingly smaller sized nanoparticles can be controllably precipitated from the dispersion, resulting in the separation of particle dispersions typically ranging from 2nm to 12 nm into ±1nm fractions. Recently, we have demonstrated an effective separation of metal (Au and Ag) and semiconductor (CdSe/ZnS) nanoparticles using a novel glass spiral tube apparatus within a high pressure vessel. However, this initial apparatus was only capable of separating approximately 200 μL (2 mg) of a nanoparticle dispersion. It is desirable to design a new apparatus capable of processing larger quantities of monodisperse nanoparticles for applications in catalysis, sensors, semiconductors, and optics. This new scaled up apparatus consists of three vertically mounted high pressure vessels connected in series with high pressure needle valves that allow for sequential isolation and separation of the fractionated nanoparticle dispersions. This process, operated at room temperature and CO2 pressures between 28 bar and 49 bar, can result in a batch or semi-continuous size selective separation of approximately 20 mL of a concentrated (20 mg/mL) nanoparticle dispersion, a scale up factor of 200 over the previous process. Performing separations at this scale illustrates that it is possible to separate large quantities of nanoparticle dispersions using this technique. This process can be easily modified by increasing the number of fractionation vessels, by increasing the size of the vessels, by adjusting the ΔP at each stage, or through changes in ligand type or solvent choice. The efficiency of separation of several nanoparticle systems (Ag, Au, and Pt) will be presented including the effects of different nanoparticle ligands and adjusting other design parameters. Poster Session P1 LUMINESCENCE AND AMPLIFIED STIMULATED EMISSION OF CdSe@ZnS QUANTUM DOTS DOPED TiO2 AND ZrO2 WAVEGUIDES A. Martucci1, J. Jasieniak2, P. Mulvaney2, R. Signorini3; 1 Dipartimento di 118 237 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Ingegneria Meccanica Settore Materiali, Universita' di Padova, Italy alex.martucci@unipd.it; 2 University of Melbourne, School of Chemistry, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Padova, Italy; alex.martucci@unipd.it Sol-gel titania and zirconia waveguides doped with high-quality CdSe@ZnS core-shell quantum dots have been synthesized. The optical properties of the nanocomposite thin film were found to be sensitive to the semiconducting properties of the host matrix. Titania films were seen to be inherently photo-unstable due to photoelectron injection into the bulk matrix and subsequent nanocrystal oxidation. In comparison, zirconia films were significantly more robust with high PL retained for annealing temperatures up to 300 oC. Both titania and zirconia composite waveguides exhibited amplified stimulated emission (ASE); however only zirconia based waveguides exhibited long term photostability (loss of less than 30% ASE intensity after more than 40 minutes continuous excitation). We conclude that the low electron affinity of zirconia and its inherent high refractive index makes it an ideal candidate for nanocrystal based optical waveguides. Poster Session P1 ZINC OXIDE NANOROD SYNTHESIS FROM NANOPARTICLES IN 1,4 BUTANEDIOL SOLVENT Nelson S. Bell and D.R. Tallant, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800-1411, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA; nsbell@sandia.gov 119 Particle synthesis and shape control are sensitive processes affected by solvent, reaction material, and processing methodology. Control of morphology requires understanding of the reaction mechanisms inherent in a system, as well as how chemical agents can be used to direct the growth of the desired material. Zinc oxide nanorod formation in 1,4butanediol was studied as a function of time and temperature using TEM, UV-vis absorption spectra, and photoluminescence. These observations show that ZnO is the stable phase for precipitation using the sol-gel process reaction of refluxed zinc acetate with base, that growth and ripening of nanodots proceeds via the LSW model of particle coarsening, and that ripening at elevated temperature leads a transition to nanorod morphologies. The use of 1,4-butanediol allows for higher temperature reaction than in alcohols, and therefore does not require the use of pressure vessels. However, at higher temperatures, 1,4-butanediol is susceptible to degredation, leading to cessation of the ripening phenomenon. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94-AL85000. Poster Session P1 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMANIUM CHALCOGENIDE NANOPARTICLES Marissa Caldwell1, Simone Raoux2, Delia Milliron2, and H.-S. Philip 120 238 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Wong3; Departments of Chemistry1 and Electrical Engineering3 Stanford University, Stanford CA; 2IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose CA; macaldwe@stanford.edu While volumes of literature exist on the controlled synthesis of colloidal metal chalcogenide nanoparticles, there have been relatively few reports on the synthesis of colloids containing main group metal chalcogenides. In particular, the germanium chalcogenides exhibit much electronic and structural diversity including: germanium ions in the II and IV oxidation state, numerous observed crystal structures, and the possibility of high amorphous state stability. We will report on our recent work exploring a range of synthetic approaches to controllably synthesize materials in this class. First, germanium selenide nanoparticles have been synthesized using a novel class of molecular singlesource precursors. These precursors contain pre-formed metal-chalcogen bonds and decompose at low temperature to facilitate nanoparticle formation. As synthesized, the ethylhexanoic acid capped germanium selenide nanoparticles are crystalline and exhibit quantum size effects in their optical spectra. Second, we have developed a route to germanium(II) chalcogenide nanoparticles using separate precursors for the metal and chalcogen. Using this co-precipitation approach, we report for the first time the synthesis and characterization of germanium telluride nanoparticles. Taking advantage of the multiple stable solid-state phases of germanium telluride, we will also report preliminary results on the phase transitions of small (~3nm) particles. Poster Session P1 SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF Pt/Co3O4 NANOCOMPOSITE Youcun Chen, Lin Hu and Yulin Min, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China; chenycem@126.com 121 Three-dimension (3D) flowerlike Co3O4 microspheres were synthesized in glycol (EG) system by self-assembled with nanoslices in the absence of any template and surfactant. The Brunauer-Emmett (BET) gas sorptometry measurement showed that the Co3O4 microspheres were porous with two narrow porous volume distributions. Pt/Co3O4 nanocomposites were achieved by the reduction of H2PtCl6 with glucose by refluxing in the presence of porous Co3O4 microspheres. The size and size distribution of Pt nanoparticles in Pt/Co3O4 nanocomposites could be controlled by changing the mole ratio of platinum salt in solution and the reaction time. The glucose acts as not only reductant but also stabilizer which can prevent particle agglomeration. Pt/Co3O4 composite electrode possesses higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared with Pt electrode, which will have promising applications in fuel cells and catalysis. 239 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 ULTRASMALL MAGIC-SIZE CdSe NANOCRYSTALS: SYNTHESIS, CHEMISTRY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES Minho Jung, Teri Schweers and Gregory Kalyuzhny, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; cpgregor@sciences.sdsu.edu 122 The synthesis, chemical and optical properties of ultrasmall magic-size CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are reported. Various synthetic procedures were shown to produce NCs with similar optical properties implying that the particles with the same “magic” size are obtained. Solutions of the CdSe NCs in various non-polar solvents emit white-yellow light due to the large amount surface states but loose most of their emission upon transfer to aqueous phase by ligand exchange reactions. Poster Session P1 CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnS NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY A FAST AND FACILE SYNTHESIS ROUTE Gabriele Kremser, Andreas Pein, Ilse Letofsky-Papst, Birgit Kunert, Roland Resel and Gregor Trimmel, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Organic Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; g.kremser@tugraz.at 123 Nanocrystalline materials have attracted much attention due to their unique sizedependent thermal, optical, electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties that differ significantly from their bulk characteristics. Zinc sulfide is one of the most important II-VI semiconductors providing a high potential in many different technological applications, e.g. as photonic crystals or in optoelectronic devices. In this contribution we report a modified synthesis route for the preparation of nanocrystalline cubic ZnS particles. Starting from zinc chloride, sulphur and different alkyl amines (oleylamine, dodecylamine, propylamine) the particles were synthesized within a short reaction time of typically 90 min. The amines act as capper and prevent agglomeration of the nanocrystals. The so prepared particles exhibit the cubic sphalerite structure as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows a homogeneous size distribution with mean particles sizes of approximately 3 to 5 nm. The high crytallinity was confirmed by high resolution TEM. The optical properties were investigated with UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The nanoparticles obtained with oleylamine and dodecylamine are still soluble in organic solvents (e.g. hexane), whereas the synthesis with propylamine yields aggregated powders. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed that the primary crystallites tend to aggregate in solution, which was further investigated by small angle X-ray scattering experiments. Poster Session P1 SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALLINE RARE EARTH DOPED CERIA NANOSPHEROIDS Mangalaraja R.V., Romel M. Jiméneza, Carlos P.Camurri, Ananthakumar. Sb; Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; a Department of Chemical Engineering, University of 124 240 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Concepción, Chile; bNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Trivandrum- 695 019, Kerala, India; mangal@udec.cl Crystalline ceria nano-spheroids doped with gadolinium (Gd), Samarium (Sm), Neodymium (Nd) and Yttrium (Y) have been synthesized through modified nitrate-fuel combustion method in which ammonium sulphate is employed as shape forming agent. The as-prepared precursor powders were characterized for TG/DTA and FTIR analyses. Rare earth doped ceria nano-spheroids with an average size ranging from 10-25nm are achieved when the as-prepared powder is calcined at 700°C for 2h. The results show that the nano-spheroids are highly crystalline, loosely agglomerated and homogeneous in nature. The effect of sulphate addition on the morphological features, crystallinity, specific surface area and particle size are analyzed. Poster Session P1 – Invited Poster LIQUID PHASE MORPHOLOGY CONTROL OF ANISOTROPIC OXIDE PARTICLES – TiO2, ZnO, BaTiO3Yoshitake Masuda, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Moriyama, Nagoya, 463-8560, Japan; masuda-y@aist.go.jp 125 Anatase TiO2 particles, 100–200 nm in diameter, were developed in aqueous solution at 50°C. The particles were assemblies of nano TiO2 crystals covered with nanorelief surface structures. The crystals grew anisotropically along the c-axis to form acicular crystals. The particles showed c-axis orientation due to high-intensity X-ray diffraction from the (004) planes. The particles had a BET specific surface area of 270 m2/g. BJH and DFT/Monte-Carlo analysis of adsorption isotherm indicated the existence of pores ~3 nm and ~1 nm in diameter. Crystallization and self-assembly of nano TiO2 were effectively utilized to fabricate nanocrystal assembled TiO2 particles having high surface area and nanorelief surface structure. An aqueous solution system was developed to control the nucleation and crystal growth of ZnO. Ethylenediamine was used to promote deposition of ZnO from zinc acetate solution. Crystalline ZnO particles or particulate films were successfully fabricated at 60 °C. The morphology of ZnO particles was further controlled to a hexagonal cylinder shape, long ellipse shape or hexagonal symmetry radial whiskers having high aspect ratio. The morphology was controlled by changing the supersaturation degree. Moreover, their photoluminescence was investigated. The novel solution process will contribute to the development of future ZnO devices. We developed acicular BaTiO3 particles, achieved by controlling the morphology of BaC2O4 • 0.5H2O to acicular shape and its phase transition to BaTiO3 by introducing Ti ions from the coprecipitated amorphous phase. Acicular BaTiO3 particles have an aspect ratio as high as 18 and the particle size can be controlled by varying the growth period of BaC2O4 • 0.5H2O which governs the size of BaC2O4 • 0.5H2O particles. Acicular particles of crystalline BaTiO3 can be used for ultra-thin multilayer ceramic capacitors. We further proposed a novel concept for morphology control of barium titanate precursor to fabricate platy particles. Organic molecules play essential role in crystallization of BaTiOF4 to synthesize multi-needle particles, polyhedron particles or platy particles in an aqueous 241 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) solution. Precursors were successfully transformed to barium titanate single phase by the annealing. Platy barium titanate precursor particles are expected for future multilayer ceramic capacitors. The scientific novel concept for crystallization control and particle morphology control would contribute to the development of future nanocrystals and nanodevices using bio-inspired organic-inorganic interactions. Poster Session P1 CONTINUOUS HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF NANOMETRIC OXIDES IN SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS N. Millot, M. Ariane, L. Saviot and D. Aymes, Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 5209 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon cedex, France; nmillot@u-bourgogne.fr 126 Due to the size dependence of the properties of nanoparticles, nanostructured oxides are currently drawing the attention of industries and scientists for electronic and biomedical applications. To be applicable at the industrial level, continuous synthesis technologies allowing the production of several tens of grams per hour are required. Such a continuous production prototype for hydrothermal synthesis in subcritical and supercritical water has been developed in our group. In this poster, the synthesis of TiO2, γ-Fe2O3, Fe2CoO4, BaFe12O19 and BaZrO3 nanopowders will be presented. The as-prepared powders are characterized by complementary techniques such as XRD, electron microscopy and spectroscopic methods (Raman, XPS, EDXS, IR). As a result, the size, morphology, aggregation state, crystal structure, bulk and surface composition of the particles are investigated. Due to the very short residence-time in the reactor (less than 10 s), the size of the particles and the size distribution are smaller and narrower than those of powders obtained with usual routes (soft chemistry and hydrothermal synthesis in batch reactors). The other advantages of this process are its versatility, its productivity (thanks to the continuous running), and the possibility of industrial-scale synthesis of controlled nanoparticles in a wide range of experimental conditions. Poster Session P1 NONAQUEOUS SOL-GEL ROUTES TO METAL-OXIDE NANOCRYSTALS, HYBRID MATERIALS AND THIN FILMS Nicola Pinna, Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; pinna@ua.pt 127 Non-aqueous sol-gel routes are elegant approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Here, it will be shown that these approaches were successfully used for the formation of high quality pure inorganic nanocrystals, ordered hybrid organic-inorganic materials and thin films by atomic layer deposition. Especially, the chemical mechanisms taking place during the metal oxide formation greatly influence the morphology, assembly and the final properties. Several different aspects of these approaches will be discussed: (1) The peculiar structure and the formation mechanism of organic-inorganic hybrid materials will be detailed and correlated to their properties. Especially, the optical properties of lanthanide doped hybrid materials strongly depend on the organic moieties forming the 242 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) hybrid mesostructure. (2) Pure semi-conducting metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized in non-aqueous media without the need of surfactants are good candidates for resistive gas sensor devices due to their nanometric size, good crystallinity and high purity. Selected examples of gas sensor fabricated with porous thick layers made of nanoparticles will be presented. (3) Finally, the transposition of similar non-aqueous sol-gel approaches to the deposition by atomic layer deposition of thin films on several substrates including carbon nanotubes, silicon wafers or organic fibers will be discussed. Poster Session P1 POLYCAPROLACTONE NANOPARTICLES AS RESVERATROL CARRIER SYSTEMS; EFFECT OF DISPERSED PHASE SOLVENT ON PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY EMULSION SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD Bum-Keun Kim, Jun-Soo Lee, Yong-Jin Cho, Dong-June Park*; Korea Food Research Institute, 516, Baekhyun-Dong, Bundang-Ku, Songnam-Si, Kyunggi-Do, 463,746, Korea; bkkim@kfri.re.kr; djpark@kfri.re.kr 128 Resveratrol-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles were prepared by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation method. The features of this process was the use of two solvents (termed as ‘mixed solvent system’ or MSS here) as a dispersed medium (Viswanathan et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2002). The mean particle size of nanoparticles prepared using only DCM (523.45±36.7nm) was larger than that prepared with a mixture of DCM and either EtOH (494.50±29.15nm) or Acetone (493.53±6.93nm). Evaporation through the aqueous phase depends on the solubility of the solvents in water (Kim et al., 2005) rather than boiling point. Practically, although boiling point of DCM (39.8ºC) is lower than those of acetone (56.5 ºC) and EtOH (78.5 ºC), water solubility of DCM is in the range DCM acetone or EtOH (miscible). Therefore the rate of precipitation is in the same range. Since the higher the water solubility, the higher the diffusion rate before nanoparticle hardening. This is the major reason of smaller mean size of nanoparticles. Sah (2000) also showed that, although boiling point of the DCM is a little higher than that of ethyl formate, the high evaporating rate is contributed to the difference in water solubility. The differences in the evaporation rate of solvents may have influence on the encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles. The encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles prepared only with DCM as dispersed phase (78.29±7.74%) was the highest of those prepared with solvent mixtures. These are also related to the water solubility of the solvents. Generally, core partitioning into the aqueous phase can occur during the initial stages of nanoparticle formation prior to polymer precipitation. During evaporation of the solvent from the aqueous phase, the core materials can be migrated with solvent into aqueous phase. So, the higher the evaporation rate, the lower the encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles, which was the similar results of our previous study (Kim et al., 2005). However, in morphological analysis, no particular differences could be observed. These results indicate that dispersed phase solvent is one of the most important factors that affect the properties of resveratrol-loaded PCL nanoparticles; therefore mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency could be controlled by changing the dispersed phase solvent component. 243 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES Vanessa Prevot, Stéphanie Vial, F. Leroux, Claude Forano; Laboratoire des Matériaux Inorganiques, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 6002, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France, vanessa.prevot@univ-bpclermont.fr 129 Biomineralization is a natural process which offers the opportunity to produce highly organized nanocomposite multiscale structures, from the atomic to the macroscopic level for a wide range of compositions. Recently, enzymatically assisted routes has been reported to fabricate materials with excellent control of the structural organization. Here, a biomineralization process based on the enzyme-catalyzed decomposition of urea by urease is presented as a novel approach to prepare Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs). LDH are simple layered structures built on a stacking of positive [MII1-xMIIIx(OH)2] x+ sheets interlayered by solvated anions [Aq-x/q.nH2O], which display typical hexagonal platelets. LDH materials have been extensively studied since many years because of their wide potentialities of applications for examples in catalysis, adsorption/separation, medicine and elaboration of new nanocomposites. However, many of these uses are restricted because of the limited accessibility to both the internal galeries and the outer surface. The control of particle size and shape, number of stacked layers, type of platelets aggregation, porosity is a great challenge in order to prepare LDHs with specific textural properties and reproducible physico-chemical properties. Using biomineralization conditions, a large series of LDH materials (ZnAl, MgAl, NiAl, ZnCr, CuCr) can be prepared. In such conditions, urease, an enzyme extracted from Jack Bean, catalyses under kinetic control at room temperature, the decomposition of urea into ammonium carbonate allowing the biogenesis of the LDH minerals to occur at the surface of the biomolecules. The crystal growth of LDH particles is kinetically limited in such conditions compared to the so called urea method based on the thermal decomposition of urea (90°C). Effect of the enzymatic reaction parameters (urease activity, urea concentration…) will be detailled in comparison with materials obtained by precipitation based on the thermal decomposition of urea. Finally, the enzymatic synthetic route is also a way to immobilize urease in LDH which is of interest for urea biosensors elaboration and will be compared to other soft chemistry immobilization methods such as coprecipitation, adsorption and delamination/restacking. Poster Session P1 SOLVENT INFLUENCE ON PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS Rocío Redón, Samantha K. Rendón-Lara, Ana L. Vargas-Osoriob José M. Saniger; Lab. de Materiales y Nanotecnología, CCADET, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, México; bFESCuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edo. de Mexico, México; rredon@servidor.unam.mx 130 Nanoscale materials have being widely studied because of their particular properties and potential applications. In particular, noble metal nanoparticles have been used as catalysts 244 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) and photo catalysts in solution for many years. The activity of these materials is associated to their size, crystal structure and the nature of the stabilizer. Being the purpose of the stabilizer to control the particle size and to prevent the agglomeration. In the present work we would like to present the results of the study of different solvents dependence on the size and/or morphology of palladium nanoparticles. Thus, the study is based on the effect of different solvents on the reduction and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. In this particular case, DMSO, DMF, etilen glycol Ethanol and H2O are the employed solvents, and the reduction methods include atmospheric O2, fotorreduction, sodium citrate, sodium borohydride and ultrasound irradiation. By TEM micrographs and UV-vis spectrum analysis it can be said that the biggest particles obtained come from the reduction with sodium citrate, meanwhile the particles obtained from reduction with borohydride affords the smallest ones. On the other hand, when ultrasonic method is used, the particles obtained are the most irregular with plenty of unsaturated sites, an excellent characteristic for their use as catalysts. With these results, it can be said that the reduction method plays an important role on the size and shape of palladium nanoparticles and can be designed just by the choice of the correct one for the desired purpose. Poster Session P1 SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF BiFeO3 AND YFeO3 NANOCRYSTALS PRODUCED BY A SOLVENT-FREE METHOD America Vazquez-Olmos, Ruben Armendariz-Martinez, Ana L. FernandezOsorio, Roberto Sato-Berru and Esther Mata-Zamora. Center of Applied Sciences and Technological Development. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico; america.vazquez@ccadet.unam.mx 131 Multiferroics are one class of general magnetoelectric materials wherein magnetic and electric polarizations are strongly coupled. These materials offer unique opportunities to study fundamental physical links between spin, charge and lattice degrees of freedom. They will also offer the singular ability to control or sense the material polarization state with either electric or magnetic field, a particular flexibility that may prove technologically relevant for a number of applications, since the development of nextgeneration materials relies on the ability to control function. In this work, BiFeO3 and YFeO3 nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized via an uncomplicated mechanochemical solvent-free method, starting from their acetate or chloride salts in presence of sodium hydroxide. Their crystalline structures and their average diameters between 8 and 12 nm, were determined from XRD patterns and by HR-TEM images. Particle sizes were controlled through the concentration of starting materials and heating temperature. The UV-visible electronic absorption, Raman spectroscopy and electronic paramagnetic resonance spectra show clear evidence of the quantum size effect. The magnetic study of these systems is in progress. 245 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 NEW ELECTROSTATIC DISPERSION METHOD DISPERSING FINE POWDER IN AIR Zheng Xu1 and Shouci Lu2; 1General research institute for nonferrous metals, Beijing, 100088, China. Email: xzh63@126.com; 2Civil and Environmental School of University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China; xzh63@126.com 132 Powder materials are widely used in the industries. The finer the powder is, the better the material’s performance is. But as the powder size become finer, the agglomeration of the powder becomes more severe. This is very harmful to the use of powder. To reduce the agglomeration, a new electrostatic dispersion device is designed. This device is use the repulse force between particles which charged the same charge to prevent the particles from reuniting. The effect of charge voltage, particle size, the distant between electrode, humidity of the powder and the invalidation time on the dispersion degree of powder are given in this paper. It is proved that the electrostatic dispersion is a new effective method. The charge voltage is the most important role affecting the dispersion. Middle size particle got best dispersion. When the distance between the electrodes is 24cm, the dispersion degree reaches the maximum. The humidity of the powder not only affects the charge of the powder, but also affects the dispersion degree of the powder. This method will give promotion to the powder application in many industries. Poster Session P1 CONTROLLED SEDIMENTATION OF CONCENTRATED COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS M. Abubakar,a* M. A. Faers b , and P. F. Luckham a ; (a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2BY, UK, (b) Bayer CropScience , Monheim, Germany; mo.abubakar@imerys.com 133 In this work we focus on a discussion of sedimentation behaviour of weakly flocculated systems. The sedimentation behaviour of colloidal suspensions of a commercial fungicide, tebuconazole, at three different particle volume fractions has been determined. The particles have been weakly flocculated with non-adsorbing polymers that acted as depletion flocculants. Three different polymer systems have been used to achieve this, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with low and high molecular weights (Mw) of 0.3x106 and 1x106 respectively and xanthan with a very high Mw of approximately 2x106 g/mol. The sedimentation was monitored by determining the volume fraction-height profiles from ultrasound velocity measurements through the dispersions. The advantages of this method are twofold, firstly it is non invasive and secondly it can monitor the behaviour within the opaque sediment in addition to the supernatant interface. From this work we have established that the three most influential factors governing the sedimentation rate seem to be particle volume fraction, the concentration of the non-adsorbing polymer and molecular weight of the non-adsorbing polymer. At relatively low polymer concentration rapid sedimentation is observed due to “Stokes clusters,” which enhance the 246 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) sedimentation rate. However, as the polymer concentration increases the sedimentation rate decreases and is finally hindered by the formation of a continuous rigid network of particles. This 3-D network is able to support itself and hence control sedimentation. In this region at a low particle volume fraction of 0.2, sedimentation produced a clear supernatant with dense sediments at the base of the samples. This was found for all three polymer MW's and was consistent with both Stokes and consolidation processes. For the suspensions at high volume fractions, a gradual compaction of the suspension throughout its entire height was generally observed without a hard sediment at the base. Transient gel behaviour was observed with the sedimentation rate increasing after a period of hours to days, depending on the polymer concentration. The polymer MW had a strong effect on the sedimentation, with higher Mw polymers giving much slower sedimentation. This Mw effect was seen with the rheology also. For corresponding sedimentation velocities, the lower MW samples showed much higher elastic modulus and extrapolated yield stress values in accord with previous observations. This difference was considered to be a consequence of the time taken for the polymer chains to diffuse through the particle network, with larger chains diffusing much more slowly. Hence, a stronger network that can support itself is required when the polymer Mw is small while for large polymers only a weak network is necessary. The results obtained suggest that there is a strong link between the rheology and sedimentation behaviour of the suspensions for the individual polymers used and provide a new insight into the behaviour of the weakly flocculated systems and their link with rheology. Poster Session P1 ULTRASONIC PULSED DOPPLER (USPD): A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLE AND NANOPARTICLE SUSPENSIONS Steven Africk, Prodyne Corp., Waban MA 02468 and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139; safrick@att.net 134 USPD is a novel technique using ultrasonic backscatter for the characterization of suspensions of particles and nanoparticles. It has demonstrated the ability to characterize particles of size from 120 µm to less than ten nanometers. Particles measured include Islets of Langerhans, beta cells, polymer nanoparticle beads, TiO2 colloids, dendrimers, nanoparticle inks and protein molecules. Measurements include particle concentration, size, and physical properties (e.g. compressibility). The system can also detect largeparticle contamination of suspension of smaller particles. Using only a single focused transducer, the method is simpler than standard ultrasonic techniques and can readily be employed for batch measurements and incorporated into existing analytical devices or process equipment for online process monitoring. Recent measurements include reduction in backscatter from SDS micelles associated with the uptake of palmitic acid ‘cargo’ and increased backscatter due to the expansion of BSA protein with decreased pH. Preliminary measurements suggest the possibility of measuring particle size with precision far greater than is possible with light scattering in the nanometer range. Another recent development is the incorporation of the entire USPD electronic system into a very inexpense10 in3 package. 247 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SUPERPARAMAGNETIC PARTICLES AND CLUSTERSDETERMINED BY MAGNETIC SEDIMENTATION J.-F. Berret¹, O. Sandre², and A. Mauger³; ¹Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France; ² Laboratoire Liquides Ioniques et Interfaces Chargées, UMR 7612 CNRS Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis-VI, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; ³ Département Mathématique Informatique Physique Planète et Univers, 140 rue de Lourmel, F-75015 Paris, France; jean-francois.berret@univ-paris-diderot.fr 135 We report on the use of magnetic sedimentation as a means to determine the size distribution of dispersed magnetic particles. The particles investigated here are i) single anionic and cationic nanoparticles of diameter D ~ 7 nm and ii) nanoparticle clusters resulting from electrostatic complexation with polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyteneutral copolymers. A theoretical expression of the sedimentation concentration profiles at the steady state is proposed and it is found to describe accurately the experimental data. When compared to dynamic light scattering, vibrating sample magnetometry and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, magnetic sedimentation exhibits a unique property : it provides the core size and core size distribution of nanoparticle aggregates. Poster Session P1 SURFACE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION ON THE SURFACE OF MILLED AND CRYSTALLISED LACTOSE Majid Naderi, Frank Theilmann and Daniel J. Burnett, Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd., Allentown, PA 18103, USA; burnett@smsna.com 136 The processing and performance of dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations depends strongly on the interaction at the interface of the different compounds. This interaction is affected by the surface heterogeneity. Surface heterogeneity can express itself in various forms, such as porosity, surface roughness (rugosity) and distribution of surface energy. The latter is related to a variation in surface energy for different active sites on the surface of a solid. The existence of different active sites could have an impact on the aerosolisation performance of dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations with lactose as a carrier. α-Lactose monohydrate is used in such formulations to overcome the high cohesiveness of the micronised drug. Previous work shows that there is a wide variation in energy distribution, even for unprocessed standard lactose and that this affects the drug fine particle fraction in an in-vitro experiment. From the above said it is obvious that the distribution of the surface energy is highly relevant for an understanding of processing and formulation performance. This current study, investigates the surface heterogeneity of an untreated standard lactose, milled and recrystallised lactose in combination with other techniques. 248 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 DIFFERENCES IN THE AMORPHOUS STATE IN DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED LACTOSE POWDERS Frank Thielmann and Daniel J. Burnett, Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd., Allentown, PA, USA; burnett@smsna.com 137 Amorphous materials are inherently metastable and therefore tend to revert to a more thermodynamically stable, crystalline form. As this instability has a potentially negative impact on storage and drug potency it is important to understand the thermodynamic properties of the amorphous phase. In recent years the main attention of research has been focused on the amorphous content of drugs and excipients. Newer research also suggests that even for a single compound, different amorphous states exist each with variations in the energetic state and these various states can cause differences in product behaviour. If, for example the same crystalline compound is made amorphous using different techniques (e.g. by different processing procedures) a different amorphous state possessing different thermodynamic properties can result. In this study the impact of processing technologies on the amorphous state of lactose has been investigated. For this purpose the same batch of alpha lactose monohydrate has been transformed into an amorphous state using four techniques: spray-drying, freeze-drying, super-critical fluid (SCF) freeze-drying and high energy milling. The energetic state on the surface of each sample has been explored by Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) in terms of the dispersive and specific surface energy. To make results comparable the same particle fractions (45-63 μm) have been used. As different procedures can result in different amorphous contents, the samples have been exposed to humidities just above the glass transition to induce a slow crystallisation. The surface energy was monitored during the crystallisation process. Results suggest that at higher amorphous contents the surface energies of the same sample remain constant while at lower amorphous contents surface energies decrease, possibly due to an increased contribution of crystalline alpha lactose monohydrate. When samples processed using different techniques but with the same amorphous content are compared significant differences can be found suggesting different energetic states. Poster Session P1 PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSIZE ZINC OXIDE AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE USED AS UV SUNSCREEN AGENTS IN COSMETIC FORMULATIONS Ana Morfesis, Malvern Instruments Inc,MA; David Fairhurst, Dynamic Cosmetics Inc., PA; ana.morfesis@malvern.com 138 The physical (particulate) sunscreen agents, ZnO and TiO2, are increasingly used to provide UV protection in a wide variety of cosmetic and personal care products. The particle size distribution (PSD) of these ZnO and TiO2 materials directly impacts product performance in two critical ways. First is the UV attenuation efficiency, as measured by the ratio of the measured sun protection factor (SPF) per % active. Second, cosmetically acceptable and aesthetically pleasing products must also be transparent (i.e. nonwhitening) when applied to the skin; this is a function of the scattering efficiency for 249 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) visible light. All sunscreen actives are FDA monographed drugs. The grade of oxide currently used for sunscreens differs significantly in particle size (PS) from standard USP grade (as used in diaper rash ointments) in that it is prepared using much smaller sized materials, typically around 100nm for ZnO and 80nm for TiO2 . However, although the goal has been to produce new sunscreen formulations using smaller sized ZnO and TiO2 materials, the actual PSD in the final formulation is also very dependent upon the chemical make up and processing steps that occur throughout the product’s production. Therefore a detailed knowledge of the particulate surface chemistry and how that relates to the other (chemical) components in the product is important. For example, the majority of the titanium dioxide materials that are currently used in cosmetic applications have been surface treated usually with combinations of Al2O3 and SiO2 that results in a wide variation of surface chemistry that critically affects the dispersability of these (hydrophilic) materials in (the predominantly hydrophobic) cosmetic vehicles. ZnO and TiO2 each have their own chemical characteristics and these respective materials require interfacial characterization in order to obtain maximum product performance particularly in a formulated product, i.e. sunscreen products. All these factors will be reviewed and illustrated by measurements comparing and contrasting both the particle size and zeta potential of a variety of first- and (newer) second-generation nanosize, ZnO and TiO2 based sunscreen products. Poster Session P1 PROBE-MOLECULE FTIR SPECTROSCOPY FOR SENSING ACIDBASE AND REDOX PROPERTIES OF METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN AQUEOUS MEDIA I.V. Chernyshova and P. Somasundaran, NSF IUCRC for Advanced Studies in Novel Surfactants, Langmuir Center for Colloids and Surfaces, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027, USA; ic2228@columbia.edu 139 To adequately link acid-base and redox properties of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous media to desirable transport, fate, and toxicity outcomes as well as to design NPs for a target function, there is a need to develop accessible experimental techniques capable of fast and non-intrusive sensing of these properties. We adapt FTIR spectroscopy for this purpose, extending the probe-molecule method widely employed in the catalysis studies. We propose to use FTIR spectra of adsorbed ambient CO2 and ferric/ferrous cyanide to assess acid-base and redox properties of metal oxide NPs in aquatic media, respectively. Using this technique, we show that decrease in nanoparticle size and synthesis-dependent crystallinity of hematite (α-Fe2O3) results in both an increase in basicity and a decrease in the oxidative catalytic capacity of this metal oxide. The effects are explained by the quantum size effects, nanosize-induced changes in the structure of the NP surface and interior, and surface delocalization of electronic charge, as well as the synthesis route used. 250 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 USE OF FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY FOR STUDYING POLYELECTROLYTE-NANOPARTICLE INTERACTION Nadia J. Edwin, Chengqing Wang, Denis Pristinski and Vivek M. Prabhu, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; nadia.edwin@nist.gov 140 Formation of polyelectrolyte complexes is very facile via layer-by-layer sequential adsorption of oppositely charged species method. This method has been used to fabricate versatile materials with tailored properties. However, the fundamental assembly mechanisms of these advanced engineering materials and the adsorption kinetics of these systems is not completely understood. We use fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which analyzes fluctuations in the fluorescence emission of molecular ensembles and provides the concentration, mobility, and dynamics of fluorescently labeled molecules, to study the interaction of polyelectrolyte-nanoparticle assembled structures to establish what’s driving the adsorption of these systems, the dependence of molecular weight and the effects of variations in the solution environment with pH and ionic strength. Layer-by-layer assembly was performed on fluorescent dye-labeled spherical nanoparticles and amine and carboxyl functionalized polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution. Changes in the dynamics of the polyelectrolyte-nanoparticle system in response to various salt and pH conditions will be presented. Poster Session P1 BIONANOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMOLECULES ON SURFACES STUDIED BY DUAL POLARISATION INTERFOROMERY Mark Gostock, Farfield Scientific Inc. Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; mgostock@farfield-scientific.com 141 Dual Polarisation Interferometry (DPI) is an analytical technique used to understand the real-time structure and behaviour of a wide range of thin films and nanosurfaces through quantitative measurement. DPI has been successful across a plethora of surface science applications, including polymers, surfactants, fine chemicals and biomolecules. As an interferometric technique, DPI has a wide dynamic range so can accommodate a broad spectrum of solvents, such as DMSO and ethanol, and buffers and buffer additives. This means that the DPI user can carry out experiments in the conditions of choice rather than those dictated by the limitations of other techniques. The unique, absolute measurements provided by DPI enables the researcher to question and understand thin films and nanosurfaces and their interactions to an extent not previously available in a laboratorybased technique. This presentation introduces the biophysical and surface analysis technique and discusses particular research areas as; nano-scale surface assembly, polymer-surfactant interactions, quantification of protein interactions with liposome and bilayer structures, biocompatibility studies, quantum dot and nanoparticle characterisation and bionanotechnology; areas in which DPI has found particular success. 251 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 SUCROSE - A NEW SUB-NANOMETER SIZE STANDARD? Mike Kaszuba*, Malcolm T. Connah*, Kohei Shiba^ and Ulf Nobbmann#, *Malvern Instruments, Malvern, WR14 1XZ, UK. ^Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, 6512271, Japan. #Malvern Instruments, Westborough, MA 015811042, USA; ulf.nobbmann@malvern.com 142 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is an established metrology for the characterization of colloids, nanoparticles, polymers and biomolecules. Typically, sub-micron sizes are quickly and easily assessed by this technique, analyzing the intensity fluctuations of scattered light from a sample suspension. The intensity fluctations are due to Brownian motion of the scattering objects, and lead to a characteristic decay of the obtained intensity autocorrelation function of the signal. Advances in electronics and optics now allow access to faster time scales and provide higher sensitivity so that ever smaller objects may be detected. Sucrose is ubiquitious, available in highest crystalline purity and very soluable in water. Its molecular structure is expected to resemble a prolate ellipsoid, with a major axis of ~1.0nm and minor axes of ~0.6nm. Sucrose solutions from 5% weight/volume to 30 % weight/volume were measured in a backscattering DLS configuration. When the viscosity, as experienced by known standard tracer beads, is taken into account the observed diffusion corresponds directly to the size of single sucrose molecules. Measured diameters fall under 1.0nm and 0.7nm for intensity and volume analysis, respectively. Poster Session P1 EVALUATION OF AG-CORE SILICA NANOPARTICLE STABILITY DURING THE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY DISPERSION PROCESS: SURFACE CHARGE AND SOLUTION EFFECTS Amra Tabaković and James H. Adair, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA; axt212@psu.edu 143 A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based washing method has been demostrated as a succesful approach for the removal of residual surfactant and the dispersion of Ag core silica nanoparticles synthesized in a cyclohexane/Igepal/water reverse micelle system. Further consideration of both experimental and theoretical aspects of this approach will aid in optimizing the process to produce higher nanoparticle yields while minimizing the residual surfactant concentrations. We evaluate the effects of the changes in stationary phase surface charge and water-ethanol ratios in solution on the degree of stability of the microsphere-nanoparticle system at different stages of the HPLC washing process. First, surface charge is determined by measuring mean zeta potential values for as received stationary phase silica microspheres, as well as for silica microspheres functionalized with 1 w/o, 5 w/o and 15 w/o of both 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and carboxyethylsilanetriol (CTES) in the pH range of interest (6-8). Shifts in isoelectric point, as well as FTIR spectra results, confirm presence of amine and carboxy groups on the silica microsphere surface. Second, interaction energies and agglomeration probabilities between the nanoparticles and stationary phase silica microspheres for ethanol-water suspensions corresponding to the steps of the HPLC washing process (5:95 water:ethanol, 30:70 252 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) water:ethanol and 70:30 ethanol: water) and different surface functionalizations are calculated using STABIL©. Third, the extent of surface coverage by the nanoparticles on the stationary phase silica microspheres is evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the different stages of the washing process. The SEM images show varying degrees of surface coverage for 5:95 water:ethanol, 30:70 water:ethanol and 70:30 ethanol: water, which correlates to the behaviour of the stationary phase-nanoparticle system predicted by the interaction energy and agglomeration probability calculations. Poster Session P1 DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING, ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYURETHANE NANOPARTICLES Betina Giehl Zanetti-Ramos1, Cristian Schweitzer de Oliveira2, Maurícia Beddin Fritzen Garcia1, Tânia Beatriz Creczynsky-Pasa1, André Avelino Pasa2, Valdir Soldi3 and Redouane Borsali4, 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica de Macromoléculas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas; 2 Laboratório de Filmes Finos e Superfícies, Departamento de Física; 3 POLIMAT, Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; 4 CERMAV/CNRS, Grenoble, France betina@ativanet.com.br 144 The development of polymeric nanoparticle technology has allowed important advances in various industrial fields such as cosmetics, pharmacy and agrochemical. As a drug delivery system, it is important that these polymeric nanoparticles have their surface functionalized, which in turn, improves their physicochemical and biological properties. Recently, we have synthesized biodegradable polyurethane nanoparticles based in a natural triol and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) by miniemulsion technique. Poly (ethylene glycol) was used as a co-monomer to obtain hydrophilic and pegylated nanoparticles. The colloidal polymeric system was them characterized for particle size and size distribution measurements by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and for morphological analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DLS measurements of polyurethane nanoparticles in the presence of PEG showed a monodisperse size distribution, with a mean hydrodynamic radius in the range of 131 nm and polydispersity index of 0.39. These results were confirmed by the AFM images, where most of the particles were spherical, smooth and with diameter between 200 and 250 nm. The variability on particles size observed by AFM images is justified by polydispersity index value. Furthermore, the analysis of these images indicates that the diameter of the nanoparticles were larger than their height, resulting in a diameter/height ratio between 2 and 5. We speculate that the nanoparticles were solid nano-matrix structures and the hard polyurethane walls could suffer a small deformation when deposited on mica substrate for AFM imaging. The difference of diameter values between DLS and AFM techniques could be explained by the presence of water in the case of DLS experiments, inducing the swelling of the nanoparticles. TEM image confirms that the polyurethane nanoparticles prepared with PEG were spherical and the particle size was in agreement with the results obtained by DLS and AFM. It was observed in the TEM image that chains of PEG (hydrophilic diol) migrated at the particle-water interface, during the nanoparticles synthesis, forming a protecting layer 253 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) around the particle. The formation of this protecting layer is an important feature, since it avoids immunoresponse and increases circulation time of the nanoparticles in the blood stream. Poster Session P1 PLASMONIC MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR BIMODAL IMAGING AND PHOTONIC-BASED THERAPY OF CANCER CELLS Yong Taik Lim, Mi Young Cho and Bong Hyun Chung, BioNanotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea; yongtaik@kribb.re.kr 145 In this presentation, we describe a novel plasmonic magnetic nanostructures that combined the magnetic character of iron oxide nanoparticles with distinct surface plasmonic character of gold nanostructures in the near-infrared (NIR) region of spectrum, wherein the transmission of light through biological tissues is known to be quite high. We specially designed for hollow-type gold nanostructures that contain iron oxide nanoparticles within their hollow interiors. We have demonstrated that the novel plasmonic magnetic nanostructure could be used as a bimodal contrast agent for MRI and scattering-based optical imaging. We further extended their application for selective destruction of breast cancer cells (SKBR3) by using the NIR-based photothermal effect. The multifunctional nanostructure developed in this research, has potential in a wider variety of novel applications related to modulated drug delivery, combined therapy (gene therapy and chemotherapy), and theranostic nanoplatforms. As an another perspective of our research, we expect the novel plasmonic magnetic nanostructure to enable biologists or medical doctors to gather diagnostic in vivo imaging data by using MRI at the preoperative stage. In addition, the pathologists can directly analyze biopsy samples during the operative and postoperative stages by using the strong scattering properties of the novel nanostructure, even without any further need to prepare additional samples. Poster Session P1 INDOCYANINE GREEN-ENCAPSULATED CALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOCOLLOIDS AS BIORESORBABLE NEAR-INFRARED IMAGING AGENTS E. I. Altinoglu*, T. Russin#, P. C. Eklund*#, and J. H. Adair*, *Department of Materials Science and Engineering, #Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; erhan@psu.edu 146 The demonstrated advantages associated with early detection of diseases have initiated much interest on molecular-specific near infrared (NIR) contrast agents for sensitive, deep tissue diagnostic imaging. The full potential of such NIR bioimaging lies in the ability to engineer fluorescent tracers with unique optical properties that can penetrate early-stage lesions with a high-level of targeted specificity and maximum photostability. Here we report the synthesis and use of 50 nm bioresorbable calcium phosphate (CP) nanocolloids, encapsulating the NIR fluorophore Indocyanine Green (ICG), as a precise fluorescent tracer for real-time, deep-tissue imaging. Fluorescence assessments of these 254 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) composite CP-dye tracers demonstrate the significant optical enhancements relative to the free fluorophore. Emission characteristics reveal that the CP matrix shields the encapsulated ICG from solvatochromic effects and nonspecific degradations. This colloidal caging in turn imparts a heightened photostability appropriate for real-time imaging applications. Experimental optical performances are also used to theoretically model the excitation and emission processes at clinical depths of greater than 10 centimeters in breast tissue. Furthermore, we have shown that the superior in vitro performance of these tracers is also matched by improvements in vivo. Whole animal imaging studies with nude mice illustrated enhancements in signal intensities up to 6 hours post injection, long past typical fluorophore degradations. Signal localizations in tumors via the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) pathway also demonstrate the potential for specific targetability. With superior optical properties, and promising in vivo performances, ICG encapsulating calcium phosphate nanocolloids can impart improved efficacy for precise, deep-tissue, diagnostic imaging. Poster Session P1 BIOCOMPATIBLE NANOSENSOR SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING pH IN LIVING CELLS Piotr J. Cywinski, Tristan Doussineau, Gerhard J. Mohr, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; Christoph Biskup, Sarmiza Elena Stanca, Institute of Physiology II, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Kollegiengasse 9, 07743 Jena, Germany; Sandor Nietzsche, Centre for Electron Microscopy, Friedrich-SchillerUniversity Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany. piotr.cywinski@uni-jena.de 147 Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and composite silica nanoparticles were used for the preparation of biocompatible pH sensor systems. The nanoparticles were prepared via precipitation and sol-gel method, respectively. Fluorescein derivatives as pH sensitive dyes and referencing Rhodamine derivatives were used in both systems. The response of nanosensors to pH in aqueous suspensions was investigated by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy while fluorescence microscopy was used for studying nanosensors in living cells. Both systems showed strong signal changes with pH in the physiological range. Poster Session P1 SENSITIVITY ENHANCEMENT OF SPR IMMUNOSENSOR BY NANOPARTICLES AND A NOVEL BIOLINKER PROTEIN Sungho Ko1, Hyo-Sop Kim2, Jae-Ho Kim2, Yong-Jin Cho1, 1 Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, 463-746, Republic of Korea; 2 Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 443-749, Republic of Korea; shko7@kfri.re.kr 148 This study describes a new way to enhance the sensitivity of SPR immunosensor by the assembly of gold (Au) nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a Au surface in combination with a 255 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) fusion protein generated by genetically fusing a gold binding protein (GBP) to protein A (ProA) serving as the affinity site for the Fc portion of antibody. A AuNPs-modified SPR Au chip was fabricated by directly assembling the AuNPs onto the Au surface via aminoethanethiol, as a label-free system. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image revealed that most of the AuNPs was uniformly distributed over the Au surface, and their estimated size was approximately 30 nm. Then the GBP-protein A (GBP-ProA) was selfimmobilized on the both AuNPs-assembled Au chip and bare Au chip via its GBP portion having binding properties toward Au solid, followed by oriented immobilization of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) by the ProA part of GBP-ProA layer formed. SPR analyses indicated that the AuNPs-modified gold chip covered with the GBP-ProA has higher ability (about 40%) to capture hIgG compared to the bare Au chip identically treated. These results that the direct assembly of AuNPs onto the Au surface could enhance the SPR signal in biomolecular interaction event, and GBP-ProA was an useful biolinker for simple and properly oriented immobilization of antibody on the Au surface without requiring any surface chemical modification and cross-linking reagents, resulting in increased SPR sensitivity. Poster Session P1 MAGNETIC RELAXATION DIAGNOSTICS USING SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES Sonia Kumar, Tom Lowery, Sonia TakTak, and Kim Foster, T2 Biosystems, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; skumar@t2biosystems.com 149 The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles as magnetic relaxation switches (MRSW) serves as a powerful platform for diagnostic assays. MRSW nanosensors function by transitioning between dispersed and aggregated states in the presence of an analyte which corresponds to a predicted change in the spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of the surrounding water molecules. The change in T2 enables rapid, single-step detection of the analyte making it well suited for clinical diagnostics. An additional attractive feature of MRSW assays is the ability to make measurements in nonoptically clear samples which minimizes sample processing. This type of assay has been demonstrated previously with ultra-small monocrystalline SPIO (10-30nm radius) in the detection of various analytes including enzymes, small molecules, single-stranded DNA and viruses. Here we report the use of the SPIO with sizes ranging from 100nm-1um for the homogeneous detection of various clinically-relevant analytes. These larger nanoparticles have the potential to provide higher sensitivities over larger dynamic ranges than their smaller counterparts. Aggregation or the formation of clusters is modulated through analyte-specific antibodies conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticles. This is either achieved via direct conjugation or using a streptavidin/biotin platform. Because the size and proportion of clusters in solution relates to the change in signal, maximizing these parameters can dramatically improve assay response. Clustering was enhanced by increasing the valency of the target by promoting multiple nanoparticles binding to a single analyte. This was achieved by targeting multiple epitopes and by introducing secondary antibodies. Beyond cluster size, empirical testing was used to optimize assay conditions based on nanoparticle characteristics and signal acquistion parameters. By controlling these parameters, desired sensitivty and limits of detections for clincal analytes such as hCG and cardiac troponin I were achieved. 256 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 DEXTRAN-COATED GOLD NANOPARTICLES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Sudip Nath 1, ‡, Charalambos Kaittanis 1, 2, ‡, Alisa Tinkham 2, and J. Manuel Perez 1, 2, 3A 1Nanoscience Technology Center, 2 Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, and 3Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA; 150 snath@mail.ucf.edu Microorganisms quickly develop and acquire resistance mechanisms to antibiotics. Therefore, the determination of potent antibiotic or antibacterial agents and the administration of these agents at dosages that will effectively suppress bacterial growth (antimicrobial susceptibility) is important for clinical decision making and public healthcare. Currently, the assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility is a day-long process. Considering this, we have developed a nanoparticle-based antimicrobial susceptibility assay based on the Concanavalin A-induced clustering of dextran-coated gold nanoparticles, where the nanoparticles have the ability to assess the levels of available complex carbohydrates in bacterial suspension. When the bacteria do not grow in the suspension, addition of Concanavalin A results in the formation of extensive dextran gold nanoassemblies. The induction of these large nanoassemblies is mediated by the presence of free carbohydrates, resulting in large shifts in the surface plasmon band of the nanoparticles. In contrast, when the bacteria grow, the levels of free carbohydrates decrease because of the enhanced carbohydrate uptake by the proliferating bacteria. This causes a decrease in the size of the gold nanoparticle clusters and an increase in the population of nanoparticles that bind to bacterial surface carbohydrate-containing epitopes, causing smaller shifts in the plasmonic band. The gold nanoparticle-based determination of antimicrobial susceptibility provides results within 3 hours and can be used for the high-throughput screening of samples during epidemics and identification of new antimicrobial agents, expediting clinical decision-making. Poster Session P1 PHOTOCROSSLINKED DEXTRAN GELS AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS José F. Almeida1,2, Paula Ferreira 1,3, Armando Alcobia4, António Lopes2, Maria H. Gil1; 1- Dept. Eng. Química - FCTUC, P-3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; 2- Inst. Tecnol. Química e Biológica - UNL, P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; 3- Uni. Católica Port, CRB, Campus Viseu, P-3504-505 Viseu, Portugal; 4- Hosp. Garcia Orta, P-2801-951 Almada, Portugal; falmeida@itqb.unl.pt 151 Controlled release from biocompatible materials has received recently much attention for its biomedical applications. Due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, gluocopyranosides such as chitosan and dextran appears as promising polymer materials if one is able to regulate their rheological properties and the encapsulation/release 257 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) efficiency. In this work we prepared graft polymer gels from dextran (Mw=5-40×106). The starting polymers were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxyde and an isocianate with a vinyl group was added to the mixture in order to introduce double bounds to the polysaccharide. Different degrees of modification were tested, between 25 and 33% of total hydroxyl groups modified in dextran. As a copolymer we tested NIsopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in order to give gels thermal sensitivity, and to improve their biocompatibility FTIR data after the modification showed a peak associated with the presence of C=C. For the grafted Dex-NIPAAm systems, FTIR revealed the presence of two peaks around ~1650 and ~1550 cm-1 which can be ascertained with the typical amide I and II bands of NIPAAm, revealing the success of the grafting reaction. The model drug we used is a potent antiemetic substance used in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, Ondansetron ®, which was incorporated in the gel after the polymerization. The transition temperature was evaluated by analyzing the transmittance of the solution at different temperatures, Swelling capacity and cycles of release of the drug were evaluated with essays where temperature were varied in the physiological range of interest (withdrawing of aliquots and Spectrophotometer analysis). Results showed that, irrespective of the polymers, there is a positive correlation between NIPAAm concentration and swelling, as well as with drug incorporation. Release essays show an initial burst followed by slow release but no significant pH dependence (in the range of interest) and a moderate dependence with temperature. The gels obtained showed promising results for their application as drug delivery systems for different purposes. Poster Session P1 152 ADSORPTION OF LOADED LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PARTICLES AT SURFACES Yao-Da Dong, Ian C Larson, and Ben J Boyd; Monash Institute Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia; yao-da.dong@vcp.monash.edu.au Self-assembled systems such as inverse cubic and hexagonal phase liquid crystals may be dispersed to form submicron particles (eg. cubosomes and hexosomes), which retain the internal bulk phase structure. Our previous investigation (published) indicated that, unlike monoolein-based cubosomes, phytantriol-based cubosomes and hexosomes do not change their lattice structure with addition of Pluronic F127 block co-polymer as stabilizer, indicating that the block polymer is most likely adsorbed on the exterior particle surface. Adhesion force measurements using the atomic force microscope were used to confirm the more hydrophobic nature of phytantriol cubic phase compared to monoolein cubic phase. Further ATR-FTIR investigation of particle adsorption showed greater adsorption and adhesion of cubosomes onto a hydrophobic surface prepared using phytantriol compared to those from monoolein. We hypothesized that the polymer was only loosely surface adsorbed for phytantriol cubosomes, and set out to further investigate differences in the adsorption of these particles onto both model and applied surfaces, with a view to their use as agrochemical delivery agents. 1. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to study the adsorption of cubosomes and hexosomes onto hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. 2. Particle adsorption was evaluated directly 258 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) by quantifying the delivery of radiolabelled model herbicides encapsulated in cubosomes and hexosomes onto a model leaf surface (tristearin) and real leaf surfaces after extensive rinsing with water. 3. In a variation on 2. above, loaded cubosomes and hexosomes were allowed to dry onto model surfaces overnight, then immersed in water to observe systemsurface interaction such as rinse resistance and detergency. Both cubosomes and hexosomes showed greater adsorption onto hydrophobic surfaces than hydrophilic surfaces (by QCM). Phytantriol based cubosomes showed the greatest adsorption on hydrophobic surfaces, while phytantriol hexosomes showed the lowest adsorption, both in agreement with the previous FTIR adsorption experiments. Phytantriol-based cubosomes also showed the lowest susceptibility to rinse off after adsorption. In drydown experiments, reminiscent of actual ‘field’ application of agricultural emulsions, the GMO-based systems were readily washed from the surface, but also interacted with model wax layers, with significant disruption of model wax layer structure evident compared to adsorbed phytantriol particles. A correlation was found between cubosome/hexosome adsorption and both the force of interaction between the parent liquid crystalline surface. The results indicate that careful selection of materials for preparation of cubosomes and hexosomes may yield particles with potential application in agricultural delivery. Poster Session P1 AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT OF TARGETING USING MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES AS CARRIER FOR THERAPEUTIC NANOSYSTEMS Pascale Valot1, Sandrine Bourgeois 1,2, Hanna Mouaziz1, Ali Boussaïd3, Serge Nataf3, Hatem Fessi 1,2e ; 1 Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, LAGEP UMR-CNRS 5007, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France ; 2 Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Génie Pharmacotechnique et Biogalénique, F-69008, Lyon, France ; 3 Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, INSERM U433, Faculté de médecine Laennec, F69008, Lyon, France ; valot@lagep.univ-lyon1.fr; mouaziz@lagep.univ-lyon1.fr 153 The purpose of this work is to develop a new and original strategy of targeting using mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages MPs or dendritic cells DCs) as carrier for therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) in order to struggle against Parkinson disease. Therefore, experimental studies were investigated to optimize cellular uptake of fluorescent nanoparticles (RedNile NPs) by the improvement of NPs formulation. At that time no medicinal treatment had shown the efficiency on Parkinson disease progress. In this study, the all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, was encapsulated into NPs. atRA exerts a stimulatory effect on macrophages. Thus, the objective is to design an atRA delivery system for macrophages in order to maintain macrophage stimulation. Indeed, these cells play a major role in the inhibition of Parkinson disease evolution by producing various cytokines. RedNile (RN) or atRAloaded NPs were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. Briefly, the polymer, poly-εcaprolactone (PCL Mw ≈ 80000) or poly-D-lactic acid (PLA Mw ≈ 20000) and RN or atRA were dissolved in acetone. This organic solution was then poured in an aqueous 259 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) phase containing Montanox® VG 80 and the precipitation was formed immediately upon mixing at room temperature. The freshly formed nanospheres (NSs) suspension was then concentrated by low vacuum rotary evaporation for the complete elimination of the organic solvent. To prepare nanocapsules (NCs), an organic oil (miglyol 829) was added to the organic solution to dissolve RN or atRA. By this method, various size NPs were prepared. Among the factors influencing NPs characteristics (size (φ) and polydispersity index (PDI)), we focused on the influence of polymer content. The best results were obtained for a polymer amount of 2% (φNC PCL = 504 nm, PDINC PCL = 0.168 and φNC PdLA = 397 nm, PDI NC PdLA = 0.188). In vitro cellular uptake of NCs and NSs was conducted using at first RN-loaded NPs dispersed in macrophages culture medium for 24H. The success of fluorescent NPs phagocytosis by macrophages was assessed by fluorescent and confocal microscopy. The results have shown that polymeric RN-NPs were successfully internalized by macrophages. In a second step, the encapsulation efficiency of atRA in both NCs and NSs was determined by HPLC (λ=356 nm). The results showed that atRA was entrapped, in the case of NCs, at 80% by the PCL matrix and at 99% by the PLA matrix. We have demonstrated that the potential of encapsulating atRA in NCs was greater than in NSs, respectively equal to 70% and 25% with PCL and PLA matrix. The present work proposed a novel strategy of cellular therapy by using biological carriers (MPs or DCs) of atRA nanoparticulate systems. We can concluded that PCL and PLA present advantages as a matrix material for NPs preparation well internalized by MPs. Even if in vivo and in vitro biological process could be different, an in vitro investigation can provide preliminary evidence to show the advantages of NPs versus free drug. Current studies are performed to determine the in vivo efficacy of the newly developed formulations on MPs. Poster Session P1 EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES AS A VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM Aravind Chakrapani, Padma Malyala, James Chesko, Kathryn Patton, Derek O’Hagan and Manmohan Singh. Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; aravind.chakrapani@novartis.com 154 Biodegradable nanoparticles (<200nm) made of Poly (lactide-co-glycolide), (PLG) were synthesized based on a solvent-displacement method. The processing parameters allow for high yield of nanoparticles and easy scale-up for commercial production. Small molecule immune potentiators (SMIP) were encapsulated and protein-antigens were adsorbed on the surface of the particles to facilitate the use of the nanoparticles as a novel vaccine delivery system. High encapsulation efficiencies were attained by encapsulating a model immunopotentiator and were analysed using an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) assay. In vivo studies to determine the efficacy of the delivery system were conducted and compared with more conventional formulations (MF-59). The nanoparticle formulation was lyophilised and reconstituted to the initial size with excipients appropriate for use in a vaccine formulation. 260 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 MONODISPERSED BIOCOMPATIBLE THERMALLY RESPONSIVE NANOPARTICLE HYDROGELS Thuy T. Chastek, Thomas Q. Chastek, Aniket Wadajkar, KyTai Nguyen, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8542, USA; thuy.chastek@nist.gov 155 Over the last decade, hydrophilic polymer gels of nanoscale size (nanogels) have been extensively investigated due to their many potential applications including biosensors and drug delivery systems. Their ability to swell in suitable hydrophilic solvents to trap numerous substances inside the gel makes them attractive for use in delivery applications such as protein and gene delivery. Particular focus has been directed toward “smart” hydrogels which swell or shrink rapidly in response to external environmental stimuli such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and electro stimulus. We synthesize such monodisperse biocompatible thermally responsive nanoparticle poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) hydrogels, and analyze their size with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopies. We also synthesize these monodisperse nanoparticles within microfluidic devices having integrated measurement capabilities (on-line dynamic light scattering) that we have developed. These nanoparticles were synthesized by varying the concentrations of N-isopropylacrylamide monomer, biocompatible surfactants (Pluronics L64, P65, and P85), and potassium persulfate initiator. Monodisperse nanoparticles were obtained with optimal conditions. The surfactant and initiator concentration significantly affect the resulting particle size. The 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) (MTS) colorimetric assay showed these nanoparticles are biocompatible. Poster Session P1 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES BY SURFACEINITIATED RAFT POLYMERIZATION AND CLICK CHEMISTRY Yu Li and Brian C. Benicewicz, NYS Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; benice@rpi.edu 156 As a versatile controlled radical polymerization technique, reversible additionfragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has emerged as a very promising tool in the surface modification of nanoparticles with synthetic polymers. In this work, a functional monomer with a pendant “clickable” moiety, 6-azidohexyl methacrylate (AHMA), was prepared which could be polymerized on the nanoparticle surfaces via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization with considerable control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The subsequent functionalization of PAHMA grafted nanoparticles was successfully performed via a copper-catalyzed Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition with phenyl acetylene with high efficiency. This strategy of combining surface-initiated RAFT polymerization with click chemistry provides a promising way to modify the nanoparticle surfaces with a wide range of functional polymers. 261 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P1 PREPARATION OF SURFACE MODIFIERS FOR MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES THROUGH NITROXIDE MEDIATED POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUE AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE FABRICATION OF COUNTER ELECTRODES FOR DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Hee Jung Choi and Sung Chul Hong*, Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea; sunghong@sejong.ac.kr; skygmlwjd@naver.com 157 In this presentation, the preparation of well-defined polymeric surface modifiers for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) through nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) technique and the fabrication of counter electrodes for dye–sensitized solar cell (DSSC) using the modified MWCNT are reported. Poly(maleic anhydride-co-pacetoxystyrene)-block-poly(p-acetoxystyrene)s were synthesized, followed by a functionalization with pyrene through imidization reaction. P-acetoxystyrene repeating units were then converted into p-hydroxystyrene repeating unit through hydrolysis reaction for the preparation of MWCNT paste. The structural and thermal properties of the copolymers were characterized by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography (GC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surfaces of MWCNTs were modified through “polymer-wrapping” technique using the copolymers and the dispersibilities of the modified MWCNTs in various solvents were examined. Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells were also fabricated using the modified MWCNTs and their properties were investigated. Poster Session P1 SYNTHESIS AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF CITRATEPROTECTED GOLD NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMOLECULAR DETECTION Qiu Dai, Xiong Liu and Qun Huo, Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32826; qhuo@mail.ucf.edu; qiudai@mail.ucf.edu 158 Citrate-protected gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 30 nm have many unique properties such as large optical absorption and light scattering cross section, surfaceenhanced Raman scattering that make them very promising optical probe materials for biomolecular imaging and detection. However, there are many remaining problems and challenges that prevent the extensive applications of gold nanoparticles in bioconjugation chemistry. The surface chemistry of the nanoparticles plays a critical role in retaining the biological function of the biomolecules conjugated to nanoparticles. Currently available synthetic methodologies, however, are not satisfactory at providing gold nanoparticles with appropriate surface chemistry for biological applications. Through our study, we have explored a number of methods to increase the water solubility, biocompatibility and biostability of gold nanoparticles. We conducted bioconjugation study of the surface- 262 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) modified gold nanoparticles with different antibodies and DNA probes. The applications of these bioconjugated gold nanoparticles for cancer biomarker and oligonucleotides detection will be presented in this conference. Poster Session P1 PREPARATION OF POLYSTYRENE BASED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK COPOLYMERS THROUGH NITROXIDE MEDIATED POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS AS SURFACE MODIFIERS FOR NANOPARTICLES AND NANOTUBES Sung Chul Hong, Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea; sunghong@sejong.ac.kr 159 Polymer nano-composites have been studied as functional materials for many cuttingedge applications owing to the combination of good processibility of polymer and high functionality of nano-particles and nano-tubes. Generally, the surface modifications of the nano-objects are required to ascertain a good dispersion of the objects in solvents and polymer matrices. Well-defined block copolymers having controlled number of functional groups can be used as surface modifiers for these purposes, where the block copolymers can be prepared through controlled polymerization techniques. In this presentation, various polystyrene based functional block copolymers were prepared through living radical polymerization technique, especially nitroxide mediated polymerization technique. The surfaces modifications of various nano-objects were demonstrated with the block copolymers, which resulted in improved dispersion of the nano-objects and better nano-composite properties. Poster Session P1 A FACILE APPRPOACH TO GRAFT POLY (3,4PROPYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE) ON MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES Nanjundan Ashok Kumar, Sung Hoon Kim, Yeon Tae Jeong*, Division of Image and Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-739, Republic of Korea; ytjeong@pknu.ac.kr; akumar@pknu.ac.kr 160 Functionalisation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a key step for the integration of new materials into different systems for most of the technological applications. There are a number of polymers having much importance and playing a key role in wide variety of material science applications ranging from semiconductor to nanobiotechnology. Among them, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), is one of the well known conjugated polymer having applications in semiconductor engineering and molecular electronics. In this study we describe a straight forward strategy to graft PProDOT onto functionalized nanotube (f-MWNT) surfaces. The chlorinated MWNTs (MWNT-COCl) were reacted with 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT-OH) followed by oxidative polymerization to prepare the PProDOT-g-MWNT hybrid. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the change in surface functionalities which revealed that the PProDOT was covalently grafted to the MWNTs while TGA was used to study the 263 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) weight gain due to the functionalization. The morphology micrographs of the grafted PProDOT on MWNTs as evidenced by FESEM and TEM showed apparent effect on the structure and appearance of the MWNTs by growing thicker as expected from surface modification. Our experimental results show that a decent degree of the polymer has been functionalized to the tubes and the complex exhibited improved thermal stability. The technological implication of this approach is that any suitable polymer could be fabricated by this versatile process. Due to the wide role and importance of PProDOT in electrochromic devices, these hybrids are expected to have practical and great potential applications for high performance devices. Poster Session P1 ADHESION AND PARTICLE DEFORMATION OF SUBMICRON-SIZED LATEX PARTICLES ON HYDROPHOBICALLY-MODIFIED SOLID SUBSTRATES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Jung Min Lee1, In Woo Cheong2, and Jung Hyun Kim1; 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Sudaemoonku, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea ; jayhkim@yonsei.ac.kr; jerremy97@yonsei.ac.kr; 2Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. 161 Two- and three-dimensional colloid arrays were fabricated using three different kinds of monodisperse poly(styrene/sodium p-styrene sulfonate) (poly(St/NaSS) (i.e., high- and low-charged uncrosslinked, and low-charged crosslinked poly(St/NaSS) particles) on 3aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS)-modified glass substrates at 20 °C. The array patterns were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-visible spectroscopic analyses. The adhesive force measured by AFM analysis revealed negligible attractive force between APTMS and the poly(St/NaSS) particles. The adhesion force measured between a 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS)-modified SiNx tip and the self-assembled particle arrays was in good agreement with the attractive force calculated using the Lifshitz theory with the appropriate Hamaker constants. The crosslinked poly(St/NaSS) particles on the APTMSmodified glass substrate showed mainly hexagonal and square lattice-free patterns without any crevices, in stark contrast to that of the cleaned, bare glass substrate. The APTMS layer provided the necessary ‘free-slipping’ condition in which nuclei of scattered pinnings of particles in the colloidal crystal were absent. As a consequence, dense fcc (or hcp) packing densities (high-charged uncrosslinked: 0.80, low-charged uncrosslinked: 0.76, and low-charged crosslinked : 0.76) and narrower stop bands were obtained. Poster Session P1 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES BY SURFACEINITIATED RAFT POLYMERIZATION AND CLICK CHEMISTRY Yu Li and Brian C. Benicewicz, NYS Center for Polymer Synthesis, 162 264 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; liy9@rpi.edu As a versatile controlled radical polymerization technique, reversible additionfragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has emerged as a very promising tool in the surface modification of nanoparticles with synthetic polymers. In this work, a functional monomer with a pendant “clickable” moiety, 6-azidohexyl methacrylate (AHMA), was prepared which could be polymerized on the nanoparticle surfaces via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization with considerable control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The subsequent functionalization of PAHMA grafted nanoparticles was successfully performed via a copper-catalyzed Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition with phenyl acetylene with high efficiency. This strategy of combining surface-initiated RAFT polymerization with click chemistry provides a promising way to modify the nanoparticle surfaces with a wide range of functional polymers. Poster Session P1 SILICA NANOPARTICLES FUNCTIONALIZED WITH ORGANOSILANES FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF CHIRAL Mn(III) SALEN COMPLEXES Clara Pereira and Cristina Freire; REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169007 Porto, PORTUGAL; clara.pereira@fc.up.pt 163 Silica nanoparticles present an enormous potential in numerous areas including sensors, protein, enzyme and drug delivery systems, catalysis, composite materials and for separation and medical diagnostics. In the field of catalysis, the immobilization of transition metal complexes onto solid supports is a theme of significant importance towards the goals of Green Chemistry, leading to several advantages namely the heterogeneous catalyst easy separation from the reaction media and its reusability. In this context, silica nanoparticles are promising materials for the development of heterogeneous catalysts, being expected improved properties when compared with the bulk counterparts related with their nanometer size. Due to the presence of silanol groups onto silica nanoparticles surfaces, they can be easily modified with bifunctional molecules (spacers), thus offering the possibility of adding new functionalities onto the nanoparticles surface. The catalytic epoxidation of olefins is a subject of great relevance since epoxides are important and versatile synthetic intermediates for the chemical industry. Chiral manganese(III) salen complexes, namely Jacobsen-type catalysts, have been reported has highly efficient homogeneous catalysts in the epoxidation of olefins. Jacobsen-type chiral catalysts have already been immobilized onto organic polymers, activated carbons, zeolites, mesoporous silicas, clays and pillared clays, for subsequent application in catalysis. In this work, commercial silica nanoparticles were functionalized with diferent organosilanes. These modified materials were used as supports to immobilize chiral Jacobsen–type complexes. All the materials were characterized by several techniques, namely Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C and 29Si NMR), to 265 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) gather information about the success of the functionalization and complex immobilization procedures. These new manganese based materials will be subsequently applied as heterogeneous catalysts in the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins. Poster Session P1 DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING STUDY OF PROPARGYL ACRYLATE PARTICLES MODIFIED WITH POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) Parul Rungta, Volodymyr Tsyalkovsky, Ryan Roeder, David D. Evanoff and Stephen H. Foulger, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Advanced Materials Research Laboratories, 91 Technology Drive, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; prungta@clemson.edu 164 The copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and terminal alkynes to form 1,2,3-triazoles, often referred to as a variant of “click” chemistry, has found a wide range of applications in varied synthetic and/or functionalization of molecules, surfaces, and particles. The use of the azide and alkyne moieties as chemical handles allows for the attachment of dissimilar systems through a stable triazole ring. This implementation of click chemistry exploited in the current effort focuses on azideterminated polymer chains attached to 100 nm poly(propargyl acrylate) (PA) particles. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer chains of different number average molecular weights ranging from 1K to 10K were modified with terminal azide groups. Dynamic light scattering was used to characterize the hydrodynamic diameters of the surface modified PA particles and the increase in diameter was correlated to the molecular weights of the PEG chains. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were done to ensure the formation of the triazole ring. Poster Session P2 NANOPARTICLES OF HIGH DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AS INNOVATIVE COATING OF CARBON NANOTUBES Emanuela Tamburri, Francesco Toschi, Silvia Orlanducci, Valeria Guglielmotti, Vito Sessa, Maria Letizia Terranova, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Dip.to Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche and MINASlab, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Roma, 00133, Italy; Emanuela.Tamburri@uniroma2.it; Marco Rossi, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Dip.to di Energetica, Via Scarpa, Roma, 00100, Italy 269 Carbon nanotubes coated with functional nanoparticles are excellent candidates as starting blocks for electronic, mechanical and optical systems. The heterojunctions formed at carbon nanotubes coated with dielectrics could have applications in memory device for storing electrical charge, and generally for all electronic devices moreover nanometric coating with metals oxide could be used in catalytic systems and sensors. However their use requires better knowledge in term of synthesis process and thus materials properties. Arrays of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been 266 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) successfully coated by crystalline high dielectric materials in form of nanoparticles directly grown during the synthetic process. The investigated dielectrics were: diamond, titania TiO2, tantalium pentoxide Ta2O5. The SWNTs are generated using a hot filament Chemical Vapour Deposition apparatus by reaction between carbon nanopowders and atomic hydrogen in presence of a metal catalyst ( Fe or Ni). The versatility of apparatus allow to obtain SWNTs arrays differently oriented and aligned to respect the substrate and growth on selected area of the substrate. After the step of SWNTs incubation (few minutes of growth), different methodologies are employed in order to deposit on the nanotubes arrays the different nanoparticles. In particular for diamond coating we use a higher atomic H concentration, for Ta2O5 we use a Ta filament in less reducing environment and for TiO2 we use a Ti organo-metallic complex in form of nanometric powder. In all cases the total time process (SWNT growth and coating by nanoparticles) is about 10-15 minutes and the nanotubes arrays maintain their morphology. The obtained samples are morphologically and structurally characterized by means of SEM, Raman spectroscopy, Electron and X-Ray diffraction. The coated arrays were used as cathode in field emission experiment. I/E curves, test of reproducibility and current stability will be presented and discussed. Poster Session P2 SELF-CLEANING SURFACES BY THE USE OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES Doris M. Spori1, S. Zürcher1,3, A. Mühlebach,2 and N.D. Spencer1, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, 1ETH Zurich, Switzerland; doris.spori@mat.ethz.ch; 2Ciba Speciality Chemicals, Switzerland; 3SuSoS AG, Switzerland 270 Since the discovery of the self-cleaning properties of the lotus leaves, much effort has been put in determining the governing parameters of such superhydrophobic surfaces. The superhydrophobic state is (also called Cassie-state) is defined by a very high water contact angle (above 150°) and a very low roll-off angle (below 10°). These values are achieved due to a substantial amount of air enclosed underneath the drop. As it was seen in recent literature, surfaces with undercut topographies support drops in the Cassie-state even when they are slightly hydrophilic. Spherical particles and especially raspberry-like particles (particles where smaller silica particles are bound onto larger ones) also exhibit undercut features. Additionally, silica particles can potentially be used in many different applications, leading to low-cost and mechanically stable surfaces. In this work the applicability of particles, especially raspberry-like particles are tested in regard to contact angles and soil resistance. Different morphologies are tested in order to gain a better insight into the parameter range for the production of superhydrophobic surfaces by the use of particles. The parameters examined are substrate- and particle functionalization, particle size (73, 300, 500 and 2560 nm) and the choice of solvent (water, waterglycerol). If particles are dispersed in pure water, capillary forces act on wet particles on a surface during drying. This causes the particles to assemble, group together or form “particle chains”. By mixing the water with glycerol the so-called Marangoni-flux is induced, which drags the particles to the middle of a drying drop and helps to assemble the particles effectively. By testing the effect of the resulting patterns on contact angle 267 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) and dirt resistance, the surfaces’ sensitivity towards these effects are quantified. In a second step an additional layer of smaller particles is applied. Optimum coverage is evaluated by gradually dipping a positively charged, particle-covered substrate into a solution of negatively charged nanoparticles. Hydrophobicity is achieved by functionalizing the surface with octadecyltrichlorosilane. Poster Session P2 ON MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES IN A COLLOIDAL FLUID Saurabh Sharma*, Gautam Mukhopadhyay*, Pagati Mukhopadhyay** *Department of Physics and **CRNTS, Indian Institute of TechnologyBombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; gmukh@phy.iitb.ac.in; pmukhopa@iitb.ac.in 271 In an external magnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a colloidal fluid are expected to line up along a chain. The effective force, called chain force, between the particles in a chain can be treated in terms of dipole dipole interaction, when thermal fluctuations are insignificant. However, the study of the variation of the chain-force with the interparticle separation and particle volume has been confined only to spherical particles. We present here the dependence of the chain-force on the shape of the suspended magnetic nanoparticles of general ellipsoidal shape. This requires a knowledge of the induced dipole moment of the ellipsoidal magnetic paricles which we have derived through the concept of magnetic potential. For convenience we shall present a comparison of the chain force for a ellipsoidal particle with that for sphere of identical volume, as function of the interparticle separation. Poster Session P2 SELF-ASSEMBLY OF POLYMER MICROSPHERES FOR THE PREPARATION OF 3D OPTICAL PHASE GRATINGS Juergen Wagner, Bernd-Reiner Paulke, and Eckhard Goernitz, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, D-14476 PotsdamGolm, Germany; eckhard.goernitz@iap.fraunhofer.de 272 Self-assembly of monodisperse microspheres into 2D or 3D ordered array structures has attracted a lot of attention due to simplicity, flexibility, and low costs. Simple preparation methods based on hydrodynamic flow in confined space, vertical deposition or dipping/withdrawing can be used to crystallize highly ordered array structures which are of particular interest as model systems for the design and fabrication of photonic crystals and the development of new sensor concepts based on 3D optical gratings. Moreover, these colloidal crystal templates can be inverted and infiltrated with a variety of ferroelectric, nonlinear, photorefractive and other materials, thus permitting the creation of new composites for optoelectronic applications. As lattice constants can be easily adjusted by the particle diameter the photonic properties of such 3D arrays can be customized over the whole spectral region (UV-IR). In this contribution we focus on self-assembly of “large” monodisperse latex particles in the size range of 1.0 – 8.0 µm into 2D and 3D ordered structures. For this purpose, well-known deposition techniques 268 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) were modified in order to minimize particle sedimentation during deposition. Further modification of the arrays was achieved by infiltration with liquids or UV-curing polymers in order to adjust the refractive index contrast. Well-ordered arrays up to 2 cm2 were organized with a thickness of 1 (monolayer) to approx. 50 layers and found to consist of monocrystalline domains up to 104 µm2 in size. These domains exhibit preferably stackings of hexagonally close packed particle layers resulting in ffc, hcp and rhcp crystal structures. Optical properties and the crystalline structure of the 3D arrays were studied by angle dependent transmission and reflectance vis-NIR-IR spectroscopy, laser beam diffraction and spectral goniometry. Additionally, optical microscopy equipped with a Bertrand lens was shown to be a powerful method for the study of single crystalline domains in the case of large particles (diameter > 1 µm), where higher diffraction orders fall in the range of the microscope objective aperture. Combination with white light illumination and imaging by a colour CCD camera results in a trichromatic diffraction image containing the full information of the 3D grating. RGB pixel values can be read out directly and grating parameters can be calculated from radial intensity maxima after calibration of the microscope/camera system. A spectral and spatial redistribution of light in the diffraction patterns was observed depending on the number of layers and the type of layer stacking in the arrays. This effect has potential to design new optical RGB colour sensors based on diffractive 3D phase gratings for shape, texture and colour recognition in image pre-processing. As an additional feature of light diffraction on particle arrays we also present results of Talbot self imaging and fractional Talbot pattern in the optical “near” field behind particle layers. These studies are of special interest for potential sensor applications based on direct coupling between an array and a CCD matrix. (We thank the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research for financial support.) Poster Session P2 ORGANIC-INORGANIC NANOCOMPOSITES FOR VOLUME HOLOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS Oksana V. Sakhno1, Joachim Stumpe1, Leonid M. Goldenberg1, Eckhard Goernitz1 and Tatiana N. Smirnova2; 1Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Joachim.Stumpe@iap.fraunhofer.de; eckhard.goernitz@iap.fraunhofer.de; 2 Institute of Physics, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine 273 Organic-inorganic composites containing inorganic nanoparticles (NP) embedded in easily-processable organic matrices are attractive for the creation of novel components for optical and photonic applications. The use of the NP of different functionality (e.g. high or low refractive index, photoluminescence, non-linear optical properties, magnetic properties) in combination with holographic patterning is promising for a variety of multifunctional passive and active optical components and devices. The results to the development and the investigation of several organic-inorganic composite materials suitable for the fabrication of high-refractive index-contrast (RI) holographic volume optical elements using the photopolymerisation in the interference pattern are presented. The specific surface-modification of inorganic particles is a cruical point for the preparation of the transparent materials suitable for optical application. The modification 269 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) of surface by organic ligands allows to introduce different NP with a maximal loading up to 30wt.% into photosensitive acrylate mixture. Different inorganic NP such as TiO2, ZrO2, LaPO4:Ce3+,Te3+ with the size 3-14 nm, having refractive index ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 and different organic shells were investigated. High-efficient low-scattering transmission volume diffraction gratings with the periods 0.5-2 μm have been recorded as result of short-time exposure (at 365 and 488 nm). of the nanocomposites to the -2 interference pattern. RI modulation contrast up to 1.65*10 was obtained using 26wt.% TiO2 NPs in the polymer. The influence of the NP concentration and the holographic patterning parameters (intensity, spatial period) on the RI contrast has been investigated. It was evident that the photo-induced diffusion of the NP between the regions of the film corresponding to bright and dark areas of the interference pattern is responsible for the polymer-NPs grating formation. 2D volume structures recorded by three laser beams were also fabricated in ZrO2 containing composite. Using the photoluminescent LaPO4:Ce3+,Te3+ NP, volume transmission hologram with diffraction efficiency up to 80% and simultenuosly performing a local light-emission in the grating planes (submicrometer scale) enriched by the NP under UV-exitation were also developed. Poster Session P2 ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF TITANIA BASED SULFONATED POLYANILINE NANOCOMPOSITES BY UV-CURING Mohammad Rezaul Karim, Hyun Woo Lee, Mi Hwa Hwang, Jae Hyeung Park, Hyun Mi Ji, and Jeong Hyun Yeum, Department of Advanced Organic Materials Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; jhyeum@knu.ac.kr; fightinglhw@hanmail.net 274 Electrically π-conjugated polymer and inorganic hybrid composites possess interesting optoelectronic and physiochemical properties that are attractive for their potential uses in the fields of light emitting diodes, photovoltaic, aircraft, aero spaces, drug delivery, and electro chromic devices. Moreover, combining two different materials e.g. electrically conducting polymers with host filler like titanium dioxide would lead to synergic effects in properties and provide the great benefit for the development of any new technological applications. In this work, composites of sulfonated polyaniline-titanium dioxide (SPAniTiO2) hybrid composites have been synthesized by using a new strategy in one-pot system of UV-cured polymerization method. Aqueous solution of aniline and orthoanilinic acid comonomers, a free-radical oxidant and titania precursor were irradiated by UV rays. Hydrolysis and reprecipitation of the titania precursor in aqueous aniline and orthoanilic acid lead to the formation of titanium dioxide particles which in turn catalyze oxidation of comonomers to sulfonated polyaniline. The resultant SPAni-TiO2 composites were characterized by using different spectroscopy analyses like X-ray diffraction, UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy. The UV-vis absorption bands revealed that SPAni-TiO2 nanocomposites are optically active and the blue-shifted peaks due to the presence of titania within the SPAni matrix. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the nanocomposite showed a uniform size distribution with spherical and granular morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the SPAni-TiO2 composites have a good thermal stability than the pristine SPAni. 270 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 UV-CURING SYNTHESIS OF WATER SOLUBLE SULFONATED POLYANILINE-SILVER NANOCOMPOSITES BY IN-SITU REDUCTION Mohammad Rezaul Karim, Hyun Woo Lee, Mi Hwa Hwang, Jae Hyeung Park, Hyun Mi Ji, and Jeong Hyun Yeum, Department of Advanced Organic Materials Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; jhyeum@knu.ac.kr; rezabd_1@hotmail.com 275 Electrically conducting polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles with different combinations of two components have attracted more and more attention, since they have interesting physical properties and potential applications. Conducting polyaniline/inorganic silver (PAni-Ag) composites combine the merits of polyaniline and metallic silver particles and have potential applications in catalysis, conductive inks, thick film pastes and adhesives for various electronic components as well as have added attraction in photonics and photography industry. The applications of PAni based inorganic particles remain quite below the expected target due to the rigidity of PAni backbone, causing insolubility in common solvents and infusibility at traditional meltprocessing temperatures.We have synthesized successfully water soluble sulfonated polyaniline-silver (SPAni-Ag) hybrid nanocomposites by the in-situ reduction of UVcured polymerization method without using any reducing and/or binding agents. Aqueous solution of aniline and orthoanilinic acid comonomers, a free-radical oxidant and silver metal salts were irradiated by UV rays. Reduction of the silver salts in aqueous aniline and orthoanilinic acid leads to the formation of silver particles which in turn catalyze oxidation of comonomers to sulfonated polyaniline. The resultant SPAni-Ag nanocomposites were characterized by using different spectroscopy analyses like UVvisible, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The optical absorption bands revealed optically active and the blue-shifted peaks due to the presence of metallic silver within the SPAni matrix. XRD patterns indicated both the broad amorphous polymeric and sharp metallic peaks. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the nanocomposites showed a uniform size distribution with spherical and granular morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the nanocomposites had a good thermal stability than the bulk SPAni. Poster Session P2 UV CROSS-LINKED POLY(4-VINYLPYRIDINE) POLYMER SURFACES AS TEMPLATES FOR THE PREPARATION OF BI-MODAL GOLD NANOPARTICLES Min Sung Kim, Young Hwan Park, Yeon Tae Jeong*; Division of Image and Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-739, Republic of Korea; ytjeong@pknu.ac.kr; kms0411@pknu.ac.kr 276 271 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Metal nanoparticles have attracted immense interest owing to its high and specific impact in the fields of biotechnology and bioscience. Being a noble metal, gold is widely investigated due to its unusual properties different from those of bulk states and its potential applications in optics, electronics, magnetic, catalysts and chemical and biochemical sensing technologies. A variety of polymer molecules have been selected to decorate the surface of nanoparticles for a number of purposes. Polymers can be coated on a wide range of substrates and with different topographies under mild conditions. Here, we report the novel and easy use of UV cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) thin films for the preparation of chemically bonded, different sized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this method, cross-linked P4VP thin films were provided by spin-coating P4VP solution in butanol onto cleaned silicon wafers. These films were then photocrosslinked via exposure to low pressure Hg lamp. The resulting films are stable upon thorough rinsing with various solvents. Initially, ~70 nm sized AuNPs were synthesized using a published protocol and were deposited via electrostatic adsorption on the cross-linked P4VP films. These surfaces were further modified with 1,6-hexanedithiol in order to functionalize the adsorbed AuNPs for the chemical immobilization of different sized, discrete AuNPs (~20 nm). The self-assembly of 1,6-hexanedithiol on the immobilized AuNPs and the bi-modal architectures were investigated by AFM, FESEM, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Poster Session P2 EFFECT OF PARTICLE SURFACE AREA ON PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCOMPOSITES Jasmeet Kaur and Meisha L. Shofner, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA-30332-0295, USA; jasmeet@gatech.edu 277 Hybrid inorganic/organic materials containing nanoscale inorganic particles may be considered three phase materials where the nanoparticles, the polymer matrix, and the interphase material each contribute to the resulting properties of the nanocomposite. In order to study the individual contributions of each phase, different nanoparticles loadings are used so that the reinforcement by isolated, mechanically percolated, and geometrically percolated nanoparticles may be measured. This research uses a model system comprised of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles and a biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix to elucidate the contribution of each phase to the composite’s properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles of different surface areas will be produced, enabling nanoparticle concentration and nanoparticle surface area to be explicitly studied with regard to interphase structure in the composite. The different surface areas are obtained using microemulsion technique by varying the ratio of aqueous to organic phase in the reverse micellar surfactant system. Following a calcination step, the nanoparticles are characterized by BET, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and transmission electron microscopy for the surface area, crystallinity, surface chemistry and morphology respectively. Composite processing is accomplished via a solution processing route and films are produced by solvent casting. Thermal and viscoelastic properties are measured for the composite films. 272 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO-NANOPARTICLES AND ZnO-POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES Andreas Pein, Gabriele Kremser and Gregor Trimmel, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Organic Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria; pein@sbox.tugraz.at 278 Semiconducting nanoparticles attained considerable interest in the scientific community due to their tunable optical and optoelectronic properties. In combination with electractive organic materials applications in the field of photovoltaics are expected. In this contribution we present the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and the preparation of ZnO/polymer nanocomposites. The ZnO particles were prepared from zinc acetat dihydrate and potassium hydroxide in methanol as solvent.Methanol has the advantage of high polarity so that no additional capping agents are needed to stabilize the particles. The obtained nanocrystals were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction, UV-vis and photoluminescence spectrocopy. The used polymers comprise end group functionalized thiophene-oligomers prepared by Suzuki cross coupling reaction as well as asymmetrically substituted polythiophenes, prepared by a modified Grignard metathesis reaction. As functional groups carboxylic acid groups and hydroxy groups were introduced These new compounds were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis as well as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The interactions of the ZnO particles with the oligo- and polythiophenes were investigated by DLS and optical spectroscopy in solution and in the solid phase. DLS measurements were performed to study the aggregation behaviour of the prepared mixtures. The differences of the optical properties of the pure materials and the mixtures are discussed in detail. Poster Session P2 HIGH EFFICIENCY PHOTOLUMINESCENCE FROM SILICA-COATED CdSe QUANTUM DOTS Lei Qian, Debasis Bera, Paul H. Holloway; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA; lqian@mse.ufl.edu; dbera@mse.ufl.edu 279 Recently, monodisperse semiconductor quantum dots have been utilized in an extensive variety of applications for optoelectronics, biological labeling and bio-imaging. The quantum yield (QY) of CdSe quantum dots capped with an organic surfactant is low at ~10%. In this study of silica-coated CdSe quantum dots, much higher QYs of ~68-82% were demonstrated. The increased QYs for CdSe/SiO2 core/shell quantum dots are attributed to nuetralization of charge trapped in surface states. In addition to higher efficiency, CdSe/SiO2 core/shell quantum dots are expected to be less toxic than the unpassivated CdSe core. The possibilities that this method for synthesizing highly efficient luminescent quantum dots may enable additional applications in biological labeling and down-conversion for solid state lighting will be discussed. 273 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 STUDY OF INDUCED AGGREGATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES CAPPED BY PEPTIDES. THE DESTABILIZING ROLE OF THE STABILIZER Isaac Ojea Jiménez*, Marc Ramis Castelltort# and Victor F. Puntes*; * Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, building Q, 2nd floor, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona,SPAIN, isaac.ojea@endornanotech.com; #Endor Nanotechnologies, Campus UAB, building Q, 3rd floor, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, SPAIN 280 Recent developments in material physics and chemistry have allowed the optical, magnetic and electrical detection of different states of biological systems and living organism using nanomaterials, where the characteristic biokinetic behaviour of NPs is an attractive quality for applications in diagnosis and therapy (e.g. fluorescent labeling of cellular compartments, use of fluorescent or magnetic particles as contrast agents, magnetic separation or target drug delivery). NPs also serve as tools to investigate and understand molecular processes in living cells. Furthermore, NPs conjugated to biomolecules (like elastin, antisenses, biotin-avidin, antigen-antibodies, peptides, proteins, etc) are of great interest for both, biological diagnostics, where the NPs can provide unique detection signatures, and for nanotechnology, where the information content of the biomolecule can be harnessed for the spatial patterning of NPs. However, this experiments have been carried out in model environments different from the real biological ones. Then, when NPs conjugates are brought to their application media, lack of stability is a common observation. Considering the broad range of technological and biomedical applications of AuNP-biomolecules conjugates to date, it appears as a critical issue to move towards high stability and solubility in the aqueous media. Citratestabilized Au nanoparticles and derivatives, probably the most used NPs in biomedical applications, have been functionalized with a range of different peptide ligands and environments. The aim of these studies is to elucidate the factors responsible for the stability conferred by these peptides, which has mainly been followed by variation of the UV-Vis absorption spectra, surface charge and observation of precipitation. A model based on electrostatic interaction vs. Brownian motion has been proposed to explain the apparent critical aggregation of these gold nanoparticles. Poster Session P2 INCORPORATING LANTHANIDES IN SILICA COLLOIDS Johan Stiefelhagen and Dannis ‘t Hart, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; J.C.P.Stiefelhagen@gmail.com 281 Lanthanide doped silica colloids have several applications: the highly luminescent particles could be used as dopants in photonic crystals to probe their properties, as probes inside cells or as particles for studying colloidal systems. In this research a new method is shown to synthesize lanthanide doped silica particles in a water-in-oil microemulsion. Mean particle diameter is approximately 50 nm and the size polydispersity can be as low as 3.3%. Lanthanide presence is confirmed by 274 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) photoluminescence and EDX measurements. Concentrations are estimated at 10^4 lanthanide ions per particle (~0.6 at%). With observance of the small diameter this is a lower size polydispersity than has been achieved in two other known synthesis procedures used to incorporate lanthanide ions in silica colloids, namely acid based silica synthesis and modified Stober synthesis. In a basic environment such as in a microemulsion lanthanides precipitate as a hydroxide. In this research this is prevented by the use of lanthanide complexes: before incorporation lanthanide ions are enveloped with four large molecules, called ligands, which protect the ion from the basic environment. t is shown that this new incorporation method can be used on several species of lanthanides, including neodymium, samarium, europium, terbium and erbium, or even with combinations of them. Furthermore lifetime measurements of some specific lanthanide transitions are shown. Poster Session P2 DETERMINING THE MOISTURE-INDUCED GLASS TRANSITION IN AMORPHOUS PHARMACEUTICAL POWDERS Frank Thielmann and Daniel J. Burnett, Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd., Allentown, PA, USA; burnett@smsna.com 282 Low molecular weight amorphous materials will typically revert to their more stable crystalline state over a certain temperature range. Additionally, ever-present water vapor can act like a plasticizing agent, thus significantly lowering the glass transition temperature and cause spontaneous phase transitions and lyophile collapse. Therefore, determining the necessary threshold humidity conditions to prevent a glass transition is critical for storage and processing of amorphous materials. In the current study amorphous lactose was exposed to a linearly ramped humidity profile from 0% to 90% relative humidity (RH). The glass transition is marked by a clear shift in the water sorption behavior of the sample as the dominant sorption mechanism shifts from surface adsorption to bulk absorption. This was performed for a series of ramping rates. This allows extrapolation to a ramping rate of zero, resulting in an inherent glass transition RH of 30% (+/-1%) RH at 298 K for amorphous lactose. Similar experiments were performed for spray-dried salbutamol sulfate. For salbutamol sulfate, the moisture induced Tg was measured over a range of temperatures. Poster Session P2 CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ZNO POWDER COMBINED WITH CNTS IN ORGANIC DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Yu-Jui Wu1, Mi Chen2, Chang-Lin Huang1, and Horng-Show Koo1,* ; 1 Department of Optoelectronic System Engineering, Ming-Hsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinfong, Hsinchu 304 Taiwan, R.O.C.; 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ming-Hsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinfong, Hsinchu 304 Taiwan, R.O.C.; frankkoo@must.edu.tw, forget_you_w@yahoo.com.tw 283 275 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Characterization and evaluation of ZnO powder combined with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the organic dye-sensitized solar cells were analyzed and demonstrated. The porous ZnO particles were prepared slurry in the solution of PEG and de-ionized water by a physical route and adjusted into paste with appropriate viscous behavior for coating. The high-quality and high-purity carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and purified by microwave digestion method. The purity and nano-size particles of carbon nanotubes will remarkably and greatly affect the thin-film and solar-cell characteristics of the organic dye-sensitized solar cells. The paste of the ZnO powders combined with different weight ratio of carbon nanotubes were printed on the surface of ITO-coated glass substrate by the doctor blade technique. The various weight ratio of carbon nanotubes in porous ZnO powders will result in the variation of the optoelectronic characterization, conversion efficiency and short-circuit current, of the organic dye-sensitized solar cells. These improved phenomena maybe attributed to the enhanced adsorption of ZnO powders and carbon nanotubes for organic dye and re-ox electrolytic substances in the solar cells Poster Session P2 IMPACT PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT LAMINATE CONFIGURED HYBRID POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES S. K. Srivastava, I P Singh; Instrument Design Development Center, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi-110016, India; sansrivastava28@yahoo.co.in; ipsingh@iddc.iitd.ac.in 284 Hybrid polymer nanocomposites constituting of nanoclay, epoxy materials and glass fibers in different laminate configurations forms are specially used for multidirectional loadings in structural applications. The mixture of nanoclay powder (Southern clay products, USA) and epoxy was prepared using magnetic stirrer and sonicator. The three layer composites with possible combinations of chopped strand mat and woven roving glass fiber were made using vacuum resin transfer molding method. The optimization of weight percentage of nanoclay was done to get the better intercalation. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and izod impact test were done for the analysis. It was found that approximately 2% of nanoclay gives better d-spacing value of 4.2 nm. Intercalation nature of nanoclay in epoxy was confirmed by TEM. A better modification in impact properties was found in different laminate configurations. Poster Session P2 FLUORESCENT AU CLUSTERS SURROUNDED BY DENDRITIC OLIGOSACCHARIDE SHELLS AND THEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIES IN WATER Mathias Lakatos, Dietmar Appelhans, Fuat Aksoy, Wolfgang Pompe; Technische Universität Dresden, Institute for Materials Science, 01062 Dresden, Germany, mathias.lakatos@nano.tu-dresden.de 285 Amphiphilic core shell structures based on oligosaccharide-functionalized dendrimers 276 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) have been used for the encapsulation of highly fluorescent gold nanoclusters. In comparison to semiconductor quantum dots or organic fluorophores, these structures offer some advantages as fluorescent labels to overcome problems like toxicity, surface passivation, photoblinking or easy photobleaching. Here, we report a very simple two step technique for the preparation of functionalized gold nanoclusters with tuneable emission wavelength and with a high synthetic yield. In a first step, the gold nanoclusters were prepared in an organic solvent in the presence of various stabilization agents. Then, these clusters were embedded in oligosaccharide-functionalized dendrimers from the fourth generation and higher to ensure water solubility. In comparison to other published processes, formation of bigger nanoparticle agglomerates, resulting in a plasmon signal and quenching the fluorescence, could not be seen. Further, the additional introduction of anchor groups and biological receptor have been realized besides the establishment of various oligosaccharide shells on the dendrimer surface which did not influence the optical properties of the Au nanoclusters. First transfection experiments with Hela cells show the high potential of these dendrimer stabilized gold nanoclusters as a new class of fluorescence markers. Poster Session P2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC RESPONSE OF HYDROPHOBIC GOLD NANOPARTICLES AND GOLD/SILICA MONOLAYERS Wensheng Lu, Wei Shi, Junke Tang and Long Jiang, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P.R. China; jiangl@iccas.ac.cn; luwensheng@iccas.ac.cn 286 A monolayer of dodecanethiol-capped Au nanoparticles (NPs) about 3 nm in diameter obtained by Langmuir technique spreading in a gap between two gold electrodes on a silicon plate was found to enhance significantly the lateral electron transportation as the number of NPs increased. The electric current increases from 10-11 to 10-9A (~ 100 times in mgnitude) at an applied bias of 5 V in the dark. Especially interesting, the photoinduced current increase from 10-11 to 5×10-9 (~ 500 times in mgnitude) at 5V applied bias upon the green light illumination, close to the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorption of Au NPs film. We further reported an efficient hydrophobic treatment of monodisperse gold nanocrystal with water-soluble silica (Au@SiO2) and investigated its photovoltaic characteristics. The hydrophobic Au@SiO2 nanocrystal was obtained by forming Si-O-Si bond with silane-coupling reagent octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and finally had a hydrocarbon chain on silica surfaces of the nanocrystal. The hydrophobic Au@SiO2 nanocrystals could easily self-assemble robust and close packed 2-D arrays on the air-water interface. Transmitting electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were employed to investigate the morphologies and optical properties of the 2-D film. Then the Au@SiO2 films were transferred onto conductive transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) to construct an ITO-gold film-ITO device. We made a research on effect of different gold film layers on the dark current and light current of the device at the ambient temperature. The experimental results showed that both dark and light current signals would enhance significantly with the increasing of gold film layers. 277 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 GOLD NANOPARTICLE DEPOSITION VIA GAS-EXPANDED LIQUIDS FOR IMPROVED MICROMACHINE RELIABILITY Kendall M. Hurst, Christopher B. Roberts, W. Robert Ashurst, Auburn University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; ashurst@auburn.edu, hurstkm@auburn.edu 287 The technology to fabricate microelectromechanical systems and micromachines has been around for over two decades. Unfortunately, only the most basic MEMS and microdevices are utilized commercially due to persistent reliability issues such as “stiction,” the permanent adherence of two contacting micromechanism surfaces. This adhesion is caused by the inherent attractive forces between relatively smooth, microscale features or between a microstructure and the underlaying substrate. Although the development of organic self-assembled monolayers as anti-stiction coatings has nearly eliminated stiction, liquid-phase deposition of these monolayers presents several drawbacks including cost, repeatability, and process sensitivity. This work describes a novel processing method for the deposition of dodecanethiol-capped colloidal gold nanoparticles onto micromechanical devices to reduce stiction by increasing the roughness of micro-structured surfaces. Previous attempts to reduce stiction by reducing contact surface area were abandoned due to only moderate success. Therefore, this method contradicts the conventional wisdom that adhesion reduction is only achieved by chemical alteration. Nanoparticles are deposited onto all surfaces of a micromechanical device chip using gas-expanded liquids, which experience a reduction in solvent strength with increased gas headspace pressure allowing for particle precipitation. Due to the miniscule size of the nanoparticles, attractive van der Waals forces dominate gravitational forces allowing precipitated particles to attract to all surfaces of the device. Immediately following deposition, the CO2/solvent mixture is heated to the supercritical state in order to remove the liquid-vapor interface. Doing so effectively eliminates evaporative effects which may disturb nanoparticle films and capillary forces that may destroy microstructures on the device. Following depressurization, the dry, nanoparticle-coated device is removed for analysis. Gold nanoparticle coatings on micromechanical cantilever beam arrays are evaluated via contact angle measurements, detachment length and work of adhesion measurements, SEM, and AFM. SEM imaging affirms the uniform, conformal coating of nanoparticles onto microdevice components. Contact angle and work of adhesion measurements are compared to that of octadecyltrichlorosilane and perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers. The results indicate that the application of colloidal gold nanoparticles onto micromechanical devices reduces the work of adhesion compared to natural silicon oxide layers by more than four orders of magnitude. Poster Session P2 PROBING THE TRANSITION MECHANISM BETWEEN QUASISPHERICAL AND CUBIC GOLD NANOPARTICLES Ekaterina Dovgolevsky and Hossam Haick, Department of Chemical 288 278 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; hhossam@technion.ac.il; gekateri@tx.technion.ac.il Metallic nanoparticles have been attracting a great interest because they have potential applications in many fields including sensors, catalysis, nanoelectronics and information storage. In recent years, various metallic nanoparticles with different morphologies, such as spheres, cubes, and pyramids, have been prepared. However, controlling their morphology, improving the methods of synthesis, and understanding their growth mechanism, still remain a challenge. In this study, we adapted an aqueous seed mediated growth method to explore shape transformation of quasi-spherical Au seeds to nanocubes in a direct and continuous manner. The intermediate growth products quenched at different reaction times of growth process were analyzed by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. At the very early growth stages, the results show formation of <28 nm monodispersed truncated cubooctahedral Au nanoparticles, faceted with the both {100} and {111} facets. At a critical size, estimated as 28 nm, the truncated cubooctahedral nanoparticles are transformed to 28-29 nm {100} faceted cubic nanoparticles. From the point on, the cubic nanoparticles further grow up, with no changes in their shape. We ascribe these observations to a scenario in which the kinetically-controlled growth mode of the nanoparticle is significantly affected from the surface self-diffusion of metal adatoms, especially when the adatom’s self-diffusion distance is comparable with the nanoparticle’s size. Poster Session P2 EFFECT OF CTAB ON THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOTOLUMINESCENT SILVER NANOPARTICLES G. B. Teh, B. Y. Foo, N. Saravanan, C. L. Kho; Department of Bioscience and Chemistry, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; tehgb@mail.utar.edu.my 289 Silver is a noble metal noted for its inert chemical reactivity in its bulk form. It is noted that silver nanoparticles with increased surface areas exhibit notable properties which are very different from its bulk form. Nanosilver particles in solutions or suspensions are used due to their effective action on the cellular metabolism and inhibiting cell growth. Nanosilver particles exhibit luminescence intensity at 465nm and the wavelength is sizedependent. Various techniques can be employed in producing nanosized silver particles such colloidal systems using cationic and anionic surfactants, microwave synthesis method and laser-pulsed technique. Cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been reported to be a stabilizer as well as a good micelle formation surfactant which will provide stable capping availability for positively-charged silver nanoparticles. Thus, the particle size control and size distribution are of prime interest where they can be achieved via varying the synthetic techniques, reducing agents and stabilizers. We report here the effect of varying the concentration of AgNO3, NaOH and NaBH4 via the employment of CTAB as the surfactant molecules. 279 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 CONDUCTING SILVER NANO-HYBRID PARTICLES Andrij Pich, H.-J. Adler, TU-Dresden, 01069 Dresden; Germany, W.-J. Fischer, Alexander Türke, Fraunhofer IPMS, 01109 Dresden, Germany; alexander.tuerke1@mailbox.tu-dresden.de 290 In the last few years stable dispersions of metal nanoparticles become more and more important. Especially in the field of material deposition, like ink jet printing of conducting traces or connectors, stable and low temperature curing particles are needed. Commercialized nanoparticles of silver and gold are stabilized with ligands to prevent agglomeration. They are normally protected either sterically or electrostatically. The protecting layer on the particle surface has to be removed by heat to achieve high conductivity. A high temperature process with temperatures above 180°C is not possible for most of the commercially available foils. Also the adhesion of these particles to foils is very bad without an adhesion promoter. To avoid high temperature processes and adhesion problems we propose a new approach that requires stabilization of metal nanoparticles on polymer particle surface. Hybrid particles combine the advantage of organic polymer particles, like film formation, and inorganic metal nanoparticles with special properties like conductivity or special optical behavior. We report on the modification of polymer latex particles with silver to achieve conducting core-shell particles. The latex particles were synthesized in an emulsion polymerization process. The surfactant-free polymerization process allows localization of the functional groups on the polystyrene particle surface due to the hydrophilic nature of selected functional comonomers. Obtained particles have been characterized by DLS, SEM and analytical centrifuge. The size of the polymeric particles varies between 100 and 600 nm in diameter. To deposit silver on the surface of polymeric particles two-step procedure has been used. In the first step silver nitrate was added to coordinate the silver ions to the functional groups on the polymer particle surface via electrostatic forces, since the surface layer of the latex particles has negative charge. In the second step a reducing agent was added to transform complexed Ag+ ions into reduced form Ag0. The influence of different reaction parameters (temperature, pH, irradiation with ultrasound, concentration of reducing agent) on the morphology and properties of composite particles has been studied. Conductivity measurements (four-point probe) were performed to investigate the electrical properties of the obtained films. Poster Session P2 SYNTHESIS OF NANOPOROUS NETWORK MATERIALS WITH HIGH SURFACE AREAS FROM THE COOPERATIVE ASSEMBLAGE OF ALKYL CHAINS-CAPPED METAL/METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES Driss Mrabet, M. Hassan Zahedi-Niaki and Trong-On Do; Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Quebec G1K 7P4 CANADA, Trong-On.Do@gch.ulaval.ca 291 The self-assembly of mono-disperse nanoparticles (NPs) into well-defined threedimensional nanostructure has rapidly attracted a growing interest. In particular, 280 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) nanoporous metal/oxide NP solids with controlled particle sizes could provide catalytic performance over conventional catalysts. Furthermore, the interaction between metal NPs and metal oxide NPs has gained significant interest owing to new properties that arise at the metal/metal oxide interface. This type of catalysts exhibits high catalytic activity toward different types of reactions, such as the NOx reduction and the CO oxidation at low temperatures. High catalytic activity might be due to a synergetic interaction between metal NPs and nano-support at the interface, such that the support does not act as an inert carrier, but intervenes in the catalytic reactions. However, only a few examples of this type of porous metal/metal oxide particles are yet known. In order to explore new properties arising at the interface between metal nanoparticle and metal oxide nanoparticles, herein, we report a simple route for the synthesis of a new class of metal/metal oxide NPs solids with high surface area and interparticle porosity through the cooperative assembly of pre-synthesized hydrophobic NPs of both metal and metal oxide. The synthesis is performed in organic solvent media. Owing to capping with the alkyl chains, the resulting NPs are hydrophobic, weak interactions in between and highly dispersed in solvent. A homogeneous mixture of both metal and metal oxide NPs can therefore be obtained. Based on this concept, a variety of nanoporous multi-component solids of both metal and metal oxide with homogeneous dispersion in between can be synthesized, since each NP component is individually pre-synthesized with controlled particle size. The high surface area and new properties at the metal/oxide NP interface of such multi-component NPs solids could make them interesting systems for future studies in many fields of advanced nanotechnology, particularly in catalysis, chemical biological sensors, optics and electronics Poster Session P2 SYNTHESIS AND SELF-ASSEMBLY OF UNIFORM RARE EARTH ORTHOVALADATE OR MOLYBDATE NANOCRYSTALS USING A SOLVOTHERMAL APPROACH Thanh-Dinh Nguyen, Driss Mrabet, and Trong-On Do; Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Quebec G1K 7P4 CANADA, Trong-On.Do@gch.ulaval.ca 292 Mixed metal oxide nanocrystals raise the possibility of combining the properties of individual components with new properties that arise from the interactions between size and composition building blocks. Furthermore, assembling mixed oxide nanoparticles into a nanoporous material not only combines the properties of the buiding blocks but also explores the development of new collective properties that may emerge from nanoparticle-nanoparticle interaction as a function of their composition. Among important mixed metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), rare earth-orthovanadate or -molybdate compounds have been much attention, essentially due to their wide range of applications, essentially in catalysis, solar cells etc. Although various techniques have been developed to synthesize this type of materials, it still challenging to synthesize these NPs with controllable size and sharpe. Herein, we report a new approach for the synthesis of uniform rare earth orthovanadate/molybdate nanoparticles with small and uniform particles size, such as CeVO4, YVO4, Ce2(MoO4)3, Y2(MoO4)3 NPs, using a solvothermal method. The synthetic process consists of the preparation of separate clear toluene 281 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) solutions containing cationic RE-oleate complexes and anonic MO4-TOA complexes (where RE = rare earth ions, M = V, Mo, and TOA+= tetraoctylammonium), followed by the mixture of these solutions and solvothermal treatment in the presence of capping agents. Various techniques including XRD, N2 adsorption, TPO, TGA, FTIR, TEM, XPS were used to monitor the physico-chemical properties of these nanoparticles. The results revealed that the prepared mixed metal nanoparticles exhibits small particles sizes with narrow size distributions (4-6 nm). Futhermore nanoporous materials obtained by selfassembly of the mixed metal oxide nanoparticles yield high surface area, uniform nanopore size and high oxygene storage capacity, which are considerable as high potentials in catalysis, for exemple, in three-way catalytic converters to clean up autmotive exhausts. Based on this synthesis approach, a variety of multi-component nanoparticles with controled particle size as well as their self-assembly yielding desired structure can be synthesized. Poster Session P2 CARBON NANOSPHERES: "GREEN" SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND GROWTH KINETICS M. Doorley1, S. R. Mishra1, M. Laradji1, R. Gupta2, and K. Ghosh2 1.The Department of Physics, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 2. Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfiled, MO; srmishra@memphis.edu 293 Carbon is a versatile element because it can form various structures with unique properties and applications. The discovery of new forms of carbon such as fullerenes has fueled the investigation of carbonaceous materials. Increasingly these materials are finding applications in areas such as nanodevices, batteries, drug delivery, etc. Several synthesis techniques have been used to produce spherical pure carbon spheres. These include ball milling, arc discharge, chemical synthesis, and pyrolysis. All these techniques produce bulk CNSs with relatively inert surfaces, which make surface modification almost unavoidable before using them as supports or templates. Furthermore, controlling the size of CNSs has been challenging. Under hydrothermal conditions, at moderate temperatures in the range 160-180 oC and under pressures between 8-10 atm, sugars such as glucose undergo chemical transformations forming homogeneous carbon spheres. These extreme conditions cause glucose molecules to undergo dehydration-induced polymerization and carbonization forming monodispersed CNSs. The as- produced CNSs are porous and naturally hydrophilic with a large presence of surface hydroxyl groups, which can help in direct functionalization of the surface without requiring further modification. This hydrothermal synthesis technique has several advantages such as moderate temperatures, good yields, and most importantly an environmentally benign process; a “green” technique. However, the study of the growth mechanism of carbon nanoparticles synthesized using hydrothermal techniques is somewhat elusive. The main hurdle in understanding this mechanism is that the reaction takes place in a closed inaccessible vessel. Herein, we report in a study of the growth kinetics of amorphous CNSs synthesized using a hydrothermal technique. The growth of CNS was studied by evaluating transmission electron microscope images as a function of hydrothermal reaction time and temperatures. Raman spectra revealed the presence of 282 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) short-ordered graphitic nanostructures in an amorphous carbon matrix. FTIR spectroscopy confirms the carbonization of glucose and shows the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on CNSs. Based on various experimental observations it is proposed that the growth of CNSs is dictated by a reaction-controlled mechanism where long chain glucose-based oligomers bond to the CNS surface. Poster Session P2 HETEROPHASE POLYCONDENSATION OF POLYIMIDES IN IONIC LIQUIDS Hendrik Frank, Ulrich Ziener, Katharina Landfester; Institute of Organic Chemistry III – Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; hendrik.frank@uni-ulm.de 294 Ionic Liquids (ILs) are organic salts with melting points below 100 °C. They are widely used in numerous chemical applications. Due to their almost nondetectable vapour pressure, ionic liquids are suited as solvents. In the last few years, there were a lot of reports about the usage of ILs as solvents in different kinds of polymerisations, i.e. solution polymerisations of butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate. There are also some reports about direct polycondensations in ionic liquids with different types of monomers. These papers mainly describe the polycondensation of carboxylic acids and diamines to produce polyimides. However, in these papers, the polymer is synthesized in solution and precipitated after the polymerisation by the addition of methanol or other solvents. We report the heterophase polycondensation of different tetracarboxylic acids and aromatic diamines in imidazolium-based ionic liquids as continuous phase in order to obtain polyimide nanoparticles. The agents can be emulsified in the IL without the use of any surfactant due to the amphiphilic character of the IL. The reaction medium can then be heated to high temperatures in order to start the reaction. The reaction takes place without the addition of any extra components as LiCl or pyridine. The obtained polyimide was characterized by IR spectroscopy. The molecular weight of the polymers is determined by GPC. TEM and SEM micrographs show homogeneous morphology of nanoparticles. The polymer film formation properties have been analysed by AFM. Poster Session P2 POLYMER CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES DOPED WITH LUMINESCENT COMPLEXES Jessie Desbiens, Carmen M. Tibirna and Anna M. Ritcey, Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; jessie.desbiens.1@ulaval.ca 295 Luminescent europium and erbium complexes, Eu(tta)3phen and Er(tta)3phen were synthesized and doped into polystyrene nanoparticles prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The resulting particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy. Particles with a diameter around 100 nm are typically obtained. It is shown that the lanthanide complexes are incorporated into the polymer host as non-crystalline molecular dispersions at concentrations below 15 weight %. At 283 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) higher doping levels, inhomogeneous materials are obtained with the excess lanthanide complex existing as a second crystalline phase. Fluorescence measurements indicate that the luminescence properties of the complexes are maintained within the polymer matrices. The first generation doped polystyrene particles are not cross-linked and are therefore readily swollen or even dissolved in relatively large number of solvents. The conditions under which the particles can be manipulated without the possible loss of the trapped lanthanide complex are thus quite limited. For this reason, a second generation of particles has been prepared. The general strategy consists of the preparation of coreshell particules by the addition of polydivinylbenzene shell in order to stabilise the doped polystyrene cores. Poster Session P2 ANALYSIS OF MONOMER COMPOSITION IN COPOLYMER MICROGEL PARTICLES Hani Nur*, M.J. Snowden, V.J. Cornelius and L.S. Benée, Medway Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK, ME4 4TB, UK; h.nur@gre.ac.uk 296 Homopolymer [poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [pNIPAM], poly(4-vinylpyridine) and poly(butylacrylate)] and copolymer [poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/4-vinylpyridine) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/butylacrylate)] microgels were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The copolymer microgels were synthesized using percentage composition of 4- vinylpyridine / butylacrylate in the range of 7.5 – 90 % w/w relative to NIPAM in the original reaction mixture. Freeze-dried samples of the microgels were analysed by Raman and NMR spectroscopy. The Raman spectral profiles of the different microgels were compared and contrasted in the 100-3600 cm-1 wavenumber region, and in the range of δ 0-300 ppm (13C) chemical shift region with solid state NMR. The Raman and NMR spectra of both the copolymer microgels were also subjected to statistical analysis (least-square fitting of each monomer to the copolymer spectrum) for the semi-quantitative analysis of the monomer composition of the copolymer microgels. Results has shown that for both the copolymer microgels, differing in monomer composition, Raman spectroscopy can be employed as a quick/easy method to ensure that co-polymerization has occurred and also to determine, semi-quantitatively, the percentage incorporation of the 4- vinylpyridine / butylacrylate monomer. A good correlation exists between the Raman and NMR results, Raman spectroscopy however is much less time consuming (Raman spectral acquisition time is < 10 mins), the measurements are easy to make and very small quantities (less than 1 mg) of the material under investigation are required. This compares with the experimental measurements of 12-16 hours and 100-200 mg of sample that are required for the NMR experiments. Poster Session P2 NOVEL SURFACTANT MICROGEL PARTICLES: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS Hani Nur*, M.J. Snowden, V.J. Cornelius and L.S. Benée, Medway 297 284 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Sciences, School of Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK, ME4 4TB; h.nur@gre.ac.uk Poly(N-isopropylacrylamid) [pNIPAM] copolymerised with surfactant type monomers at a concentration of 10% w/w were prepared by surfactant free emulsion polymerisation. The surfactant co-monomers chosen vary by their organic chain length as this should affect how the particles behave in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. The effect of adding a surfactant type co-monomer was investigated with respect to their physicochemical properties and their dispersibility in different solvents. The dispersibility behaviour of homopolymer [pNIPAM] and copolymer Poly(pNIPAM/acrylic acid) in different solvents was also investigated. These microgel particles have shown useful application in the removal of water from biodiesel prepared from rape seed. The Karl Fischer experiment showed that microgel particles can be used to reduce the water content in biodiesel to an acceptable level. Poster Session P2 MONODISPERSE POLYMER PARTICLES: CHARACTERISATION AND SELF-ASSEMBLY IN SUSPENSION Keith Redford, Helge Kristiansen, Cathrine B. Nilsen and Martin F. Sunding* Conpart as, Lahaugmoveien 1, 2013 Skjetten, Norway. * SINTEF, PO box 124, 0314 Oslo, Norway; keith@conpart.no 298 Micrometer sized polymer particles are used in different applications within microelectronics and micro-system applications. Conpart AS is a Norwegian company specializing in the manufacturing, characterization and application of micrometer sized polymer particles with unique properties for use in electronics and micro-system applications. Some of the unique properties of these particles include an extremely narrow size distribution, a wide variety of possible chemical compositions, highly porous particles or “polymer-matrix” particles filled with different oxides or metals. Also the surface properties are highly uniform both particle to particle and batch to batch which makes it easy to provide different types of surface coatings, including metal plating. Consequently it possible to manufacture particles with a large range of different mechanical, electrical, optical and other properties. Two of the most demanding applications where such particles are used are as spacers for flat panel displays as conductive particles in for anisotropic conductive film (ACF) in the metal plated form. Some of the most critical properties for the particles in both of these applications are the particle size and size distribution and mechanical properties. This poster will present the challenges in defining particle size and size distribution and will the particle’s ability to self assemble in 2 and 3 dimensions. The first main section will deal with characterization of particle size, size distribution and “off-size” particles. With “off-size particles” we mean particles that have a particle diameter which is more than 10 % off the diameter of the main population. Different characterization techniques have been used, including optical techniques, scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction and electric zone sensing (Coulter principle). The strength and weaknesses of the different techniques with respect to characterization of the polymer particles will be discussed. The particle can easily be assembled in two or three dimensional “crystal like” structures this 285 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) means that optical microscopy can be used to measure chains of particles. This means that, despite the inherent limitations caused by the wavelength of light, optical measurements can give reliable size data. The fact that the particles are made of a polymer material also means that the particles environment will influence on the actual measured particle size. The change in size observed from SEM with a high vacuum where the particles are fully dried out, to optical measurements with the particles in water can change the measured diameter by more than 5 %. A Flow Particle Image Analyzer is shown to be a powerful instrument to identify individual large particles but is limited in determination of size distribution. Coulter technique is very powerful in measuring the size of individual particles but is confused by pairs of particle passing through the measurement zone together. Light scattering techniques give a global picture but can not identify individual off size particles. In conclusion a combination of techniques is needed to describe accurately size and size distribution. No one technique alone can be used to define a sample of particles. Poster Session P2 FORMATION MECHANISMS AND PROCESSING CONDITIONS FOR ENGINEERED SPIDER SILK MICROSPHERES Andreas Lammel*, Ute Slottaº and Thomas Scheibelº; [*] International Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Technische Universität München, 80333 München; [º] Chair of Biomaterials, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth; thomas.scheibel@fiberlab.de; andreas.lammel@fiberlab.de 299 Spider silk is a material consisting of very large proteins (> 200 kDa) with unique structural stability, mechanical toughness and elasticity. Along with their biocompatibility and biodegradability, silk materials have a high potential for biomedical applications. Especially in the area of new innovative and effective drug delivery systems spider silk proteins are very well suited because of their possible functionalization and coupling of active agents. Here, we report on the influence of physicochemical factors on structure formation of recombinantly produced engineered spider silk protein eADF4(C16) (MW 47.4 kDa), mimicking the known sequence of the dragline compound ADF4 from the spider Araneus diadematus. In order to unravel the mechanistic details of protein folding and assembly we investigated effects of ions, pH, protein concentration and polypeptide chain length on the assembly behavior. To elucidate, whether the examined chemical parameters influenced aggregate morphology of eADF4(C16), we investigated the aggregates microscopically using AFM, TEM and SEM. Strikingly, we were able to detect two independent assembly forms of eADF4(C16): Nanofibrils with diameters between 2 and 10 nm and microspheres with diameters of approximately 1 µm. Above 400 mM potassium phosphate (pH 8.0) solely microspheres could be detected. To find out if microspheres size can be adjusted we analyzed the influence of mixing on microsphere formation and employed several different methods for mixing eADF4(C16) with potassium phosphate including dialysis, simple mixing with pipette and micromixing within a T-mixing element. Upon mixing, the samples were analyzed with laser diffraction spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Strikingly, different sphere characteristics with respect to sphere sizes, size distributions and formation of sphere clusters could be detected depending on the method of preparation. 286 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Controlled mixing within a micromixing device led to a smaller size distribution compared to mixing with pipette or salting out by dialysis. Furthermore with increased mixing intensity microsphere diameters decreased up to a minimal size of 250 nm. We conclude that for the production of spider silk microspheres by salting out a high concentration of potassium phosphate is required to obtain stable inert spheres. Spherical growth stops, when the protein concentration is below the equilibrium of solubility leading to the fact that the sphere diameter does not increase anymore. Generally, with increasing protein concentration sphere size is increased. The sphere size can be further adjusted by controlled micromixing inside a T-mixing element of eADF4(C16) with 1M potassium phosphate (pH 8). Poster Session P2 Luminescent Poly(Styrene) Nanoparticles Prepared by Fe3+ Catalyzed Oxidative Polymerization in Aqueous Medium Sun Jong Lee, Jung Min Lee, Dea Hyun Cho and Jung Hyun Kim, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchondong, Sudaemoon-ku, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea ; jayhkim@yonsei.ac.kr; sunnylee79@yonsei.ac.kr 300 Styrene monomers can be polymerized by Fe3+-catalyzed oxidative polymerization inside nano-sized styrene monomer droplets, i.e., nano-reactors, dispersed in aqueous medium, which can be performed under acidic solution conditions with anionic surfactant. Besides, we proposed a synthetic mechanism for the formation of the luminescent poly(styrene) nanoparticles using Fe3+-catalyzed oxidative polymerization in aqueous medium. This facile method includes a FeCl3/H2O2 (catalyst/oxidant) combination system, which guarantees a high conversion (ca. 99%) of styrene monomers with only a trace of FeCl3. The average particle size was ca. 50 nm, within a wide particle size distribution (PDI = 2.09), which resulted in a good dispersion state of the poly(styrene) nanoparticles in water. The prepared luminescent poly(styrene) nanoparticles were soluble in various organic solvents. This indicates the resulting particles had better processability for practical applications. These poly(styrene) particles showed various unique properties, i.e., low molecular weight, photoluminescence properties, which were much different from the existing poly(styrene) polymer prepared by conventional emulsion polymerization. The UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum were measured to investigate the light emitting properties of the prepared poly(styrene) nanoparticle emulsions. According to non-normalized PL analysis, the reduced total PL intensity of the polystyrene nanoparticle emulsions can be rationalized by self-absorption in a wavelength range less than 600 nm. Thus, these luminescent poly(styrene) particles may have potential practical applications in various electrical and electro-optical devices, especially in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). Poster Session P2 A FACILE ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALLINE YTTRIA NANOSPHEROIDS 301 287 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) R.V Mangalaraja, S. Ananthakumar b, J. Mouzonc, Marta Lópeza, Carlos P. Camurria, M.Odénc; Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile; bNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Trivandrum- 695 019, Kerala, India; c Division of Engineering Materials, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden; mangal@udec.cl Single phase, crystalline yttria nanospheroids have been synthesized through modified nitrate-fuel combustion method in which ammonium sulphate is employed as shape forming agent. Yttria nanospheroids with an average size below 50nm are achieved when the as-prepared powder is calcined at 1100°C in oxygen atmosphere. The nanospheroids are highly crystalline and cubic in nature. The effect of sulphate addition on the morphological features, crystallinity, surface area and particle size are analyzed. Poster Session P2 NANO-GRAINED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS THROUGH EXTRUSION OF PARTICULATE GELS Mangalaraja R.V., Sivaraman. Ra, Ananthakumar. Sb; Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; a National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India; bNational Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Trivandrum- 695 019, Kerala, India; mangal@udec.cl 302 Nano-grained dense ceramics is a subject of research due to high hardness, compressive strength and optical transparency. Use of nano size starting particles is usually recommended for achieving nano-grained sintered ceramics. However, nano powder compaction, sintering of nano powder compacts with out grain-growth using conventional sintering techniques are few obstacles realized in making such nanoceramics. Colloidal processing has been successfully identified for developing dense ceramics at low densification temperatures. In this work nano grained zirconia ceramics through extrusion technology is attempted using the nano particulate mixed oxide gels in the starting. Nano particulate alumina and zirconia gels have been prepared through solgel technique and zirconium oxy hydroxide precipitate was dispersed and homogenized mechanically using high-shear mixer. Upon controlling the surface potential by adjusting the pH, mixed oxide- nano-particulate gel mass was obtained. It was further subjected to single screw extrusion for making zirconia ceramic rods and tubes. The extruded shapes were sintered at 1350, 1450 and 1550°C/ 2h. The microstructure, mechanical strength, wear resistance and Vickers’s micro hardness were studied and the results are discussed. The gel bonded zirconia attained >99% theoretical sintered density at 1350°C. The SEM analysis confirmed that the sintered zirconia has an average grain size of 700 nm. Such nano-grained zirconia exhibit micro hardness as high as 20 GPa at 4.5 N. The wear resistance behaviour of dense nano-grained zirconia ceramics at various loads and durations of travel were evaluated using pin-on-disc technique. Gel assisted extrusion appears to be promising for making nano-grained hard ceramics which is other wise possible only by expensive methods such as spark plasma sintering and laser-plasma 288 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) assisted densification. Poster Session P2 MINIEMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE AND GAMMA METHACRYLOXY PROPYL TRIMETHOXYSILANE Z. H. Cao1,2,3, G. R. Shan2, G. Fevotte3, N. Othman3, E.Bourgeat -Lami1 1 C2P2/LCPP- UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE Lyon/UCBL – 43, Bd. du 11 Nov. 1918 - 69616 Villeurbanne, France. 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymerization Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. 3LAGEP, UMR 5007 CNRS/UCBL, 43 bd 11 Nov. 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; bourgeat@lcpp.cpe.fr 303 In recent years, much effort has been done to synthesize organic-inorganic hybrid colloids for applications in coating, adhesive, catalysis, drug delivery, etc. Among these new materials, latexes incorporating reactive alkoxysilyl moieties capable of undergoing cross-linking during film formation have drawn increasing interest. Indeed, the presence of a post application crosslinking mechanism in waterborne coatings offers major advantages with regard to the quality and the ultimate properties of the dried film. However, previous works have shown that avoiding premature hydrolysis and crosslinking is challenging due to the high reactivity of the alkoxysilyl groups in the presence of water. In this respect, miniemulsion polymerization has received great attention due to the fact that each nanodroplet can be regarded as a batch reactor into which polymerization takes place. Because there is little mass exchange between the droplets, alkoxysilane monomers are protected from the aqueous phase which makes the control of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions feasible. In this work, the kinetics of the miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and γ-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (MPS) was investigated by studying the effects of the MPS/St weight ratio, the nature and amount of initiator, the suspension pH and the surfactant concentration on the overall and individual monomer conversions. It was found that the introduction of MPS accelerates the free radical copolymerization reaction due to its higher propagation rate constant and higher water solubility, compared to styrene. On the other hand, MPS decreases the copolymerization rate mainly during the second half of the reaction. This is presumed to be due to the formation of alkoxysilane-rich copolymers on the particles surface providing a barrier to radical’s entry. The rate of hydrolysis is pH-dependent and for a given pH, the influence of the surfactant concentration on the hydrolysis rate suggests that the interface between the latex particles and water is the main locus of hydrolysis. 29Si solid state NMR analysis showed that the hydrolyzed alkoxysilyl moieties did not condense under neutral conditions even for high MPS/St feed ratios. Premature cross-linking could be also minimized under basic conditions but could not be avoided in acidic media. Poster Session P2 POLYMERIZATION OF 3,4 –ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE IN MINIEMULSION WITH FENTON´S REAGENT Marcel Ruppert, Ulrich Ziener and Katharina Landfester, Institute of 304 289 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Organic Chemistry III, Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany; marcel.ruppert@uni-ulm.de Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) as a highly attractive material for organic electronics applications is an insoluble polymer, and therefore mostly used as aqueous dispersion containing poly-(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) as surfactant and PEDOT particles with a high percentage of the surfactant. The disadvantage of considerable amounts of surfactant is a decrease in conductivity with increasing content of surfactant. Here, we present the polymerization of EDOT with Fenton´s reagent via the miniemulsion technique delivering an aqueous dispersion with a high solid content in combination with a low percentage of surfactant. The properties of the dispersion and resulting film after spin – coating have been analyzed by several techniques, e.g. DLS, TEM, AFM, etc. Poster Session P2 EASY AND FAST ZERO-VALENT COPPER AND IRON NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS Maiby Valle-Orta1, David Díaz1*, Patricia Santiago-Jacinto2 and Edilso Reguera Ruiz3, 1Facultad de Química; 2Instituto de Física de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510; 3 CICATA U-Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Colonia Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11500, México D. F., México; david@servidor.unam.mx; maiby15@gmail.com 305 In the present work we prepared small copper particles of mean size smaller than 12 nm by two methods. The first method consists in reducing CuSO4•5H2O to metallic Cu with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) using triethylamine (TEA) as capping agent and dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The other method uses ethylene glycol as dispersing medium where Cu(II) and Cu(I) ions are reduced by an intermediate species (Na+B-(OCH2CH2OH)4) that is formed via the interaction of ethylene glycol with NaBH4. The formed boron alcoxyde species gives an additional reducing capacity to the solution, and also acts as a second surface modifier. These particles were characterized by X-RD, FT-IR, Raman, Z-Contrast and HR-TEM. Also, it the electric potential on the surfaces of the suspended nanoparticles in both solvents were determined. Both reducing reactions take place in few minutes, at room temperature. The second synthesis method, was also employed for the zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI-NPs) preparation. These particles were characterized by surface electric potential measurements, X-RD, Raman, Mössbauer, EELS spectroscopies and HR-TEM. From the Mössbauer spectrum it is possible to distinguish two ZVI-NPs populations. The smaller NPs are superparamagnetic and they have an average diameter of ca. 5 nm. The other NPs are larger than 10 nm and exhibit ferromagnetic behavior. Confinement effects will be discussed. Poster Session P2 SIMULTANEOUS SYNTHESIS AND COATING OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOPARTICLES WITH L-LEUCINE IN THE GAS PHASE 306 290 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Anna Lähde, Janne Raula and Esko I. Kauppinen, Nanomaterials Group, Laboratory of Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02150 Espoo, Finland; esko.kauppinen@tkk.fi; anna.lahde@tkk.fi Salbutamol sulphate and lactose nanoparticles have been prepared and coated with Lleucine in the gas phase using an aerosol flow reactor. The formation of the coated particles was dependent on the operation temperatures and three different formation mechanisms were observed. Below the temperature of L-leucine sublimation, formation of the L-leucine layer on the core particle surface takes place via diffusion of L-leucine molecules on the droplet surfaces during droplet drying. At intermediate temperatures, the extent of sublimation of L-leucine depended notably on its concentration in the heated zone of the reactor, and thus partial evaporation took place. At high reactor temperatures complete sublimation of L-leucine was obtained and the L-leucine coating was solely formed via vapour deposition on the core particle surface. The geometric mean diameter of the core salbutamol particles was approximately 65 nm and of the lactose particles 120 nm. In general, particle size increased with the addition of L-leucine. The size distribution remained the same or broadened when the coating layer of the particles was formed via surface diffusion whereas notable narrowing of the distribution was observed when the coating was formed via vapour deposition. Upon desublimation and heterogeneous nucleation on the surfaces of smooth, spherical core particles, L-leucine formed a discontinuous coating with leafy crystals a few nanometers in size. The production of nanoparticles that are stable and do not fuse together, i.e. form large aggregates, is a challenge. However, the coated nanoparticles produced with the aerosol flow reactor did not sinter during the storage that was due the stabilizing effect of Lleucine coating. Poster Session P2 FOUR CRYSTAL NUCLEATION MODELS: AN EVALUATION FOR PRACTIVAL APPLICATIONS. Ingo H. Leubner, Crystallization Consulting, 35 Hillcrest Drive, Penfield, NY 14526-2411, USA, ileubner@crystallizationconsulting.com 307 Four models have been proposed to relate the numbers of crystals formed to experimental parameters. To control the crystal size of the product it is desirable to have a theory based on fundamental science that allows simple modeling and accurate predictions. Of these, the classical model is the best known, which focusses on nucleation rate. The primitive, Klein-Moisar, and Balanced-Nucleation and Growth (BNG) models focus on the total number of crystals formed and on crystal size. In the research lab, product development, and manufacturing, the control of crystal size and yield must be related to practical control parameters. These are temperature, crystal solubility, and reactant addition rate. Two other control factors are added active materials that decrease or increase the crystal size for otherwise fixed reaction conditions. For continuous crystallization, the residence time must be added as a control parameter. Which presumed control parameters can be ignored? The four nucleation models will be presented and compared for application in research, product development, and manufacturing. 291 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 SILICON DOTS AND THEIR CYTO-TOXICITY Kouki Fujioka1, M. Hiruoka2, N. Manabe1, A. Hoshino1, K. Sato3, K. Hirakuri2, and K. Yamamoto*1; backen ri.imcj.go.jp; kfujioka@ri.imcj.go.jp; 1International Clinical Research Center, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan; 2Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Japan; 3National Institute for Materials Science, Japan 308 Quantum dots (QDs) have brighter and longer fluorescence than organic dyes. Therefore, QDs have applied to biological experiments, and have capability to be applied to clinical technology. Currently, among the several types of QDs, CdSe with a ZnS shell is one of the most popular QDs to be used in biological experiments. However, when the CdSeQDs are applied to clinical technology, the potential of toxicological problems should be considered. To overcome the problem, silicon nanocrystals could be one of candidates of alternate probes. Silicon nanocrystals have been synthesized using several techniques such as aerosol, colloids, chemical etching, laser pyrolysis, and plasma deposition. Recently, novel silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si) were reported to be synthesized with the combination methods, radio frequency sputtering method and hydrofluoric-etching method, by Shinoda et.al. In order to assess the biocompatibility of the nc-Si, we performed two different assays, cell viability/proliferation assay using the MTT (3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and cell membrane damage assay using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. At the 1120 μg/mL of nc-Si (the maximum concentration in the experiment), we could detected the decrease of mitochondrial activity and the cell membrane damage significantly. We could detect the nc-Si in 5.6 μg/mL, which was 200 times smaller than the significant toxicological concentration. We concluded that attention should be given when nc-Si are applied to living organisms in high concentration. This work is supported by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan and the Japan Association for the Advancement of Medical Equipment. Poster Session P2 PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF LIPOSOMES CONTAINING CLOVE OIL Pilaslak Akarachalanon 1,Malee Bunjob1 Uthai Sothanapund 2, Malai Satiraphan 3 Somlak Kongmuang4; 1Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand, 11000; 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Silpakorn University, Nakornpathom, Thailand, 73000; pilaslak@dmsc.moph.go.th 309 This research particularly focuses on preparation of liposomes which can efficiently maintain stability and quality of clove oil. The research method used in this study can be divided into five main steps. First, phosphatidylcholine(PC) was purified by using 292 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) techniques called column chromatrography and thin layer chromatrography. Each source of PC was chemically evaluated following to Bartlett’s assay and densitometry. Second, liposomes from three different sources of PC (i.e., purified PC from commercial PC(PPC), commercial PC(CPC) and commercial high-purified PC(HPC)) were prepared by using two different methods: thin film method and reverse evaporation. Four different molar ratios of PC to cholesterol: 1:0, 9:1, 7:3 and 1:1 were investigated. Third, size and size distribution control analyzed by extruding liposomes obtained from the two techniques through syringe extruders. Fourth, a physical study of liposome containing clove oil was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a chemical study of eugenol was performed using gas chromatography (GC) and a stability study was performed at a temperature of 4 degree Celsius for 3 months. Finally, release of clove oil from liposome was studied using in vitro release apparatus. The research results showed that PPC, CPC and HPC contained 63.01%, 34.60% and 63.98% of PC respectively (the amounts were calculated by weight using inorganic phosphorus). The densitometer data of three types of PC were shown to be in the same pattern as those of Bartlett’s assay. Thin film method and 1:1 molar ratio of PC to cholesterol showed multilamellar structure in the liposome from every source with size of 204.32±259.82, 246.99±125.16 and 243.45±165.76 nm. PPC, CPC and HPC respectively. The multilamellar structure of liposome analyzed by using TEM showed that liposome from PPC and CPC were similar to that from HPC while liposome prepared by CPC showed incomplete multilamellar structure and high polydispersion index (PI) with size of 200.76±0.58, 200.23±0.19 and 200.35±0.43 nm with extruded PPC, extruded CPC and extruded HPC respectively. The results showed that liposome extruded through a syringe extruder had low PI since size of liposome was controlled by membrane. Moreover, liposome prepared from PPC was tended to contain more clove oil than those from commercial one (24.45% and 23.81% respectively, the amounts were calculated by weight using eugenol). In addition, results of the chemical study showed that the amount of eugenol contained in the liposome from PPC was nearly equivalent to that contained in the HPC. After storage, in every condition for 3 month the morphology of liposome from each type of PC did not change significantly. Liposome prepared by HPC or PPC could maintain eugenol after stability evaluation with sustained release pattern within 48 hours was released 64.99% of eugenol. Thus, PPC could be a good source for liposome as comparing to HPC in term of quality of containing substance and stability. Poster Session P2 IMAGING TRANSPARENT VITREOUS OF THE EYE USING NANO PARTICLES 1,2 Noriyoshi Manabe, 3Satoru Yamamoto, 1Kouki Fujioka, 1Akiyoshi Hoshino, 1Kenji Yamamoto, 1Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 2Japan Association for the Advancement of Medical Equipment, 3 Yokohama Sakae Kyousai Hospital Department of Ophthalmology; 1 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN; backen@ri.imcj.go.jp; nmanabe@nih.go.jp 310 Today many eye-diseases are known to be connected with pathologic and/or physiological changes of the vitreous. Liquefaction of vitreous by aging may participate in retinal tear which may lead to retinal detachment and then to no light perception. Some 293 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) macular edema may be related to vitreous traction to macula. Epiretinal membrane is thought to be connected with posterior vitreous after liquefaction. But there is no adequate method to observe transparent vitreous at daily clinical situations. And in case of vitrectomy (a operation to cut and eliminate the vitreous), it is difficult and dangerous to perform the operation to transparent vitreous. Several organic dyes including fluorescein and indocyanine green have been used as imaging agents for retinal and choroidal vessels, but they have difficulties for diagnosis for vitreous cavity. A turbid corticosteroid, triamcinolone acetonide (TA), is also used as an imaging reagent on a special case; that is for improvement of Diabetic Macular Edema or for vitrectomy. But some side effects of TA (elevation of Intraoculara pressure, acceleration of cataract, and endophthalmitis) have been reported. Therefore it is required to develop a new vitreous visualizing method for ophthalmologists to observe the pathogenesis of vitreous. So we applied some of nano particles (aqueous colloidal quantum dots (ACQDs) or polystyrene dots) to a new method to visualize vitreous. To visualize the transparent vitreous, we use nano particles. 0.1 ~ 0.15 ml of nano particles are injected into the vitreous cavity of an enucleated porcine eye with a 27 gauge needle by way of pars plana of the ciliary body. (Aging porcine eyes and young porcine eyes were used.) Afterwards observation of vitreous with a slit lump microscopy was made. And moreover, a standard 3-port pars plana vitrectomy of the eye was performed on a porcine eye mounted in a human head model using a 20-gauge vitreous cutter and a hand-held light pipe. Just after injection of nano particles, they dispersed into the vitreous cavity. Fluorescence emitted from the nano particles reflected the structures of vitreous and it was observed with a slit lump microscopy without any difficulty. Consequently details of the status of vitreous were detected easily because ACQDs can be excited by a white lump which is commonly used as a light source. A weiss ring, a subtle aging vitreous change, was observed easily in front of the optic disc. And in case of vitrectomy, transparent vitreous stained red with ACQDs made it easy to cut and aspirate the target lesion completely. The translucent red fluorescence from ACQDs enabled us to confirm the location of other structures such as the retina, blood vessels of retina, and ciliary body, and that resulted in reducing the risk to injure other eye structures. These results suggested that a new method for visualization of vitreous with nano particles is developed, and it will raise the cure rate of eye-diseases. Poster Session P2 ONE-STEP, NANOPARTICLE-MEDIATED BACTERIAL DETECTION WITH MAGNETIC RELAXATION Charalambos Kaittanis 1, 2, Saleh A. Naser 2, and J. Manuel Perez 1, 2, 3; 1 Nanoscience Technology Center, 2 Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, and 3Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA; ckaittan@mail.ucf.edu. 311 Bacterial infections and intoxications still cause pathogenesis and morbidity across the world. Acknowledging the associated societal impact and economic ramifications caused by bacterial pathogenesis, we developed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that can rapidly and reliably detect a bacterial target in complex biological media at low target concentrations. In our studies, we used Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis 294 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) (MAP) as our model microorganism. This bacterium (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease in cattle, and has been associated with Crohn’s disease in humans. Using our developed nanosensors, we were able to quantify MAP in milk and blood using magnetic relaxation, within less than 45 minutes, due to the formation of nanoassemblies between the bacteria and the nanoparticles. The MAP-induced nanoassmembly formation was specific and not susceptible to interference caused by other bacteria. Lastly, various samples and clinical samples were tested for MAP and the results were confirmed using gold-standard methodology, though our nanoparticle-based method provided results faster without the need of sample purification and amplification. Poster Session P2 IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY LASER PYROLISIS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Virginia Bouzas and M. A. Garcia, Department Material Physics, University Complutense at Madrid; vbouzas@adif.es; R. Costo, M. P. Morales ands S. Veintemillas-Verdaguer. Institute of Materials Science, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 312 Small magnetic particles have attracted considerable attention owing to their technological and scientific importance. Iron oxide nanoparticles are one of the most suitable tools in biomedical applications because of their utilities as drug delivering, labelling bioelements and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. To fulfil all these objectives it is necessary to tailor precisely their magnetic properties. As the features of the nanoparticles are strongly depending on their structure, size and shape, it is needed production methods which allow controlling the structural parameters and therefore, the magnetic ones. Among the different methods that can provide this kind of nanoparticles, laser pyrolysis has the advantage to produce homogeneous and uniform material in quantities fairly larger than other chemical methods, which requires a much longer time to produce few milligrams and, results more expensive, too. Furthermore, this technique produces highly pure particles, a key condition for their use in biomedicine in order to avoid secondary effects. Here, we report on the preparation and magnetic characterization of Fe oxide nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis and the relationship between the preparation conditions and the magnetic response. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by pyrolysis laser using a continuous CO2 laser with Fe(Co)5, as precursor, and a mixture of C2H4-Air, as flux carriers. With this conditions, Fe oxide nanoparticles with size below 6 nm were obtained. Magnetization curves were measured at 10 K and Room Temperature (i.e., above and below the blocking temperature) and the thermal dependence of the magnetization was registered for a 1000 Oe field. All the samples presented superparamagnetic behaviour at 300 K. Results show that the magnetic properties are mainly related to the degree of crystallinity of the samples and less sensitive to the particle size. It is concluded that the size and the main structural and magnetic characteristics of the nanoparticles (coercive force, saturation magnetization, anisotropy and blocking temperature) can be tuned in a wide range of values through the synthesis conditions. Specially, the carrier flux is the most determining parameter. 295 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 BIONANOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMOLECULES ON SURFACES STUDIED BY DUAL POLARISATION INTERFOROMERY Mark Gostock, Farfield Scientific Inc. Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; mgostock@farfield-scientific.com 313 Dual Polarisation Interferometry (DPI) is an analytical technique used to understand the real-time structure and behaviour of a wide range of thin films and nanosurfaces through quantitative measurement. DPI has been successful across a plethora of surface science applications, including polymers, surfactants, fine chemicals and biomolecules. As an interferometric technique, DPI has a wide dynamic range so can accommodate a broad spectrum of solvents, such as DMSO and ethanol, and buffers and buffer additives. This means that the DPI user can carry out experiments in the conditions of choice rather than those dictated by the limitations of other techniques. The unique, absolute measurements provided by DPI enables the researcher to question and understand thin films and nanosurfaces and their interactions to an extent not previously available in a laboratorybased technique. This presentation introduces the biophysical and surface analysis technique and discusses particular research areas as; nano-scale surface assembly, polymer-surfactant interactions, quantification of protein interactions with liposome and bilayer structures, biocompatibility studies, quantum dot and nanoparticle characterisation and bionanotechnology; areas in which DPI has found particular success. Poster Session P2 A ONE-STEP HOMOGENEOUS IMMUNOASSAY FOR CANCER BIOMARKER DETECTION USING GOLD NANOPARTICLE PROBES COUPLED WITH DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING Xiong Liu, Qiu Dai, Lauren Austin, Janelle Coutts, and Qun Huo* ; NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826; xiongliu@mail.ucf.edu, qhuo@mail.ucf.edu 314 Immunoassay development for cancer biomarker detection is important for prognosis of cancer detection. Herein we report a novel method with reduced steps, easy-to-perform, and higher sensitivity over bioanalytical ELISA methods for detection of free-prostate specific antigen (f-PSA). Gold nanoparticle probes with primary antibodies conjugated on surface were used as detecting probes, followed by detection of aggregation degree with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. In the presence of antigen f-PSA in solution, the nanoparticles and nanorods aggregate together into pairs and oligomers through the formation of a sandwich type antibody-antigen-antibody linkage. The relative ratio of nanoparticle-nanorod pairs and oligomers versus individual nanoparticles was quantitatively monitored by DLS measurement. A correlation can be established between this relative ratio and the amount of antigen in solution. The light scattering intensity of nanoparticles and nanoparticle oligomers is several orders of magnitude higher than 296 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) proteins and other typical molecules, making it possible to detect nanoparticle probes in the low picomolar concentration range. f-PSA in the concentration range from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL was detected by this one-step and washing-free homogeneous immunoassay. Poster Session P2 MORPHOLOGICAL GRADIENTS FOR CELL BIOLOGY Christian Zink, Sara Morgenthaler and Nicholas D. Spencer, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, czink@mat.ethz.ch 315 Surface roughness plays an important role in contact-related phenomena, such as tribology or adhesion. Also, roughness plays a crucial role in the biological response to a surface, i.e. cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation and differentiation. Two methods were developed in our lab to create morphological gradients on a micrometer and on a nanometer scale. Micro-featured gradients can be produced by using a two-step process : First the aluminium substrates are sandblasted, followed by gradually polishing the rough surface with a chemical polishing solution. Cell experiments with these gradients showed that with increasing roughness rat calvarial osteoblast (RCO) have a significantly higher proliferation rate. Nano-featured gradients can be fabricated by kinetically controlled adsorption of negatively charged silica nanoparticles onto a positively charged, polyethylene imine (PEI) coated silicon wafer. A subsequent sintering process results in a firm attachment of the particles and the removal of the PEI. RCO cell experiments on these gradients showed a significant decrease in proliferation with increasing particle density on the surface. A combination of these two methods shall be used to create two dimensional roughness gradients, varying in feature size along the two axes in order to investigate the cellular response. Poster Session P2 SELECTED CELL PATTERNING USING COLLOIDAL LITHOGRAPHY Jau-Ye Shiu, Chiung Wen Kuo and Peilin Chen, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; peilin@gate.sinica.edu.tw, kuo55@gate.sinica.edu.tw 316 The understandings of the cell-substrate interactions are important in many aspects including biocompatibility, cell culture, cell spreading and tissue engineering. It is recognized that the adhesion of cells on materials depends on surface characteristics such as hydrophobicity, surface charge, surface chemistry and roughness. In this paper, we will discuss the cell adhesion on the nanostructured surfaces. Using a combination of nanosphere lithography and nanoimprint lithography, we were able to create pillar like nanostructures on various polymer surfaces, such as Teflon and polystyrene, without changing the surface chemistry of these polymers. In our approach, the nanosphere lithography was used to create close-packed well-ordered patterns. The size of the polymeric colloidal nanoparticles was trimmed by oxygen plasma treatment and followed by metal deposition. After the lift-off and deep etching process, nanohole arrays with desired depth could be obtained, which were then used the stamp in the nanoimprint process. By controlling the oxygen plasma etching time, the separation distance and the 297 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) diameter of the holes could be adjusted, which in turn produced various types of polymeric nanopillars with surface water contact angle ranging from 120 degree to 160 degree. When these nanostructured surfaces were used to culture HeLa and 3T3 cells. It was found that both cells did not adhere on the flat area. However, the adhesion of 3T3 cell on the area with nanopillars increased with their surface water contact angle. Such nanostructured materials could be used as new materials for tissue engineering. Poster Session P2 TAILORING THE PHARMACOKINETIC BEHAVIOUR OF POLY-LLYSINE DENDRIMERS FOR THEIR USE AS CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY VEHICLES Ben J. Boyd1, Lisa Kaminskas1, Brian Kelly2, Christopher J. H. Porter1; 1 Monash Institute Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia; 2Starpharma Pty. Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; ben.boyd@vcp.monash.edu.au 317 Dendrimers are large polymeric scaffolds constructed from multivalent monomeric units, for which the size, geometry, surface charge, and surface chemistry can all be varied. They display both particle-like and macromolecule-like behaviours, and are increasingly of interest as drug delivery systems, although very little is currently known about their pharmacokinetic and biodistribution behaviour. We have been investigating the potential of PEGylated poly-L-lysine (PLL) dendrimers for drug delivery to tumors via the enhanced permeation and retention effect. In the first phase of these studies, we have determined the pharmacokinetic parameters for these dendrimers with varying PEG molecular weight and dendrimer size in rats. The plasma half-life of the fully PEGylated dendrimers has been shown to vary widely with structure, and is primarily dependent on renal excretion; for example a fully PEGylated 68 kDa dendrimer displayed a plasma half life of approximately 75 hours, compared to < 1 hr for a 6 kDa fully PEGylated dendrimer. Interestingly the shape of the dendrimer (symmetric vs asymmetric) also had an influence the pharmacokinetic behaviour. Substituting a proportion of the PEG groups with methotrexate (MTX), a model anticancer drug, resulted in a shorter half-life compared to the fully PEGylated equivalent dendrimers, however half lives of up to 2 days were still achieved (with a 48 kDa, 50% MTX, 50% PEG dendrimer). Finally, the fate of the dendrimer core after drug liberation is also important from a toxicological and regulatory perspective. We have previously shown that uncapped (100% free surface amine) PLL dendrimers are rapidly metabolised in vivo to free lysine. Dendrimers with 50% PEG coverage, but with 50% free surface amines, were cleared from plasma more rapidly than equivalent fully PEGylated dendrimers. Using size exclusion chromatography, we have shown that the 50% uncapped dendrimers are also metabolised to free lysine in vivo. Interestingly, we have further evidence that small 50%PEG 50% MTX dendrimers are also metabolised but that increasing dendrimer size inhibits the action of proteases in metabolising the dendrimer constructs. In summary, our experimental program has yielded important insights into the behaviour of these systems in vivo and will inform our rational choice of structures for progress into tumor deposition and efficacy studies. 298 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Poster Session P2 POLYION COMPLEX MICELLES FOR EX VIVO DENDRITIC CELL THERAPY: FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Ariane Boudiera, Corine Gérardina, Anne Aubert-Pouëssela, Pascale LouisPlenceb, Christian Jorgensenb, Jean-Marie Devoissellea, Sylvie Bégua, aInstitut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS UM2 ENSCM UM1, b Inserm U 844, Montpellier, France; ariane.boudier@enscm.fr, corine.gerardin@enscm.fr 318 Dendritic cells are professional antigen presentating cells. They are able to initiate and to control antigen-specific immune responses, making them attractive for new therapeutic approaches of tumorous or autoimmune pathologies. The application of vectors in dendritic cell therapy implies the use of biocompatible pH-sensitive nanoparticles able to adapt to the cell physiology. The aim of our study is then to evaluate the use of pHsensitive double-hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC) micelles as drug vectors for ex vivo dendritic cell therapy. Polyion complex micelles, constituted of a polymethacrylic acid-b-polyethylene oxide DHBC and a poly-L-lysine homopolymer, were prepared by mixing the two polymer aqueous solutions at a charge ratio (lysine/acrylate) of 1. The micelles are characterized by dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic measurements, their behavior is studied as a function of environmental parameters such as the pH and the ionic strength. Circular dichroism and fluorescence techniques (pyrene incorporation) were also used to investigate the core organisation. Finally, the endocytosis of micelles (formulated with FITC labelled poly-L-lysine) by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The results are the following: micelles have a hydrodynamic diameter of about 30 nm with a narrow size distribution and a zeta potential close to zero. The circular dichroism analysis shows that micelle formation is accompanied by a major change of poly-L-lysine conformation, from a random coil to an alpha helix. This is concomitent with changes in pyrene spectra, which reveal the presence of hydrophobic zones. A plateau of stability is also observed in a pH domain between the pKs of the polyacid and polybase; this implies that micellar structures are stable at physiological pH and disassemble in acidic conditions. Moreover, the colloids are not affected by an increase of the ionic strength, showing their stability in physiological conditions. Lastly, an intracellular distribution of the micelles in dendritic cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the present pH-sensitive micelles, exhibiting a peculiar core nanostructure and a good stability in physiological conditions, are potential candidates for a use as drug vectors in ex vivo dendritic cell therapy. Poster Session P2 NOVEL STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MICROGEL SYSTEMS WITH AMPHOTERIC BEHAVIOUR FOR ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION Andrij Pich, Hans-Juergen P. Adler and Susann Schachschal, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany; susann.schachschal@chemie.tu-dresden.de 319 299 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Microgels that recognize and respond to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, ionic strength as well as electric field are of great note. These materials are suitable protein carriers and are also used in biosensors, tissue engineering, actuators and basic biological research. pH-responsive microgels containing positive and negative charges within their structure are called polyampholytes. Much attention has been paid to the synthesis of colloidal polyampholytes due to their interesting solution properties and consequently their multitude of potential applications. The aim of this work is the development of a novel carrier system which allows the innovative immobilization of enzymes. The synthesized microgel systems should exhibit a sufficient porosity for mass transport as well as a large reactive surface. The latter can be achieved by incorporation of reactive anchor groups in the microgel structure and by controlling the particle size. Furthermore temperature- and pH-sensitive properties of such microgel systems are of vital importance to protect the immobilized enzymes. The synthesis of polyampholyte microgels, which are based on the thermo-sensitive monomer N-Vinylcaprolactam (VCL), occurred via a two-step-process. Initially the synthesis of microgel is carried out by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of N-Vinylcaprolactam and the co-monomers Dimethyl itaconate (IADME) and Vinylimidazole (VIm). The both last-mentioned monomers are required to generate pH-sensitive behaviour. The microgels obtained after the first step were analyzed in detail concerning their particle size, particle size distribution, morphology, colloidal, and sensitive properties. It could be demonstrated, that these microgels are temperature-sensitive due to the presence of N-Vinylcaprolactam in the copolymer structure. This sensitivity causes a collapse of particle size above the volume phase transition temperature (32°C) of the microgels to nearly 25% of the original hydrodynamic radius. Particle size and swelling degree can be controlled particularly by the VIm-content. Depending on the VIm-content particle size of microgels changes between 500 nm and 800 nm in radius. But also other reaction parameter, such as temperature, IADME-content etc. can affect the properties of PVCL/IADME/VImmicrogels. Due to the presence of VIm the microgels are pH-sensitive and reach a maximum of particle size at pH 4. Due to a subsequent alkali hydrolysis of IADME units of the PVCL/IADME/VIm-microgel carboxylic groups in the form of Itaconic acid (IA) can be generated within microgel network during second step providing an amphoteric behaviour of these particles. The PVCL/IA/VIm-microgel particles are colloidally stable and do not form aggregates over the whole pH range. In this way amphoteric microgels could be synthesized successfully with a particle swelling between pH 3 and 5 as well as pH 7 and 9. This pH - sensitive behaviour results in a variation of temperature sensitivity of non-hydrolyzed microgel. Both, pH and temperature sensitivity of PVCL/IA/VImmicrogels are of great advantage for the following enzyme immobilization which will be realized in alkaline media. Furthermore the optimal activity of used enzymes is pH 4. Poster Session P2 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICA MICROCAPSULES CONTAINING MATERIALS OF DIFFERENT VISCOSITY Idurre Kaltzakorta and Edurne Erkizia, Labein-Tecnalia, Calle Geldo, 320 300 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) Edificio 700, ParqueTecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, BIZKAIASPAIN; eerkizia@labein.es Silica microcapsules containing organic compounds of different viscosities have been synthesized following a core/shell based in situ microencapsulation method via a sol-gel route. The viscosity of the organic compounds encapsulated ranged between 3 cP to 6000 cP and in all cases, even in the highest viscosity one, microcapsules containing the organic material have been obtained. Furthermore, it has been determined that, by playing with the type and viscosity of the encapsulated material, the shell morphology and thickness can be varied. Poster Session P2 THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DYEENCAPSULATED CALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES Thomas T. Morgan, Erhan Altinoglu, and James H. Adair. Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802 USA; ttm116@psu.edu. 321 Encapsulation of fluorescent dyes and other organic molecules in nanoparticulate systems is of significant importance in the fields of drug delivery and biological imaging. To this end, a general scheme has been developed to encapsulate small organic molecules in 2030 nm calcium phosphate nanoparticles for use as bioimaging or drug delivery agents. The particles were precipitated in the presence of a variety of organic fluorescent dye molecules that span the visible spectrum and were prepared with several surface functional groups. Zeta potential measurements were used to confirm carboxy-, amino-, and methyl-PEG functionality. Furthermore, solution phase characterization was used to determine the dissolution behavior of the particles across a range of pH values as well as the fluorescent properties of the encapsulated dyes. A hybrid size-exclusion/van der Waals HPLC system was utilized to wash the particles while mainting colloidal dispersion. Poster Session P2 FLUORESCENCE BASED LIPOSOME ENCAPSULATION STUDIES Joseph E. Reiner, Andreas Jahn, Michael Gaitan, Semiconductor Electronics Division, EEEL, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Wyatt N. Vreeland and Laurie Locascio, Biochemical Science Division, CSTL, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; joseph.reiner@nist.gov 322 Liposomes are self-assembled spherical vesicles comprised of a lipid bilayer membrane. Nanometer-sized liposomes have demonstrated potential for drug delivery applications. For liposomes to be useful for these applications, one must control the size and dosage of molecules contained within them. We report on a combination of fluorescence methods for studying these properties. We form our liposomes using flow-focusing methods in a microfluidic device. This technique leads to a collection of liposomes having a narrow size distribution without the need for post processing methods (i.e., extrusion). We use 301 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) sulforhodamine B (SRB), a water-soluble dye, to quantify the encapsulation efficiency and long-term stability of our liposome samples. An inverted microscope in a confocal detection arrangement measures the fluorescence from a sample of liposomes. The fluorescence signal is recorded and processed to arrive at the photon counting histogram (PCH) and the autocorrelation function (ACF). The ACF is used to extract the amount of background dye present in each sample. The first two moments of the fluorescence signal are calculated from the PCH. These moments, along with the background dye concentration, are combined to provide a measure of the average brightness of a liposome sample. By comparing this brightness with a sample of free SRB in solution, we are able to estimate the number of SRB molecules contained within the liposomes and therefore, estimate the encapsulation efficiency. Other techniques for estimating the encapsulation efficiency rely on destroying a portion of liposome sample (i.e. liposome lysing); however, from a processing standpoint it is preferable to characterize liposome samples in a non-destructive manner (fluorescence fluctuation analysis). In addition, a nondestructive fluorescence analysis could be more easily incorporated into a microfluidic structure where liposome formation, analysis, and modification could all be performed in real time. We present results from several different samples of liposomes. We show that our liposomes contain the SRB molecules for extended periods (~ 1 year) and that under different flow conditions in the microfluidic channel, we can also control the amount of dye encapsulated for the same initial loading dye concentration. Poster Session P2 FUNCIONALIZED POLYUREA NANOCAPSULES VIA REACTION AT INTERFACE OF MINIEMULSION DROPLETS E.-M. Rosenbauer, A. Musyanovych, K. Landfester, Department of Organic Chemistry III – Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany; eva.rosenbauer@uni-ulm.de 323 The potential advantage of functionalized polyurea nanocapsules with an aqueous core is of high interest in biomedical applications since they can be used as specific carriers of water soluble drugs to the cells. The polymeric capsules give the possibility to protect the encapsulated material from the influence of the environment. The miniemulsion technique is a convenient and powerful tool for the preparation of the polymeric capsules in a size range from 100 to 500 nm. The miniemulsion technique is based on the formation of small and stable nanodroplets dispersed in a continuous phase. High stability of these droplets offers the opportunity to perform the reaction within the droplets or at their interface. Polyurea nanocapsules were prepared in inverse (water-inoil) miniemulsion via interfacial polyaddition reaction between 1,6hexamethylenediamine (dissolved in water phase) and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (dropwisely added into the continuous phase). The resulting particles have a “core-shell” structure, consisting of an aqueous cavity surrounded by a polymeric membrane. By using a new surfactant containing primary amino group it participates in the reaction, resulting in polymeric shell with grafted chains of surfactant. By the variation of several reaction parameters such as monomer concentration, surfactant concentration, and the dispersed to continuous phase ratio, the shell thickness can be adjusted between 13 and 25 nm. The capsules size and polydispersity size were determined by dynamic light 302 Abstracts of the Poster Program (continued) scattering (DLS), the morphology and structure of the capsules were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The capsules containing fluorescence dye as a model for hydrophilic drug were additionally analyzed by fluorescence spectrometer in order to control semi- or impermeability of the polymeric membrane. 303 304 Index of Speakers/Presenters (Alphabetically with Paper Number and Session Number) Abdel-Fattah, Amr – 191 (C2) Abubakar, Mo – 133 (P1) Adair, James – 177 (G2) Adschiri, Tadafumi – 16 (A2) Africk, Steven – 134 (P1) Akarachalanon, Pilaslak – 309 (P2) Almeida, José – 151 (P1) Altinoglu, Erhan – 146 (P1) Ammar, Souad – 103 (F2) Anal, Anil – 184 (B2) Arroyo-Ramírez, Lisandra - 109 (P1) Bakhbakhi, Yousef – 223 (A5) Baldwin, Richard – 417 (E4) Ballinger, Clinton – 166 (A4) Bell, Nelson – 119 (P1) Bellomunno, Carla – 205 (D2) Belosludov, Rodion – 167 (A4) Benicewicz, Brian – 88 (J1), 156 (P1) Bera, Debasis – 279 (P2), 328 (A6) Berger, Shlomo – 247 (C3) Bergström, Lennart – 47 (F1) Berkland, Cory – 186 (B2) Berret, Jean-François – 105 (F2), 135 (P1) Biggs, Simon – 90 (J1) Binks, Bernard – 212 (F3) Böhmer, Marcel – 21 (B1) Bon, Stefan – 214 (F3) Bonroy, Kristien – 175 (G2) Bourgeat-Lami, Elodie – 218 (F3), 303 (P2) Bouzas, Virginia – 107 (F2) Bouzas, Virginia – 312 (P2) Boyd, Ben – 261 (L1), 317 (P2) Boyen, Hans-Gerd – 210 (E2) Braun, Paul – 189 (C2) Brayner, Roberta – 330 (A6) Bronstein, Lyudmila – 101 (F2) Brotzman, Richard – 13 (A2) Bumajdad, Ali – 37 (D1) Burkhard, Peter – 395 (H3) Burnett, Daniel – 136, 137 (P1); 282 (P2) Caldwell, Marissa l – 120 (P1) Carpenter, Everett – 352 (M1) Carr, Bob – 34 (D1) Celis, Maria-T. – 361 (D3) Chakrapani, Aravind – 154 (P1) Champion, Julie – 188 (B2) Chastek, Thuy – 155 (P1), 203 (D2) Chen, Peilin – 46 (E1) Chen, Yit-Tsong – 68 (G1) Chen, Youcun 121 (P1) Chernyshova, Irina – 139 (P1) Choi, Hee Jung – 157 (P1) Choi, Sung-Min – 4 (A1) Chow, Gan Moog – 178 (G2) Choy, Wallace C.H. – 366 (E3) Cinque, Leonardo – 360 (D3) Clavel, Guylhaine – 353 (M1) Clemans, Daniel – 97 (K1) Cliffel, David – 253 (J2) Coleman, Karl – 5 (A1) Cölfen, Helmut – 81 (I1), 196 (D2) Colvin, Vicki – 165 (Plenary 2) Compagnini, Giuseppe – 7 (A1), 419 (E4) Cook, Ronald – 254 (J2) 305 Speakers/Presenters Index (continued) Coradin, Thibaud – 349 (B3) Cywinski, Piotr – 147 (P1), 333 (G4) Dai, Qiu – 87 (J1), 158 (P1) Daniels, Eric – 187 (B2) de Kruif, Cornelis – 346 (B3) Demirors, Ahmet Faik – 381 (A7) Deng, Zhaoxiang – 248 (C3) Desbiens, Jessie – 295 (P2) Díaz, David – 173 (A4) Dietsch, Hervé – 83 (I1) Do, Trong-On – 291, 292 (P2) Dobrovolskaia, Marina – 98 (K1) Dong, Yao-Da – 152 (P1) Dormidontova, Elena – 236 (H2) Dovgolevsky, Ekaterina 288 (P2) Duan, Hongwei – 171 (A4) Duke, Steve – 224 (A5) Dukhin, Andrei – 35 (D1) Durant, Yvon – 58 (A3) Dutta, Joydeep – 172 (A4), 243 (C3) Dutta, Prabir – 94 (K1) Ebina, Takeo – 268 (F4) Edwin, Nadia – 140 (P1) Ennen, Inga – 358 (D3) Erkizia, Edurne – 320 (P2) Ethirajan, Anitha – 373 (F5) Fang, Jiyu – 29 (C1) Feldmann, Claus – 379 (A7) Feng, Si-Shen – 70 (H1) Fiegel, Jennifer – 239 (H2) Fiévet, Fernand – 169 (A4) Ford, Warren – 56 (A3) Foulger, Stephen – 192 (C2) Frank, Hendrik – 294 (P2) Frazier, Rachel – 18 (B1) Frelichowska, Justyna – 71 (H1) Fujioka, Kouki – 308 (P2) 306 Furumi, Seiichi – 401 (C4) Ganachaud, François – 221 (A5) Gao, Xiaohu – 180 (G2) Garcia, Miguel Angel – 422 (F6) Gathen, Miriam – 343 (B3) Gauffre, Fabienne – 331 (A6) Gerardin, Corine – 326 (A6), 318 (P2) Gesquiere, Andre – 402 (C4) Geutjes, Paul P.J. – 260 (L1) Giannelis, Emmanuel – 262 (F4) Giersig, Michael – 174 (G2) Giraud, Sophie – 9 (A1) Gish, Douglas A. - 110 (P1) Goepfert, Christophe – 99 (K1) Goernitz, Eckhard – 195 (C2), 272, 273 (P2) Golan, Yuval – 84 (I1) Gostock, Mark – 141 (P1), 313 (P2) Gower, Laurie – 342 (B3) Gun’ko, Yuri – 383 (A7) Gupta, Ram – 238 (H2) Guterres, Sílvia – 22 (B1) Haas, Heinrich – 399 (H3) Hadley, Judith – 204 (D2) Hammarberg, Elin – 111 (P1) Harada, Takuya – 26 (C1) Hayashi, Yasuhiko – 416 (E4) Hedderich, Regine – 112 (P1) Herlin-Boime, Nathalie – 213 (F3) Hertel, Tobias – 332 (G4) Hino, Tomoaki – 392 (H3) Hjelm, Rex – 388 (A8) Hoerr, Robert – 92 (J1) Hofmann, Heinrich – 249 (J2) Holt, Benjamin – 329 (A6) Hong, L. – 350 (B3) Hong, Liang – 423 (F6) Hong, Sung Chul – 159 (P1) Speakers/Presenters Index (continued) Horozov, Tommy – 421 (F6) Hsu, Lien-chung – 44 (E1) Hu, Michael Z. – 264 (F4) Hu, Zheng – 255 (J2) Huber, Dale – 106 (F2) Huo, Qun – 181 (G2) Hupfeld, Stefan – 258 (L1) Hurst, Kendall – 287 (P2) Hwang, Kuo Chu – 382 (A7) Hyeon, Taeghwan – 66 (G1) Jada, Amane – 82 (I1) Jahn, Andreas – 257 (L1) Jaksch, Stefan – 3 (A1) Jang, Du-Jeon – 380 (A7) Jia, Li – 31 (C1) Jiang, Long – 339 (G4) Jiang, Peng – 183 (B2), 246 (C3) Jiménez, Isaac Ojea – 280 (P2) Jin, Song – 265 (F4) Jones, Paul – 364 (D3) Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne – 411 (J3) Jung, Dylan – 113 (P1) Kaittanis, Charalambos – 311 (P2) Kalyuzhny, Gregory – 122 (P1) Kamiya, Hidehiro – 89 (J1) Kanga, Yao – 199 (D2) Karim, Alamgir - 25 (C1) Karim, Mohammad Rezaul – 275 (P2) Kasyutich, Oksana – 190 (C2) Kauppinen, Esko – 2 (A1) Kaur, Jasmeet – 277 (P2) Kawaguchi, Haruma – 387 (A8) Kawazoe, Tadashi – 206 (E2) Kemp, Neil – 413 (E4) Khondaker, Saiful – 418 (E4) Kim, Jung Hyun – 226 (A5) Kim, Min Sung – 276 (P2) Ko, Sungho – 148 (P1) Koh, Seong Jin – 208 (E2) Koo, Horng-Show (Frank) – 378 (F5) Korgel, Brian – 367 (E3) Kosc, Tanya – 41 (E1) Kotov, Nicholas – 207 (E2) Kovtyukhova, Nina – 370 (E3) Krauss, Todd – 216 (F3) Kremser, Gabriele – 123 (P1) Kristiansen, Helge – 197 (D2) Kumar, Jitendra – 385 (A7) Kumar, Nanjundan Ashok – 160 (P1) Kumar, Sonia – 149 (P1) Kunitake, Masashi – 57 (A3) Kuo, Chiung Wen – 316 (P2) Lacerda, Silvia – 179 (G2) Lähde, Anna – 306 (P2) Laine, Richard – 40 (E1) Lakatos, Mathias – 285 (P2) Lammel, Andreas – 299 (P2) Landfester, Katharina – 55 (A3) Lau, Kenneth K.S. – 410 (J3) Leblanc, Roger – 325 (A6) Lee, Hyun Woo – 274 (P2) Lee, Jung Min – 161 (P1) Lee, Sun Jong – 300 (P2) Leubner, Ingo – 220 (A5), 307 (P2) Leung, Tong – 351 (M1) Li, Chen-Zhong – 355 (M1) Li, Yu – 162 (P1) Lich, Ben – 357 (D3) Lim, Yong Taik – 145 (P1) Lin, Victor S.-Y. – 76 (H1) Liu, Xiong – 314 (P2), 386 (A7) Liu, Yonglin – 384 (A7) Liz-Marzán, Luis – 78 (I1) López, Cefe – 193 (C2) 307 Speakers/Presenters Index (continued) Louis, Cédric – 406 (J3) Lowe, Tao – 77 (H1) Lu, Wensheng – 286 (P2) Lu, Yunfeng – 215 (F3) Luo, Yingwu – 20 (B1) Manabe, Noriyoshi – 310 (P2) Mangalaraja, R.V. – 124 (P1); 301, 302 (P2) Mann, J. Adin, Jr., - 51 (F1) Manna, Liberato – 225 (A5) Markovich,Gil – 230 (G3), 376 (F5) Markowitz, Michael – 374 (F5) Martiradonna, Luigi – 368 (E3) Martucci, Alessandro – 118 (P1), 371 (E3) Masuda, Yoshitake – 125 (P1) Matsuo, Masaru – 102 (F2) Mattoussi, Hedi – 65 (G1) McMahon, Matthew – 38 (D1) Meier, Wolfgang – 256 (L1) Menéndez-Flores, Victor – 114 (P1) Menéndez-Manjón, Ana – 8 (A1) Millot, Nadine – 126 (P1) Mills, G. Jimmy – 49 (F1) Mishra, Sanjay – 293 (P2) Morfesis, Ana – 138 (P1) Morgan, Thomas – 321 (P2) Morrison, Ian – 32 (D1) Mouaziz, Hanna – 75 (H1), 153 (P1 Mozetic, Miran – 36 (D1) Mukherjee, Arup – 39 (D1) Mukhopadhyay, Gautam – 363 (D3) Mukhopadhyay, Pagati – 271 (P2) Murray, Christopher – 1 (Plenary 1) Naciri, Jawad – 232 (G3) Nakai, Kei – 237 (H2) 308 Narkis, Moshe – 59 (A3) Narkis, Nava – 95 (K1) Nath, Sudip – 150 (P1) Nativo, Paola – 96 (K1) Niederberger, Markus – 10 (A2) Nisisako, Takasi – 79 (I1) Nitin, Nitin – 64 (G1) Nobbmann, Ulf – 142 (P1) Nojeh, Alireza – 414 (E4) Nur, Hani – 296, 297 (P2), 359 (D3) Osawa, Eiji – 6 (A1) Paciotti, Giulio – 235 (H2) Paiphansiri, Umaporn – 344 (B3) Panchapakesan, Balaji – 241 (H2) Panda, Priyadarshi – 115 (P1) Papa, Anne-Laure – 336 (G4) Paquet, Chantal – 63 (G1) Parak, Wolfgang – 229 (G3) Park, Dong-June – 128 (P1) Park, Jungjin – 409 (J3) Pein, Andreas – 278 (P2) Pelton, Robert – 176 (G2) Pereira, Clara – 163 (P1) Perez, Alain – 43 (E1) Perez, J. Manuel – 72 (H1) Pietryga, Jeffrey – 415 (E4) Pilotek, Steffen – 250 (J2) Pinna, Nicola – 127 (P1), 168 (A4), 228 (G3) Piquemal, Jean-Yves – 15 (A2) Pishko, Michael – 17 (B1) Poggi, Mark – 198 (D2) Pohlmann, Adriana – 396 (H3) Porter, Marc – 67 (G1) Preece, Jon – 405 (J3) Prevot, Vanessa – 85 (I1), 129 (P1) Qiu, Zhiming – 263 (F4) Ragupathy, Lakshminarayanan – 327 (A6) Speakers/Presenters Index (continued) Rahme, Kamil – 412 (J3) Raula, Janne – 240 (H2) Ravaine, Serge – 404 (C4); 407 (J3) Redford, Keith – 298 (P2) Redón, Rocío - 130 (P1) Reiner, Joseph – 322 (P2) Richert, Clemens – 27 (C1) Roberts, Christopher – 222 (A5) Rosenbauer, Eva-Maria – 323 (P2) Rosenman, Gil – 251 (J2) Rosenthal, Sandra – 365 (E3) Rossini, G. – 341 (B3) Rossmanith, Renate – 116 (P1) Rotello, Vincent – 217 (F3), 227 (G3) Rungta, Parul – 164 (P1) Ruppert, Marcel – 304 (P2) Salonen, Jarno – 398 (H3) Santra, Swadeshmukul – 338 (G4) Sarrazin, Pierre – 425 (F6) Satoh, Toshifumi - 19 (B1) Saunders, Steven – 117 (P1) Sawada, Tsutomu – 245 (C3) Schachschal, Susann – 319 (P2) Scheffold, Frank – 200 (D2) Scheibel, Thomas – 340 (B3) Schoenfeld, Winston – 403 (C4) Schumacher, Iris – 393 (H3) Sentein, Carole – 14 (A2) Seyrek, Emek - 24 (B1) Shahbazyan, Tigran – 335 (G4) Shastri, V. Prasad – 91 (J1) Sicard, Lorette – 11 (A2) Sigmund, Wolfgang – 394 (H3) Singhal, Amit – 50 (F1) Skandan, Ganesh – 219 (A5) Smirnov, Alex – 201 (D2) Sokolov, Igor – 182 (B2) Song, Qing – 170 (A4) Spori, Doris – 270 (P2) Srivastava, S K – 284 (P2) Steinhart, Martin – 372 (F5) Stellacci, Francesco – 61 (G1) Steller, Laura – 209 (E2) Stiefelhagen, Johan – 281 (P2) Su, Ming – 375 (F5) Sun, Kang – 62 (G1) Sunkara, Mahendra – 108 (F2) Sykora, Milan – 362 (D3) Tabaković, Amra – 143 (P1) Takahara, Atsushi – 86 (J1) Takeda, Yoshihiko – 400 (C4) Tamburri, Emanuela – 269 (P2) Tamburri, Emanuela – 30 (C1) Teh, Geok Bee – 289 (P2) Teh, Geok Bee – 347 (M1) ten Elshof, Johan E. – 48 (F1) Terrones, Mauricio – 377 (F5) Texter, John – 391 (A8) Thies, Curt – 345 (B3) Thompson, David – 231 (G3), 259 (L1) Thompson, David – Tilley, Richard – 80 (I1) Tok, Ai Tee – 202 (D2) Toprak, Muhammet – 420 (F6) Trau, Dieter – 23 (B1) Tripp, Carl – 252 (J2) Tsoukalas, Dimitris – 211 (E2) Tung, Hsien-Hsin – 390 (A8) Türke, Alexander – 290 (P2) Ulijn, Rein – 74 (H1) Valle-Orta, Maiby – 305 (P2) Van Suetendael, Nancy – 45 (E1) Vanfleet, Richard – 356 (D3) Vazquez-Olmos, America – 131 (P1) 309 Speakers/Presenters Index (continued) Velikov, Krassimir – 73 (H1) Vezenov, Dmitri 60 (A3) Wang, Chi-Hwa – 185 (B2) Wang, Howard – 266 (F4) Wang, Huiliang – 389 (A8) Wang, Jian-Ping – 354 (M1) Watanabe, Shigeru – 194 (C2) Weber, Achim – 337 (G4) Wei, Alexander – 233 (G3) Wei, Xian-Wen – 242 (H2) Weiss, Clemens – 397 (H3) Williams, Yvonne – 100 (K1) Winnik, Mitchell – 104 (F2) Wong, Stanislaus – 424 (F6) Woo, Hyun-Ryool – 42 (E1) Wu, Aiguo – 348 (B3) Wu, Yu-Jui – 283 (P2) Xu, Chunye – 369 (E3) Xu, Ren – 33 (D1) Xu, Zheng – 132 (P1) Xuyen, Nguyen Thi – 93 (J1) Yamanoi, Yoshinori – 408 (J3) Yang, Hong – 52 (F1) Yang, Huaming – 54 (F1) Yin, Yadong – 244 (C3) Yu, Kui – 334 (G4) Yun, Wan Soo – 69 (G1) Zanetti-Ramos, Betina Giehl – 144 (P1) Zhai, Lei – 267 (F4) Zheng, Ying – 12 (A2) Zhong, Chuan-Jian – 53 (F1) Zink, Christian – 315 (P2) Zou, Shengli – 234 (G3) Zubarev, Eugene – 28 (C1) 310 Pre-Registered Conferee List Amr Abdel-Fattah Los Alamos National Laboratory PO Box 1663, Mail Stop J514 Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA amr2450@lanl.gov José Filipe Almeida University of Coimbra Rua Silvio Lima 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal falmeida@itqb.unl.pt Mo Abubakar IMERYS Minerals Ltd Par Moor Centre Par Moor Road Par, PL24 2SQ, Cornwall, United Kingdom mo.abubakar@imerys.com Erhan Altinoglu Pennsylvania State University 221 Materials Research Laboratory University Park, PA 16802, USA erhan@psu.edu James Adair Particulate Materials Center Pennsylvania State University 249 Materials Research Laboratory University Park, PA 10802, USA jha3@ems.psu.edu Tadafumi Adschiri AIMR Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai, 980-8577, Japan ajiri@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp Steven Africk Massachusetts Institute of Technology Prodyne Corp 30 Fenwick Road Waban, MA 02468, USA safrick@att.net Pilaslak Akarachalanon Ministry of Public Health Department of Medical Science 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Taradkwan 11000, Nonthaburi, Thailand pilaslak@dmsc.moph.go.th Sarjak Amin Eastern Michigan University Coatings Research Institute 430 West Forest Avenue Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA samin@emich.edu Souad Ammar Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS 1, Rue Guy de La Brosse 75251, Paris cedex 05, France ammarmer@univ-paris-diderot.fr Anil Kumar Anal Living Cell Technologies (Global) Ltd PO Box 23566 Hunters Corner Papatoetoe, 2025, Auckland, New Zealand aanal@lctglobal.com Chris Anderson Polysciences, Inc 400 Valley Road Warrington, PA 18976, USA canderson@polysciences.com 311 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Jefferey Anderson University of Central Florida Nanoscience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA anderj@mail.ucf.edu Lisandra Arroyo-Ramírez University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus PO Box 23346 San Juan, PR 00931-3346, USA lisyarroyo@gmail.com Julien Aubry Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR5253 ENSCM 8 rue de l’école normale 34269, Montpellier cedex, France julien.aubry@enscm.fr Frans Baeten Ferro Electronic Materials Systems Frontstraat 2 5401LW, Uden, Netherlands baetenf@ferro.com Jeff Baker TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN 55126, USA jeffrey.baker@tsi.com Yousef Bakhbakhi King Saud University Chemical Engineering Dept College of Engineering, PO Box 800 Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia ybakhbak@ksu.edu.sa Richard Baldwin NanoComposix 4878 Ronson Court, Suite K San Diego, CA 92111, USA richard.baldwin@nanocomposix.com 312 Clinton Ballinger Evident Technologies, Inc 216 River Street, Suite 200 Troy, NY 12180, USA cballinger@evidenttech.com J. R. Barrett Surface Measurement Systems 2125 28th St, SW, Suite 1 Allentown, PA 18103, USA jbarrett@smsna.com Nelson Bell Sandia National Laboratory PO Box 5800-1411 Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA nsbell@sandia.gov Carla Bellomunno CNR-IENI sect Milan via R. Cozzi 53 20125, Milan, Italy carla.bellomunno@ieni.cnr.it Rodion Belosludov Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai, 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan rodion@imr.edu Brian Benicewicz Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Department of Chemistry Cogswell Lab Troy, NY 12180, USA benice@rpi.edu Debasis Bera University of Florida 202 Rhines Hall, Gale Lemerand Drive PO 116400 Gainesville, FL 32611, USA dbera@mse.ufl.edu Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Shlomo Berger Technion Materials Science and Engineering Haifa, 32000, Israel berger@tx.technion.ac.il Iris Binyamin IIBR 18A Bar-Kochva, Shmoorat Malibo Ness Ziona, 74058, Israel iris246@gmail.com Lennart Bergström Stockholm University Inorganic Chemistry Dept Arrhenius Laboratory 10691, Stockholm, Sweden lennartb@inorg.su.se John Biteau Essilor 8300 Sheen Drive St. Petersburg, FL 33709, USA jbiteau@essilorusa.com Cory Berkland The University of Kansas 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66047, USA berkland@ku.edu Jean-François Berret Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII UMR 7057 CNRS 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205, Paris, France jean-francois.berret@univ-parisdiderot.fr Simon Biggs University of Leeds Institute of Particle Science and Engineering Houldsworth Building, Clarendon Road Leeds, West Yorkshire LS22 7UD, United Kingdom s.r.biggs@leeds.ac.uk Bernard Paul Binks University of Hull Chemistry Dept Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom b.p.binks@hull.ac.uk Marcel Böhmer Philips Research High Tech Campus 11 5656 AE, Eindhoven, Netherlands marcel.bohmer@philips.com Stefan Bon University of Warwick Gibbett Hill Road Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom s.bon@warwick.ac.uk Kristien Bonroy IMEC Kapeldreef 75 3001, Heverlee, Belgium bonroyk@imec.be Tony Boova Beckman Coulter Inc 11800 SW 147th Avenue Miami, FL 33196, USA taboova@beckman.com Elodie Bourgeat-Lami Polymer Colloids and Composites LCPP-UMR 5265 CNRS/CPE/UCBL 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Bât. 308F 69616, Villeurbanne, 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Paris Diderot, ITODYS case 7090, 2 place jussieu 75251, Paris 05, France roberta.brayner@univ-paris-diderot.fr 314 Michael Brown CPS Instruments, Inc 311 Society Place Newtown, PA 18940, USA mgba@voicenet.com Ali Bumajdad Kuwait University Chemistry Dept PO Box 5969 Safat 13060, Kuwait bumajdad@kuc01.kuniv.edu.kw Malee Bunjob Ministry of Public Health Dept of Medical Science 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Taradkwan 11000, Nonthaburi, Thailand Peter Burkhard University of Connecticut Institute of Materials Science 97 North Eagleville Road Storrs, CT 06269, USA peter.burkhard@uconn.edu Daniel Burnett Surface Measurement Systems 2125 28th Street SW, Suite 1 Allentown, PA 18103, USA burnett@smsna.com Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Matt Butler LUM Corporation 16201 Dodd Street Volente, TX 78641 matt@lumnorthamerica.com Marissa Caldwell Stanford University 20230 Forest Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014, USA macaldwe@stanford.edu Joe Campbell Spectra Services, Inc 6359 Dean Parkway Ontario, NY 14519, USA joec@spectraservices.com David Cannon Agilent Technologies 900 South Taft Avenue Loveland, CO 80537, USA dcannon@colloidal-dynamics.com Everett Carpenter Virginia Commonwealth University Chemistry Dept 1001 West Main Street PO Box 842006 Richmond, VA 23284, USA ecarpenter2@vcu.edu Bob Carr NanoSight Limited 2 Centre One, Lysander Way Old Sarum Park Salisbury, SP4 6BU, Wiltshire, United Kingdom bob.carr@nanosight.co.uk Maria Teresa Celis University of The Andes La Hechicera – College of Engineering Mérida, 5101, Venezuela celismt@ula.ve Aravind Chakrapani Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics 4560 Horton Street, MS 4.3 Emeryville, CA 94608, USA aravind.chakrapani@novartis.com Julie Champion California Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering 1200 E California Blvd Pasadena, CA 91125, USA jchampio@caltech.edu Jean-Paul Chapel CNRS/Rhodia Joint Laboratory 350 Georges Patterson Blvd Bristol, PA 19007, USA jeanpaul.chapel@us.rhodia.com Thuy Truong Chastek National Institute of Standards and Technology Polymers Division 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA thuy.chastek@nist.gov Byron Cheatham CytoViva, Inc 300 North Dean Road Suite 5 – PMB 157 Auburn, AL 36830, USA byron.cheatham@cytoviva.com Pei Lin Chen Academia Sinica Research Center for Applied Sciences 128, Sect. 2 Academia Road, Nankang Taipei, 115, Taiwan peilin@gate.sinica.edu.tw 315 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Youcun Chen Anqing Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 128 South Linghu Road Anqing, 246100, Anhui, PR China chenycem@126.com Yit-Tsong Chen Chemistry Dept National Taiwan University and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 106, Taiwan ytchen@pub.iams.sinica.edu.tw Irina Chernyshova Columbia University 500 West 120th Street Mudd Bldg, Rm 918 New York, NY 10027, USA Ic2228@columbia.edu Chun-Yi Chiu Industrial Technology Research Institute Rm 806, Bldg 44, 195, Sec 4 Chung Hsing Road Chutung, Hsinchu, 310, Taiwan ROC chunyichiu@itri.org.tw Hee Jung Choi Sejong University 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu Choongmoo-gwan, Rm 807 Seoul, 143747, South Korea skygmlwjd@naver.com Sung-Min Choi KAIST Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering 373-1 Gusong-dong, Yusong-gu Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea sungmin@kaist.ac.kr 316 Gan Moog Chow National University of Singapore Materials Science and Engineering Kent Ridge, 119260, Republic of Singapore msecgm@nus.edu.sg Wallace C. H. Choy University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Pokfulam Road Hong Kong, China chchoy@eee.hku.hk Anindarupa Chunder University of Central Florida Nanoscience Technology Center 12424 Research Park Way, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA ani_rup@yahoo.co.in Francesco Cignoli CNR-IENI sect Milan via R. Cozzi 53 20125, Milan, Italy cignoli@ieni.cnr.it Leonardo Cinque Colorado School of Mines Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry 1500 Illinois Street Golden, CO 80401, USA lcinque@mines.edu Guylhaine Clavel University of Aveiro Department of Chemistry and CICECO 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal clavel@ua.pt Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Daniel Clemans Eastern Michigan University Biology Dept 316 Mark Jefferson Bldg Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA daniel.clemans@emich.edu David Cliffel Vanderbilt University Chemistry Dept VU Station B 351822 Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA d.cliffel@vanderbilt.edu Karl Coleman Durham University Chemistry Dept South Road Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom k.s.coleman@durham.ac.uk Helmut Cölfen Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm Am Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam, Germany coelfen@mpikg.mpg.de Vicki Colvin Rice University Chemistry Dept/Center for Nanoscale Science & Technology 6100 Main Street, MS-60 Houston, TX 77005, USA colvin@rice.edu Giuseppe Compagnini University of Catania Chemistry Dept Viale A. Doria 6 95125, Catania, Italy gcompagnini@unict.it Ronald Cook TDA Research, Inc 4663 Table Mountain Drive Golden, CO 80403, USA cookrl@tda.com Thibaud Coradin Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis 6 4 place Jussieu 45252, Paris cedex 5, France coradin@ccr.jussieu.fr Sherman Cox Specialty Minerals Inc 9 Highland Avenue Bethlehem, PA 18017, USA sherman.cox@specialtyminerals.co m Piotr Cywinski Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry Lessingstrasse 10 D-07743, Jena, Germany piotr.cywinski@uni-jena.de Qiu Dai University of Central Florida Nanoscience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA qiudai@mail.ucf.edu Dan Daly University of Alabama AIME 720 2nd Street Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA dandaly@ua.edu 317 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Eric Daniels Lehigh University Emulsion Polymers Institute 111 Research Drive Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA eric.daniels@lehigh.edu Jessie Desbiens Université Laval Département de chimie 2520 rue De Brugnon app3 Québec, G1M 2K7, Canada jessie.desbiens.1@ulaval.ca Christian Daugaard Haldor Topsøe A/S Nymøllevej 55 DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark chd@topsoe.dk David Diaz National Autonomous University of Mexico Faculty of Chemistry 3000 University Avenue Coyoacan, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico david@servidor.unam.mx C.G. (Kees) de Kruif Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands dekruif@nizo.nl Carol DeCann Ortho Clinical Diagnostics 130 Indigo Creek Drive Rochester, NY 14626, USA cdecann@ocdus.jnj.com Dale DeCann Eastman Kodak Company 40 Brandon Circle Rochester, NY 14612, USA dale.decann@kodak.com Hervé Dietsch Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, FriMat Chemin du Musée, 3 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland herve.dietsch@unifr.ch Trong-On Do Laval University Chemical Engineering Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada trong-on.do@gch.ulaval.ca Ahmet Faik Demirors Utrecht University Princetonplein 1 3584CC, Utrecht, Netherlands a.f.demirors@phys.uu.nl Marina Dobrovolskaia SAIC-Frederick, Inc. National Cancer Institute at Frederick PO Box B Frederick, MD 21702, USA marina@mail.nih.gov Zhaoxiang Deng University of Science and Technology of China Chemistry Dept 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei, Anhui 230026, China zhxdeng@ustc.edu.cn Yao-Da Dong Monash University Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science 381 Royal Pde Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia yao-da.dong@vcp.monash.edu.au 318 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Elena Dormidontova Case Western Reserve University Macromolecular Science and Engineering 337 KHSmith 2100 Adelbert Road Cleveland, OH 44106, USA eed@case.edu Joydeep Dutta Asian Institute of Technology School of Engineering and Technology PO Box 4 Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand joy@ait.ac.th Ekaterina Dovgolevsky Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Chemical Engineering Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Haifa, 32000, Israel gekateri@tx.technion.ac.il Prabir Dutta The Ohio State University Chemistry Dept 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA dutta.1@osu.edu Hongwei Duan Emory University 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB Suite 2007 Atlanta, GA 30322, USA hduan@emory.edu Takeo Ebina National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology Research Center for Compact Chemical Process Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyaginoku Sendai, 983-8551, Japan takeo-ebina@aist.go.jp Steve Duke Auburn University Chemical Engineering 212 Ross Hall Auburn, AL 36849-5127, USA dukeste@auburn.edu Nadia Edwin National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA nadia.edwin@nist.gov Andrei Dukhin Dispersion Technology Inc 364 Adams Street Bedford Hills, NY 10507, USA adukhin@dispersion.com Inga Ennen Bielefeld University Physics Dept Thin Films and Physics of Nanostructures Universitätsstr. 25 33615, Bielefeld, Germany ennen@physik.uni-bielefeld.de Yvon Durant University of New Hampshire G101 Parsons Hall 23 College Road Durham, NH 03824, USA yvon.durant@unh.edu 319 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Edurne Erkizia Labein-Tecnalia Calle Geldo, Edificio 700 Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia 48160 (BIZKAIA), Derio, Spain eerkizia@labein.es Anitha Ethirajan University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081, Ulm, Germany anitha.ethirajan@uni-ulm.de Dennis Faler PPG Industries PO Box 9 Allison Park, PA 15101, USA faler@ppg.com Jiyu Fang University of Central Florida Advanced Materials Processing & Analysis Center Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Orlando, FL 32816, USA jfang@mail.ucf.edu Claus Feldmann Universität Karlsruhe Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany feldmann@aoc1.uni-karlsruhe.de Si-Shen Feng National University of Singapore Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 4 Engineering Drive 4, Blk 05-02-06 Singapore, 117576, Singapore chefss@nus.edu.sg 320 Jennifer Fiegel University of Iowa Chemical and Biochemical Engineering 115 South Grand Avenue, S215 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242, USA jennifer-fiegel@uiowa.edu Fernand Fiévet Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, ITODYS UMR CNRS 7086, case 7090 2, place Jussieu 75251, Paris cedex 5, France fievet@univ-paris-diderot.fr Zvi Finkelman Gadot Laboratory Supplies Ltd 7, Habonim Street PO Box 8757 42504, Netanya, Israel zvi@gadot.com Warren Ford Oklahoma State University Chemistry Dept PS 107 Stillwater, OK 74078, USA warren.ford@okstate.edu Stephen Foulger Clemson University School of Materials Science and Engineering (COMSET) 91 Technology Drive, AMRL Bldg, Rm 225 Anderson, SC 29625, USA foulger@clemson.edu Hendrik Frank University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081, Ulm, Germany hendrik.frank@uni-ulm.de Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Rachel Frazier University of Alabama Alabama Institute of Manufacturing Excellence Box 870204 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0204, USA rmfrazier@bama.ua.edu Justyna Frelichowska University of Lyon, LAGEP 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, bat. 308G 69622, Villeurbanne, France frelichowska@lagep.univ-lyon1.fr Kouki Fujioka International Medical Center of Japan Research Institute 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan kfujioka@ri.imcj.go.jp Timothy Fulghum Baxter Healthcare 25212 West Illinois Route 120, WG32S Round Lake, IL 60073, USA timothy_fulghum@baxter.com Seiichi Furumi National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan furumi.seiichi@nims.go.jp Steven Gabris Knolls Atomic Power Lab, Inc. PO Box 7450, Bin 168 Schenectady, NY 12302, USA steven.m.gabris@lmco.com François Ganachaud Institut Charles Gerhardt-IAM, UMR5253, ENSCM 8 rue de l’école normale 34296, Montpellier, France francois.ganachaud@enscm.fr Xiaohu Gao University of Washington William H. Foege Bldg, N530M Campus Box 355061 Seattle, WA 98195, USA xgao@u.washington.edu Miguel Angel Garcia University Complutense at Madrid Material Physics Avd Complutense s/n 28024, Madrid, Spain ma.garcia@fis.ucm.es Miriam Gathen Technical University of Dortmund Institute of Materials Engineering Leonhard-Euler-Str 2 44227, Dortmund, Germany miriam.gathen@udo.edu Fabienne Gauffre Paul Sabatier University-CNRS 118 rte de Narbonne 31000, Toulouse, France gauffre@chimie.ups-tlse.fr Corine Gerardin Institut C. Gerhardt CNRS ENSCM UMR 5618 8 rue de l’école normale 34296, Montpellier, France gerardin@enscm.fr Andre Gesquiere University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA andre@mail.ucf.edu 321 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Paul Geutjes Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Geert Grooteplein 26/28 6525 GA, Nijmegan, Netherlands p.geutjes@uro.umcn.nl Emmanuel Giannelis Cornell University Materials Science and Engineering 214 Bard Hall Ithaca, NY 14850, USA epg2@cornell.edu Michael Giersig caesar research center Nanoparticle Technology Dept Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2 D-53175, Bonn, Germany giersig@caesar.de Sophie Giraud Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA) DEN-DANS/DMN/SRMA/LTMEx Centre de Saclay, bât 460 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France sophie.giraud@cea.fr Douglas Gish University of Alberta Electrical and Computer Engineering W1-040, ECERF, 2nd floor Edmonton, T6G 2V4, Alberta, Canada dgish@ualberta.ca Christophe Goepfert CILAS, SA CEA Programs and Development 8, avenue Buffon – BP 6319, ZI La Source 45100, Orleans, France goepfert@cilas.com 322 Eckhard Goernitz Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research Geiselbergstr 69 D14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany eckhard.goernitz@iap.fraunhofer.de Yuval Golan Ben Gurion University Materials Engineering Marcus Campus, Bldg 59 Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel ygolan@bgu.ac.il Mark Gostock Farfield Scientific Inc. 4514 Plummer Street Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA mgostock@farfield-scientific.com Laurie Gower University of Florida Materials Science & Engineering 210A Rhines Hall Gainesville, FL 32611-6400, USA lgowe@mse.ufl.edu Richard Greenwood University of Birmingham Chemical Engineering Edgbaston Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom r.w.greenwood@bham.ac.uk Philippe Guarilloff Chanel P-B 876 Centennial Avenue Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA philippe.guarilloff@chanelusa.com Yuri Gun’ko Trinity College Dublin School of Chemistry Dublin 2, Ireland igounko@tcd.ie Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Ram Gupta Auburn University Chemical Engineering 212 Ross Hall Auburn, AL 36849-5127, USA gupta@auburn.edu Silvia Guterres Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil silvia.guterres@ufrgs.br Heinrich Haas Medigene AG Lochhamer Str 11 82152, Martinsried, Germany h.haas@medigene.com Judith Hadley Agilent Technologies 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, M1 SE Santa Rosa, CA 95403, USA judith_hadley@agilent.com Elin Hammarberg Universität Karlsruhe Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Engesserstr 15 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany hammarberg@aoc1.uni-karlsruhe.de Takuya Harada Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chemical Engineering 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 66-325 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA t_harada@mit.edu Port Richey, FL 34668 kerry@pssnicomp.com Yasuhiko Hayashi Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya, 466-8555, Aichi, Japan hayashi.yasuhiko@nitech.ac.jp Regine Hedderich Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Institute for Nanotechnology POX 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany regine.hedderich@int.fzk.de Kevin Heitfeld Southwest Research Institute 6220 Culebra Road San Antonio, TX 78228, USA kevin.heitfeld@swri.org Nathalie Herlin-Boime Laboratoire Francis Perrin (CEACNRS URA 2453) Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules CEA Saclay, bat 522 91191, Gif/Yvette Cedex, France nathalie.herlin@cea.fr Rupert Herrmann Roche Diagnostics GmbH Nonnenwald 2 82377, Penzberg, Germany rupert.herrmann@roche.com Tobias Hertel Vanderbilt University Physics and Astronomy 6301 Stevenson Center Lane Nashville, TN 37235, USA tobias.hertel@vanderbilt.edu Kerry Hasapidis Particle Sizing Systems 8203 Kristel Circle 323 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Margaret Hines Evident Technologies, Inc 216 River Street, Suite 200 Troy, NY 12180, USA mhines@evidenttech.com Tomoaki Hino Kinjo Gakuin University College of Pharmacy 2-1723 Ohmori, Moriyama Nagoya, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan t-hino@kinjo-u.ac.jp Rex Hjelm Los Alamos National Laboratory MS H805 Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA hjelm@lanl.gov Robert Hoerr Nanocopoeia, Inc University of Minnesota 1246 West University Avenue, Suite 463 St. Paul, MN 55104, USA bob.hoerr@nanocopoeia.com Edward Hoff Beckman Coulter Inc 11800 SW 147th Avenue Miami, FL 33196, USA Heinrich Hofmann Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Powder Technology Laboratory, Station 12 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland heinrich.hofmann@epfl.ch Benjamin Holt University of Hull Chemistry Dept Kingston upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom b.l.holt@chem.hull.ac.uk 324 Liang Hong Institute of Materials Research & Engineering 3 Research Link 117602, Singapore chehongl@nus.edu.sg Sung Chul Hong Sejong University Nano Science & Technology Rm 814, Choongmoo-gwan 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu Seoul, 143-747, South Korea sunghong@sejong.ac.kr Tommy Horozov University of Hull Chemistry Dept Cottingham Road Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom t.s.horozov@hull.ac.uk Lien-chung Hsu National Cheng-kung University Materials Science and Engineering 1 Ta-Hsueh Road Tainan, 701, Taiwan lchsu@mail.ncku.edu.tw Michael Hu Oak Ridge National Laboratory Bldg 4500N, A034, MS 6181 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6181, USA hum1@ornl.gov Zheng Hu Nanjing University School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Hankou Road Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China zhenghu@nju.edu.cn Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Dale Huber Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800, MS 1304 Albuquerque, NM 87185-1304, USA dlhuber@sandia.gov Sergei Ivanov Los Alamos National Lab PO Box 5800, MS1304 1515 Eubank Avenue SE Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA ivanov@lanl.gov Qun Huo University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA qhuo@mail.ucf.edu Isaac Iverson INVISTA PO Box 7000 Camden, SC 29020, USA isaac.iverson@invista.com Stefan Hupfeld University of Tromsø Department of Pharmacy Breivika N-9037, Tromsø, Norway stefan.hupfeld@farmasi.uit.no Amane Jada Université de Haute Alsace, ICSICNRS 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057, Mulhouse, France a.jada@uha.fr Kendall Hurst Auburn University Chemical Engineering 212 Ross Hall Auburn, AL 36830, USA hurstkm@auburn.edu Andreas Jahn National Institute of Standards & Technology 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8120 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA andreas.jahn@nist.gov Kuo Chu Hwang National Tsing Hua University Chemistry Dept Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan kchwang@mx.nthu.edu.tw Stefan Jaksch University of Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 6020, Innsbruck, Austria stefan.jaksch@uibk.ac.at Taeghwan Hyeon Seoul National University School of Chemical & Biological Engineering 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu Seoul, 151-744, South Korea thyeon@snu.ac.kr Du-Jeon Jang Seoul National University School of Chemistry NS60, Sinlim-Dong Seoul, 151-742, South Korea djjang@snu.ac.kr John Inderdohnen Brookhaven Instruments Corporation 750 Blue Point Road Holtsville, NY 11742, USA Valérie Jeanne-Rose L’Oreal 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, BP 22 93601, Aulnay Sous Bois, France vjeanne-rose@rd.loreal.com 325 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Yeon Tae Jeong Pukyong National University San 100, Nam-gu Yongdang Dong Busan, 608-739, South Korea ytjeong@pknu.ac.kr Li Jia The University of Akron Polymer Science Dept Goodyear Polymer Center Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA ljia@uakron.edu Peng Jiang University of Florida Chemical Engineering Gainesville, FL 32611, USA pjiang@che.ufl.edu Isaac Ojea Jiménez Institut Català de Nanotecnologia Campus UAB, building Q, 3rd floor 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain isaac.ojea@endornanotech.com Song Jin University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Dept 1101 University Avenue, Room 3363 Madison, WI 53706-1396, USA jin@chem.wisc.edu Steven Johnson Penn State University-DuBois 110J DEF Bldg, College Place DuBois, PA 15801, USA scj3@psu.edu Paul Jones Imerys Minerals Limited Par Moor Centre Par Moor Road Par, PL24 2SQ, Cornwall, United Kingdom paul.jones@imerys.com 326 David Jovanovic Particle Technology Labs, Ltd 555 Rogers Street Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA djovanovic@particletechlabs.com Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret University of Lausanne Bugnon 25 CH1011, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland lucienne.juillerat@chuv.ch Dylan Jung The University of Auckland Centre for Advanced Composite Materials Private Bag 92019 Auckland, 0152, New Zealand d.jung@auckland.ac.nz Charalambos Kaittanis University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center, Suite 400 12424 Research Parkway Orlando, FL 32826, USA ckaittan@mail.ucf.edu Gregory Kalyuzhny San Diego State University Department of Chemistry 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA cpgregor@sciences.sdsu.edu Hidehiro Kamiya Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology 2-24-16, Naka-cho Koganei, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan kamiya@cc.tuat.ac.jp Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Yao Kanga Imerys Minerals Limited Par Moor Centre Par Moor Road Par, PL24 2SQ, Cornwall, United Kingdom yao.kanga@imerys.com Soumitra Kar University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA kar_mitra@yahoo.co.in Alamgir Karim National Institute of Standards & Technology Polymers Division, MS8541 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA alamgir.karim@nist.gov Mohammad Rezaul Karim Kyungpook National University 1370 Sankyeokdong, Bukgu Daegu, 702-701, South Korea rezabd_1@hotmail.com Andrey Karpov BASF Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 GCC/PS – M 301 D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany andrey.karpov@basf.com Esko Kauppinen Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Physics/Center for New Materials Puumiehenkuja 2 FI-02150 Espoo, Finland esko.kauppinen@tkk.fi Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering 801 Ferst Drive NW, MRDC 1 Atlanta, GA 30332-0295, USA jasmeet@gatech.edu Haruma Kawaguchi Keio University School of Science and Technology 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan haruma@applc.keio.ac.jp Masanori Kawase Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation 3-16-69 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku Osaka, 532-8505, Japan kawase.masanori@mg.mtpharma.co.jp Tadashi Kawazoe University of Tokyo Electronics Engineering Bldg 9, Rm 213 2-11-16 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan kawazoe@ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Herbert Kellner European Patent Office Erhardtstr 27 80469, Munich, Germany hkellner@epo.org Neil Kemp Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP43 67034, Strasbourg, France neil.kemp@ipcms.u-strasbg.fr Jasmeet Kaur Georgia Institute of Technology 327 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Saiful Khondaker University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Physics 12424 Research Pkwy, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA saiful@mail.ucf.edu Mikhail Khoudiakov SDC Technologies 45 Perker, Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92616, USA mkhoudiakov@sdctech.com Hongkyu Kim Corning Inc SP-PR-01-3 Chatham Township, 14831, USA kimh@corning.com Jung Hyun Kim Yonsei University Chemical Engineering 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku Seoul, 120-749, South Korea jayhkim@yonsei.ac.kr Min Sung Kim Pukyong National University San-100, Nam-gu, Yongdang Dong, Busan, 608-739, South Korea kms0411@pknu.ac.kr Young Seok Kim Korea Electronics Technology Institute #68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu Seongnam-si, 463-816, Gyeonggido, South Korea vis4freedom@keti.re.kr Hideki Kitano Bridgestone Americas 1200 Firestone Parkway Akron, OH 44317, USA 328 kitanohideki@bfusa.com Sungho Ko Korea Food Research Institute 516 Baekhyun-Dong, Bundang-Ku Sungnam, 463-746, Gyeonggi, South Korea shko7@kfri.re.kr Seong Jin Koh University of Texas at Arlington 500 West 1st Street, Woolf Hall, Rm 325 Arlington, TX 76019, USA skoh@uta.edu Horng-Show (Frank) Koo Ming-Hsin University of Science & Technology Optoelectronic System Engineering No. 1, Hsin-Hsin Road, Hsinfeng Hsinchu, 304, Taiwan frankkoo@must.edu.tw Christian Koos Carl Zeiss AG 73446, Oberkochen, Germany c.koos@zeiss.de William Kopesky Particle Technology Labs, Ltd 555 Rogers Street Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA wkopesky@particletechlabs.com Brian Korgel University of Texas at Austin Chemical Engineering One University Station, CO 400 Austin, TX 78712, USA korgel@che.utexas.edu Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Tanya Kosc University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics 250 East River Road Rochester, NY 14623, USA tkos@lle.rochester.edu Nicholas Kotov University of Michigan Chemical Engineering 2300 Hayward Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA kotov@umich.edu Nina Kovtyukhova The Pennsylvania State University Department of Chemistry, 104 Chemistry Bldg University Park, PA 16802, USA nina@chem.psu.edu James Krajewski DuPont Research and Engineering Technology Experimental Station Wilmington, DE 19880, USA james.j.krajewski@usa.dupont.com Todd Krauss University of Rochester Chemistry Dept 120 Trustee Road Rochester, NY 14627, USA krauss@chem.rochester.edu Gabriele Kremser Graz University of Technology Institute for Chemistry & Technology of Organic Materials Stremayrgasse 16 8010, Graz, Austria g.kremser@tugraz.at 2013, Skjetten, Norway helge@conpart.no Jitendra Kumar Indian Institute ofTechnology Kanpur Materials Science Programme 206 ACMS Bldg Kanpur, 208016, UP, India jk@iitk.ac.in Nanjundan Ashok Kumar Pukyong National University San-100, Nam-gu, Yongdang Dong Busan, 608-739, South Korea akumar@pknu.ac.kr Sonia Kumar T2 Biosystems 286 Cardinal Medeiros Cambridge, MA 02141, USA skumar@t2biosystems.com Masashi Kunitake Kumamoto University New Frontier Science 39-1 Kurokami 2-chome Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan kunitake@chem.kumamoto-u.ac.jp Chiung Wen Kuo Academia Sinica Research Center for Applied Sciences 128, Sect 2, Academia Road, Nankang Taipei, 115, Taiwan kuo55@gate.sinica.edu.tw Angelos Kyrlidis Cabot Corporation 157 Concord Road Billerica, MA 01821, USA akyrlidis@cabot-corp.com Helge Kristiansen Conpart Lahaugmovelen 1, Bygg 36 329 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Raphael Labruere University of South Florida 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205A 8931 Iron Oak Avenue Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA raphlabruere@yahoo.fr Silvia Lacerda National Institute of Standards & Technology Polymers Division 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA silvia.lacerda@nist.gov Anna Lähde Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Physics & Center for New Materials PO Box 5100 02150 Espoo, Finland anna.lahde@tkk.fi Richard M. Laine University of Michigan 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA talsdad@umich.edu Mathias Lakatos Technische Universität Dresden Institute for Materials Science Hallwachstrasse 3 D-01062, Dresden, Germany mathias.lakatos@nano.tudresden.de Andreas Lammel Technische Universität München International Graduate School of Science & Engineering Arcistrasse 21 80333, Munich, Germany andreas.lammel@fiberlab.de 330 Katharina Landfester University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081, Ulm, Germany katharina.landfester@uni-ulm.de Kenneth Lau Drexel University Chemical & Biological Engineering 3141 Chestnut Street, CAT Rm 278 Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA klau@drexel.edu Roger Leblanc University of Miami Chemistry Dept Cox Science Center 1301 Memorial Drive Coral Gables, FL 33146 rml@miami.edu Hae Ri Lee Kumho Petrochemical 57-1, Hwaam-Dong, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon, 305-348, South Korea hrlee08@kkpc.com Hyun Woo Lee Kyungpook National University Advanced Organic Materials Science & Engineering 1370 Sankyeokdong, Bukgu Deagu, 702-702, South Korea fightinglhw@hanmail.net Jung Min Lee Yonsei University Chemical Engineering 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu Seoul, 120-749, South Korea jerremy97@yonsei.ac.kr Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Sun Jong Lee Yonsei University Chemical Engineering 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu Seoul, 120-749, South Korea sunnylee79@yonsei.ac.kr Lars Leidolph IBU-tec advanced materials GmbH Hainweg 9-10 D-99425, Weimer, Germany leidolph@ibu-tec.de Ingo Leubner Crystallization Consulting 35 Hillcrest Drive Penfield, NY 14526-2411, USA ileubner@crystallizationconsulting.co m Tong Leung University of Waterloo Chemistry Dept 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada tong@uwaterloo.ca Chen-Zhong Li Florida International University Biomedical Engineering 10555 West Flager Street Miami, FL 33174, USA licz@fiu.edu Yu Li Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Chemistry & Chemical Biology 110 8th Street, 120 Cogswell Troy, NY 12180, USA liy9@rpi.edu Ben Lich FEI Company – Electron Optics BV Achtsteweg Noord 5 5651 GG, Eindhoven, Netherlands blich@fei.com Yong Taik Lim Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology BioNanotechnology Research Center 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea yongtaik@kribb.re.kr Albert Lindner European Patent Office Erhardtstr 27 80469, Munich, Germany aklindner@epo.org Victor S.Y. Lin Iowa State University Chemistry Dept 0755 Gilman Hall Ames, IA 50011, USA vsylin@iastate.edu Chao Liu Nanosys Inc 2625 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA cliu@nanosysinc.com Xiong (Shawn) Liu University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA xiongliu@mail.ucf.edu Yonglin Liu National Institute of Standards & Technology Optical Technology Division 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8443 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8443, USA yonglin.liu@nist.gov 331 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Yue Liu Ferro Corp 1789 Transelco Drive Penn Yan, NY 14527, USA hnryliu@yahoo.com Luis Liz-Marzán University of Vigo Physical Chemistry Campus Universitario E-36310, Vigo, Spain lmarzan@uvigo.es Cefe López Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC) Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049, Madrid, Spain cefe@icmm.csic.es Cédric Louis Nano-H SAS 25 rue royale 69001, Lyon, France c.louis@nano-h.com Tao Lowe Pennsylvania State University Surgery, Bioengineering, Materials Science & Engineering 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA tlowe@psu.edu Wensheng Lu Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry No. 2, Bei Yi Jie, Zhong Guan Cun Beijing, 100080, China luwensheng@iccas.ac.cn Yunfeng Lu UCLA Chemical Engineering Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA luucla@ucla.edu 332 Chuck Ludwig CytoViva, Inc 300 North Dean Road Suite 5, PMB157 Auburn, AL 36830, USA Yingwu Luo Zhejiang University State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering 38 ZheDa Road Hangzhou, 310027, China yingwu.luo@cmsce.zju.edu.cn Raymond Mackay Clarkson University 5151 North A1A, Unit 110 Vero Beach, FL 32963, USA rmcmackay@comcast.net Noriyoshi Manabe International Medical Center of Japan 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan nmanabe@nih.go.jp Ramalinga Mangalaraja University of Concepción Materials Engineering Edmundo Larenas 270 Concepción, 407-0409, Chile mangal@udec.cl J. Adin Mann, Jr. Case Western Reserve University Case School of Engineering 10900 Euclid Avenue, A.W. Smith Rm 129 Cleveland, OH 44106-7217, USA j.mann@case.edu Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Liberato Manna National Nanotechnology Lab/CNRINFM Distretto Tecnologico – Isufi Via Arnesano Km 5 73100, Lecce, Italy liberato.manna@unile.it Gil Markovich Tel Aviv University School of Chemistry Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel gilmar@post.tau.ac.il Michael Markowitz Naval Research Laboratory Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Code 6900 Washington, DC 20375, USA michael.markowitz@nrl.navy.mil Melanie Martin Particles Conference 265 Clover Street Rochester, NY 14610-2246, USA martin@nanoparticles.org Luigi Martiradonna National Nanotechnology Lab/CNRINFM Distretto Tecnologico Via Arnesano 73100, Lecce, Italy luigi.martiradonna@unile.it Alessandro Martucci Università de Padova Ingegneria Meccanica Settore Materiali Via Marzolo, 9 35131, Padova, Italy alex.martucci@unipd.it 46 Grafton Street Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom omasala@nanocotechnologies.com Yoshitake Masuda National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami Moriyama-ku Nagoya, 463-8560, Japan masuda-y@aist.go.jp Masaru Matsuo Nara Women’s University Kitauoya-Nishi-Machi Nara City, 630-8263, Japan m-matsuo@cc.nara-wu.ac.jp Hedi Mattoussi US Naval Research Lab Optical Sciences Div, Code 5611 4555 Overlook Avenue SW Washington, DC 20375, USA hedi.mattoussi@nrl.navy.mil Rachel McConnell DuPont Air Products NanoMaterials, LLC 2441 West Erie Drive Tempe, AZ 85282, USA rmcconnell@nanoslurry.com Matthew McMahon National Institute of Standards & Technology Center for Nanoscale Science & Technology 100 Bureau Drive, MS 6201, Bldg 216/A157 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA matthew.mcmahon@nist.gov Ombretta Masala Nanoco Technologies Ltd 333 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Wolfgang Meier University of Basel Chemistry Dept Klingelbergstr 80 4056, Basel, Switzerland wolfgang.meier@unibas.ch Victor Manuel Menéndez-Flores Leibniz University of Hannover Institute for Technical Chemistry Callinstr 3 D-30167, Hannover, Germany menendez@iftc.uni-hannover.de Ana Menéndez-Manjón Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. Hollerithallee 8 30419, Hannover, Germany a.menendez@lzh.de Mary Meza Bangs Laboratories, Inc 9025 Technology Drive Fishers, IN 46038, USA mary@bangslabs.com Nadine Millot Université de Bourgogne/CNRS 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47 870 21078, Dijon, France nmillot@u-bourgogne.fr G. Jimmy Mills Auburn University Chemistry & Biochemistry Dept 179 Chemistry Bldg Auburn, AL 36849, USA millsge@auburn.edu David Mines Inotech Biosystems International 15713 Crabbs Branch Way Derwood, MD 20855, USA dmines@inotechintl.com Sanjay Mishra 334 The University of Memphis Physics Dept Manning 226 Memphis, TN 38152, USA srmishra@memphis.edu Ana Morfesis Malvern Instruments 117 Flanders Road Westborough, MA 01581, USA ana.morfesis@malvern.com Tom Morgan Pennsylvania State University 249 Materials Research Labs Hastings Road University Park, PA 16802, USA ttm116@psu.edu Ian Morrison Cabot Corporation 157 Concord Road Billerica, MA 01821, USA ian_morrison@cabot-corp.com Hanna Mouaziz Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 – LAGEP bât 308G ESCPE-Lyon, 2 ème étage, bureau G206 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France mouaziz@lagep.cpe.fr Miran Mozetic Jozef Stefan Institute Plasma Laboratory 39 Jarnova cesta 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia miran.mozetic@guest.arnes.si Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Arup Mukherjee Calcutta University Chemical Technology Dept 92, APC Road Kolkata, 700009, India hdct1@yahoo.co.in Gautam Mukhopadhyay Indian Institute of TechnologyBombay Physics Dept Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India gmukh@phy.iitb.ac.in Pragati Mukhopadhyay Indian Institute of TechnologyBombay Centre fo Research in NanoTechnology & Science Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India pmukhopa@iitb.ac.in Jawad Naciri Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Code 6930 Washington, DC 20375, USA jawad.naciri@nrl.navy.mil Kei Nakai University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical MedicineNeurosurgery 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba City, 305-8575, Japan knakai@md.tsukuba.ac.jp Moshe Narkis Technion-IIT Chemical Engineering Haifa 32000, Israel narkis@tx.technion.ac.il Technion-IIT Environmental Engineering Haifa 32000, Israel cvrnava@tx.technion.ac.il Sudip Nath University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA snath@mail.ucf.edu Paola Nativo The University of Liverpool Chemistry Dept Crown Street Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom paola.nativo@liv.ac.uk Sharma Neeraj 3M Company 3M Center, 201-4N-01 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA nsharma@mmm.com Markus Niederberger ETH Zurich Wolfgang-Paull-Strasse 10 8093 Zurich, Switzerland markus.niederberger@mat.ethz.ch Michael Ngo Abbott Vascular 3200 Lakeside Drive Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA michael.ngo@av.abbott.com Takasi Nisisako Tokyo Institute of Technology Precision and Intelligence Lab R2-6, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan nisisako@pi.titech.ac.jp Nava Narkis 335 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Nitin Nitin Southwest Research Institute Biomaterials & Nanoencapsulation 6620 Culbera Road San Antonio, TX 78229, USA nitin.nitin@swri.org Ulf Nobbmann Malvern Instruments Inc 117 Flanders Road Westboro, MA 01581, USA ulf.nobbmann@malvern.com Alireza Nojeh University of British Columbia Electrical & Computer Engineering 2332 Main Mall, Kaiser 4041 Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada anojeh@ece.ubc.ca Hani Nur University of Greenwich at Medway Medway Sciences Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime Chatham, ME4 4TB, Kent, United Kingdom h.nur@gre.ac.uk Shinsuke Oba Astellas Pharma Inc 180, Ozumi Yaizu-shi, 425-0072, Shizuoka, Japan shinsuke.oba@jp.astellas.com Joo Yub Oh Kumho Petrochemical 57-1, Hwaam-Dong, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon, 305-348, South Korea jooyub@kkpc.com Charlene Ong DSO National Laboratories 20 Science Park Drive 118230, Singapore ominli@dso.org.sg 336 M. Carmen Ortega-Plaza European Patent Office Erhardtstrasse 27 80469, Munich, Germany mortegaplaza@epo.org Eiji Osawa NanoCarbon Research Institute AREC, Textile Science Engineering Shinshu University 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda Nagano, 386-8567, Japan osawaeiji@aol.com Brian Osmondson TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN 55126, USA brian.osmondson@tsi.com Ulrich Oswald European Patent Office Erhardtstrasse 27 80469, Munich, Germany uoswald@epo.org Giulio Paciotti Cytimmune Sciences, Inc 9640 Medical Center Drive Rockville, MD 20850, USA gpaciotti@cytimmune.com Umaporn Paiphansiri University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm, 89069, Germany umaporn.paiphansiri@uni-ulm.de Balaji Panchapakesan University of Delaware Electrical & Computer Engineering 140 Evans Hall Newark, DE 19706, USA baloo@ece.udel.edu Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Priyadarshi Panda Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chemical Engineering 511-A Ashdown House 305 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02139, USA pdpanda@mit.edu Anne-Laure Papa Université de Bourgogne/CNRS 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47 870 Dijon, 21078, France anne-laure.papa@u-bourgogne.fr Chantal Paquet National Research Council of Canada Steacie Institute for Molecular Science 100 Sussex Drive Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Ontario, Canada chantal.paquet@nrc.ca Wolfgang Parak Philipps Universität Marburg Fachbereich Physik Renthof 7 35037, Marburg, Germany wolfgang.parak@physik.unimarburg.de Dong-June Park Korea Food Research Institute 516 Baekhyun-dong, Bundang-ku Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do, 463-746, South Korea djpark@kfri.re.kr Jung Jin Park National Institute of Standards & Technology Polymers Division 100 Bureau Drive, Bldg 224, Rm B232 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA jungjin.park@nist.gov Joung Kyu Park Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Jang-dong 100, Yuseong Daejeon, 305-800, South Korea parkjk@krict.re.kr Chetak Patel University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Pavillion, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA cpatel@mail.ucf.edu Andreas Pein Graz University of Technology Institute for Chemistry & Technology of Organic Materials Stremayrgasse 16 8010, Graz, Austria pein@sbox.tugraz.at David Peisel Malvern Instruments 117 Flanders Road Westborough, MA 01581, USA dave.peisel@malvern.com Robert Pelton McMaster University Chemical Engineering Dept, JHE/136B 1260 Main Street West Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada peltonrh@mcmaster.ca Clara Pereira Universidade do Porto Departamento de Química/REQUIMTE Rua do Campo Alegre 4169-007 Porto, Portugal clara.pereira@fc.up.pt 337 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Alain Perez Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures Domaine Scientifique de la Doua 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France alain.perez@lpmcn.univ-lyon1.fr J. Manuel Perez University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA jmperez@mail.ucf.edu Danielle Petko GE Global Research One Research Circle Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA petko@ge.com Nigel Pickett Nanoco Technologies Ltd 46 Grafton Street Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom npickett@nanocotechnologies.com Jeffrey Pietryga Los Alamos National Laboratory MS J567, PO Box 1663 Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA pietryga@lanl.gov Steffen Pilotek Buhler Inc 701 Brazos #500 Austin, TX 78701, USA steffen.pilotek@buhlergroup.com Nicola Pinna University of Aveiro Chemistry Dept/CICECO 338 Campus Universitario de Santiago 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal pinna@ua.pt Jean-Yves Piquemal Université Paris 7, ITODYS 2 place Jussieu, Tour 44-45, case 7090 75251, Paris cedex 5, France jean-yves.piquemal@univ-parisdiderot.fr Michael Pishko Texas A&M University Chemical Engineering 255A Jack E. Brown Engineering Bldg 3122 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA mpishko@tamu.edu Marc Plaisant University of Florida 200 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400 Gainesville, FL 32611, USA ufxfour@ufl.edu Johan Pluyter International Flavors & Fragrances (IFF) 1515 State Highway 36 Union Beach, NJ 07735, USA johan.pluyter@iff.com Mark Poggi Q-Sense Inc. 808 Landmark Drive, Suite 124 Glen Burnie, MD 21061, USA mark.poggi@q-sense.com Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Adriana Pohlmann Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 PO Box 15003 Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil pohlmann@iq.ufrgs.br Marc Porter University of Utah USTAR Center for Nanobiosensors 383 Colorow Drive Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA marc.porter@utah.edu Clint Potter NanoImaging Services, Inc. 10931 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 108 San Diego, CA 92037, USA cpotter@nanoimagingservices.com Jon Preece University of Birmingham School of Chemistry – Edgbaston Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom j.a.preece@bham.ac.uk Vanessa Prevot Université Blaise Pascal Laboratoire des Matériaux Inorganiques-UMR 6002 24, Avenue des Landais 63177, Aubière cedex, France vanessa.prevot@univ-bpclermont.fr Zhiming Qiu Eastern Michigan University Coating Research Institute 430 West Forest Avenue Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA zqiu@emich.edu University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89081, Ulm, Germany laks.ragupathy@uni-ulm.de Kamil Rahme Université Paul Sabatier Laboratoire des IMRCP 118, Rte de Narbonne 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France rahme@chimie.ups-tlse.fr Janne Raula Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Physics & Center for New Materials PO Box 5100, Puumiehenkuja 2 FI-02150, Espoo, Finland janne.raula@tkk.fi Serge Ravaine Université Bordeaux-1 Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal/CNRS 115 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer 33600, Pessac, France ravaine@crpp-bordeaux.cnrs.fr Keith Redford Conpart as Lahaugmoveien 1, Bygg 36 2013, Skjetten, Norway keith@conpart.no Rocío Redón Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Lab de Materiales y Nanotecnologia, CCADET Cd Universitaria, AP 70-186 México City, CP 04510, México rredon@servidor.unam.mx Lakshminarayanan Ragupathy 339 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Joseph Reiner National Institute of Standards & Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA joseph.reiner@nist.gov Clemens Richert University of Karlsruhe Institute for Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany cr@rrg.uka.de Chris Roberts Auburn University Chemical Engineering Dept 212 Ross Hall Auburn, AL 36849-5127, USA robercr@auburn.edu Ong Shin Rong DSO National Laboratories 20 Science Park Drive 118230, Singapore oshinron@dso.org.sg Eva-Maria Rosenbauer University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89069, Ulm, Germany eva.rosenbauer@uni-ulm.de Gil Rosenman Tel Aviv University School of Electrical Engineering Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel gilr@eng.tau.ac.il Sandra Rosenthal Vanderbilt University Chemistry Dept SC 7303, Box 1822, Station B Nashville, TN 37235, USA 340 sandra.j.rosenthal@vanderbilt.edu Kristine Rosfjord University of Maryland Electrical & Computer Engineering College Park, MD 20742, USA rosfjord@umd.edu Renate Rossmanith University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89069, Ulm, Germany renate.rossmanith@uni-ulm.de Vincent Rotello University of Massachusetts Chemistry Dept 710 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA rotello@chem.umass.edu Parul Rungta Clemson University COMSET, AMRL Bldg 91 Technology Drive Anderson, SC 29625, USA prungta@clemson.edu Marcel Ruppert University of Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89069, Ulm, Germany marcel.ruppert@uni-ulm.de Fouad Salhi National Starch & Chemical 10 Finderne Avenue Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA fouad.salhi@nstarch.com Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Jarno Salonen University of Turku Physics Dept Vesilinnantie 3 FI-20014, Turku, Finland jarno.salonen@utu.fi Swadeshmukul Santra University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA ssantra@mail.ucf.edu Sourangsu Sarkar University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 493 Orlando, FL 32826, USA sourangsu02@yahoo.co.in Pierre Sarrazin École Française de Papeterie et des Industries Graphiques LGP2, 461 rue de la Papeterie BP65 38402, Saint Martin d’Hères cedex, France pierre.sarrazin@efpg.inpg.fr Toshifumi Satoh Hokkaido University N13W8, Kita-ku Sapporo, 006-8628, Japan satoh@poly-bm.eng.hokudai.ac.jp Steven Saunders Auburn University Chemical Engineering Dept 212 Ross Hall Auburn, AL 38649, USA saundsr@auburn.edu Tsutomu Sawada National Institute for Materials Science 1-1, Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050044, Japan sawada.tsutomu@nims.go.jp Rebecca Sawayda DuPont AirProducts Nanomaterials LLC 2441 West Erie Drive Tempe, AZ 85282, USA rsawayda@nanoslurry.com Susann Schachschal Technische Universität Dresden Makromolecular/Textile Chemistry Mommsenstr 4 01062 Dresden, Germany susann.schachschal@chemie.tudresden.de Frank Scheffold University of Fribourg Department of Physics Chemin du Musée 3 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland frank.scheffold@unifr.ch Thomas Scheibel University of Bayreuth Biomaterials Dept, FAN-D Universitätsstr 30 95440 Bayreuth, Germany thomas.scheibel@uni-bayreuth.de Jay Schild Microtrac 12501-A 62nd Street North Largo, FL 33773, USA jay_s@microtrac.com Winston Schoenfeld University of Central Florida CREOL: College of Optics & Photonics 4000 Central Florida Blvd, PO Box 162700 Orlando, FL 32816, USA winston@creol.ucf.edu 341 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Philip Schultz Abbott Labs Dept 09FJ, Bldg AP20 Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA philip.schultz@abbott.com V. Prasad Shastri Vanderbilt University Biomedical Engineering 5824 Stevenson Center Nashville, TN 34232, USA prasad.shastri@vanderbilt.edu Iris Schumacher Kimberly-Clark Corporation 302 Perimeter Center North, #2222 Atlanta, GA 30346, USA iris.v.schumacher@kcc.com David Shaw Rockwood Additives Ltd Moorfield Road Widnes, WA8 3AA, United Kingdom dshaw@rockwoodadditives.com Mark Schwabel 3M Company 3M Center, Bldg 251-2B-11 Maplewood, MN 55144-1000, USA mgschwabel@mmm.com Ginger Shi Behr Process Corporation 3400 West Segerstrom Avenue Santa Ana, CA 92704, USA gshi@behr.com Carole Sentein Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA) DEN-DANS/DMN/SRMA/LTMEx Centre de Saclay, bât 460 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France carole.sentein@cea.fr Jau-Ye Shiu Academia Sinica 128 Sect 2, Academia Road Nankang Taipei, 115, Taiwan jyshiu@gate.sinica.edu.tw Liza Seymour European Patent Office Erhardtstr 27 80469, Munich, Germany lseymour@epo.org Emek Seyrek Institute Charles Sadron CNRS-Campus Cronenbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034, Strasbourg, France emek@ics.u-strasbg.fr Tigran Shahbazyan Jackson State University Physics Dept Jackson, MS 39217, USA tigran.shahbazyan@jsums.edu 342 Meisha Shofner Georgia Institute of Technology Polymer, Textile, & Fiber Engineering 801 Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30332-0295, USA meisha.shofner@ptfe.gatech.edu Sanjeev Kumar Shrivastava Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi IDDC Hauz Khas, 110016, New Delhi, India sansrivastava28@yahoo.co.in Lorette Sicard Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Université Paris 7, ITODYS UMR CNRS 7086 2 place Jussieu 75251, Paris cedex 05, France sicard@itodys.jussieu.fr Guillermo Smart Beckman Coulter Inc 11800 SW 147th Avenue Miami, FL 33196, USA taboova@beckman.com Renaud Sicard University of South Florida 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205A Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA r.sicard@gmail.com Alex Smirnov North Carolina State University Chemistry Dept, Box 8204 2620 Yarbrough Drive Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA alex_smirnov@ncsu.edu Wolfgang Sigmund University of Florida Materials Science & Engineering 225A Rhines Hall Gainesville, FL 32611-6400, USA wsigm@mse.ufl.edu Igor Sokolov Clarkson University NanoBio-Laboratory 8 Clarkson Avenue Potsdam, NY 13699-5820, USA isokolov@clarkson.edu Leif Simonsen Invista Benger Lab 400 DuPont Blvd Waynesboro, VA 22980, USA leif.r.simonsen@invista.com Anongnat Somwangthanaroj Chulalongkorn University 773 Rama 3 rd Bangpongpang, Yannawa Bangkok, 10120, Thailand anongnat.s@chula.ac.th Amit Singhal NEI Corporation 400 East Apgar Drive Somerset, NJ 08873, USA asinghal@neicorporation.com Qing Song National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd, MS3216 Golden, CO 80401, USA qing_song@nrel.gov Ganesh Skandan NEI Corporation 400 Apgar Drive, Suite E Somerset, NJ 08873, USA gskandan@neicorporation.com Alfie Spencer Reckitt Benckiser One Philips Parkway Montvale, NJ 07645, USA alfie.spencer@reckittbenckiser.com Lisa Slater Eastman Kodak Company Kodak Research Labs 1669 Lake Avenue Rochester, NY 14650, USA lisa.slater@kodak.com 343 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Doris Spori Laboratory for Surface Science & Technology ETH Zurich Wolfgang-Pauli-Str 10 HCI E 463.2 8093, Zürich, Switzerland doris.spori@mat.ethz.ch Ming Su University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center Mechanical, Materials, & Aerospace Engineering 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 481 Orlando, FL 32826, USA mingsu@mail.ucf.edu Bill Staskiewicz Malvern Instruments Inc 117 Flanders Road Westboro, MA 01581, USA bill.staskiewicz@malvern.com Seigi Suh DuPont 14 T.W. Alexander Drive RTP, NC 27709, USA seigi.suh@usa.dupont.com Martin Steinhart Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2 06121 Halle, Germany steinhart@mpi-halle.de Kang Sun Shanghai Jiao Tong University Materials Science & Engineering 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai, 200240, China ksun@sjtu.edu.cn Francesco Stellacci Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Rm 134053 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA frstella@mit.edu Mahendra Sunkara University of Louisville Chemical Engineering Ernst Hall, Rm 106 Louisville, KY 40292 mahendra@louisville.edu Laura Steller IFW Dresden Magnetic & Acoustic Resonances Dept Surface Dynamic Group Helmholtzstr 20 D-01069, Dresden, Germany l.steller@ifw-dresden.de Johan Stiefelhagen Utrecht University, Debye Institute Ornstein Laboratorium Princetonplein 1 3584 CC, Utrecht, Netherlands j.c.p.stiefelhagen@gmail.com 344 Milan Sykora Los Alamos National Laboratory Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy MS J567 Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA sykoram@lanl.gov Amra Tabakovic Pennsylvania State University 221 Materials Research Lab University Park, PA 16802, USA axt212@psu.edu Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Atsushi Takahara Kyushu University Institute for Materials Chemistry & Engineering 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan takahara@catf.kyushu-u.ac.jp Yoshihiko Takeda National Institute for Materials Science Quantum Beam Center 3-13 Sakura Tsukuba, 305-0003, Ibaraki, Japan takeda.yoshihiko@nims.go.jp Sonia Taktak T2 Biosystems 286 Cardinal Medeiros Cambridge, MA 02141, USA staktak@t2biosystems.com Emanuela Tamburri Università de Roma “Tor Vergata” Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche/MINASlab Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133, Roma, Italy emanuela.tamburri@uniroma2.it Geok Bee Teh Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Bioscience & Chemistry Dept Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapali 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia tehgb@mail.utar.edu.my Andre ten Elshof University of Twente MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology PO Box 217 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands j.e.tenelshof@utwente.nl Mauricio Terrones IPICYT Camino a la Presa San Jose 2055 Col. Lomas 4a. seccion San Luis Potosi, SLP, 78216, Mexico mterrones@ipicyt.edu.mx Hiroyuki Tetsuka National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku Sendai, 983-8551, Japan h-tetsuka@aist.go.jp John Texter Eastman Michigan University School of Engineering & Technology 430 West Forest Avenue Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA jtexter@emich.edu Curt Thies Thies Technology 921 American Pacific Drive, Suite 309 Henderson, NV 89014, USA thiesman@aol.com Martin Thomas Quantachrome Instruments 1900 Corporate Drive Boynton Beach, FL 33426, USA martin.thomas@quantachrome.com David Thompson Purdue University Chemistry Dept 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA davethom@purdue.edu Richard Tilley Victoria University of Wellington Chemical & Physical Sciences SCP3, Laby Bldg, PO Box 600 Wellington, 6012, New Zealand richard.tilley@vuw.ac.nz 345 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Sandra Tobias Merck Research Labs 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2157 West Point, PA 19486, USA sandra_tobias@merck.com Ai Tee Tok Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences Crystallisation and Particle Science One Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833 Singapore tok_ai_tee@ices.a-star.edu.sg Hidetoshi Tomita FUJIFILM 1740 Technology Drive, Suite 490 San Jose, CA 95110, USA htomita@fujifilmsoft.com Muhammet Toprak Royal Institute of Technology Functional Materials, MAP Isafjordsgatan 24 16440, Stockholm, Kista, Sweden toprak@kth.se Diem Thuy Thi Tran Invitrogen Dynal AS Svelleveien 29 2004, Lillestrom, Norway diem.tran@invitrogen.com Dieter Trau National University of Singapore (NUS) Bioengineering Div 7 Engineering Drive 1 117574 Singapore bietrau@nus.edu.sg Carl Tripp University of Maine Chemistry Dept ESRB/Barrows Hall Orono, ME 04469, USA 346 ctripp@maine.edu Dimitris Tsoukalas National Technical University of Athens School of Applied Sciences 9 Heroon Polytechneiou 15780, Zographou, Greece dtsouk@central.ntua.gr Hsien-Hsin Tung Merck Research Labs 770 Sumneytown Pike West Point, PA 19486, USA hsien_hsin_tung@merck.com Alexander Türke Fraunhofer IPMS Maria-Reiche-Str 2 01109, Dresden, Germany alexander.tuerke1@mailbox.tudresden.de Rein Ulijn University of Manchester Materials Science Centre Grosvenor Street Manchester, M1 7HS, United Kingdom rein.ulijn@manchester.ac.uk Neal Vail Kinetic Concepts, Inc 6203 Farinon Drive San Antonio, TX 78249, USA neal.vail@kci1.com Maiby Valle-Orta Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Ave Universidad 3000 Coyoacán, 04510, México DF, México maiby15@gmail.com Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Nancy Van Suetendael Florida Institute of Technology Electrical & Computer Engineering 150 West University Blvd Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA nvansuet@fit.edu Richard Vanfleet Brigham Young University Physics and Astronomy N241 ESC Provo, UT 84602, USA rrv3@physics.byu.edu Chandra Vargeese Merck & Co, Inc PO Box 4, WP14-3 West Point, PA 19486, USA chandra_vargeese@merck.com America Vazquez-Olmos Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Laboratory of Materials and Nanotechnology Av Universidad 3000 AP 70-186 Mexico City, 04510, Mexico america.vazquez@ccadet.unam.mx Orlin Velev North Carolina State University Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering EB1, 911 Partners Way Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA odvelev@unity.ncsu.edu Krassimir Velikov Unilever Food & Health Research Institute Olivier van Noortlaan 120 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, Netherlands krassimir.velikov@unilever.com Dmitri Vezenov Lehigh University Chemistry Dept 6 East Packer Avenue Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA dvezenov@lehigh.edu Chi-Hwa Wang National University of Singapore Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering 4 Engineering Drive 4 117576, Singapore chewch@nus.edu.sg Howard Wang Binghamton University, SUNY Mechanical Engineering PO Box 6000 Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA wangh@binghamton.edu Hui Wang UOP LLC 50 East Algonquin Road Des Plaines, IL 60017, USA hui.wang1@uop.com Huiliang Wang Beijing Normal University College of Chemistry 19, Xinjiekouwai Street Haidian District Beijing, 100875, China wanghl@bnu.edu.cn Jian-Ping Wang University of Minnesota Electrical & Computer Engineering EE 4-173, 200 Union Street Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA jpwang@umn.edu Qi Wang Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada 98 Stone Road West Guelph, N1G 5C9, Ontario, Canada wangq@agr.gc.ca 347 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) swelz@nalco.com Weimin Wang Merck & Co, Inc PO Box 4, WP14-3 West Point, PA 19486, USA weimin_wang@merck.com Shigeru Watanabe Kochi University Applied Science Dept 2-5-1 Akebono-cho Kochi, 780-8520, Japan watanabe@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp Achim Weber Fraunhofer IGB Nobelstr 12 70569, Stuttgart, Germany achim.weber@igb.fraunhofer.de Alexander Wei Purdue University Chemistry Dept 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA alexwei@purdue.edu Xian-Wen Wei Anhui Normal University Chemistry & Materials Science No. 1 East Beijiing Road Wuhu, 24100, Anhui, China xwwei@mail.ahnu.edu.cn Clemens Weiss University of Ulm Organic Chemistry III Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081, Ulm, Germany clemens.weiss@uni-ulm.de Sascha Welz Nalco Company 1601 West Diehl Road Naperville, IL 60563, USA 348 Yvonne Williams Trinity College Dublin Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin 12 Dublin, Ireland williamy@tcd.ie Mitchell Winnik University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada mwinnik@chem.utoronto.ca Solveig Winther Haldor Topsøe A/S Nymøllevej 55 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark skw@topsoe.dk Stanislaus Wong Brookhaven National Laboratory Stony Brook, SUNY 79 Cornell Avenue Upton, NY 11973, USA sswong@bnl.gov sswong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu Hyun-Yool Woo Inha University Nano-Systems Engineering, 2N 569 253, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu Incheon, 402-751, South Korea yool0809@naver.com Aiguo Wu Northwestern University Radiation Oncology 303 East Chicago Ave, Ward Bldg 13-002 Chicago, IL 60611, USA aiguo@northwestern.edu Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Yu-Jui Wu Ming-Hsin University of Science & Technology Optoelectronic System Engineering No. 1, Xinxing Road, Xinfeng Hsinchu, 3040, Taiwan forget_you_w@yahoo.com.tw Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology Nanotechnology Research PO Box 135 KyungBook-do, Pohang City 790-330, South Korea cjyang@rist.re.kr Kevin Wyndham Waters Corporation 34 Maple Street Milford, MA 01757, USA kwyndham@waters.com Hong Yang University of Rochester Chemical Engineering 206 Gavett Hall Rochester, NY 14627-0166, USA hongyang@che.rochester.edu Chunye Xu University of Washington Mechanical Engineering PO Box 352600 Seattle, WA 98195, USA chunye@u.washington.edu Ren Xu Beckman Coulter Inc 11800 SW 147th Avenue, MC 32B13 Miami, FL 33196, USA ren.xu@coulter.com Nguyen Thi Xuyen Sungkyunkwan University Center for Nanotubes & Nanostructured Composites 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu Suwon, 440-746, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea nguyenxuyenbk@yahoo.com Yoshinori Yamanoi The University of Tokyo Chemistry Dept 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan yamanoi@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Choong-Jin Yang Yadong Yin University of California, Riverside Chemistry Dept Chemical Science Bldg Riverside, CA 92521, USA yadong.yin@ucr.edu Kui Yu National Research Council Canada Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences 100 Sussex Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Ontario, Canada kui.yu@nrc.ca Wan Soo Yun Korea Research Institute of Standards & Science Nanodevice Group One Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea wsyun@kriss.re.kr Betina Giehl Zanetti-Ramos Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Campus Universitário, Trindade Av Dep Antōnio Edu Vieira, 1020 Apto 502A – Pantanal Florianópolis, 88040-001, SC, Brasil betinagzramos@pq.cnpq.br 349 Preregistered Conferfee List (continued) Lei Zhai University of Central Florida Chemistry Dept/NanoScience Technology Center 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400 Orlando, FL 32826, USA lzhai@mail.ucf.edu Tao Zheng Avon Products, Inc One Avon Place Suffern, NY 10901, USA tao.zheng@avon.com Ying Zheng University of New Brunswick Chemical Engineering 15 Dineen Drive Fredericton, E3B 5A3, NB, Canada yzheng@unb.ca Chuan-Jian Zhong SUNY Binghamton Chemistry Dept Vestal Parkway East Binghamton, NY 13902, USA cjzhong@binghamton.edu Christian Zink Laboratory for Surface Science & Technology ETH Zurich Wolfgang-Pauli-Str 10 HCI E 463.2 8093, Zürich, Switzerland czink@mat.ethz.ch Shengli Zou University of Central Florida Chemistry Dept 4000 Central Florida Blvd Orlando, FL 32816, USA szou@mail.ucf.edu 350 Eugene Zubarev Rice University Chemistry Dept, MS-60 6100 Main Street Houston, TX 77005, USA zubarev@rice.edu 351 352 Notes 353 Notes 354 Notes 355 Notes 356 Notes 357 Notes 358 Receipt This receipt acknowledges payment of _______________________ from __________________________________________________ by ____________________________________________________ for the conference registration fee for Particles 2008 held 10-13 May 2008 at the Wyndham Resort Hotel, Orlando, Florida, USA ________________________________________________ On behalf of: Particles Conference 265 Clover Street Rochester, NY 14610-2246, USA EIN No. 16-1565388 Tel: 1-585-288-5913 Fax: 1-585-482-7795 359