AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Jessica Ann Curteman for the degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology
presented on December 11, 2015.
Title: Geoarchaeological Investigations at the Devils Kitchen Site (35CS9), Southern
Oregon Coast
Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________
Loren G. Davis
A geoarchaeological investigation was conducted at the Devils Kitchen archaeological
site, located in the Devils Kitchen State Park along the southern Oregon coast. In this
thesis research, the author paired previous and recent excavated stratigraphy profiles to
define culturally significant deposits. These stratigraphic units were defined further
geochemically using a multivariate statistical analysis from data gathered by a portable xray fluorescence. Radiocarbon dates from excavated charcoal samples associated with
cultural artifacts show an intact deposit dating from 10,638±35 to 11,596±37 RCYBP.
The author used textural analysis from Ro-Tap sieve shaker data and Munsell color
identification extracted from 33 bucket auger units to subsurface test the Devils Kitchen
State Park area. The auger samples portray an uplifted aeolian landscape once influenced
by alluvial deposition, commonly observed along coastal environments altered by rising
sea levels. This research applied a geoarchaeological method to identify deposits of the
right age (DORA) that have the potential to contain intact, early evidence of prehistoric
people. The identification of DORA can serve as a marker for future coastal research
searching for rare, intact paleolandscapes and archaeological deposits dating to the late
Pleistocene to mid Holocene.
©Copyright by Jessica Ann Curteman
December 11, 2015
All Rights Reserved
Geoarchaeological Investigations at the Devils Kitchen
Site (35CS9), Southern Oregon Coast
by
Jessica Ann Curteman
A THESIS
submitted to
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Master of Arts
Presented December 11, 2015
Commencement June 2016
Master of Arts thesis of Jessica Ann Curteman presented on December 11, 2015
APPROVED:
Major Professor, representing Applied Anthropology
Director of the School of Language, Culture, and Society
Dean of the Graduate School
I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State
University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader
upon request.
Jessica Ann Curteman, Author
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have truly been honored with the best support system throughout the entirety of
my graduate program. I cannot express enough thanks to my friends, family, colleagues,
and mentors for their unending support and encouragement throughout these many years.
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Loren G.
Davis, for the continuous support of my abilities and research, for his patience,
motivation, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of the
research and writing of this thesis. You have been a tremendous mentor for me and an
invaluable friend. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for helping
me grow to be a successful graduate student and a confident archaeologist. I look
forward to working with you again in the future.
I am also immensely grateful to my committee members for serving on my
committee and for their insightful comments and suggestions. Dr. Jay S. Noller
introduced me to the world of soil science while Dr. Leah D. Minc willingly taught and
re-taught me the language of statistical analysis. Thank you both for encouraging
questions, and motivating me to continually reach a higher standard of research.
I would like to thank David Sisson who provided me with the opportunity to
experience archaeology through my first job. Long after my job ended, he has always
been there to listen and give advice. I am deeply grateful to him for the long,
encouraging, and honest discussions that helped me focus on my academic and life goals.
Thank you for being the firm hand and caring friend I needed.
To my partners in crime, my colleagues, who have helped me stay sane through
these adventurous years. Without your help, the field work completed at the Devils
Kitchen site would not happened. A huge thank you to Alex Nyers for being my go-to
for just about anything and everything with including the technical details of my work.
Special thanks to the peoples of the Coquille Indian Tribe and to the Oregon State Parks
and Recreation Department for supporting this research and for the logistical help during
the field portion of the project.
None of this would have been possible without the love and patience of my family
to whom I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude. My family has been a constant
source of love, concern, support, and strength all these years. Much of this support has
come from my biggest fans: my parents. Thank you for believing in me and never letting
me give up. I dedicate this thesis to you.
My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the
support and love from my incredible husband and best friend, Alex J. Curteman. You are
my rock. You have seen me through the ups and downs with unending encouragement
and patience. I'm excited for what the future holds for us and look forward to our next
adventures together.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1
1.1. Beginning of Investigations..........................................................................1
Why Investigate at the Devils Kitchen Site...........................................2
1.2. Geomorphic Setting......................................................................................2
1.3. Previous Research.........................................................................................3
1.4. Research Goals..............................................................................................4
1.5. Paleoenvironmental Setting..........................................................................4
1.6. Geology and Geomorphology.......................................................................6
Regional Tectonics.....................................................................................6
Eustatic/Regional Sea Level Change..........................................................8
1.7. Archaeological Site Types and Landscape Distribution Along the
Southern Oregon Coast...................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2. MODELS AND EXPECTATIONS..........................................................13
2.1. Southern Oregon Coast Environment...........................................................13
Climate and Vegetation..............................................................................13
Resources...................................................................................................14
2.2. Relationship Between Environment and Resources.....................................14
2.3. Environmental Zones and Lithofacies..........................................................15
2.4. Environmental Facies Present at the Devils Kitchen Site............................16
Maritime Lithofacies.............................................................................16
Littoral Lithofacies................................................................................16
Dune Lithofacies...................................................................................17
Coastal Plain Lithofacies......................................................................17
Alluvial Valley Lithofacies...................................................................18
2.5. Expected Distribution and Preservation of Site Types Within Each
Facie Zone.....................................................................................................18
Maritime Lithofacies.............................................................................19
Littoral Lithofacies................................................................................19
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Dune Lithofacies...................................................................................20
Coastal Plain Lithofacies......................................................................20
Alluvial Valley Lithofacies...................................................................21
2.6. Evolving Coastline.......................................................................................21
Resource Changes.................................................................................22
2.7. Expected Observations.................................................................................22
Testing our Expectations at the Devils Kitchen Site............................23
CHAPTER 3. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION..........................................................25
3.1. Pairing Archaeology and Geoscience...........................................................25
Stratigraphic Units in Archaeological Sites..........................................26
3.2. Subsurface Testing at the Devils Kitchen Site.............................................28
3.3. Laboratory Methods.....................................................................................30
Auger Sediment Samples......................................................................31
Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker............................................................................31
Statistical Analysis................................................................................31
Munsell Colors......................................................................................32
PXRF Samples......................................................................................33
3.4. Landscape Reconstruction at Devils Kitchen State Park.............................34
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION.....................................................39
4.1. Physical Stratigraphy and Soil Development...............................................39
Lithostratigraphy...................................................................................39
Pedostratigraphy...................................................................................41
Archaeological Stratigraphy.................................................................43
4.2. PXRF: Exploratory Data Analysis...............................................................44
Can the PXRF data distinguish soil horizons?......................................46
Exploring Chemical Variation among Soil Horizons...........................47
4.3. PXRF: Cluster Analysis...............................................................................50
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4.4. Auger Sediment Analysis.............................................................................51
4.5. Auger Munsell Color Analysis.....................................................................52
4.6. Radiocarbon Dates.......................................................................................53
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.......................................................86
5.1. General Northwest Coastal Research...........................................................86
5.2. Locating Archaeological Sites Along the Coast...........................................86
5.3. Documenting Early Sites Along the Southern Oregon Coast......................88
5.4. Facies Interpretation.....................................................................................90
5.5. Research Questions Addressed....................................................................90
How did the Devils Kitchen site form, and how has
post-depositional processes affected the site's appearance
and preservation?..................................................................................91
What are the Devils Kitchen site's archaeologically relevant
sediments and where are they distributed?...........................................92
What is the geoarchaeological context of human occupation
at the Devils Kitchen site?....................................................................95
5.6. Future Work.................................................................................................94
BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................98
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1.1. Location of the Devils Kitchen site, 35CS9...........................................................10
1.2. Plate deformation associated with an active subduction zone...............................11
1.3. The Coquille Fault in relation to the Devils Kitchen site......................................12
2.1. A coastal facies model showing the relation of coastal environments..................24
3.1. Aerial photo from Google Maps (2014) showing the Devils Kitchen State
Park with auger units and test units locations........................................................35
3.2. Locations outlined in red of the PXRF samples from Unit C's north wall............36
3.3. Locations outlined and pointed in red of the PXRF samples from Unit C's
west wall................................................................................................................37
3.4. Locations outlined in red of the PXRF samples from Unit D's south wall............38
4.1. 35CS9, Unit C, north wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries..........................................................................54
4.2. 35CS9, Unit C, east wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries..........................................................................55
4.3. 35CS9, Unit C, south wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries..........................................................................56
4.4. 35CS9, Unit C, west wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries..........................................................................57
4.5. 35CS9, Unit D, south wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries..........................................................................58
4.6. Bivariate scatterplot matrix showing the relationship two elements have on
each PXRF sample using all detected elements.....................................................59
4.7. Step-wise discriminant Analysis on all elemental data with all soil groups
present, colored, and labeled..................................................................................60
4.8. Step-wise discriminant Analysis on all elemental data with soil groups A
and 5Cb2 removed.................................................................................................61
4.9. A 3D scatterplot of the PXRF data containing all elements detected with soil
groups A and 5Cb2 removed.................................................................................62
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure
Page
4.10. Principal component analysis on all elemental data with the first two PCs
graphed to show correlation.................................................................................63
4.11. Scatterplot matrix of the four saved PCs on the 13 diagnostic elements.............64
4.12. Ward cluster analysis on four principal component data for diagnostic
elements colored by soil group............................................................................65
4.13. Ward cluster analysis on the 13 diagnostic elements colored by soil group.......66
4.14. Aerial photo of 35CS9 showing the location of auger units with the trends
of the fence diagrams...........................................................................................67
4.15. Fence diagram showing the deposits of auger units from south to north
most western area at 35CS9 (F1-F1')...................................................................68
4.16. Fence diagram showing the deposits of auger units from west to east of
northern area at 35CS9 (F2-F2')..........................................................................69
4.17. Fence diagram showing the deposits of auger units from west to east of
southern area at 35CS9 (F3-F3')..........................................................................70
4.18. Interfluves and old channel interpretations..........................................................71
4.19. Fence diagram of south to north most western area at 35CS9 (F1-F1')
showing the Munsell color distribution across auger and excavation units.........72
4.20. Fence diagram of west to east of northern area at 35CS9 (F2-F2') showing
the Munsell color distribution across auger units................................................73
4.21. Fence diagram of west to east of southern area at 35CS9 (F3-F3') showing
the Munsell color distribution across auger units................................................74
4.22. 35CS9, Unit C, north wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries along with 14C dates of charcoal samples
in their easting and depth location.......................................................................75
5.1. Locations of the four discussed sites on the southern Oregon coast......................96
5.2. Environmental facies zone eastern shift as related to eustatic sea level rise.........97
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
4.1. Soil horizon description of Units A and B of Devils Kitchen site.........................76
4.2. The presence and absence of excavated artifacts by unit and depth......................77
4.3. Correlation matrix of all base 10 logarithmic transformation elemental data.......78
4.4. Correlations of the first eight PCs from the principal component analysis of
all elemental data...................................................................................................80
4.5. Contingency analysis of saved clusters from a Ward cluster analysis of the
four PCs by soil groups..........................................................................................81
4.6. Contingency analysis of saved clusters from a Ward cluster analysis of the
13 elements by soil groups.....................................................................................82
4.7.
14
C dates from Unit C at the Devils Kitchen site...................................................83
4.8.
14
C dates from charcoal samples taken from the Devils Kitchen site, previously
known at the Bandon Ocean Wayside site.............................................................84
4.9. All 14C dates from the Devils Kitchen site with their associated LU, PU, and
soil horizon, sorted by date within each LU..........................................................85
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
A: The Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker data (shown in grams) from auger level samples........108
B: The Munsell colors of dried samples gathered from each auger unit levels
(cm below the surface)...........................................................................................124
C: All PXRF raw, uncalibrated data of readings from Units C and D at 35CS9........139
D: The PXRF standards ran before and during soil sample readings to check
for device drift and error........................................................................................154
E: All PXRF raw, uncalibrated data of readings from the auger units at 35CS9........156
F: Univariate one-way analysis of all elements by soil group....................................180
1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
The northwest coastline has been actively evolving in result to a fluctuation in
sediment supply, energy, and relative sea level. The Oregon coastline has been and
continues to be a dynamic environment. To better predict where early people were in the
landscape, an understanding of the distribution and availability of resources is key. The
present day environment is not an appropriate representation of an area’s geological and
environmental context for the entirety of its past. Resources are influenced through
environmental changes, which are necessary to understand for reconstructing the coastal
past environment that people utilized. At the Devils Kitchen archaeological site
(Smithsonian designation 35CS9), located along the southern Oregon coast in the Devils
Kitchen State Park, south of Bandon (Figure 1.1), archaeological material found within
buried soils suggests people used the landscape during a time when the environment and
relative sea level was different than today.
1.1. Beginning of Investigations
The Devils Kitchen site was officially recorded as an archaeological site in 1951
by Lloyd Collins who observed artifacts eroding from an exposed western bank.
Northwest coast archaeological sites are typically buried, covered by vegetation, or
eroded making their visibility limited (Ames & Maschner, 2000). Sites are commonly
discovered after a portion of the site has been exposed or damaged, as such is the case for
the Devils Kitchen site. Being buried by sediment accumulating throughout the years,
this prehistoric site was not only protected from destructive elements, it was also hidden
from vision. As the natural terrace was eroded by gravity and wave action, the western
facing bank exposed the Devils Kitchen site and its artifacts, allowing the site to be
discovered and recorded.
Interest in the site arose as it was recognized as not matching a typical prehistoric
site along the Oregon coast. The Devils Kitchen site did not have evidence of containing
a shell midden, an expected feature for a coastal site. The site appeared to have deep,
preserved deposits, suggesting that it might be a representation of an older landscape, one
2
that might not match the modern environment, and may not represent a marine lifeway.
Subsurface testing further supported the possibility of a preserved paleolandscape (Hall
et al., 2005). Not only would the site be able to offer data to help reconstruct the
prehistoric environment, but it has potential to contain an in situ, early archaeological
component. There are not many examples of preserved archaeological components that
represent a prehistoric environment along today’s Oregon coast.
Why Investigate at the Devils Kitchen Site
The Devils Kitchen site has the potential to contain preserved features of an early
prehistoric cultural and natural environment. The early deposits would represent a very
different environment than the one present today. These well preserved, stratified
deposits at the site are noted as being uncommon along the southern Oregon coast, and
could contain preserved evidence of an early occupation (Davis et al., 2008). The site is
described by Rick Minor (1986:81) as having ―considerable potential for containing
information about a different aspect of prehistoric occupation in this region‖ after being
declared as a terrestrial site rather than the original claim as an eroded shell midden site.
There has been little work done along the Oregon coast to investigate these terrestrial
sites, now existing along the coastal margin. An examination of the nature and extent of
early, preserved deposits around the site will provide information on identifying potential
areas for similar terrestrial prehistoric sites to exist. Results of this research can also be
used to aid in reconstructing the landscape as it might have been observed by early
people, which can then help answer where early human activities occurred.
1.2. Geomorphic Setting
The Devils Kitchen site is an open alluvial riparian site located on a naturally
raised marine terrace, or bluff, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Uplifted by the active
Cape Blanco anticline fault located just north of Cape Blanco, the site has been partially
protected from wave action and changing sea levels. The site is buried by multiple
deposits, and today is eroding into the ocean along its most western edge. Dune deposits
at varying thicknesses have capped the site and covers the Devils Kitchen State Park.
3
Much of the site area is situated on compact sandstone and shale which is
continuously being uplifted and exposed. Sandstone is interpreted as the parent material
for soil development and is observed as small gravels in a few soil horizons at the site.
Other rocks and minerals such as quartz and cherts are often found at the site, imported
there by the nearby Crooked Creek from the formations that make up the nearby Klamath
Mountains.
The Devils Kitchen State Park is mapped as existing within the Bullards and
Waldport soil series (United States Department of Agriculture, 2015). The Bullards soil
is found on marine terraces and is typically a sandy loam with some gravels. It could
contain minor components from the Blacklock series such poorly drained soils that are
shallow up to a cemented ornstein pan. Blacklock soils are formed in sandy marine
sediments and are often found in depressions on marine terraces. The Waldport soil is
found on stabilized dunes and are typically fine sands. This soil is excessively drained
and is formed in mixed aeolian sands. Properties from all three soil series have the
potential to be present in state park area.
Today the site is situated within a dune environmental facie (further explained in
chapter 2). The dune is stabilized by grasses, planted by the State Parks' management,
and intrusive gorse. The thickness of the dune drastically varies across the state park and
is absent in the most western, eroded portions. Today's vegetated surface has caused the
dune to become stable, allowing soil production to occur (Wells, 2001).
1.3. Previous Research
The Devils Kitchen site was first described by Lloyd Collins as a very dark, thick
soil that contained chipped stone artifacts. It was predicted that the site covers an area
approximately 100 m x 100 m and that there once was a shell midden that deteriorated,
leaving the stone artifacts behind (Collins, 1951; Minor, 1986:81). The site was later
suggested by Rick Minor to be a bluff site where people were focusing on a more
terrestrial rather than a marine economy, therefore never having a shell midden (1986).
The first formal excavations at the Devils Kitchen State Park, previously known
as Bandon Ocean Wayside, were in 2002 by Oregon State University archaeologists.
Two 1 x 1 meter test units were placed within the site’s boundaries in order to
4
investigate the site’s subsurface deposits. Results from this research showed that the
Devils Kitchen site consisted of a stratified sequence of aeolian deposits overlying
alluvial deposits which overlaid marine deposits (Hall et al. 2005; Davis et al. 2008). The
sequence was later described by Davis et al. (2009) to be a preserved representation of
deposits supporting a facies shift model. This representation is a focus that this thesis
research will describe and explore at greater depth.
1.4. Research Goals
The goal of this thesis is to develop a spatially expanded geoarchaeological model
to be applied to the Devils Kitchen site and demonstrate a collaboration of
interdisciplinary practices to aid in answering three main questions:
1. How did the Devils Kitchen site form, and how have postdepositional
processes affected the site's archaeological record?
2. What are the Devils Kitchen site's archaeologically relevant sediments and
where are they distributed?
3. What is the geoarchaeological context of human occupation at the Devils
Kitchen site?
I will address these questions through building an expanded stratigraphic
framework for the site by combining the results of past and recently conducted field
investigations. This framework will be based on analysis of sediment and soil samples
taken from the Devils Kitchen site and the surrounding park area. The stratigraphic
framework will be interpreted within the site's archaeological context, adding to the
record of early cultural sites along the Oregon coast.
1.5. Paleoenvironmental Setting
The Oregon coast has experienced multiple environmental changes during the
span of human occupation. As part of understanding how early people interacted with
the environment, the identification of the available landscape and the resources is
necessary. An interpretation of the geoarchaeology of a site aids in the understanding
5
of past environments and therefore can begin to piece together how foragers used the
landscape.
To better understand the natural processes and products associated with the Devils
Kitchen site, we must consider the environmental context of the southern Oregon coast.
Analyzing the vegetation of the past environment gives an estimation of the climate for
that time. Since vegetation relies on soil production and soil relies on climate, a
relationship between vegetation and climate can be found.
In central Oregon’s coast range at Little Lake, Oregon, macrofossils were
analyzed to create a record of vegetation and climate changes during the late Quaternary
(Worona and Whitlock, 1995). It was found that the climate went from cooler and wetter
than it is today to a more temperate climate by 13,500 cal BP. There was a period of
cooling from 12,900 cal BP and 11,500 cal BP which coincides with a climate shift seen
in North America known as the Younger Dryas (Davis, 2011). The early Holocene
experienced summer droughts with many wildfires. After 5,600 cal BP, the climate
began to shift to its present-day cool, moist atmosphere. In general, the coast range went
from hosting pine, fir, western and mountain hemlock, and spruce during cooler episodes
to Douglas-fir, red alder, and bracken fern during long, drought summers to Douglas-fir,
western hemlock, and western red cedar as climate began to resemble today's and ending
with increased Douglas-fir and decreased cedar as seen today (Ames & Maschner, 2000;
Worona & Whitlock, 1995). Even though the Little Lake study area is not along the
southern Oregon coast and is more inland than this research's study area, it provides a
basis for study and a general idea of the changes the Oregon coast range experienced
from the time of early human occupation to today.
Oceanic properties have a large impact on the biological environment. Current
marine biological activity is reliant on the summer upwelling of cold, nutrient water.
During times when this upwelling is reduced, such as with El Niño Southern Oscillation
climate events, there is a dramatic decrease in fish and seabird populations attributed to a
drop in zooplankton densities (Pearcy & Schoener, 1987). Davis (2011) suspects that
with changing climate conditions and differences in sea and land temperatures after the
last glacial maximum, the strength of upwelling in the Pacific Ocean would be
influenced, therefore, ―the northeastern Pacific Ocean probably exhibited a significantly
6
different ecology during the LP-EH [late Pleistocene to early Holocene], compared to its
modern (i.e., post-Younger Dryas) state‖ (Davis, 2011:13). This emphasizes that the
diverse and populous marine life seen today along the Oregon coast might not have been
consistently available at the same rate throughout human’s coastal existence, further
supporting that today’s coastal ecology is not a proper analogy to ecologies of the past.
1.6. Geology and Geomorphology
With the Pacific Ocean at its western edge and an uplifted coast range mountain at
its eastern edge, the coastline features are dependent on the behavior of its geoactive
neighbors. The active tectonic zone along with changes in relative sea level is
responsible for much of the dynamic topographic and geomorphic landscape along the
coastline.
The southern Oregon coast is positioned between the Pacific Ocean and the
Klamath Mountains. The Klamath Mountains are primarily composed of Paleozoic and
Mesozoic formations that commonly include granite, quartz, limestone, marble,
sandstone, shale, serpentine, and cherts (Baldwin, 1981). The elevation of these
mountainous features abruptly drop to form a narrow coastal plain where rivers and
creeks flow from the mountain range to the ocean. These rivers and creeks transport and
deposit many of the rocks and minerals form the mountain range to the coastal plain.
The southern Oregon coast has fewer large bays and estuaries than the central and
northern Oregon coast. In the southern portion of the central coast and some areas in the
southern coast are large freshwater lakes, formed around the time of the middle Holocene
by encroaching sand dunes blocking streams from flowing into the ocean (Minor, 1992;
Minor & Toepel, 1986). While the mixing of salt and freshwater resources might not be
as prevalent as it was before the streams were blocked, the two ecologies are today
present in close proximity to one another.
Regional Tectonics
There are two major tectonic forces that have influenced the southern Oregon
coastline, with focus on the research area: the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the
Coquille fault.
7
The southern Oregon coastline is greatly influenced by the geologic activity of the
Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) where the oceanic Juan de Fuca plate is actively
subducting below the continental North American plate. The Juan de Fuca plate dips
beneath today’s coast range at about 13 to 16 degrees and is subducted at approximately
4.75 cm per year (DeMets et al., 2010; Tréhu et al., 1994). The plates apply pressure and
resistance as they move alongside one another causing uplift and periodically slips
approximately every 600 years, resulting in a large earthquake and coseismic subsidence
of the land (Figure 1.2).
The CSZ has been active for the entirety of human’s existence on the Northwest
Coast and can produce earthquakes as large as magnitude 9+ (Atwater et al., 1995; Satake
et al., 1996; Clague, 1996). The last CSZ earthquake occurred in AD 1700, leaving very
little to the written record. However, evidence of this and previous CSZ earthquakes are
found in the geologic record. Micromorphology studies on sediments from areas that
have been influenced by episodic events from tsunamis and seismic shaking reveal that
the coastline was subjected to tectonic activity from the CSZ multiple times since the late
Pleistocene (Kilfeather et al., 2007). At Bradley Lake, Oregon, 13 marine incursions
were recorded and are interpreted as being the result of a CSZ plate boundary rupture, or
an earthquake, and a tsunami inundating the lake area (Ollerhead et al., 2001; Kelsey et
al., 2005). It is noted that a plate boundary rupture does not need to occur directly below
a location in order for a tsunami to present itself.
As a result of the CSZ, a series of north and northwest trending faults and folds,
known as the Cascadia fold and thrust belt, deform the continental slope (Goldfinger et
al., 1992; Goldfinger et al., 1997; MacKay et al., 1992; McNeill et al., 2000). Active
faults and folds trend perpendicular to the CSZ and the coastline which greatly influence
the formation of raised marine terraces and headlands (Kelsey, 1990; Kelsey et al., 1996).
One fault significant to this research is the Coquille fault, an upper-plate tectonic
structure that is associated with the offshore fold-and-thrust orogenic belt and is
described as a northwest striking fault (Witter et al., 1997; Witter, 1999). The axis is
illustrated to be located at the mouth of the Coquille River with the north side being
downthrown and the south side being upthrown (Punke & Davis, 2006). The
downthrown and upthrown fault is reported to have vertically displaced sediments
8
approximately 50 meters at its axis (McInelly & Kelsey, 1990). The fault is attributed to
causing a significant upper-plate deformation, aiding in the preservation of coastal
archaeological sites (Punke & Davis, 2006). Effects of the fault is less dramatic the
further north or south the area is from the axis point with a current southern peak at
Coquille Point and the tail of the upthrow being at Bradley Lake (McInelly & Kelsey,
1990; McNeill et al., 1998; Witter et al., 2003).
Eustatic/Regional Sea Level Change
As the ice sheets began to melt, water that was once held on land began to reenter the oceans during the end of the last glacial maximum. The eustatic sea level
irregularly rose approximately a total of 130 m until reaching modern levels around 3,000
cal BP (Fleming et al., 1998; Fairbanks, 1989). Relative sea level change was not
consistent throughout the world, or even the northwest coast, and needs to be addressed
regionally. Tectonic activity resulting in crustal deformation also influences local
relative sea level, which is an active component to consider when examining the
paleolandscape of the Oregon coast. Tectonic uplift was significantly outpaced by sea
level rise around 9,000 cal BP, and therefore, is said to not be a major factor in changing
the depositional setting (Punke, 2005). However, this uplift would eventually influence
the landscape as the rise of eustatic sea level slowed to modern levels. The Oregon coast
is currently uplifted from interseismic activity between 0-5 mm per year, and subsidence
from coseismic activity can range from 0-2 meters (Peterson et al., 2000).
1.7. Archaeological Site Types and Landscape Distribution Along the Southern
Oregon Coast
An extensive 10 year-long investigation into all recorded sites along the entire
Oregon coast was reported in 1996 for a multiple property nomination to the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP). As a result, 89 coastal archaeological sites were
listed on the NRHP that are located within an Oregon state park. During the evaluation
process, sites were categorized into eight types based on their archaeological findings. A
correlation between site type and environment is noted and used as a basis for predicting
locations for future site type discoveries (Davis, 2006; Jenevein, 2010; Moss &
9
Erlandson, 2008; Ross, 1984). Of the evaluated 89 sites, 46 of them exist along the
southern Oregon coast, within Curry or Coos counties. Most of the southern Oregon sites
are identified as having a shell midden while only 15% of sites are typed lithic sites
without a shell midden. Of the seven lithic sites, five are said to exist today on the outer
coast ecological setting (Moss & Erlandson, 2008: Table 2), including the Devils Kitchen
site. Although the number of lithic sites is small compared to midden sites, both types
are expected to be influenced by the ecological setting, or environmental zone, that they
are found in today. A relation of the environmental zone that the site existed in at the
time of occupation is also expected.
Richard Ross (1984) relates coastal, non-shell midden archaeological sites midden
to their current location in the landscape. These sites are noted to be frequently found on
higher elevation bluffs overlooking the ocean, while shell midden sites are typically
found at lower elevations, or at the very edge of a bluff. As an alternative to explaining
sites without a shell midden as a result of preservation issues, Ross’ bluff sites is an
identification of a ―functionally/adaptationally different type of site‖ (Ross, 1984:246).
The archaeology at the bluff sites suggest a more terrestrial, versus a marine, resource
orientation. Since bluff sites typically predate the modern, more eastern shoreline, the
lack of marine resources at these sites is not surprising. Overall, particular types of
archaeological coastal sites are not found in random landscapes, but are resulted in
reaction to that environment in both creation and preservation.
10
Figure 1.1. Location of the Devils Kitchen site, 35CS9.
11
Figure 1.2. Plate deformation associated with an active subduction zone (from Punke &
Davis 2006:Figure 2).
12
Figure 1.3. The Coquille Fault in relation to the Devils Kitchen site. Up-thrown (U) and
down-thrown (D) sides of Coquille fault lie on the southern and northern sides of the
axis, respectively (from Punke & Davis 2006:Figure 7).
13
CHAPTER 2. MODELS AND EXPECTATIONS
Archaeological and paleoenvironmental reconstructions are difficult to model
without an understanding of the changing paleolandscapes through time (Davis, 2011).
By applying geoarchaeological methods, a prediction on the location of preserved, early
deposits will be made. Through geoarchaeological models, information gathered from
multiple formal excavations and subsurface testing at the site will be analyzed and
interpreted on the grounds of site formation, explaining how the site formed and the
postdepositional forces that influenced its preservation. Results of the geoarchaeological
investigation outline the integrity of the stratigraphic and cultural record at the site level,
which have the potential to be applied to other coastal locations.
2.1. Southern Oregon Coast Environment
Climate and Vegetation
Much of the weather fronts come from the ocean side with variations in north and
south trending winds. Today the climate of the southern Oregon coast is, on average,
warmer than the northern Oregon coast. Much of the moisture for vegetation comes from
heavier rainfall from November to May and consistent fogs during the summer (Franklin
& Dyrness, 1988). The average annual temperature for the southern Oregon coast near
the research area is 53°F (11.7°C) with an average maximum of 60°F (15.5°C) and an
average minimum temperature of 45°F (7.2°C). July and August have the highest
monthly temperature averages while December and January have the lowest averages
(Wrcc.dri.edu, 2015).
The interior coast is composed of tall vegetation such as coniferous forests,
evergreens, and hardwoods. Juniper, wildflowers, sedge, and other ground cover plants
are commonly found on exposed slopes along the southern Oregon coast. The area above
the beaches is dominated by shrubs such as deerbrush, western azalea, alder, and
gooseberry (Franklin & Dryness, 1988). There is a known importance of the Oregon
14
white oak and California black oak trees to native coastal people that are found today
along coastal valleys (Moss & Erlandson, 2008).
Resources
The southern Oregon coast offers a wide variety of marine and terrestrial
resources. Seasonal upwelling in offshore ocean waters bring the nutrient-rich deep
water to the surface, providing the nutrients to the building blocks of the food chain such
as zooplankton and phytoplankton. With a narrow southern Oregon coastal plain, the
marine and terrestrial environments are in close proximity to one another. This offers
both marine and terrestrial resources to predatory hunters and gatherers.
Economically significant land mammals present along the Oregon coast include
elk, deer, bear, beaver, river otter, bobcat, coyote, and raccoon. A wide variety of ground
mammals including rabbits, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, gophers, and voles are also
common (Moss & Erlandson, 2008). Although these mammals are labeled as terrestrial,
it is common for them to be found in what would be considered marine environments
such as dunes, bluffs, and intertidal zones.
Marine resources include those found in intertidal or littoral zones and submerged
areas. The larger mammals commonly found in submerged areas include sea lion, seals,
sea otter, and grey and humpback whales. Today, many of these mammals are found
along the Oregon coast year-round while others are migratory.
A large variety of fish are found along the coast, including four salmon species.
While salmon is historically known for being economically important, other fishes were
also traditionally important such as sturgeon, lamprey, rockfish, cod, smelt, tuna, gerring,
sardines, and anchovies (Moss & Erlandson, 2008). Some fish can be found in both the
ocean’s salt water and the river’s fresh water such as salmon, making these confluence
areas high in resource potential.
2.2. Relationship Between Environment and Resources
There is a direct relationship that can be made between the environment and the
resources present within that environment. The environment is defined as surrounding
factors such as air, water, organisms, and minerals affect the area at a given time. These,
15
and additional factors, shape the nature and distribution of the environment's resources.
If the environment changes, then we expect to see a change in resources as well.
Through understanding of an area's environment at a given time, a prediction of the
available plants, animals, minerals, and other resources can be made. This prediction can
aid in discovering the characteristics and distribution of archaeological sites. As a site's
environment changes, there will be a shift in how that particular landscape is being used
by people as they adjust to better utilize available resources. When preservation of
organic resources is not ideal, the archaeologist can examine intact evidence of a site's
environment to better understand what could have attracted people to the site. At the
Devils Kitchen site, this examination is approached through geoarchaeological methods.
2.3. Environmental Zones and Lithofacies
The Oregon coast is comprised of dynamic environments that exist in a common
spatial relationship with one another. Each environment is identified as a part of an
overall facie series. A facies series, or model, is a general summary of a given
depositional system made up of multiple facies (Walker & James, 1992). Walther’s Law
of Facies outlines that the vertical order of a series deposits reflects the order of lateral
deposits as a result of accretion shifts (Walker & James, 1992). Each facie is a
component of its system and therefore can be described individually. The depositional
environment is a preserved representation of the natural environment that has changed, or
shifted, over time. Each facie can be conceptualized as an environmental zone offering
particular resources and containing particular deposits.
The environmental facies along the southern Oregon coast are maritime, littoral,
estuary, alluvial valley and uplands, and montane and headwaters (Davis et al., 2009).
Figure 2.1 shows the order in which these environmental facies are observed. Each facie
has a characteristic pattern of sediment deposition that corresponds to particular
geomorphic processes within a coastal landscape. These sedimentary depositional
patterns are called lithofacies and signal the presence of a certain environmental facie.
16
2.4. Environmental Facies Present at the Devils Kitchen Site
The coastal facies model observed today along the southern Oregon coast is
similar to the model that is expected to have been present in the past, when the first
people were utilizing its landscape. Focusing on the Devils Kitchen location, the facies
to be discussed are maritime, littoral, dune, coastal plain, and alluvial valley from west to
east accordingly. As previously mentioned, each facie can be described individually
based on their depositional system, environmental properties, and distribution of
resources. Through a direct relationship between cultural and environmental deposits,
each lithofacie, can also be associated with particular human activities (Waters, 1992;
Davis, 2009).
Below is an outlined description of each environmental lithofacie unit that is
observed at the Devils Kitchen site. The description covers the expected sediment
depositional pattern and economically relevant resources typically associated with each
environmental zone. The Devils Kitchen site does not currently exhibit an estuary
environment as modeled for other coastal landscapes modeled by Davis et al. (2008).
Therefore, the estuary environmental facie is not discussed here.
Maritime Lithofacies
Maritime lithofacies are the areas furthest west of this coastal facies model,
including open and deep waters that are difficult to access without a boat. The eastern
boundary of this facie is at the beginnings of the intertidal zone. This area is considered a
low-energy zone where deposits are made up of small, fine grained sediments that are
well sorted (Waters, 1992). The resources available in this facie are solely marine
resources including fish, sea mammals such as whales, seals, sea lions, and sea bottom
vegetation. Resources can be found at varying locations and depths within the matrix of
the facie.
Littoral Lithofacies
Littoral lithofacies includes from the intertidal zone to the high tidewater line.
This area is characterized by wave and tidal action (Wells, 2001) which makes this a
high-energy environment. Sediment deposits are poorly sorted and range in size from
17
pebbles to fine depending on the wave’s force and influence. Paleoenvironmental
context of the littoral facie contained both land and marine resources that often coexist
such as shellfish, fish, seabirds, barnacles, snails, crabs, mussels, jellyfish, squirrels,
rodents, and sea otters. While the location of these resources could vary, some rely
directly on the tide to travel through or bring in resources and are typically found in
shallow water or on land close to the low-energy tide.
Dune Lithofacies
Dune lithofacies include the area from the high tidewater line to the coastal plain
or alluvial valley, whichever is present as the next adjacent facie. This facie is
characterized by its windblown or aeolian sediments that are associated with localized
deposition and erosion. The sediments are generally well sorted, well rounded, and
consist of fine to very fine sand sizes (Wells, 2001). While the surface of this
environmental facie can often be too unstable for resources to be predictable, it is not
completely void of value to foragers. Grasses, shrubs, and forbs can being to grow and
help make dune surfaces more stable for a time. Historically introduced grasses and
shrubs have stabilized and slowed the inland advancement of the dunes. Depressions
within the dune can hold water, which has potential to host small fish. Dune ponds can
also be formed by shifting aeolian sands blocking water systems such as receding tides,
often stranding fish. North to south trending dune sheets are often observed to block
stream channels from directly emptying into the ocean, causing them to parallel the
ocean’s front until they break free of the dune and continue west. Streams that are
blocked can create wetlands and lakes in adjacent terrestrial environments.
Coastal Plain Lithofacies
The coastal plain is characterized by its relatively flat, low elevation land that is
often flooded preventing trees and large vegetation to grow but allowing grasses to thrive.
The facie includes the low lying land situated between the western beaches and the
eastern gradient alluvial valley. This area provides a home for many invertebrates and
vertebrates, birds, waterfowl, snakes, and rodents. Seasonal streams and flooded area
might hold fishes and amphibians. Deposits in this area would resemble those of lower
18
energy alluvial systems, being moderately to poorly sorted and rounded to subrounded.
Many sediments might represent sources further up stream that have been deposited into
this area. It is predicted that coastal plains were more common and larger when the
ocean was further west at the last glacial maximum (Davis et al., 2009). Today coastal
plains are not commonly present along the southern Oregon coast.
Alluvial Valley Lithofacies
The alluvial valley includes the more eastern fluvial systems that include various
topography such as river valleys, ridge lines, steep and gradual slopes, and hills. Along
the southern Oregon coast this includes areas where rivers and streams connect with
coastal plains or dunes to the footslopes of the Coast Range (Schaetzl & Anderson,
2005). The depositional system for this facie can vary from low energy to high energy
across seasons. Although the majority of the depositional system is alluvial, due to
possible steep topography, some colluvial processes could be present. This area is
characterized by wetlands, grasslands, and forests that stabilize the landscape, enabling
soil development. Sediments here experience more physical and chemical weathering
from pedogenic processes than sediments in more western facies. This facie environment
offers a habitat for the most diverse array of mammal species. Berries, roots, and bulbs
can often be found seasonally in the forests. Since this environment is adjacent to an
uplifted coast range, much of its bedrock is exposed, revealing sources of chert and other
silicates that are known to be excellent tool making material.
2.5. Expected Distribution and Preservation of Site Types Within Each Facie Zone
The archaeology of early people along the Oregon coast has often been described
in relation to human environmental interactions (Hall, 1995; Ross, 1984). Moss and
Erlandson (2008) define eight characteristic Native American site types that are found
along the Oregon coast, including shell middens, lithic sites, villages, ethnographic and
ethnohistoric places, burial sites, intertidal fishing structures, quarries, and rock art sites.
While these sites are not exclusive to any particular environmental zone, some are more
commonly situated in particular locations. Understanding the relationship between a site
and its environment, along with identifying post-depositional forces, will provide the
19
researcher a way to predict the nature and location of sites within coastal landscapes
(Jenevein, 2010). The archaeological site types and human interactions with resources
are based on researched sites that are located within one of the coastal facies (Aikens et
al., 2011; Connolly & Tasa, 2008). The following expectations are outlining where
human activity occurred within that environmental facie at the time the facie was the
active surface. That is, the discussion below is not necessarily about what sites are found
within each facie today but rather is about what facies the sites were originally created in.
Maritime Lithofacies
The resources associated with maritime environmental facie are located below sea
level and at varying depths. People would need to utilize watercraft in order to
successfully access these resources and would not be staying in one location for an
extended time. Due to the uninhabitable environment, the archaeological record for this
facie is expected to be non-existent or indistinguishable. Any materials used or altered
by people that are deposited in this lithofacie are expected to be disturbed by ocean
currents. Sites would be difficult to locate and study for anything other than presence or
absence. Artifacts and features would be directly related to obtaining marine resources
and are not expected to represent cooking or intensive handling of the resources.
Littoral Lithofacies
This area is a high productivity area, providing diverse food resources. Shell
middens and intertidal fishing structures are commonly found within the littoral zone.
Features and artifacts such as traps, nets, and digging tools are often recorded within
these archaeological sites. However, due to the high-energy wave activity, brought on by
daily, seasonally, and storm wave and tidal activity, and low vegetation density some
sites are often exposed to prolonged erosion causing them to be deflated or removed from
this facie. Gathering activities would be concentrated to where salt and fresh water
combine and the resources are the most available and dense. Processing these resources
are expected to occur slightly more inland where wave action would not be interruptive.
These processing sites are better preserved as they are better protected from daily tidal
forces.
20
Dune Lithofacies
This is a particularly dynamic landscape. Stabilization can occur when there is a
period of little deposition and erosion, allowing plants to grow and help stabilize surface
of the dune. Evidence of occupation in dunes can be both deeply buried and heavily
eroded causing deflation. The Indian Sands site on the southern Oregon coast is an
example where parts of the site have been buried by aeolian deposits and others deflated.
The deflated areas have artifacts from multiple occupations through time resting together
on the dune's surface (Davis et al., 2004; Willis, 2005). While archaeological sites can be
well preserved in a dune, they also can be heavily eroded. The surface of an active dune
is constantly exposed to wind forces and the rate of deposition and erosion can vary.
It is not surprising when dunes are excavated and there is little to no evidence of a
human occupation. The dunes can provide protection from wave activity and can be an
ideal nearby location, on more surface stable conditions, to host both marine and land
resource processing activities. Shell middens and lithic sites have been recorded in the
dune environmental facie. Archaeological sites could be located in lower elevation
points within the dune where people would be better protected from the winds. However,
caution is advised when examining the present day surface of a dune since it does not
necessarily represent the paleosurfaces. Today the dune environment is sometimes
difficult to observe and is not as active due to recent, stabilizing grass planting by land
management agencies.
Coastal Plain Lithofacies
The coastal plain is predicted to host the most diverse of sites and has potential to
contain every coastal site type (Jenevein, 2010). Shell middens, lithic sites, villages,
burial sites, and quarries have been recorded within the coastal plain. While today
coastal plains are not always observed to the extent that they once were in a prehistoric
environment, the evidence of this facie is often preserved in coastal headlands underlying
Holocene deposits and overlying pre-Pleistocene deposits (Davis et al., 2008; Davis et al.,
2009; Jenevein, 2010). Sediments represent an area that has fluxuation in energy,
depositing sands sizing from fine to coarse. Over time, this facie could experience many
episodes of flooding, burying sites under layers of deposits. While this protects the site,
21
the facie has been uplifted throughout human occupation and waves have carved out
banks, cutting into many sites. Sites can exist throughout the facie, but are more
concentrated around reliable fresh water sources such as streams and creeks.
Alluvial Valley Lithofacies
Archaeological sites located in this facie are not expected to host large amounts of
marine resources, if any at all. The distance from the marine source to this facie at early
occupation would be large enough to most likely defer people from bringing all marine
resources to this site for processing. Sites within this environmental facie are in higher
density near fresh water sources such as creeks, rivers, and lakes. Lithic sites, villages,
burial sites, quarries, and rock art sites have been recorded within this facie. Terrestrial
resources will dominate the faunal record for these sites. This is also where rock sources
would be located either as primary or secondary sources through exposed bedrock or
cobbles in riverbeds. Due to the dense vegetation and mammals present in this facie, soil
development and bioturbation will most likely be present at these sites. However, better
preserved features and in situ artifacts can be expected. While sites are expected to be
more dense near water systems, this facie has been observed to have few and widely
spread sites as compared to other coastal facies as outlined in Davis et al (2008).
2.6. Evolving Coastline
A stable coastline would allow for improved preservation of archaeological sites.
However, Oregon's coastline has been actively evolving in result to a fluctuation in
sediment supply, energy, and relative sea level. The Oregon coastline has been and
continues to be a dynamic environment. With a proper balance of sediment accumulation
and land stability, archaeological sites would be well preserved with a high amount of
detail or resolution. This, however, is not a characteristic feature of the Oregon coast as
it has existed during the archaeological past.
The Oregon coast appeared to early people differently than the way it looks today.
The first people arrived to the coast during the time when glaciers continued to rapidly
melt at the end of the last glacial maximum. Since much of the world's water was still on
land in the form of glaciers, the sea level for the coast would be lower than today. As the
22
glaciers continued to melt, the eustatic sea level rose. Approximately 8,000 years ago the
rate of sea level change slowed as the eustatic sea level began to stabilize (Jenevein,
2009). In relation to the lower sea level, the environmental facies would be located
further west. The Devils Kitchen site today is situated close to the intertidal zone,
however, this was not always so. By reconstructing the environmental facie zone shifts
throughout the time of human occupation at the Devils Kitchen site, we can begin to
hypothesize what activities people were doing and where they were being done.
Resource Changes
With a location shift in environmental facies comes a shift in resource location
relative to a stationary spot, such as the Devils Kitchen site. The modern position of
resources do not represent their location in the past. As the environmental facies shifted
in reaction to a rise in relative sea level, the resource zones were displaced, causing
people also shift in order to continue to use those resources zones. To better understand
where people were utilizing particular coastal and nearby landscapes, it is essential to
know where that landscape was located during the time of occupation.
2.7. Expected Observations
Understanding that the environmental facies have shifted throughout the time of
human occupation, there are a few features that are expected to be seen in the
stratigraphy. The classification and distinction of environmental facies can be based on
the depositional process in which that facie is influenced by. Evidence of the
depositional environment can be imprinted and preserved in the stratigraphy in the form
of grain size and texture. The evidence of soil development can also be an indication of a
particular facie. When there is a change in the depositional environment or a facie shift
over time, it will be noticeable in the site's stratigraphy.
With the shift of depositional processes comes a shift in the environmental facies.
This also influences the activities people are partaking as a result of the change in
available resources. A change in activities is reflected in the archaeological record as an
artifact assemblage change. As more marine resources become available in closer
23
proximity to the site, people will be making and leaving behind the tools used to gather
and processes these marine resources.
The sites within this changing environment are anticipated to also change location
and densities to match the concentration and location of desirable resources. Therefore, it
is expected to see sites containing a higher density of artifacts to exist in a stratigraphic
layer representing a littoral environment where resources are concentrated and a lower
density of artifacts in a forested environment layer where sites are scattered. This further
emphasizes the recommendation to identify the environmental facie present for the
studied time period in order to better predict the locations of archaeological sites.
Testing our Expectations at the Devils Kitchen Site
The Devils Kitchen site has a buried cultural component that spans over
thousands of years. It was predicted to have experienced environmental facie shifts over
its location. Understanding the natural transformation processes that occurred through
time will help explain the nature of preserved or altered deposits that contain cultural
material. Before examining the stratigraphy of the site, predictions can be made on what
is expected to be seen imprinted from the environmental facie shifts over time.
The horizontal movement of the depositional system within each facie is
represented by the vertical accumulation of deposits. Studying these deposits will help
define the environmental facie it represents. To connect the identified environmental
facies with the represented artifact record, a comparison of the artifact densities for each
horizon might coincide with what is expected; e.g., a less artifact density in alluvial
deposits as compared with other deposits. Studying the artifacts within each represented
environmental facie is used to help answer how people are using that location through
time, not how the people's culture changed through time. It is assumed that as the
environment changes for a location, people will move and change their activity to adapt
to the new ecology.
24
Figure 2.1. A coastal facies model showing the relation of coastal environments.
"Description: LP—late Pleistocene; LH—late Holocene; LIT—littoral; EST—estuary;
CP—coastal plain; R/H—riparian/headland; UB—upland basin. Capitalized codes reflect
early site functional types while lowercase codes reflect site functional types ―modern‖
coastal environments (late Holocene)" (from Davis et al. 2009:Figure 9).
25
CHAPTER 3. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
The research presented here takes a geoarchaeological approach to examine the
Devils Kitchen archaeological site and answer questions concerning its formation and
preservation. Geoarchaeology is often defined as archaeology research that uses methods
and theories from the geosciences, including geology and soil science (Goldberg &
Macphail, 2006; Hassan, 1979; Waters, 1992). Research in geoarchaeology is one
contribution of a multidisciplinary study used to reconstruct and understand past human
ecosystems. Waters outlines the objectives of a geoarchaeology study into three parts:
1. ―Place sites and their contents in a relative and absolute temporal context through
the application of stratigraphic principles and absolute dating techniques.
2. Understand the natural processes of site formation.
3. Reconstruct the landscape that existed around a site or group of sites at the time of
occupation‖ (1992:7-12; Renfrew, 1976).
These geoarchaeology objectives are the basis in formulating the goals of this
research. The methods used to gather and analyze data from the Devils Kitchen site and
state park land are focused on identifying the nature and preservation of subsurface
deposits and how they relate to cultural material found at the site.
3.1. Pairing Archaeology and Geoscience
Subsurface investigations allow for a reconstruction of the natural environment
available to early people along the northwest coast, a subsurface investigation has to take
place. Along the Oregon coast, many of the deposits that might contain evidence of early
people are buried, making them difficult to locate without further investigation.
Identifying the sediments (or deposit) which represent the time period of interest will
also locate areas that have high potential for hosting an early, preserved archaeological
site (Lyman, 2009; Hall et al., 2005;Waters, 1992). The deposit of the right age (DORA)
is identified using geologic and soil science practices.
26
The Oregon coast is a dynamic landscape as a result of multiple geologic
processes that have influenced its lands over time and space. Sediments have been
deposited and imprinted by soil processes which can alter the appearance and texture of
the original deposit. Along with the knowledge of the influence both geologic and soil
processes forces can have on an archaeological site, it is also critical to understand that
the defined DORA for a particular location is not going to be unanimous along the
coastline. Therefore, each area of investigation will have its own DORA, set by the
research questions and localized studies.
Once the DORA has been defined, those targeted sediments can be compared to
those found within the local landscape. Wherever this DORA is found, an early,
preserved prehistoric site has potential to exist within its sediments which could be
investigated further. By probing into the landscape and borrowing practices from the
geosciences and soil sciences, the geoarchaeologist can begin to search for horizons that
could possibly host evidence of early people while at the same time reconstructing the
paleolandscape. The landscape reconstruction shows environments that no longer exist
today and can help answer questions about a site’s post-depositional processes.
Geoarchaeological studies focusing on oceanic coasts are not uncommon (e.g.,
Waters 1992; 1999; Wells & Noller, 1999), however, few studies along on the Oregon
coast examine the prehistoric landscape (e.g., Davis, 2006; Jenevein, 2010; Punke, 2001;
2006; Punke and Davis, 2003). The work done by Jenevein outlines a structure for
geoarchaeological studies along the central Oregon coast (2010). Much of the methods
applied in his thesis will be used here and applied to the Devils Kitchen archaeological
site.
Stratigraphic Units in Archaeological Sites
It is critical to understand the differences between different stratigraphic units and
what it means to the archaeological record. Stratigraphy has different specific definitions
across disciplines. For this research in geoarchaeology it will be defined as ―the study of
the spatial and temporal relationship between sediments and soils‖ (Goldberg &
Macphail, 2006; Waters, 1992: 60). An explanation of the stratigraphic sequence for a
site outlines the depositional environments that are being altered across periods of
27
stability, deposition, or erosion. The stratigraphic units that are commonly referenced
and discussed in geoarchaeology are lithostratigraphic units, pedostratigraphic units, and
chronostratigraphic units (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature,
2005; Waters, 1992). Simply explained: a lithostratigraphic unit is a continual mode of
deposition of sediments; a pedostratigraphic unit is an identified horizon of soil
development; and chronostratigraphic units are series of absolute dates representing time
blocks separated by changes in depositional environments (Goldberg & Macphail, 2006;
Waters, 1992). Identifying and interpreting the different units within an archaeological
site is critical for reconstructing a paleoenvironment and understanding when people
were at the site and how the site has been impacted throughout time.
Lithostratigraphic units (LU) represent changes in depositional environment.
These units explain how sediment came to that location and ultimately buried the
archaeology material. The boundaries between LUs are markers for changes in
depositional forces which can also be markers for a period of time that is missing at a site
due to erosion or lack of sedimentation, known as an unconformity. If there is no new
sediment being deposited at the site or no erosion of sediment, then, over time, it's stable
surface will being to develop a soil. Soil development imprints over LUs often changing
their physical appearance. This imprinting, post-depositional process can cross LU
boundaries making pedostratigraphic units (PU) often existing out of sync with LUs
(Waters, 1992). While PUs can identify stable surfaces that could host archaeological
material, its lower units within the same soil series are not good indicators of previous
occupation surfaces. When wanting to date artifacts by the context they are found in,
samples will need to be within the same LU since that represents the deposition of the
site.
Defining chronostratigraphic units (CU) is typically done using radiocarbon dates
that are associated with artifacts. Involving the identification of the LUs and PUs of the
site to support the association with the sample and the artifacts can strengthen the
evidence needed to explain that the items are in situ, or undisturbed. Stratigraphic
profiles of a site should show boundaries for both the LUs and PUs when possible in
order to fully explain the depositional and post-depositional processes that occurred and
is fundamental for studying the geoarchaeological context of a site.
28
3.2. Subsurface Testing at the Devils Kitchen Site
Expectations that an archaeological site was originally deposited by means of
Law of Superposition is the starting point in examining a buried site (Harris, 1989).
Subsurface testing is one way that the researcher finds exceptions to horizontal
stratigraphic layering and can begin to understand the site’s matrix, that is, the nature of
the material that physically surrounds cultural artifacts and features. An archaeological
site’s matrix is the element that archaeologists can use to reconstruct how the site was
built and preserved from the time it was created to when it is being excavated or
destroyed.
At the Devils Kitchen site, completed subsurface testing revealed preserved
deposits containing cultural material that dated to around the mid-Holocene (Davis et al.,
2008; Hall et al., 2005). To gain insight on what was to be expected with further
subsurface testing at the Devils Kitchen site, reports on the previous excavations of two 1
x 1 meter test units (Unit A and Unit B) were reviewed. I expected to observe a stratified
LU series deposits with soil imprinting. Since the Devils Kitchen State Park is a large
area, a uniform 20 m interval grid sampling method was originally proposed to obtain 50
hand-auger test units outside of the site’s boundary. To understand the geoarchaeological
structure of the immediate surrounding area, the augers were distributed outside the
existing site’s boundaries but within the Devils Kitchen State Park. The most western
edge of the area were first sampled. Additional samples were selected based on in-field
landform observations and on discrepancies in the previous sample’s sediments and
artifact content. Large sand dune mounds limited the depth of some augers, and
encroaching gorse prevented access to areas and were avoided. If sediment samples were
observed that were unique to the previous auger, then more augers were placed in attempt
to explain the discrepancy.
Between 2009 and 2011, a total of 33 round bucket hand augers were excavated
and screened at 10 cm arbitrary levels with vertical control measured relative to its
surface (Figure 3.1). A sediment sample was taken from each 10 cm level for further lab
testing, producing a total of 660 sediment samples, while the rest of the matrix was
passed through a ⅛‖ mesh screen for artifact recovery. After each level was excavated, it
was described generally based on pedogenic and lithostratigraphic properties along with a
29
count of recovered archaeological materials. Termination of each auger was determined
based on inability to continue into additional levels (i.e., ground was too cemented to
physically auger or the depth exceeded the length of the auger extensions). If
archaeological material was found, additional augers were placed around the positive
auger, in order to understand the extent of a possible cultural deposit. All archaeological
material found within the augers were noted and collected for cataloging.
While hand augers are a quick way to examine subsurface deposits, analysis is
limited. In order to view the structure and stratified nature of deposits at the Devils
Kitchen site, the complete, intact stratigraphy needs to be visible. From 2010 to 2013
two 2 x 2 m units were excavated to gain more insight on the archaeology and
geoarchaeology nature of the site and area. One unit (Unit C) was placed on a flat area,
clear of gorse, at the southwestern part of the site. Unit C is further west of units A and B
and is within the site’s boundary. Since the stratigraphy reported in Davis et al. is
combined from Unit A and Unit B, the larger Unit C was opened to gain a clear overview
of the stratigraphy of the site with addition to a larger sample of the archaeology and
potential for radiocarbon dates. The second 2 x 2 m unit (Unit D) was placed near the
park’s restrooms on a small hill which represents a larger dune deposit. Although Unit D
is outside of the site’s boundaries, it was placed where three augers tested positive for
archaeological material including shell which had not been seen at the Devils Kitchen site
before. Being approximately 200 m northeast from Unit C, the stratigraphy of Unit D is
compared with that of the other units for commonalities and differences.
Both units C and D were excavated in either 20 cm or 10 cm arbitrary levels with
vertical control measured relative to a datum set individually at each of the unit’s surface.
If a change in stratigraphic unit was noticed, the level was terminated prematurely or
slightly extended to expose the natural surface of the horizon. Arbitrary 10 cm levels
were continued thereafter. Levels were dug using square shovels, skimming material off
at approximately one centimeter at a time. Any artifacts found while skim shoveling
were mapped in situ and bagged individually. If a feature or possible artifact cluster
appeared, excavation technique was switched to using trowels to remove sediment more
carefully. All material removed from the units during excavations were passed through a
⅛‖ mesh screen where archaeological artifacts were collected for cataloging. Charcoal
30
was only collected from in situ. Excavations of Unit C ended at 270 cm below surface
(BS) when a compact, cemented sandstone was encountered, making excavation difficult
without a pickaxe. Unit D was terminated at 270 cm due to collapsing sidewalls and the
unit getting too deep to continue without creating safety benches.
Armed with additional technological devices, units C and D were documented in
the field in ways that were not available during the excavations of Units A and B. A
portable x-ray fluorescence device (PXRF) was used in the field to gather geochemical
data on the observed lithostratigraphic units from units C and D (Figures 3.2 to 3.4). An
Olympus DELTA handheld PXRF analyzer, configured in Soil analysis mode, was used
to gather all in-field samples. PXRF readings were taken from the south wall of Unit D
focusing on sampling LUs and any variation within such as color or texture. Additional
PXRF readings were taken from the southern portion of the western wall of Unit C
focusing on soil horizons. Sediment samples of each PU were collected from Unit C’s
north and west walls for additional PXRF readings in the lab (see section below on
Laboratory Methods for more details).
A series of high resolution, close up digital photos were taken of Unit C’s four
walls to be stitched together later for an accurate, to scale photo that can be used to create
figures to show detailed stratigraphy. Typically wall photos are taken at an angle due to
the depth of the unit and width limitations. Over 100 photos were taken of each wall at a
close-up horizontal, level shot then combined in a mosaic pattern to create a single photo
with high detail known as a gigapixel photo. Each photo is digitally large (over 3
gigabytes) and provides a clear photographed image of a unit’s wall that can be closely
examined by future researchers without having to reopen the unit.
3.3. Laboratory Methods
All data and samples collected in the field were taken back to the Pacific Slope
Archaeological Laboratory (PSAL) at Oregon State University for further testing and
analysis. Here I will review the methods used at the PSAL to obtain information from
the samples which will be used in an analysis to answer the research goals.
31
Auger Sediment Samples
A total of 660 sediment samples were collected from each excavated level of 32
augers. Due to collection errors, some samples had to be removed from analysis. A total
of 644 samples from 30 augers (auger units 7 and 28 were removed) are used in this
research's analysis. The samples are analyzed to achieve the goal of understanding the
nature of the depositional environment and preservation of a paleolandscape at the Devils
Kitchen State Park. Through grain size, textural, and color analysis the depositional
environments present at each auger can be illustrated. Grain size is a fundamental
physical property of sediment and is used to study the surface process conditions of
transportation and deposition. Through grain size, the texture can be identified which
categorizes the sediment based on the percentages of grain sizes. Color analysis is one
property to describe soil horizons which is influenced by decomposition of organics,
chemical weathering of minerals such as iron and manganese, and parent minerals
(Schaetzl & Anderson, 2005).
Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker
Sediment samples taken from each level excavated from each auger were ran
through a Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker. A 100 g loose sample from each auger level was dried
for 20 minutes at 100º F to remove moisture but not burn off organic material. The dried
sample was then put into the Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker for 15 minutes where it was organized
by grain size through 6 sieves. The U.S. Standard Sieve Size numbers are 10, 18, 35, 60,
120, 230, and a pan which are interpreted by grain size as granule, very coarse sand,
coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and silt and clay respectively
(Wentworth, 1922). At the end of this process, the sediment in each sieve is weighed and
recorded. Each sediment sample is recorded with the percentage of each grain size it
contains (Appendix A).
Statistical Analysis
Analyzed results will detail the sediment’s degree of sorting, textural group, and
grain size of each auger level sample. This information can interpret the depositional
environment that each level represents. The statistical analysis numerically explains each
32
sample's range within its standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the grain size
percentages. The higher the standard deviation, the more dispersed the data is from its
mean, therefore having more grain size variation within the sample (Boggs, 2006). A
standard deviation closer to 0 is less variation, therefore the sample is well sorted with
minimal grain size variation.
On a scale from fine to coarse grain size, skewness states what grain size is more
present. A negative skewness means the sample has more fine grains while a positive
skewness indicates more coarse grains. If the skewness is symmetrical, then there is an
even amount of both grain sizes (Boggs, 2006). The kurtosis of a sample will also
explain grain sorting. A sample with a low kurtosis number is platykurtic, a high number
is leptokurtic, or a middle number between 0 and 3 is mesokurtic. Leptokurtic samples
have a high occurrence of one grain size while platykurtic samples have a more steady
occurrence across multiple grain sizes.
The statistical analysis of the auger sediment sieve data was done in the
GRADISTAT Ver. 8.0 program (accessible online at http://www.kpal.co.uk) . The
results associated with grain sorting and texture are used to determine the boundaries of
depositional environments. Parameters of the program are outlined by its developer,
Simon J. Blott (2010):
Grain size parameters are calculated arithmetically and geometrically (in
microns) and logarithmically (using the phi scale) (Krumbein and
Pettijohn, 1938; Table 1). Linear interpolation is also used to calculate
statistical parameters by the Folk and Ward (1957) graphical method and
derive physical descriptions (such as ―very coarse sand‖ and ―moderately
sorted‖). The program also provides a physical description of the textural
group which the sample belongs to and the sediment name (such as ―fine
gravelly coarse sand‖) after Folk (1954).
Munsell Colors
Each auger sample is identified by their dry Munsell Color (Appendix B). The
Munsell Colors is a standardized way to color a soil (Munsell Soil Color Charts, 2009).
33
The colors can be used to relate the auger samples to other augers’ and units’
stratigraphy for correlation and difference. A color change in stratigraphy will be a
general indication of a LU or PU change. If there is a difference in the auger sample as
compared to the units, the Munsell Color cannot be used to absolutely identify the
sediment or soil, only infer that there is a difference and suggest possible reasons for the
variance. Color is a result of minerals, organics, and oxidization (Schaetzl & Anderson,
2005), however, further testing will need to occur before the reason for a change in color
can be identified. In attempt to keep the variance in color identification to a minimum,
all Munsell Colors were identified by a single person within a consistent, controlled
lighted environment.
PXRF Samples
Bulk samples taken from the north and west wall of Unit C were submitted for
geochemical examination. By using the PXRF on sediment samples I can analyze the
elemental chemistry of the sediment without destroying or altering the sample. Using xrays, the PXRF excites the atoms in the sample causing inner shell electrons to become
ejected and then replaced with high-energy electrons (Davis et al., 2012). X-rays unique
to each element are fluoresced back to the PXRF device, which reads and translates this
signal into the kind and amount of different elements Shackley (2012).
Samples were analyzed using the Olympus DELTA Premium handheld PXRF
analyzer, configured in Soil analysis mode. This PXRF was equipped with a 40kV, 4W,
Rh, Au anode X-ray tube with a large area silica drift detector for element measurement
and backscatter sensing. X-ray correction was accomplished via Compton Normalization
and translated into elemental composition by a 530 MHz CPU with integrated FPU (128
MB RAM) and proprietary Olympus Digital Pulse Processor (Olympus-ims.com, 2015).
To run a PXRF sample, small amount of sediment was taken from a sealed bulk
sample and packed into a 32mm plastic cup. A 0.14 mil plastic film was placed over the
top and secured tightly with plastic rings. The PXRF device was connected to a docking
station that was connected to a computer with Microsoft Excel used to extract the data.
A calibration check was conducted on a stainless steel reference ingot before and
periodically during the PXRF analysis. Three other standards were measured to verify
34
that the elements detected in soil mode were within error boundaries of the reading and
that there was no detector drift. The NIST_2710a, NIST_612, and NIST_2711a
standards were run at the start of each analysis session and after the completion of
approximately 30 sample analyses (Appendix D). Every sample was read by the PXRF
under three beams, or filter configurations, set as copper filter at 40 keV, aluminum filter
at 14 keV, and no filter at 40 keV. The sample was subjected to each beam for 45
seconds.
PXRF analysis results were recorded in Excel, showing the elemental parts per
million (ppm) detected in the sample. If any particular element returned 75% of more
detection errors, then that element was eliminated from the dataset. In other lower
percentage cases, elemental measurements returning below level of detection (<LOD)
results were replaced with a random number between .0001 and the detection limit of the
device (Antweiler & Taylor, 2007; Nyers, 2013). Statistical analysis on the PXRF
sample data from Units C and D (Appendix C) will examine if the soil samples collected
are distinguishable between one another through geochemical analysis and will identify
the elements that are diagnostic for each soil horizon.
3.4. Landscape Reconstruction at Devils Kitchen State Park
Analysis on in-field and lab data are combined to be used to reconstruct the
paleoenvironment for the occupation instances at the Devils Kitchen site.
Archaeologically relevant deposits within the Devils Kitchen site will be defined based
on cultural finds and the associated stratigraphy from excavated units A thru C. Deposits
containing cultural material where observed within multiple auger units from throughout
the Devils Kitchen State Park. Deducing the boundaries of sediment textures, the two
depositional systems seen at the site are identified through the auger units and are
visually portrayed in the fence diagrams shown in chapter 4. The PXRF data will provide
geochemical descriptions of the soil horizons observed during excavations. All of the
analyzed data combined are used to identify intact sediments within the state park that
represent a paleoenvironment.
35
Figure 3.1. Aerial photo from Google Maps (2014) showing the Devils Kitchen State
Park with auger units and test units locations. The size of the labels is not to scale.
Auger 32 is over Unit C and was not analyzed.
36
Figure 3.2. Locations outlined in red of the PXRF samples from Unit C's north wall.
37
Figure 3.3. Locations outlined and pointed in red of the PXRF samples from Unit C's
west wall.
38
Figure 3.4. Locations outlined in red of the PXRF samples from Unit D's south wall.
39
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter will describe the results of the in-field and laboratory investigations
and will provide a geoarchaeological characterization of the Devils Kitchen State Park.
First the site's stratigraphy will be explained based on observations of the
lithostratigraphic and pedostratigraphic units. Then, the statistical analysis of the
geochemistry of in-field and lab samples will be outlined followed by the results of the
analysis. Next, the results of texture and color analysis of the auger unit samples are
explained along with a landscape interpretation. Lastly, radiocarbon dates are
implemented to help explain the stratigraphic sequence at the site.
4.1. Physical Stratigraphy and Soil Development
The stratigraphic record of the Devils Kitchen site is based on the previous
observations from excavations in 2002 (Davis et al., 2008) and recent excavations from
two 2 x 2 m test units (C and D). Stratigraphic profiles were created for Unit C and D by
using gigapixel photography and graphic overlays that show the boundaries between
stratigraphic units (Figures 4.1 to 4.5). These profiles show the distribution of
lithostratigraphic and pedostratigraphic units and the position of radiocarbon-dated
samples and form the basis for describing the site’s formation history.
Lithostratigraphy
The LUs are stratigraphic layers that are formed following the Law of
Superposition and can be identified by the nature of its sediments North American
Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 2005; Waters, 1992). At the Devils Kitchen
site, six LUs (LU1-5 and 4a) were identified from Units D and C. The units are
composed of aeolian or alluvial deposits and are defined based on the sediment's grain
size and the sorting of. All discussed LUs were observed in Unit C, however, Unit D had
to be terminated early and only LU5 and LU6 were revealed.
40
Lithostratigraphic Unit 1: LU1 is the deepest deposit encountered at the Devils
Kitchen site during the latest excavations and is the base for the four LUs above. This
deposit was only uncovered at Unit C, and is suspected to be directly above a weak
sandstone bedrock. LU1 is a compact, cemented layer with grey nodules and subrounded
sand. It is comprised of a well sorted, slightly very fine gravelly fine sand, and is most
likely a compressed sand dune. The thickness of this unit is unknown since here is where
excavations terminated due to the difficulty of excavating through this hardened,
compressed layer. The upper boundary between LU1 and LU2 is sharp and wavy,
representing an unconformity, and appears in Unit C approximately 265 cm below the
surface (BS).
Lithostratigraphic Unit 2: LU2 represents moderately sorted slightly gravelly sands.
Soil imprinting has occurred, giving some areas a slightly more yellow color. This unit
averages 15 cm thick and appears in Unit C at approximately 250 cm BS. The upper
boundary of LU2 is wavy and fairly sharp. There are very few sandstone nodules, which
are commonly seen in above units. This unit is representing a low energy alluvial deposit
with subangular sands.
Lithostratigraphic Unit 3: LU3 is a poorly sorted, very fine gravelly medium sand,
with subangular to angular clasts. Observed in Unit C at approximately 220 cm BS, the
unit averages 20 cm in thickness and has a blended, smooth boundary which is made
difficult to delineate due to soil imprinting. There are iron-manganese nodules in its
matrix along with cemented sandstone conglomerate nodules ranging in size from 2 to 50
millimeters. LU3 represents an alluvial deposit and is diagnostic with the appearance of
the sandstone conglomerates.
Lithostratigraphic Unit 5: LU5 is very similar to LU3. The sediment is very poorly
sorted, very fine gravelly medium to fine sand, with subrounded to angular clasts. Its
upper boundary is sharp, and is a buried surface that was once stable. LU5 is seen in Unit
C and D at approximately 130 cm BS and in Unit D at approximately 190 cm BS. In
Unit C the unit is approximately 120 cm thick. Iron-manganese nodules are found
41
throughout the matrix with a higher concentration at the lower boundary. The cemented
sandstone conglomerate nodules range in size from 2 to 20 millimeters with larger
nodules existing in the lower boundary. LU5 represents an alluvial deposit.
Lithostratigraphic Unit 4: LU4 is the remains of an intact alluvial deposit that has been
heavily eroded and filled in by LU3 and LU5. The boundary of LU4 is irregular and
sharp with a rough oval shape on Unit C’s north wall and is approximately 40 cm thick.
The unit is mostly present in Unit C’s north and south walls, suggesting more erosion
occurred along its western and eastern boundaries. LU4 represents an alluvial deposit
with sandstone nodules <10cm in size. LU4 was most likely observed in irregular
pockets along the walls of Unit A and Unit B at similar depths, continuing the trend of
this unit being heavily eroded.
Lithostratigraphic Unit 6: LU6 is a very dark grey (2.5Y 3/1), well sorted, slightly very
fine gravelly fine sand, with well rounded clasts that are loose within the matrix. This is
the top unit that is seen in both Unit C and D as overlying all other LUs. The unit varies
in thickness from 73 cm to 190 cm with more variance expected across the area. LU6
represents an aeolian dune deposit and is frequently observed throughout the Devils
Kitchen State Park.
Pedostratigraphy
The pedostratigraphy for the Devils Kitchen site is defined based on the soil
horizons observed in the field and described in Table 4.1. Samples from Units A and B
were sent for analysis to the United States Department of Agriculture laboratory in
Lincoln, Nebraska and to the Oregon State University Central Analytical Laboratory in
Corvallis, Oregon. Annotations and descriptions for the soil horizons are used to identify
the PUs for Unit C and D after in-field observations coincided with the soil horizons
described from Units A and B. In total, 5 PUs, or soils, were observed during
excavations.
42
Pedostratigraphic Unit S1:
S1 is the lowest PU seen at the Devils Kitchen site and consists of extremely
gravelly sands. This soil has been heavily eroded and is buried. Only part of its C
horizon is still preserved and is represented at the site as 5Cb2 that is olive yellow (2.5Y
6/6) colored. S1 is associated with LU1. Since the bottom of S1 was not reached during
excavations due to its hardness preventing further digging, the thickness of S1 is
unknown.
Pedostratigraphic Unit S2:
S2 consists of loamy fine sands that are part of the C horizon of the soil. Other
horizons have been eroded before the soil was buried. Due to erosion, the thickness of S2
varies from 20 cm to 50 cm. S2 is associated with LU2 and contains 4Cb1 that is
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) colored.
Pedostratigraphic Unit S3:
S3 consists of brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam. Only a portion of the weakly
developed B horizon is preserved from this soil sequence, represented as 3Bwb2 at the
site. Iron-manganese nodules are present within this B horizon. The thickness of S3
varies from 10 cm to 30 cm. S3 is associated with LU3.
Pedostratigraphic Unit S4:
S4 consists of a yellowish brown (10YR5/4) clay loam. With the presence of a
moderate subangular blocky structure and spherical iron-manganese nodules within its
matrix, this horizon most likely is the remainder of a weakly developed buried B horizon
(Bwb). This horizon was not interpreted from previous studies, and is not included in the
soil description of the site (Davis et al., 2008). The boundary of this unit is the sharpest
at its southern, western, and eastern edges. Heavy erosion has almost completely
removed this soil from the site. S4 is associated with LU4.
43
Pedostratigraphic Unit S5:
S5 consists of loamy soil with an increase of iron-manganese nodules. This soil
has diagnostic sandstone clasts that range in size from 1 cm to 5 cm in diameter. The unit
ranges in color from dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) to black (10R 2/1) as a result of soil
imprinting. At the site, S5 is represented by the presence of 2Ab1, 2Ab2, and 2Bwb1, the
largest and most intact soil observed. The boundary between 2Ab1 and 2Ab2 was not
clear in Unit D, therefore those PUs are grouped together and labeled as 2Ab for analysis.
The B horizon is weakly developed, however, this series is the largest evidence at the site
of a buried, stable surface. While buried paleosols, like S5, could contain preserved
archaeological material, other evidence presented later suggests that this soil could
contain mixed deposits. S5 is associated with LU5 at the site.
Pedostratigraphic Unit S6:
S6 is the uppermost soil observed at the site. It consists of loamy fine sand to a
single grained matrix of fine sand. Generally S6 is grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) with some
darker horizons (2.5Y 3/2) that could represent intermittent A horizons, or periods of
stability, within S6. This soil is represented at the site as an A horizon and is associated
with LU6.
Archaeological Stratigraphy
Archaeological artifacts are direct evidence that people were utilizing the area.
While an artifact analysis will not be included in this research, the presence and absence
of artifacts and their associated stratigraphic unit will be presented. The artifacts were
found during excavations of Units A-D. Since excavations were recorded in arbitrary
levels, varying between 20 cm and 10 cm, the presence and absence of artifacts will be
reported with 10 cm levels for easier cross unit comparison (Table 4.2). Artifacts were
found in both the aeolian and alluvial deposits, however, the highest density of artifacts
were found in the upper boundary of the alluvial deposit in units A, B, and C, within LU5
and LU3. LU4 was identified after excavations were completed, and therefore, artifacts
associated with that unit will be determined once artifact maps have been completed.
Unit D has a low artifact count (< 30 artifacts total) with a concentration overlapping the
44
lower aeolian boundary and the upper alluvial boundary. In general, the cultural material
as observed in the excavated units appear to be concentrated below the aeolian dune (S6
and LU6) and above the C horizon (S2 and LU3).
The Devils Kitchen site is situated today overlooking the beach on top of a bluff
that is actively eroding into the ocean. Investigations have not identified a shell midden,
a common feature representing the utilization of marine resources. Common artifacts
found during excavations include CCS debitage and fire cracked rock (FCR). The FCR
is typically river cobbles of local rock types, including CCS. Stone tools found are
mostly bifaces. Preservation at the site is low with only a few pieces of bone. A single
whale vertebra was found in Unit D, though no lithics were found in association. While
some excavated levels only produced FCR, many of them were larger in size compared to
naturally deposited nodules, suggesting that the rock is at least a manuport if not
purposely heated by people. The occupation at the Devils Kitchen site appears to be
more oriented to terrestrial resources with a lack of shells and a presence of stone tools
and FCR, representing a landscape where marine resources were not as easily obtainable
as they are today.
4.2. PXRF: Exploratory Data Analysis
A total of 373 soil samples from units C and D from the Devils Kitchen State Park
were analyzed using an Olympus DELTA Premium handheld PXRF analyzer. To ensure
no one soil horizon dominated the analysis, I kept the sample size of each group
consistent. There are nine soil groups (group 4a is LU4) with the smallest group
containing 25 samples, therefore, all soil horizon groups were established with a total of
25 samples each. In order for each soil horizon, or group, to have 25 samples, I have
excluded at random 126 samples from soil horizon A, 16 from soil horizon 2Bwb1, and 6
from soil horizon 2Ab. The remaining 225 uncalibrated PXRF data (Appendix C) were
analyzed using a multivariate statistical approach using JMP version 11.0 using
procedures outlined in similar, recent research (Davis et al., 2012; Templ et al., 2008). A
similar statistical analysis was ran on 602 PXRF data from the auger samples (Appendix
E), however, the analysis was inconclusive possibly due to contamination issues from
vertical mixing within the open augers.
45
The goals of this analysis were to: 1. determine whether the soil horizons could be
distinguished based on chemistry, 2. identify elemental groups that are diagnostic or key
for identifying the sample's soil horizon of origin, 3. use the chemical data to understand
the source(s) of these sediments and/or the environment they represent. All of the
following analyses were done using log10 transformed data in order to reduce issues of
skewness, kurtosis, and scale between elements (Drennan, 2004; Shennan, 1997; Templ
et al., 2008).
A total of 20 elements were recorded by the PXRF device: arsenic (As), barium
(Ba), bismuth (Bi), calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
potassium (K), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), selenium (Se),
strontium (Sr), thorium (Th), titanium (Ti), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr).
To get a general determination of diagnostic elements, a univariate one-way analysis was
run in which element values were plotted by soil groups (Appendix F). Based on visual
observation of these plots, it appears that the elements As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Co, Pb, Se, and Th
might not be good discriminators. The one-way graphs plotting these elements by soil
group show the soil groups have similar levels of these elements, meaning that these
elements cannot be used to uniquely identify a soil horizon.
All elements were put into a bivariate scatterplot matrix where each element is
graphed against another element. This is a visual, graphical representation of how well
the ratio of two elements can separate the soil groups and is an explanatory tool, not a
discriminate tool (Figure 4.6). If the data points for a soil group are clustered on a graph
and separated from other soil groups, then those elements might discriminate that soil
group from the others. For example, the ratio of Zr to Ba could discriminate 5Cb2 from
the other soil groups, but does not discriminate 4Cb1 from 3Bwb2.
These correlations are shown in Table 4.3 where the closer to 1 the value is, the
stronger positive correlation the elements have with each other. If the value is close to -1,
the elements have a strong negative correlation, that is, as one element increases in
presence the other element decreases. The highest correlation observed was 0.92
(between Cr and Zr), but in general, the correlations do not reach the threshold (0.95) to
show evidence of high intercorrelations that rise to the level of multicollinearity.
46
Can the PXRF data distinguish soil horizons?
In order to evaluate the differences between soil horizons a discriminant analysis
will help identify variables, or elements, that are the best at distinguishing the soil
horizons. A discriminant analysis shows the differences between two or more groups
with respect to several variables; in a step-wise discriminate process, elements are
selected in order of their ability to distinguish among groups. The results also suggest
ways in which the groups differ based on the strength of the discriminating variables
which the researcher can use for interpretation (Klecka, 1980).
In a step-wise discriminant analysis 12 elements were found to be significant (p ≤
0.05) in separating the soil groups. In order of the greatest discriminatory power to the
least, the elements identified were Fe, Zr, Rb, Mn, Sr, Ti, Ni, Zn, K, Cr, Ba, and Co.
Applying this model showed that 5Cb2 and A horizons are clearly separated from the
other soil groups (Figure 4.7), however, the other soil groups are not well separated and
needed to be analyzed separately.
In this first discriminant analysis 13 (5.8%) samples have been misclassified,
meaning these samples were identified as belonging to one soil group but statistically
they were classified to another soil group. Four samples were labeled as 2Ab2 but were
classified as 2Ab1. The elemental data for these four samples were read in the field, and
the boundary between 2Ab1 and 2Ab2 is blended causing difficulty when identifying an
accurate soil boundary. A similar situation occurred with five samples that were labeled
as 2Bwb1 but classified as 3Bwb2. It is important to point out that all misclassified
samples were classified to an adjacent soil, one that shares a boundary with the soil that
the sample was identified with. These misclassified samples are most likely a result of
indeterminate boundary lines due to blended soil boundaries rather than errors in the
PXRF reading.
In order to better separate other soil groups, soil groups 5Cb2 and A were
excluded in a second discriminant analysis using the same criteria. This time, 10
elements were found to be significant (p ≤ 0.05), Mn, Sr, Fe, Rb, Zn, Ti, Ni, Zr, K, and
Y, in order of greatest discriminatory power to the least. Elements Ba, Co, and Cr were
not included, while Y was added. This already suggests that Ba and Co could be strong
discriminants for soils 5Cb2 and A from the other soil groups. Results from the analysis
47
better separated the remaining soil groups from one another visually, although the
number of misclassified samples was 12 (6.9%) (Figure 4.8). Again, these misclassified
samples were identified as belonging to an adjacent soil. To better see the groupings of
the soil samples, the canonical variates were graphed on a 3D scatterplot (Figure 4.9).
This shows that 2Ab and 2Ab1 are somewhat better separated and that the other soil
groups are more distinct from one another than the canonical 2D plot shows.
After going through the above tests, an exploratory data analysis indicates that
elements Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn, and Zr can be used to successfully
discriminate between the soil horizons seen the Devils Kitchen site. These 13 elements
are the combined elements from the two step-wise analyses. Analysis of the PXRF
samples only including data from these diagnostic elements will better illustrate the
similarities and differences between the soil groups. From there, the correlations between
elements is found and used to describe the soil groups based on their geochemical
makeup.
Exploring Chemical Variation among Soil Horizons
The diagnostic elements identified through discriminant analysis showed that the
soil groups can be distinguished based on chemical data. To understand how the
elements relate or correlate to one another as reflected in the samples, a principal
components analysis (PCA) was implemented; PCA identifies interelement correlations
and linearly transforms them into a set of new variables called principal components
(PCs). These PCs are a smaller set of variables that are uncorrelated, making them easier
to interpret and use in future analysis (Dunteman, 1989).
A principal component analysis was run using all 20 elements detected by the
PXRF. Since there were 20 variables that are independent from one another (have no
exact linear dependencies), there are 20 PCs total (Figure 4.10). Guidelines for deciding
the number of PCs to save for future analysis are, 1. to keep those PCs that have an
eigenvalue of >1 (Kaiser, 1960), or 2. keep the PC's which explain a given cumulative
percentage (e.g., 80% or 90%) of the variance (Dunteman, 1989). The key goal is to
retain the PCs that contain enough information for interpretation while maintaining
relevancy. For this analysis, there were four PCs with an eigenvalue of >1 and the first
48
eight PCs had a cumulative percentage of 90% of the variance. To further examine the
PCs and decide on how many to save, the correlations of the first eight PCs to the 20
elements were examined (Table 4.4). I decided to save the first four PCs, using those
PCs with an eigenvalue of >1 for a cumulative percentage of 75%. Based on a visual
examination of the total structure coefficients, it is clear that the strength of correlation
drops and the number of elements showing correlation decreases significantly after PC 4.
I determined that the first four PCs contained significant variation amongst soil horizons
and are sufficient for an interpretation of the soil chemical data.
When interpreting elemental data from soil, it is crucial to understand that soil
obtains elements in multiple ways. Elements can be present in the soil sample as a result
of the soil's parent material, in-place weathering caused by soil formation processes, and
human depositing elements from their activities. For this research, interpretation will be
focused on elements coming from the soil's parent material and formation processes.
However, it is difficult to determine with exactness the reason for the presence of the
elements without further lab testing. I will outline the elemental trends outlined in the
statistical data and how that relates to soils.
The first PC illustrated a strong positive correlation between Fe, Ti, Zn, Co, Ba,
Cu, and As along with a strong negative correlation between K and Sr (Table 4.4). Most
of the first set of elements are transition metals which as a group are characteristic of
mafic minerals found in basalts. In addition, some metals, especially Fe, are known for
having several oxidization states, making important markers of a range of different soil
formation processes (Gill, 1989). Color in soil can be caused by the oxidization of these
transition metals which often occurs through soil formation (Schaetzl & Anderson, 2005).
Ba is likely to be found in igneous rocks along with Fe, but is considered to be less
mobile. Ti-rich minerals are very resistant to weathering, therefore appearing in older,
more developed soils (Kabata-Pendias & Mukherjee, 2007). In contrast, Sr is an alkaline
earth element and K is an alkali metal; both are indicative of feldspars. The soil horizons
A and 5Cb2 score low on this first PC, suggesting that the elemental concentrations of the
metals vary inversely with the amount of fine sands that characterize both horizons (dune
and sandstone, respectively).
49
As can be seen in Figure 4.10 soil horizons A and 5Cb2 (dune and sandstone,
respectively) score low on this first PC, suggesting that they are low in metals and high in
elements representing feldspar (K and Sr). Quartz and feldspars are common minerals to
find in soils with a parent material of sandstone (Schaetzl & Anderson, 2005). Soil
horizons 2Ab1, 2Ab2, 2Bwb1, 3Bwb2, and 4a score the highest on the first PC,
suggesting that they are high in metals but low in feldspar elements. The first PC is
dividing the sand horizons from the loam and clay-loam horizons, also interpreted as the
highly weathered sediment from the immature sediment.
The second PC shows a strong positive correlation between Y, Zr, Mn, Cr, Ca,
and Sr with a negative correlation with Pb, Rb, and Ni. Many of these elements are
considered heavier, resistant metals that are largely inherited from the parent material.
The Klamath Mountain formation provides parent material more inland and contains
igneous rocks such as basalt, gabbro, and granodiorite in addition to serpentinite
(Baldwin, 1981). Ca and Mn are found in high amounts amongst these rocks; Cr is
particularly characteristic of serpentine. PC 2 is representing those soil horizons that are
mostly influenced by their parent material, which are described to be coarser, less
developed soils (Schaetzl & Anderson, 2005). Soil horizons A, 2Ab, and 2Ab1 score
high on PC 2, suggesting that they are high in the heavy metals while low in Pb, Rb, and
Ni. Soil horizon 5Cb2 scores the lowest on PC 2, however it is not much lower than the
rest of the soil horizons: 2Ab2, 2Bwb1, 3Bwb2, 4a, and 4Cb1 (Figure 4.10).
The third PC demonstrated a strong positive correlation between Th, Rb, and K
which are alkali metals. Rb is described as largely deriving from the soil's parent
material, commonly from igneous rocks (Schaetzl & Anderson, 2005). Rb is considered
a trace element in rocks and is often observed with K. K is richly found in granitics and
other felsic igneous rocks and is often easily dissolved when weathered (Gill, 1989).
With regard to Th, organic substances and clay minerals are the most important sorbents
of this element; thus, Th is typically seen in soils that are near aquatic systems (Schaetzl
& Anderson, 2005). Soil horizons 2Ab1 and 5Cb2 score the highest on PC 3, suggesting
they are high in alkali metals relative to the other soil horizons. Soil horizons 2Bwb1 and
3Bwb2 score the lowest on PC 3, suggesting they are low in alkali metals. The alkali
50
metals appear to be a discriminator between soil horizons A and 5Cb2 with horizon 5Cb2
containing more alkali metals than horizon A (Figure 4.11).
The fourth PC showed a strong positive correlation with Bi and a negative
correlation with As. Bi is a basic metal and As is a semimetal. As and Bi are typically
described as a contaminant in soils from human activities such as industrial runoff,
agricultural practices, and mining (Schaetzl & Anderson, 2005). A distinction of soil
horizon scores on PC 4 was difficult to make (Figure 4.11). While every soil horizon had
a handful of samples that showed higher scores on PC 4, no group was suggesting to be
high in Bi and As.
4.3. PXRF: Cluster Analysis
In order to illustrate how the previously identified 13 discriminating elements
clearly distinguish the soil horizons, a cluster analysis was conducted. The goal of cluster
analysis is to form clusters of highly similar samples creating relatively homogeneous
groups (Aldenderfer & Blashfield, 1984). A cluster analysis will always result with data
clustering. To confirm if the clusters are real and not imposed, a couple of cluster
analyses will be made, one on the first four PCs and another on the 13 diagnostic
elemental data. Ward's clustering method is often used in continuous numeric data such
geochemical data analysis and aims to create groups that are as homogeneous as possible
by minimizing within-group variance (Shennan, 1997) and will be the clustering method
used.
A Ward cluster analysis was executed using the retained four PC data (Figure
4.12) and the 13 diagnostic elements (Figure 4.13). There are a several different
guidelines for determining how many groups or clusters should be saved so that the
optimal number of groups is found. One method is to graph the number of clusters
against the fusion coefficient (a numerical value given to represent the increase in withingroup variability when samples or sub-clusters are merged to form a cluster) and identify
where this graph begins to flatten out (Aldenderfer & Blashfield, 1984). In Figures 4.12
and 4.13 this linear graph is at the bottom of each figure. Deciding where the graph
flattens out can be difficult if this graph shows multiple plateaus, as true with these Ward
clusters. Another method for determining the appropriate cluster solution is to examine
51
the values of the fusion coefficients and identify any jumps or large difference in this
value as two clusters are joined. A large difference in the fusion coefficient between two
clusters indicates that relatively dissimilar clusters were merged. Reviewing the fusion
coefficients graphs shows a significant jump of at least 25% for each graph, identifying
the number of clusters that should be saved for further analysis. A total of six clusters
were saved from the Ward cluster analysis of the four PCs and five clusters from the
Ward cluster analysis of the 13 elements based on the large jump.
A quick comparison of the sample cluster assignments appears to show similar
assignment across the two Ward clusters. To identify which cluster is most similar with
the soil horizon group identifications, the soil horizons were graphed against each cluster
analysis (using the saved clusters). According to the contingency tables (Tables 4.5 and
4.6), the clusters on the four PCs have fewer miscalls of samples as compared to soil
groups. The Ward cluster analysis on the four PCs suggests that these five clusters are
chemically the main divisions. The result of the cluster divisions matching well with the
soil horizon group divisions supports that the soil horizons can be separated based on
their geochemistry.
In summary, three key results were obtained through the statistical analysis on
Unit C's and Unit D’s PXRF geochemical data:
1. the soil horizons can be discriminated from each other based on geochemical
data,
2. the percentage of misclassified samples is less than 7% and misclassifications
are found along bordering soil units, suggesting a unit boundary error rather
than a PXRF error,
3. the most important elements for distinguishing the soil horizons at the Devils
Kitchen site are Ba, Cr, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn, and Zr.
4.4. Auger Sediment Analysis
Of the 32 auger units (AU) that were excavated at the Devils Kitchen State Park,
only 2 augers were unable to be ran through the ro-tap sieve shaker (AU7 and AU25) due
to recording errors or contaminated samples from bag tears. The remaining 30 augers
resulted in 614 sediment samples that were sieved and analyzed through GRADISTAT.
52
Each sample was labeled based on their sorting and textural group by the GRADISTAT
program. These labels were used to produce fence diagrams showing the distribution of
aeolian (well sorted) and alluvial (moderately sorted to poorly sorted) deposits across the
Devils Kitchen State Park. The aeolian deposit is interpreted as the dune that is capping
alluvial deposits as observed in the excavation units. Three fence diagrams visually
showing the extent of the deposits were produced to cover the area of interest (Figure
4.14) and included analyzed augers (Figures 4.15 to 4.17). The figures show a vertical
scale, however the horizontal, or distance between augers, is not to scale.
The fence diagrams outline a few trends that are seen in the Devils Kitchen State
Park: 1. the dune’s thickness decreases the further inland, 2. the elevation difference of
the alluvial’s upper boundary suggests erosional features such as a channels, 3. the
consistent thickness of the alluvial deposit across auger units, where units were
terminated due to physical constraints, suggest a cemented hardpan-like deposit below
the alluvial deposit, possibly the same one observed at the base of Unit C. These trends
will be taken into account when interpreting where intact DORA exists at the park.
Examining the results of the fence diagrams and comparing the elevation
differences between auger units, a couple of patterns emerged. A series of three
depressions trending east to west were observed, possibly representing erosional channels
from alluvial forces. Figure 4.18 shows these depressions represented by the red dashed
lines. The area between the channel depressions are called interfluves and could be
hosting preserved deposits. As we tested further inland/east, the depressions became less
apparent.
4.5. Auger Munsell Color Analysis
Of the 30 augers that were used for analysis, a total of 644 samples were used to
identify the color of each sample using a Munsell Color book (Munsell Soil Color Charts,
2009). The results of the colors are visually displayed in fence diagrams to show the
general trends of deposits across the Devils Kitchen State Park (Figures 4.19 to 4.21).
Like the sediment analysis, the fence diagrams show elevations and thicknesses of each
color, however, these diagrams contain more detail. While the Munsell colors do not
identify the PUs or LUs of the augers, they do suggest a pattern of soil development that
53
appears to be consistent throughout the research area. A distinct pattern is apparent after
reviewing the Figures 4.19 to 4.21, from the surface to the bottom, there is: 1. a grayish
brown sediment (represented as the dune deposit), 2. a darker grayish brown, 3. a brown
colored soil, 4. a more yellowish brown colored soil sometimes capping a brownish gray
soil, a hardpan, or gravels. This pattern is observed in the excavated units and augers.
4.6. Radiocarbon Dates
Additional radiocarbon dates were submitted from Unit C in order to better
understand the depositional processes and preservation of sediments at the Devils
Kitchen site (Table 4.7). Details of the methods and analysis used on the samples will be
outlined in Bulder's unpublished Master's thesis (2016). These new radiocarbon dates are
applied to the site's stratigraphy (Figure 4.22). Figure 4.22 suggests some deposits are
mixed while others are intact. The range of 14C dates within 2Ab2 and 2Bwb1 suggest
that these horizons are filled with mixed, redeposited alluvial material. The dates within
2Ab1 and L4a are similar within the unit, giving evidence that these sediments are intact.
In order to strengthen a chronostratigraphy discussion, the previously analyzed
radiocarbon dates from the Devils Kitchen site (Table 4.8) are compared to the new
radiocarbon dates. Using additional information from Hall et al. on the depths of each soil
horizon, I can suggest the soil horizon that the sample came from, and therefore, compare
the date to those found in the same horizon in Unit C (Table 4.9). In total, only 3 LUs
were represented in the radiocarbon dates. LU1, LU2, S1, and S2 were not radiocarbon
dated, however, through Law of Superposition, they should be older than 11,521±40
radiocarbon years before present (RCYBP). LU3 has one radiocarbon date, 11,000±140,
LU5 and S5 appears to have sediments that have been redeposited. These units date
between 1901±28 RCYBP and 11,698 RCYBP. The upper soil horizon of LU5 and S5
might contain more intact sediments since the eight radiocarbon dates within 2Ab1 are
closer in range (1901±28 to 2970±70 RCYBP). LU4 contains three radiocarbon dates, all
of which are within a close range (10,638±42 to 11,596±37 RCYBP), suggesting that the
sediments are intact with no vertical mixing. LU6 and S6 were not radiocarbon dated,
but should date before 1901±28, explaining that the aeolian dune deposit capping the site
was deposited within the last few thousand years.
54
Figure 4.1. 35CS9, Unit C, north wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries. The photo is a result of high resolution photos stitched
together to make a gigapixel photo.
55
Figure 4.2. 35CS9, Unit C, east wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries. The photo is a result of high resolution photos stitched
together to make a gigapixel photo.
56
Figure 4.3. 35CS9, Unit C, south wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries. The photo is a result of high resolution photos stitched
together to make a gigapixel photo.
57
Figure 4.4. 35CS9, Unit C, west wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries. The photo is a result of high resolution photos stitched
together to make a gigapixel photo.
58
Figure 4.5. 35CS9, Unit D, south wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries.
59
Figure 4.6. Bivariate scatterplot matrix showing the relationship two elements have on
each PXRF sample using all detected elements. This is a visual explanation of all
detected elements across 225 samples.
60
Training
Score Summaries
Number Misclassified
Percent Misclassified
-2LogLikelihood
Training Counts: Actual Rows by Predicted Columns
2Ab 2Ab1 2Ab2 2Bwb1 3Bwb2
2Ab
25
0
0
0
0
2Ab1
0
25
0
0
0
2Ab2
0
4
21
0
0
2Bwb1
0
0
0
19
6
3Bwb2
0
0
0
0
24
4a
0
0
0
0
1
4Cb1
0
0
0
0
0
5Cb2
0
0
0
0
0
A
0
0
0
0
0
4a
0
0
0
0
1
24
1
0
0
4Cb1
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
0
0
5Cb2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
13
5.778
112.5
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
Figure 4.7. Step-wise discriminant Analysis on all elemental data with all soil groups
present, colored, and labeled.
61
Score Summaries
Number Misclassified
Percent Misclassified
-2LogLikelihood
Training
Excluded
11
6.286
90.22
0
.
Training Counts: Actual Rows by Predicted Columns
2Ab
2Ab1
2Ab2
2Bwb1
3Bwb2
4a
4Cb1
2Ab 2Ab1 2Ab2 2Bwb1 3Bwb2
25
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
4
21
0
0
0
0
0
20
5
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4a
0
0
0
0
0
24
1
4Cb1
0
0
0
0
0
1
24
Figure 4.8. Step-wise discriminant Analysis on all elemental data with soil groups A and
5Cb2 removed. All other soil groups are colored and labeled.
62
Figure 4.9. A 3D scatterplot of the PXRF data containing all elements detected with soil
groups A and 5Cb2 removed.
63
Figure 4.10. Principal component analysis on all elemental data with the first two PCs graphed to show correlation.
64
Figure 4.11. Scatterplot matrix of the four saved PCs on the 13 diagnostic elements.
65
Figure 4.12. Ward cluster analysis on four principal component data for diagnostic
elements colored by soil group.
66
Figure 4.13. Ward cluster analysis on the 13 diagnostic elements colored by soil group.
67
Figure 4.14. Aerial photo of 35CS9 showing the location of auger units with the trends
of the fence diagrams (Google Maps, 2014).
68
Figure 4.15. Fence diagram showing the deposits of auger units from south to north most western area at 35CS9 (F1-F1'). It shows
the distribution of aeolian and alluvial deposits based on sorting and grain size from sieve data analysis done by GRADISTAT.
69
Figure 4.16. Fence diagram showing the deposits of auger units from west to east of
northern area at 35CS9 (F2-F2'). It showing the distribution of aeolian and alluvial
deposits based on sorting and grain size from sieve data analysis done by GRADISTAT.
70
Figure 4.17. Fence diagram showing the deposits of auger units from west to east of
southern area at 35CS9 (F3-F3'). It shows the distribution of aeolian and alluvial deposits
based on sorting and grain size from sieve data analysis done by GRADISTAT.
71
Figure 4.18. Interfluves and old channel interpretations. (a) Aerial photo of 35CS9
showing the location of auger units with areas of possible old Crooked Creek channel
paths shaded in red (Google Maps, 2014). The oldest channel is the most northern. (b)
Coast-parallel profile of the Devils Kitchen State Park with the modern surface outlined
as a solid red line and old channels outlined as dashed red lines. Altered from Punke &
Davis 2006: Figure 9.
72
Figure 4.19. Fence diagram of south to north most western area at 35CS9 (F1-F1') showing the Munsell color distribution across
auger and excavation units.
73
Figure 4.20. Fence diagram of west to east of northern area at 35CS9 (F2-F2') showing the Munsell color distribution across auger
units.
74
Figure 4.21. Fence diagram of west to east of southern area at 35CS9 (F3-F3') showing the Munsell color distribution across auger
units.
75
Figure 4.22. 35CS9, Unit C, north wall stratigraphic profile with lithostratigraphic and
pedostratigraphic unit boundaries along with 14C dates of charcoal samples in their
easting and depth location. Adapted from Davis et al., 2015b.
76
Table 4.1. Soil horizon description of Units A and B of Devils Kitchen site (from Davis
et al. 2008)
A—0 to 73 cm; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2), loamy fine sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), dry; 3
percent clay; single grain; loose, loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine roots throughout and
common very fine roots throughout; common fine interstitial and common very fine interstitial pores;
NaF pH<8.0; clear smooth boundary.
2Ab1—73 to 115 cm; black (10YR 2/1), medial loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; 15
percent clay; moderate fine subangular blocky parting to weak fine granual structure; friable, slightly
hard, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine roots throughout and common very
fine roots throughout; common fine irregular and common very fine irregular pores; 10 percent
medium distinct spherical moderately cemented yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) iron-manganese nodules in matrix; NaF pH>9.5; gradual smooth boundary.
2Ab2—115-136 cm; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) and dark brown (10YR 3/3), loam, brown (10YR
4/3) dry; 17 percent clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly hard, slightly
sticky, slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine roots throughout and few very fine roots throughout;
commonfine tubular and common very fine tubular pores; 12 percent coarse distinct spherical
moderately cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron-manganese
nodules in matrix and 13 percent medium distinct spherical moderately cemented strong brown
(7.5YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron-manganese nodules in matrix; NaF pH>9.5; clear
smooth boundary.
2Bwb1—136 to 167 cm; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4), loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4), dry; 23 percent clay;
moderate medium subangular blocky and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly
hard, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine roots throughout and few very fine roots
throughout; common fine tubular and common very fine tubular pores; 12 percent coarse distinct
spherical moderately cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) ironmanganese nodules in matrix and 13 percent medium distinct spherical moderately cemented strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron-manganese nodules in matrix; NaF pH>9.5;
abrupt wavy boundary.
3Bwb2—167 to 244 cm; brown (7.5YR 4/4), clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4), dry; 30 percent clay;
moderate coarse subangular blocky and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, hard,
moderately sticky, moderately plastic; 12 percent coarse distinct spherical moderately cemented
strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron-manganese nodules in matrix and 13
percent medium distinct spherical moderately cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown
(7.5YR 5/8) iron-manganese nodules in matrix; 10 percent very weakly cemented 2 to 75 millimeter
sandstone fragments; NaF pH 9.0; clear smooth boundary.
4Cb1—244 to 287; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), loamy fine sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4),
dry; 3 percent clay; very friable, hard, very weakly, nonsticky, nonplastic; NaF pH>9.5; abrupt wavy
boundary.
5Cb2—287 to 350 cm; extremely gravelly sand; abrupt wavy boundary.
6R—350 to 360 cm; very strongly cemented sandstone bedrock, fractured at intervals of 10 to <45
cm.
77
Table 4.2. The presence and absence of excavated artifacts by unit and depth.
Depth Below
Surface (cm)
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90
90-100
100-110
110-120
120-130
130-140
140-150
150-160
160-170
170-180
180-190
190-200
200-210
210-220
220-230
230-240
240-250
250-260
260-270
270-280
Unit A
Unit B
Unit C
Unit D
○
○
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
○
○
○
○
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
○
○
○
○
○
●
○
●
●
○
○
○
○
○
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
○
○
●
○
○
○
●
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
●
●
●
○
●
●
○
○
●
○
○
●
●
●
○
●
○
●
○
●
○
○
●
= artifacts absent
= artifacts present
= aeolian deposit
= alluvial deposit
78
Table 4.3. Correlation matrix of all base 10 logarithmic transformation elemental data.
As Log10
Ba Log10
Bi Log10
Ca Log10
Co Log10
Cr Log10
Cu Log10
Fe Log10
K Log10
Mn Log10
Ni Log10
As Log10
1
0.4475
0.0633
-0.2014
0.4488
0.1283
0.4314
0.5652
-0.1673
-0.0123
0.146
Ba Log10
0.4475
1
0.3453
-0.0431
0.6627
0.4561
0.6569
0.7718
-0.3782
0.488
-0.0847
Bi Log10
0.0633
0.3453
1
-0.1991
0.3422
0.1511
0.3667
0.4234
-0.0687
0.1205
-0.0548
Ca Log10
-0.2014
-0.0431
-0.1991
1
-0.1262
0.3997
-0.2746
-0.3241
-0.0236
0.3999
-0.1912
Co Log10
0.4488
0.6627
0.3422
-0.1262
1
0.1458
0.7786
0.8871
-0.6879
0.179
-0.2427
Cr Log10
0.1283
0.4561
0.1511
0.3997
0.1458
1
0.0324
0.1303
-0.0048
0.8223
-0.3126
Cu Log10
0.4314
0.6569
0.3667
-0.2746
0.7786
0.0324
1
0.8634
-0.5408
0.115
0.0304
Fe Log10
0.5652
0.7718
0.4234
-0.3241
0.8871
0.1303
0.8634
1
-0.5426
0.157
0.0003
K Log10
-0.1673
-0.3782
-0.0687
-0.0236
-0.6879
-0.0048
-0.5408
-0.5426
1
-0.0883
0.2231
Mn Log10
-0.0123
0.488
0.1205
0.3999
0.179
0.8223
0.115
0.157
-0.0883
1
-0.3407
Ni Log10
0.146
-0.0847
-0.0548
-0.1912
-0.2427
-0.3126
0.0304
0.0003
0.2231
-0.3407
1
Pb Log10
0.0203
0.1546
0.1876
-0.3325
0.32
-0.2578
0.3424
0.3872
-0.1078
-0.2947
0.1499
Rb Log10
0.2812
0.1088
0.2075
-0.4912
0.1256
-0.351
0.3524
0.3615
0.2992
-0.2215
0.4358
Se Log10
0.2168
0.236
0.2531
-0.0707
0.3277
0.0649
0.3003
0.3554
-0.0687
0.1113
-0.0619
Sr Log10
-0.2987
-0.3871
-0.2006
0.4358
-0.707
0.4084
-0.6975
-0.7174
0.7077
0.3425
-0.0017
Th Log10
0.2576
0.2467
0.2253
-0.2013
0.1292
0.083
0.167
0.2896
0.1806
-0.0236
0.176
Ti Log10
0.5289
0.8379
0.4275
-0.179
0.7706
0.4472
0.7346
0.9014
-0.4248
0.4021
-0.0857
Y Log10
0.1619
0.4684
0.0824
0.45
0.2476
0.8419
0.1133
0.1919
-0.1785
0.7642
-0.3616
Zn Log10
0.4487
0.8206
0.3605
-0.0727
0.8258
0.3676
0.763
0.8652
-0.5278
0.4435
-0.1212
Zr Log10
0.1251
0.4591
0.1343
0.4451
0.1966
0.9164
0.0593
0.1493
-0.0946
0.8528
-0.3422
79
Table 4.3 (continued). Correlation matrix of all base 10 logarithmic transformation elemental data.
Pb Log10
Rb Log10
Se Log10
Sr Log10
Th Log10
Ti Log10
Y Log10
Zn Log10
Zr Log10
As Log10
0.0203
0.2812
0.2168
-0.2987
0.2576
0.5289
0.1619
0.4487
0.1251
Ba Log10
0.1546
0.1088
0.236
-0.3871
0.2467
0.8379
0.4684
0.8206
0.4591
Bi Log10
0.1876
0.2075
0.2531
-0.2006
0.2253
0.4275
0.0824
0.3605
0.1343
Ca Log10
-0.3325
-0.4912
-0.0707
0.4358
-0.2013
-0.179
0.45
-0.0727
0.4451
Co Log10
0.32
0.1256
0.3277
-0.707
0.1292
0.7706
0.2476
0.8258
0.1966
Cr Log10
-0.2578
-0.351
0.0649
0.4084
0.083
0.4472
0.8419
0.3676
0.9164
Cu Log10
0.3424
0.3524
0.3003
-0.6975
0.167
0.7346
0.1133
0.763
0.0593
Fe Log10
0.3872
0.3615
0.3554
-0.7174
0.2896
0.9014
0.1919
0.8652
0.1493
K Log10
-0.1078
0.2992
-0.0687
0.7077
0.1806
-0.4248
-0.1785
-0.5278
-0.0946
Mn Log10
-0.2947
-0.2215
0.1113
0.3425
-0.0236
0.4021
0.7642
0.4435
0.8528
Ni Log10
0.1499
0.4358
-0.0619
-0.0017
0.176
-0.0857
-0.3616
-0.1212
-0.3422
Pb Log10
1
0.3921
0.1257
-0.4137
0.1764
0.2361
-0.3123
0.2227
-0.2752
Rb Log10
0.3921
1
0.3238
-0.1915
0.2835
0.1746
-0.4296
0.1774
-0.3888
Se Log10
0.1257
0.3238
1
-0.131
0.1008
0.2898
0.0761
0.272
0.0963
Sr Log10
-0.4137
-0.1915
-0.131
1
-0.0309
-0.4665
0.2787
-0.502
0.3819
Th Log10
0.1764
0.2835
0.1008
-0.0309
1
0.3303
0.0741
0.1793
0.0658
Ti Log10
0.2361
0.1746
0.2898
-0.4665
0.3303
1
0.4682
0.856
0.4376
Y Log10
-0.3123
-0.4296
0.0761
0.2787
0.0741
0.4682
1
0.3994
0.885
Zn Log10
0.2227
0.1774
0.272
-0.502
0.1793
0.856
0.3994
1
0.3794
Zr Log10
-0.2752
-0.3888
0.0963
0.3819
0.0658
0.4376
0.885
0.3794
1
80
Table 4.4. Correlations of the first eight PCs from the principal component analysis of all
elemental data. Coefficients in bold are strong, positive correlations while those in bold
and italicized are strong, negative correlations.
Eigenvalue
Percent
Cum.
Percent
PC 1
7.1
35.3
PC 2
4.7
23.7
PC 3
2.0
10.1
PC 4
1.1
5.6
PC 5
0.9
4.7
PC 6
0.8
3.9
PC 7
0.7
3.5
PC 8
0.6
3.2
35.3
58.9
69.0
74.6
79.3
83.2
86.7
89.9
PC 2
-0.278
0.047
0.036
-0.151
0.142
-0.313
-0.150
-0.089
0.819
0.858
0.791
0.838
-0.092
-0.541
-0.130
-0.620
0.671
-0.433
0.068
0.633
PC 3
0.015
0.131
-0.028
-0.268
0.104
-0.075
0.234
0.249
0.044
0.143
0.132
0.216
0.239
0.060
0.588
0.583
-0.189
0.433
0.722
0.461
PC 4
-0.038
-0.058
-0.033
0.047
-0.091
-0.014
-0.549
0.563
-0.085
0.005
0.104
0.005
0.404
0.293
-0.110
0.073
-0.059
-0.430
0.093
0.046
PC 5
0.000
-0.097
-0.004
0.050
-0.075
0.043
0.270
-0.228
-0.026
-0.030
0.042
-0.074
0.699
-0.276
-0.388
0.223
0.147
-0.005
0.000
0.054
PC 6
0.005
-0.021
0.137
-0.044
0.105
0.122
-0.290
-0.136
-0.041
0.033
0.190
0.033
-0.099
0.376
-0.339
0.181
0.300
0.450
-0.020
0.068
PC 7
-0.004
-0.023
-0.048
0.110
-0.062
-0.089
0.006
-0.386
0.062
0.026
-0.118
-0.010
0.229
0.437
0.398
-0.079
0.268
-0.161
-0.024
0.012
PC 8
-0.012
-0.043
-0.044
0.019
-0.039
0.028
-0.055
0.359
0.015
-0.037
-0.147
-0.088
0.154
-0.198
0.239
-0.173
0.406
0.339
-0.178
-0.051
Total Structure Coefficients:
Elements
Fe Log10
Ti Log10
Zn Log10
Co Log10
Ba Log10
Cu Log10
As Log10
Bi Log10
Y Log10
Zr Log10
Mn Log10
Cr Log10
Se Log10
Pb Log10
Th Log10
Rb Log10
Ca Log10
Ni Log10
K Log10
Sr Log10
PC 1
0.947
0.942
0.928
0.890
0.867
0.837
0.540
0.448
0.436
0.407
0.400
0.382
0.369
0.268
0.264
0.181
-0.148
-0.150
-0.572
-0.576
81
Soil
Table 4.5. Contingency analysis of saved clusters from a Ward cluster analysis of the
four PCs by soil groups. The table indicates the number of samples that were classified
to each cluster and identified to each soil group.
Count
2Ab
2Ab1
2Ab2
2Bwb1
3Bwb2
4a
4Cb1
5Cb2
A
Total
1
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
25
Ward Clusters of four PCs
2
3
4
5
6
Total
1
0
0
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
0
25
0
4
20
1
0
25
0
0
1
24
0
25
0
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
25
0
0
25
0
0
25
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
25
25
24
0
0
0
0
25
25
29
71
50
25
225
82
Soil
Table 4.6. Contingency analysis of saved clusters from a Ward cluster analysis of the 13
elements by soil groups. The table indicates the number of samples that were classified
to each cluster and identified to each soil group.
Count
2Ab
2Ab1
2Ab2
2Bwb1
3Bwb2
4a
4Cb1
5Cb2
A
Total
Ward Clusters of 13 Elements
1
2
3
4
5
Total
3
22
0
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
0
25
1
4
0
20
0
25
1
0
0
24
0
25
0
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
0
0
25
25
8
1
16
0
0
25
13
52
16
119
25
225
83
Table 4.7.
14
C dates from Unit C at the Devils Kitchen site. From Davis et al., 2015a.
All radiocarbon analysis conducted at DirectAMS Laboratory in Bothell, WA.
Lab Number
11_3
11_2
231
48
X1
232
311
361
355
376
339
412
403
381
410
409
405
423
351
343
338
Provenience
Unit C, level 11, N59, E177, 139 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 11, N28, E138, 137 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 13, N3, E88, 157 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 12, N127, E154, 148 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 12, N89, E48, 141 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 13, N7, E59, 158 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 14, N88, E172, 170 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 16, N45, E26, 185 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 16, N43, E51, 184 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 17, N49, E65, 190 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 15, N100, E160, 177 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 19, N55, E18, 215 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 18, N185, E180, 199 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 17, N65, E179, 199 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 19, N25, E90, 210 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 19, N150, E173, 212 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 18, N177, E149, 208 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 20, N107, E75, 224 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 16, N170, E160, 185 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 15, N90, E32, 180 cm B.S.
Unit C, level 15, N165, E145, 178 cm B.S.
14
C Age BP
1901± 28
1994± 29
2087± 23
2093± 23
2101± 23
2503± 37
2571± 28
2741± 26
4274± 26
6739± 35
6750± 35
6765± 35
7858± 36
9333± 44
10,638± 42
11,521± 40
11,565± 37
11,596± 37
11,616± 55
11,626± 51
11,698± 38
84
Table 4.8.
14
C dates from charcoal samples taken from the Devils Kitchen site,
previously known at the Bandon Ocean Wayside site. Altered from Hall et al.,
2005:Table 1.
Lab Number
Beta-189635
Beta-170404
Beta-170405
Beta-189637
Beta-189636
Provenience
Unit B, level 6, 89–91 cm B.S.
Unit B, level 8, 103–113 cm B.S.
Unit B, west wall, 150 cm B.S.
Unit A, level 13, 155–165 cm B.S.
Unit A, level 21, 235–245 cm B.S.
14
C Age BP
2600 ± 40
2970 ± 70
5820 ± 40
5900 ± 80
11,000 ± 140
85
Table 4.9. All 14C dates from the Devils Kitchen site with their associated LU, PU, and
soil horizon, sorted by date within each LU.
LU
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU5
LU4
LU4
LU4
LU3
PU
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S4
S4
S4
S3
Soil Horizon
2Ab1
2Ab1
2Ab1
2Ab1
2Ab1
2Ab1
2Ab2
2Ab1
2Ab2
2Ab1
2Ab2
2Bwb1
2Bwb1
2Ab2
2Ab2
2Bwb1
2Bwb1
2Bwb1
2Bwb1
2Ab2
2Ab2
2Ab2
---3Bwb2
14
C Age BP
1901 ± 28
1994 ± 29
2087 ± 23
2093 ± 23
2101 ± 23
2503 ± 37
2571 ± 28
2600 ± 40
2741 ± 26
2970 ± 70
4274 ± 26
5820 ± 40
5900 ± 80
6739 ± 35
6750 ± 35
6765 ± 35
7858 ± 36
9333 ± 44
11,521 ± 40
11,616 ± 55
11,626 ± 51
11,698 ± 38
10,638 ± 42
11,565 ± 37
11,596 ± 37
11,000 ± 140
86
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1. General Northwest Coastal Research
The continental Northwest American coast hosted prehistoric people utilizing its
current landscape and resources. The dynamic environment along the northwest coast
has been dynamic since before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, approx. 21,000 BP),
making it a challenge to understand the coastal paleoenvironment (Davis, 2006). By
using geoarchaeological methods, we can begin to reconstruct the coastal environment
that early people during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene (ca. 13,000-9,000 BP)
were utilizing and predict their activities.
The western North American coastline is accepted as one of the ice-free routes
available to early people moving south into the North American continent from Siberia.
Large ice sheets covered a majority of today’s Canada, preventing much of the land from
being utilized. Whether the western coastline was ever covered in ice or not, the land
would have been exposed to early people at the end of the LGM. Although some of the
earliest sites in North America are predicted to exist along the coastal route (Punke &
Davis, 2006), the visibility and preservation of these sites are limited and challenging due
to tens of thousands of years of diverse and dynamic coastal landscapes. An
understanding of the local environment and the changes it has been exposed to over time
is a strong step towards accurately predicting the location of undisturbed, early
archaeological sites.
5.2. Locating Archaeological Sites Along the Coast
When searching for archaeological sites along the western coast, a few key
features are considered. With a broad and shallow coastal shelf, the Oregon coast has
experienced significant shoreline movement since the LGM. When early people utilized
marine environments, they faced a coastline very different to the one seen today. As
large ice sheets were forming on the continental surface, water was being extracted from
the oceans causing the absolute sea level to lower and resulting in a lower relative sea
level. This caused the continental shelf to be more exposed during the last glacial
87
maximum. Oregon’s Pacific coastline took its modern form at about 3,000 RYBP
(Aikens et al., 2011; Davis et al., 2009; Fairbanks, 1989). Archaeological site located
near prehistoric marine resources, are most likely be underwater today (with some
localized exceptions such as the raised beach deposits at Haida Gwaii), and therefore,
difficult to find and record.
Sites located above sea level have multiple factors that could affect the site’s
visibility. These factors include heavy vegetation, buried under thick deposits, or
deflated from erosion. The ability to identify early coastal archaeological sites by means
of surface surveys is often limited, making a subsurface investigation necessary. Ross
(1984) identifies two types of sites along Oregon’s southern coast: marine (having an
association with a shell midden) and terrestrial (no shell midden present but having lithic
stone artifacts associated).
Archaeological sites are typically found after it has been exposed or damaged. In
earlier surveys, archaeological sites were located by examining the eroded bluffs along
the coast, searching for cultural artifacts and features exposed in the banks. Many of the
features found were shell middens, or piles of shell byproducts, which are obvious white
horizon bands in the exposed stratigraphy. The presence of shell middens at an
archaeological site that today exists on eroding bluffs represent a time period when the
ocean was roughly in the same position it is at today.
Relating back to the factor that relative sea level has changed, the location of
marine resources is assumed to have a direct correlation with the location of
archaeological sites that contain evidence of activities utilizing marine resources. With
the assumption that people would not have carried large amounts of shell to an inland
location, a shell midden that exists at today’s oceanfront would represent a time of
similar sea level. These shell midden sites are highly visible and often documented in
surveys. The archaeological sites that do not contain a shell midden, or terrestrial sites,
are frequently missed during surveys, resulting in the prehistoric record for the coast
representing the time when the sea level has been relatively constant with today’s. Sites
that predate the modern shoreline that exist along today's coast will represent a more
inland, terrestrial environment. Traditional surveys of searching for exposed shell
88
middens are missing earlier archaeological sites that represent a different environment
and landscape than today's.
The Devils Kitchen archaeological site is situated on an uplifted marine terrace
overlooking the ocean and does not contain a shell midden that is a common feature at
sites along the Oregon coast. In response to sea level changes, the coastal environment is
dynamic throughout time. To further our understanding of past human activities along
the coast, geoarchaeological practices are applied to study paleoenvironments. By
reconstructing the paleolandscape of the Devils Kitchen State Park, deposits of the right
age that have high potential for containing preserved cultural material can be identified
for future investigations and preservation.
5.3. Documented Early Sites Along the Southern Oregon Coast
Significant survey work has been done along the Oregon coast. A formal survey
was conducted over a period of ten years (from 1986 to 1996) along Oregon coast lands
managed by Oregon State Parks. While there are multiple summaries of sites along the
Oregon coast dating to the mid-Holocene (Connolly and Tasa 2008; Moss and Erlandson
2008; Aikens et al., 2011), a few early sites will be discussed that have a comparative
value to the Devils Kitchen site.
There are four sites along the southern Oregon coast (Figure 5.1) that are reported
to have cultural material associated with a mid-Holocene or earlier date (>6,000 cal BP),
including the Devils Kitchen site (35CS9), The Indian Sands Site (35CU67), The
Blacklock Point Site (35CU75), and the Cape Blanco Site (35CU82).
The Indian Sands site is located in Curry county within the Samuel H. Boardman
State Park. The lithic site is located on a bluff, or headland, with a stratified sequence of
aeolian dune deposits from the late Pleistocene to Holocene, providing a general
observation of a late Pleistocene coastal plain environment (Davis et al., 2004, 2008;
Davis, 2006; Davis, 2009; Willis, 2005). Excavations at the site resulted with no
evidence of an intact shell midden, however, many lithic tools and debitage were found
there. Over ninety percent of the lithics were made from cryptocrystalline silicate (CCS)
rocks, which are often found today in local streams along the southern Oregon coast.
Based on radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating on cultural deposits, the earliest
89
occupation dates to 10,430±150 radiocarbon years before present (RCYBP) (12,322±210
cal BP) which is associated with a paleosol (Davis et al., 2004; Davis 2009; Willis,
2005). While the site does have areas that have experienced erosion and deflation, the
association of a paleosol with cultural material is evident of site stability during human
occupation. The early dates and absence of marine resources suggest that people utilized
the Indian Sands site when relative sea level was lower and the shoreline was further to
the west than it is today (Davis et al., 2008). Excavation and analysis concluded that the
site was most likely used for processing raw CCS lithic material and manufacturing lithic
tools (Willis, 2005).
The Blacklock Point site is located in Curry county within Floras State Park on an
uplifted marine terrace. The site contains lithic tools and debitage and no evidence of a
shell midden (Minor, 1994; Davis et al., 2008). Radiocarbon dates of cultural deposits
date the site to as early as 8,367 ±60 cal BP. As reported, the site was probably occupied
when the ocean’s shoreline was further west, attributing to the lack of marine resources
(Minor, 1994). Similar to many coastal sites, the Blacklock Point Site experienced many
episodes of deposition and erosion, making it necessary to conduct a geoarchaeological
investigation to better interpret the site’s preservation (Davis et al., 2008). For now, the
site is interpreted as a lithic site overlooking the ocean that may or may not have been
occupied by the same people who created a shell midden located further west (Erlandson
et al., 2008; Minor, 1994).
The Cape Blanco site is located in Curry county within Cape Blanco State Park on
a north-facing slope. It was originally recorded that there is not a shell midden present
(Ross, 1976). While the site does have many erosion and deflation issues, intact deposits
have been documents and tested. Test pits recovered lithic tools and debitage, mostly
made from CCS, and also confirmed that there is no shell midden. Radiocarbon dates
taken from the lowest deposit containing cultural material range from 5,140 ±90 BP to
5,390 ±100 BP (5890 ±100 cal BP to 6183 ±116 cal BP). It is discussed that the site was
probably not utilized in the summer, assuming that the north-facing slope would not be
protected from strong northwest orientated summer winds. The acidic soils are attributed
to poor organic preservation at the site. With a lack of direct evidence of marine resource
exploitation and a presence of hunting-type tools, it is concluded that this site was more
90
for obtaining terrestrial resources, possibly from the nearby Sixes River (Minor &
Greenspan, 1991).
The three southern Oregon coastal sites summarized share common features that
has been discussed as key points to make when evaluating coastal sites that predate the
modern ocean shoreline (Jenevein, 2010). All three sites were in a different environment
at the time of early occupation. While the coastline was evolving in response to a rise in
relative sea level, each site experienced episodes of erosion and deposition brought on by
forces of wind and water. The intensity and timing of the episodes will need to be
examined individually at each site in order to understand the often localized environment
evolution. Understanding the basics behind the common features that lithic sites share
can lead the researcher to areas that have high potential for hosting a preserved early site.
5.4. Facies Interpretation
Using the data gathered in the geoarchaeological investigations at the Devils
Kitchen site, an interpretation of the site's deposition and preservation can be made.
Sediment data gathered from the auger units show that the state park area contains
aeolian deposits, in the form of a dune, overlying alluvium deposits with a compressed,
cemented dune or a weakly formed sandstone at its base. Returning to Figure 4.1, the
environmental facies that are known to create these deposits can be identified along with
and interpretation of the facies shift at the Devils Kitchen State Park location. As the ice
sheets began to melt and water returned to the world’s oceans, eustatic sea level rose
causing a rise in marine transgression. With this transgression, the coastal facies were
pushed further inland, capping the previous depositional environment. Figure 5.2 shows
this facies shift with a focus on where the Devils Kitchen site is theoretically located
based on results from the geoarchaeological investigation.
5.5. Research Questions Addressed
In chapter 1 I outlined the three research questions that guide this thesis. I will
now address these questions by discussing the results of my findings.
91
1. How did the Devils Kitchen site form, and how has post-depositional processes
affected the site's appearance and preservation?
Using information gathered on the site's stratigraphy, the order of depositional
and erosion operations can be outlined starting with the lowest deposits: The lowest
component seen at the site is LU1, a compressed, hardened deposit possibly a
compressed dune or sandstone. This deposit was thicker and had a stable surface long
enough to form S1. Another deposit, LU2, was brought in by water movement after
eroding most of LU1/S1. Similarly, LU2 was a thicker deposit that had stability to form
S2. The upper boundary of LU2 is sharp and irregular and S2 is missing its A horizon,
suggesting another erosion event. LU3 is then deposited, stabilized to produce S3, then
eroded down to its lower weakly developed B horizon. After 11,596±37 RCYBP the
eroded surface is capped by LU4.
The surface of LU4 was heavily, almost completely, eroded causing its shape and
boundary to be extremely irregular and sharp. This unit is interpreted to be the intact
remains of an early deposit as supported by the consistent 14C dates. After the erosion of
LU4, the area was in-filled by alluvial deposit LU5. The lower portion of LU5 is mixed
with 14C dates ranging from 11,686± 38 RCYBP to 1,901±28 RCYBP. The upper
portion of LU5 contains a tighter range of dates, suggesting little mixing of deposits.
There was a time of stability at the surface of LU5 long enough for a thick A horizon and
a weak B horizon, S5, to develop. Lastly, aeolian dune deposit, LU6, capped the site and
is responsible for the topography of the area today (Figure 4.22), stabilized by recent
vegetation growth.
The patterns seen at the Devils Kitchen site of deposition, stability, then erosion
could be a result of the landscape adjusting from the rise in sea level. While the ocean
continued to move inland and the Coquille fault uplifted the bluffs, load bearing features
such as streams were easily influenced. Punke and Davis (2006) suggest that the
Crooked Creek once flowed north of the site and migrated south through time as the
Coquille reverse fault uplifted the northern portion of the landscape. A similar situation
occurred with the Elk River where the Cape Blanco anticline has forces the river to shift
southward through time (Punke & Davis, 2006). This shift, or change in flow path, of the
Crooked Creek could be responsible for the erosion and deposition at the site. Figure
92
4.18 suggests that a channel eroded the park area. This is most likely from the Crooked
Creek shifting south with each old channel being the remains of Crooked Creek's old
paths. The presence of the creek in close proximity to the site might have been an
attractor for people to this landscape when it was mostly a terrestrial-based environment.
If people were staying in close proximity to the creek, then earlier sites would
theoretically exist further north within an interfluve between older Crooked Creek
channel paths.
2. What are the Devils Kitchen site's archaeologically relevant sediments and where
are they distributed?
Nearly all of the archaeological materials were recovered in alluvial deposits.
Within unit C the cultural material were within soil horizons, preserved, weakly
developed B horizons contained in LU5 and LU4. The aeolian deposits were almost
completely sterile of cultural material, explaining that these deposits were not in an ideal
environment for prehistoric activities.
LU5 is the thickest, preserved soil sequence at the site. However, 14C dates show
that this deposit is comprised of sediments from a large range of ages, suggesting
material was redeposited at the site from eroded sediments elsewhere. This dark brown
to reddish brown sediments appears to be fining upward in texture with the upper soil
horizon having a much more consistent 14C dates. The texture and color matching LU5 is
observed in most of the auger units throughout the entire park.
LU4 is the most culturally relevant sediment at the site due to its consistent early
14
C dates and it contains cultural material. This deposit is heavily eroded within all
excavated units, however, the colors and textures in the auger units suggest that it could
be present in patches throughout the state park. Auger units 13, 22, and 24 have strong
evidence with its yellow-brown colored, loamy alluvial deposit characteristic of LU4.
These augers exist within the interfluves outlined in Figure 4.18, suggesting that less
eroded portions of LU4 could exist. There is a high probability that early archaeological
relevant sediments will be preserved within the interfluves at the Devils Kitchen State
Park.
93
An alternative hypothesis of the origin of LU4 is that it is a feature filled in from a
fallen tree, or a tree throw. Tree throws that have been buried are expected to have
inclusions of charcoal, phytoliths, burned soils, biologically worked soils, and textural
pedofeatures (Goldberg & Macphail, 2006). The soil found within a tree throw is
expected to contain fragments of an A and B horizon, for shallow uplifted roots, or an A
mixed with Bs and C horizons, for deeper roots. The geometry of the LU4 deposit does
not conform to the "cradle and knoll" shape of classic tree throw features (Waters,
1992:Figure 7.9) but looks to be an infilled channel feature oriented and dipping
downward from the southeast to northwest. Moreover, the sedimentary matrix of LU4
contains a higher gravel and cobble content than its surrounding deposits, which begs the
question of how a tree throw would preferentially concentrate larger clasts by overturning
lower finer grained deposits. Tree throws are described as having a heterogeneous matrix
as a result of being infilled over time with some areas more susceptible to bioturbation
(Macphail & Goldberg, 1990). LU4 is more homogenous than a tree throw is expected to
be. Stratigraphic drawings and notes of Unit A and B suggest that LU4 extends into
these areas as well. Further testing, including a micromorphological examination of
microfabrics, is necessary to fully confirm or deny this hypothesis.
Another alternative hypothesis is the origin of LU4 is the result of
hyperconcentrated flows from tsunami runoff. Witter (2008:8) outlines ten criteria that
can be used to assess whether a deposit originated due to a tsunami event:
1. The sand deposit consists of well-sorted, quartz-rich sand and rounded
augite grains;
2. Brackish-marine diatoms are present;
3. The deposit thins and/or sand grain size fines in a landward direction;
4. Normally graded beds and/or mud lamina are present;
5. Rip-up clasts are present;
6. The lower contact of the deposit is sharp or shows evidence of erosion;
7. Organic debris is present at the top of deposit;
8. The deposit extends over hundreds of meters;
9. The deposit coincides with a buried soil subsided by an earthquake;
94
10. The deposit age overlaps with regional evidence for a Cascadia
earthquake or tsunami.
Of these ten criteria, LU4 only demonstrates criteria 6 based on the analysis
completed in this research; however, this can also be achieved by fluvial channel erosion.
While specific tests for diatoms were not conducted here, Witter's other expected
properties were not observed in the field. The site today is located on an uplifted bluff
that is assumed to be uplifted around the time of LU4's deposit. For an open coastal site,
the prehistoric tsunami minimum runup elevation is estimated to be 20 ft (6.1 m) (Witter
et al., 2008). However, the Devils Kitchen site was not an open coastal site at the time of
LU4's deposition (approx. 10,600 RCYBP or roughly 12,000 BP) but positioned farther
inland relative to the ocean. At ca. 10,600 RCYBP, eustatic sea level is estimated to be
85 meters lower than today, displacing the shoreline approximately 8 kilometers (~5
miles) further west (Jenevein, 2009). Correcting for expected rates of tectonic uplift in
the area around Coquille Point (ca. 5 m during the last 10,000 radiocarbon years (Kelsey
& Bockheim, 1994), we expect that the LU4 surface would have been ca. 80 above sea
level and well beyond the reach of tsunami flooding. Thus, given the coarser, poorly
sorted matrix of LU4 contained in what appears to be a channel feature, the most
parsimonious explanation is that LU4 is an alluvial deposit.
3. What is the geoarchaeological context of human occupation at the Devils Kitchen
site?
Evidence for human occupation at the Devils Kitchen site is seen within alluvial
deposits that date between 1,901±28 RCYBP and 11,596±37. Soil imprinting over
alluvial sediments explains that the site's surface was stable from erosion and
depositional forces. The nearby Crooked Creek was most likely the contributor of the
alluvial sediments and also responsible for much of the erosion. The creek also brought
in rock material, such as cherts, from the nearby mountains that could be used for tool
manufacturing. Early people inhabiting today's Devils Kitchen State Park were in a
terrestrial environment with a nearby fresh water creek. Although marine resources were
probably within a few hours walking distance, people did not bring these resources to the
95
Devils Kitchen site. With the active Coquille fault uplifting the landscape, the site might
have had a view to the ocean and the creek could have provided an easier way to travel
through the terrestrial terrain.
5.6. Future Work
The research completed at the Devils Kitchen site and state park provides support
for early deposits, that have potential to contain evidence of early people, to be preserved
along costal bluff landscapes. While the auger units helped to outline the extent of the
aeolian and alluvial deposits, they cannot provide the amount of stratigraphic detail that
excavated, open units can. An ideal subsurface testing probe would be one that can
extract intact sediments without the risk of vertical mixing, such as a GeoProbe. A
GeoProbe was used to pull approximately 13 subsurface cores at the Devils Kitchen State
Park in 2013 by Dr. Loren Davis. Currently, no work has been done with these cores, but
they are expected to provide further correlation with the excavation units' stratigraphy.
The stratigraphic units that are identified at the Devils Kitchen site that contain
the earliest evidence of human occupation also appear to have experienced heavy erosion.
Heavy erosion is common for sites along the Oregon coast as active bank erosion is a
recognized modern concern (Davis et al., 2009; Jenevein, 2010). Even after heavy
erosion, a preserved, early deposit containing cultural material is identified as the DORA
for finding evidence of early occupation at the Devils Kitchen site. This DORA marker
has been identified through this thesis both physically and geochemically which can
subsequently be sought elsewhere along the Oregon coast. Similar coastal bluff sites
with a similar environmental history has high potential to contain the DORA identified.
Through subsurface testing of preserved landscapes, taking into account the erosion
forces such as shifting channels and rising sea levels, archaeologists can continue
mapping Oregon's coastline outlining areas of high DORA probability. Using
geoarchaeological models, predictions on a more localized scale can be made about
where areas are located that have higher potential to contain early, intact sediments that
represent a paleoenvironment that early people might have utilized.
96
Figure 5.1. Locations of the four discussed sites on the southern Oregon coast.
97
Figure 5.2. Environmental facies zone eastern shift as related to eustatic sea level rises. The outlined box is the "window" that is seen
at the Devils Kitchen site during subsurface investigations.
98
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: The Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker data (shown in grams) from auger level samples.
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
1
10-20
0.1
0.2
0.9
17.5
78.4
2.1
0.8
100
1
20-30
0.1
0.2
0.3
11.2
83
3.6
1.6
100
1
30-40
0.1
0.2
0.2
10.9
83.5
3.2
1.5
99.6
1
40-50
0.2
0.2
0.1
10.8
83.9
3.3
1.3
99.8
1
50-60
0.1
0.1
0.1
10.3
84.1
3.3
2
100
1
60-70
0.1
0.1
0.1
13.3
82.2
2.5
1.6
99.9
1
70-80
0.6
0.2
0.4
20.2
70.4
4.5
3.7
100
1
80-90
3.3
0.9
4.1
28.8
51.3
6.3
4
98.7
1
90-100
3.1
1.8
6.2
23.4
48.8
7.8
8.5
99.6
1
100-110
12.1
8.8
11.3
21.8
29.5
7.3
7.4
98.2
1
110-120
18.2
17.5
14.4
18.8
17.4
5.8
7.2
99.3
1
120-130
18.7
17.8
15.8
18.8
15.3
5.7
7.3
99.4
1
130-140
31.5
18.8
13.1
13.8
10.8
5.4
6.3
99.7
1
140-150
27.2
22.3
14.9
14.8
10.2
4.8
5.1
99.3
1
150-160
27.7
23.8
13.8
12.2
10
4.4
7.4
99.3
1
160-170
49.9
18.7
10.2
8.4
6.1
3
3.6
99.9
1
170-180
46.1
17.4
8.5
9.4
9.8
4.3
4.5
100
1
180-190
58.4
16.3
8.5
7.1
5.1
2.1
2.5
100
1
190-200
58.1
12.8
5.5
6.1
7.1
3
7.3
99.9
1
200-210
55.7
16
6.5
7.1
5.8
3.3
5.6
100
1
210-220
47.6
16.3
9
10.1
7.3
3.4
6.3
100
1
220-230
50.1
12.2
5.8
9.2
13.2
4.2
5.1
99.8
1
230-240
27.9
8.7
8.3
16.8
29.6
4.2
4.2
99.7
1
240-250
7.9
3.4
3.1
18.1
62.1
2.9
2.5
100
1
250-260
37.5
13.9
6.5
12.8
25.4
1.9
1.1
99.1
2
0-10
0.1
0.1
0.3
29.5
68.3
0.5
0.3
99.1
2
10-20
0.2
0.2
0.3
21.7
76.4
0.8
0.3
99.9
2
20-30
0.2
0.1
0.3
14.7
82.9
1.3
0.3
99.8
2
30-40
0.1
0.1
0.2
12.6
84.2
2.1
0.7
100
2
40-50
0.1
0.2
0.3
14.2
83.2
1.7
0.1
99.8
2
50-60
0.1
0.1
0.1
16.7
81
1.7
0.3
100
2
60-70
0.1
0.1
0.1
16.8
80.8
1.9
0.1
99.9
2
70-80
0.1
0.1
0.2
19.3
78.5
1.7
0.1
100
2
80-90
0.1
0.1
0.1
18.8
79.2
1.4
0.2
99.9
109
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
2
90-100
2
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
0.2
0.1
0.1
16.7
79.1
2.3
0.8
99.3
100-110
4
0.3
0.2
13.8
76.7
2.9
1.9
99.8
2
110-120
0.1
0.1
0.1
10.5
83.5
3.4
2.3
100
2
120-130
0.1
0.1
0.1
9.1
85.7
3
1.9
100
2
130-140
0.1
0.1
0.1
12.4
81.6
3.2
2.2
99.7
2
140-150
1
0.1
0.3
19.8
66.5
7.3
5
100
2
150-160
1.3
0.4
4.2
24.5
56.4
7.3
5.3
99.4
2
160-170
0.8
0.2
4.8
25.4
56.7
7.5
4.4
99.8
2
170-180
12.5
8.3
10.2
21.2
25.2
10.2
11.6
99.2
2
180-190
11.8
11.3
9.8
23.2
20.7
12.7
10.4
99.9
2
190-200
17.6
21.3
17.6
24.2
11.4
4.2
2.5
98.8
2
200-210
28.7
20.1
19.9
18.2
5.8
2.5
4.5
99.7
2
210-220
28.8
34.7
17.3
8.7
5.4
2.5
2.4
99.8
2
220-230
58.7
18.4
6.2
5.3
5.1
2.8
2.6
99.1
2
230-240
26.1
17.3
17.5
21.6
10
3.1
3.4
99
2
240-250
33.8
24.9
13.3
8
11.9
3.5
4.5
99.9
3
0-10
1.4
2
2.3
19.7
72.1
1.9
0.5
99.9
3
10-20
0.1
0.1
0.2
20.5
75.8
1.9
0.6
99.2
3
20-30
0.1
0.1
0.2
22.9
73.8
1.9
0.9
99.9
3
40-50
0.1
0.1
0.2
17.5
76.9
2.9
1.6
99.3
3
50-70
0.1
0.1
0.2
16.1
78.7
3.1
1.5
99.8
3
70-80
0.1
0.1
0.1
17
77.8
2.9
1.3
99.3
3
80-90
0.1
0.1
0.1
15.8
78.4
3.2
2.2
99.9
3
90-100
0.1
0.1
0.1
13.3
81.9
2.8
1.7
100
3
100-110
0.6
0.1
0.2
13.1
80.3
3.4
2.3
100
3
110-120
0.1
0.1
0.2
14.2
75.4
4.9
4.8
99.7
3
120-130
0.1
0.1
0.2
17.6
74.4
4.5
2.4
99.3
3
130-140
1.3
0.2
1.4
29.9
57.7
5.6
3.9
100
3
140-150
2.1
0.8
4.4
31.8
48.4
6.4
5.8
99.7
3
150-160
4.7
3.9
9.4
31.4
36.1
7.3
7.2
100
3
160-170
16.8
7.5
9.7
26
22.5
6.9
10.5
99.9
3
170-180
10.9
8.6
16.4
30.8
16.6
5.6
10.7
99.6
3
180-190
12.4
9.7
13.1
25.1
22.8
5.8
11.1
100
3
190-200
16.6
15.4
18.5
22.4
11.4
4.1
11.5
99.9
3
200-210
17.8
16.4
12.9
21
12.8
5.2
13.7
99.8
3
210-220
4.4
2.3
16.4
38
21.4
4.6
7.9
95
4
0-10
0.2
0.4
1.1
15.6
77.7
3.1
0.9
99
4
10-20
0.1
0.1
0.2
13.5
81.5
2.9
1.2
99.5
4
20-30
0.1
0.1
0.2
14.4
80.1
2.8
1.6
99.3
4
30-40
0.2
0.1
0.5
13.5
73
6.3
6
99.6
110
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
4
40-50
0.3
0
0.3
15
74
5.5
4.4
99.5
4
50-60
0.4
0.1
0.9
29.2
60.1
5.1
3.6
99.4
4
60-70
0.8
0.3
1.7
31.1
55.1
6.1
4.4
99.5
4
70-80
4.1
0.9
5.4
39.1
39.3
5.5
5.1
99.4
4
80-90
4.6
4
9.2
34.2
32.2
7.5
7.8
99.5
4
90-100
7.7
7.9
13.4
35.1
22.5
6.9
6.4
99.9
4
100-110
9.7
10.7
15.6
33.8
18.6
6.2
5.4
100
4
110-120
10.7
9.6
18.5
34.6
16.6
5.1
4.8
99.9
4
120-130
10.3
10.1
18.6
34
16.2
4.9
5.2
99.3
4
130-140
5.9
8.7
18.7
35.8
21.1
4.5
4.8
99.5
4
140-150
5.2
8.6
19.7
39.5
20.1
3.5
3.4
100
4
150-160
3.7
3.4
23.4
44.9
20.5
2
2
99.9
4
160-170
1
1.5
16.2
53.1
24.4
2
1.7
99.9
5
0-10
0.3
0.4
1.3
16.2
79.6
1.7
0.5
100
5
10-20
0.1
0.2
0.6
19.2
77.1
2
0.7
99.9
5
20-30
0.1
0.1
0.1
11.8
81.7
4.4
1.8
100
5
30-40
0.1
0.1
0.1
14.7
78.2
4.1
2.6
99.9
5
40-50
0
0.1
0.1
14.2
77.1
5.3
3.2
100
5
50-60
0.1
0.1
0.1
22.3
73.8
2.4
1.2
100
5
60-70
0
0.1
0.1
19.1
78
1.8
0.9
100
5
70-80
0
0.1
0.1
13.6
80.3
3.1
2.3
99.5
5
80-90
0.1
1
0.1
11
81.8
3.6
2.9
100.5
5
90-100
0.5
0.1
0.2
11.3
77.2
5.2
4.8
99.3
5
100-110
0.7
0.1
0.3
15
72.3
5.7
5.4
99.5
5
110-120
2
1.2
4.7
24.9
50.2
7.9
8.4
99.3
5
120-130
6.3
5.5
10.5
27.4
33.4
7.1
9
99.2
5
130-140
9.3
9.2
11.3
24.3
19.7
8.7
16.5
99
5
140-150
13.3
9.3
12.5
25.2
17.8
7.4
13.4
98.9
5
150-160
21.6
6.6
9.7
31
19.8
3.7
6.8
99.2
5
160-170
4.5
6.1
13.4
39.7
27
3.6
5
99.3
6
0-10
0.4
0.6
0.9
17.9
73
4.5
2
99.3
6
10-20
0.1
0.1
0.2
22
72.8
2.8
1.8
99.8
6
20-30
0
0.1
0.2
26.7
67.3
2.8
2.1
99.2
6
30-40
0
0.1
0.2
19.2
78.3
1
0.4
99.2
6
40-50
0
0
0.2
32.2
67.1
0.3
0.1
99.9
6
50-60
0
0.1
0.7
24.5
71
2
0.9
99.2
6
60-70
0
0.1
0.7
23.7
71.7
2.1
1.4
99.7
6
70-80
0
0.3
0.8
22
69
3.7
4.2
100
6
80-90
0.2
0.3
0.6
18.3
68.1
6.3
6.1
99.9
6
90-100
0.1
0.1
0.1
13.5
76.9
4.8
4.5
100
111
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
6
100-110
0.1
0
0.1
6
110-120
0.1
0.1
6
120-130
0.3
6
130-140
6
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
20.4
72.8
3.8
2.6
99.8
0.1
15.6
75.9
4.1
3.6
99.5
0.1
0.1
14.4
74.8
4.9
4.7
99.3
0.7
0.6
2.9
18
60.1
7.2
10.4
99.9
150-160
0.4
0.3
0.4
13
72.3
6.1
7.5
100
6
160-170
36.4
12.5
7.9
13.9
11.8
4.5
12.1
99.1
6
170-180
22.3
12.8
9.5
18.8
16.2
6.3
14.1
100
6
180-190
13.5
6.3
6.4
27
25
6.9
13
98.1
6
190-200
5.7
2.9
4.1
28.5
43.3
5.2
10.2
99.9
8
0-10
0
0.5
4.4
22.7
66.6
3.3
3.5
101
8
10-20
0
0.1
1.2
22.6
70.9
3.1
1.8
99.7
8
20-30
0
0.8
0.2
18
73.1
4.3
3.6
100
8
30-40
0
0
0.1
14.3
78.9
3.9
2.7
99.9
8
40-50
0
0
0.1
19.4
77
2.4
0.9
99.8
8
50-60
0
0
0.1
13.3
82.1
3.2
1.3
100
8
60-70
0
0
0.1
11.6
84.7
2.2
1.2
99.8
8
70-80
0
0
0
11.5
84.6
2.5
1
99.6
8
80-90
0.2
0.1
0.1
9.7
82.3
4.6
2.7
99.7
8
90-100
0
0.1
0.3
12.8
72.6
7.5
6.7
100
8
100-110
0.4
0.3
1.2
14.1
62.7
9.8
11.2
99.7
8
110-120
0.1
0.3
0.1
10.3
81.5
4.4
3.3
100
8
120-130
10.9
10.4
9.5
18.5
15.6
7.7
27.8
100.4
8
130-140
5.9
5.9
4.7
15.5
28.3
8.5
31.2
100
8
140-150
6.2
4.7
3.2
15.4
41.1
7.8
21.6
100
9
0-10
1.7
1.9
3.8
26.7
64.5
1
0.4
100
9
10-20
0
0.1
0.1
19.8
77.2
1.8
0.6
99.6
9
20-30
0.1
0.1
0.1
16.7
80.8
1.6
0.5
99.9
9
30-40
0.1
0.1
0.2
14.3
82.9
1.8
0.6
100
9
40-50
0.1
0.2
0.6
18.5
77.9
2
0.7
100
9
50-60
1
0.5
1.7
20.6
67.1
4
4.3
99.2
9
60-70
2.9
1.5
7.3
35.6
40.2
6.2
5.4
99.1
9
70-80
4.7
1.9
6.9
43.2
30.5
5.8
6.2
99.2
9
80-90
15
4.4
7
40.3
23.1
3.8
5.5
99.1
9
90-100
14.8
6.9
6.7
33.9
26.2
4
7
99.5
9
100-110
43.5
13
5.5
16.1
16.3
1.6
3.2
99.2
9
110-120
30.5
14.5
7.4
17.5
28
0.8
1.1
99.8
9
120-130
0.4
0.2
0.5
12
82.7
2.1
0.6
98.5
10
0-10
0.2
0.2
0.3
16.6
79.8
2
0.5
99.6
10
10-20
0.1
0.1
0.1
17.7
78.9
2.4
0.5
99.8
10
30-40
0
0.1
0.1
10.1
85.1
2.8
1.4
99.6
112
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
10
40-50
0.1
0
0.1
14.6
83.1
1.4
0.2
99.5
10
50-60
0
0.1
0
20.5
77.7
0.8
0.1
99.2
10
60-70
0
0.1
0
13.9
82.6
1.8
1.1
99.5
10
80-90
0
0.1
0.3
19.8
75.7
2.3
1.5
99.7
10
90-100
0
0
0.1
16.9
81.7
0.9
0.2
99.8
10
100-110
0
0
0.2
18.9
79.1
0.9
0.5
99.6
10
110-120
0
0
0
26
73.4
0.4
0.2
100
10
120-130
0
0
0.1
19
79.8
0.7
0.3
99.9
10
130-140
0
0.1
0.1
21.3
77.3
0.8
0.5
100.1
10
140-150
0
0
0
25.5
73.8
0.4
0.1
99.8
10
150-160
0
0
0
21.5
77
0.7
0.4
99.6
10
160-170
0
0
0
22.4
76.2
1
0.4
100
10
170-180
0.8
0
0.2
22.8
70.6
3.3
2.3
100
10
180-190
0.2
0
0.2
18.5
74.7
3.5
2.7
99.8
10
190-200
0.1
0.1
0.2
15.3
77
4.1
3.7
100.5
10
200-210
0.3
0.1
0.2
13.7
77.2
4.3
4.1
99.9
10
210-220
0.9
0.2
0.4
12.3
72.1
6.3
7.8
100
10
220-230
2.9
2.1
3.3
18.4
58.4
7.5
7.4
100
10
230-240
10.7
10.8
8.6
15.6
35.7
8.4
10.1
99.9
10
240-250
24.5
18.1
11.5
11.9
14.1
6.2
13.4
99.7
11
0-10
0.9
0.6
1.3
22.2
71.2
2.7
1.1
100
11
10-20
0.4
0.2
0.4
17.1
73.8
5.1
3
100
11
30-40
1
0.1
0.3
16.6
74.8
4.6
2.5
99.9
11
40-50
0.2
0.1
0.2
10.8
78.9
5.8
3.7
99.7
11
50-60
1.7
0.8
0.6
17.2
75.8
2.7
1.2
100
11
60-70
0.7
0.4
0.5
17.1
77.9
2.3
1.1
100
11
70-80
0.7
0.2
0.2
18.3
78.1
1.8
0.6
99.9
11
80-90
0.3
0.1
0.1
21.8
75.5
1.5
0.7
100
11
90-100
0
0
0.1
21
77.3
1.3
0.3
100
11
100-110
0
0
0.1
23.5
74.6
1.1
0.6
99.9
11
110-120
0
0
0.1
22.2
76.1
1.2
0.4
100
11
120-130
0.1
0.1
0.1
18.9
75.7
2.9
1.9
99.7
11
130-140
0.1
0
0.1
15.3
78.4
3.8
2.3
100
11
140-150
0.2
0
0
14.5
80.8
3
1.5
100
11
150-160
0.2
0
0.1
11.9
82.9
3.2
1.7
100
11
160-170
0.1
0.1
0.1
9.7
85.4
2.8
1.8
100
11
180-190
5.4
0.5
0.3
13.3
66.5
6.6
7.3
99.9
11
200-210
4.9
4.4
4.1
15.7
46.8
10.4
13.5
99.8
11
210-220
26.7
10.3
7.3
10.5
19.6
8.2
17.4
100
11
220-230
33.2
18.8
10.7
9.5
10.7
5.2
11.9
100
113
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
11
230-240
42.6
15.7
8.1
11
240-250
30.8
24.8
12
0-10
0.4
12
10-20
12
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
8.9
9.7
4.9
9.9
99.8
11.4
10.4
9.7
4.4
8.4
99.9
0.9
2.8
27.2
66.9
1.4
0.3
99.9
0.2
0.2
0.6
22
74.9
1.6
0.5
100
20-30
0.1
0.1
0.2
16.8
80.6
1.2
0.7
99.7
12
30-40
0.1
0
0.2
23.9
74.5
1.3
0.3
100.3
12
40-50
0
0
0.3
41.5
56.9
0.9
0.4
100
12
50-60
0
0
0.4
49.6
48.8
0.6
0.5
99.9
12
60-70
0
0
0.4
47.2
50.7
0.6
0.9
99.8
12
70-80
0
0
0.2
18.8
77.7
2.4
0.9
100
12
80-90
0
0
0.2
19.3
76.8
2.4
1.3
100
12
90-100
0
0
0.2
21.6
74.9
2.1
1.2
100
12
100-110
0
0
0.1
19.3
76.8
2.4
1.3
99.9
12
110-120
0
0
0.2
26.7
71.2
1.2
0.7
100
12
120-130
0
0.1
0.1
21.5
76.3
1.5
0.5
100
12
130-140
0
0.1
0.1
15.9
81.4
1.9
0.5
99.9
12
140-150
0
0
0
11.3
85.5
2.3
0.8
99.9
12
150-160
0.1
0
0
11.8
84.8
2.3
1
100
12
160-170
0
0
0.1
13.7
81.5
2.5
2.2
100
12
170-180
0.1
0
0.2
22.6
68.8
4.8
3.4
99.9
12
180-190
0.8
0.3
1.6
25.9
58.9
6.4
5.9
99.8
12
190-200
3.7
1.8
3.9
17.7
48.7
10.6
13.6
100
12
200-210
14.9
9.7
7.6
16
23.8
9.8
18.2
100
12
210-220
25.2
13.6
7.3
11.8
12.1
7.7
22.2
99.9
12
220-230
27.3
16.9
9.4
10.8
8.9
6.7
20
100
12
230-240
18.4
9.2
7.3
12.7
13.8
9.5
29.1
100
12
240-250
18.2
11.8
8.9
12.8
12.2
8.8
27.3
100
13
0-10
0.3
0.9
2.6
17.4
76
2.3
0.5
100
13
10-20
0.1
0.1
2.6
17.7
77.3
1.5
0.6
99.9
13
20-30
0.1
0.1
1.8
12.8
82.1
2.4
0.7
100
13
30-40
0.1
0.1
0.1
16.4
80.7
1.9
0.6
99.9
13
40-50
0.1
0.1
0.2
13.6
83.6
1.6
0.7
99.9
13
50-60
0
0.1
0.1
20.8
74.6
2.9
1.5
100
13
60-70
0.1
0.1
0.2
18.1
74.9
4.7
1.9
100
13
70-80
0.1
0.1
0.2
24.5
72.6
2
0.5
100
13
80-90
0
0
0.2
22.7
75.3
1.5
0.2
99.9
13
90-100
0
0.1
0.1
17.5
79.7
2.1
0.5
100
13
100-110
0
0
0.1
12.7
84.6
2
0.6
100
13
110-120
0
0
0
12.1
85.1
2.1
0.7
100
13
120-130
0.1
0.1
0.1
13.8
82.8
2.2
0.7
99.8
114
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
13
130-140
0.1
0
0.1
13
140-150
0
0
13
150-160
1.1
13
160-170
13
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
12.6
82.4
3
1.8
100
0.1
12.7
81.2
3.5
2.5
100
0.1
0.2
20.2
69.5
5.2
3.7
100
2.8
1.7
8.4
28.8
48.1
5.8
4.2
99.8
170-180
12.8
16.5
13.3
20.7
24.8
5.7
6.2
100
13
180-190
19.9
14
12.6
20.5
18.3
6.8
7.9
100
13
190-200
16.4
8.8
10.9
21.3
17.8
9.9
14.8
99.9
13
200-210
20.2
10.4
10.8
21.6
14.6
8.5
13.8
99.9
13
210-220
16.3
9.5
10.7
25
19.2
7.4
11.9
100
13
220-230
23.6
8.9
9.8
22.4
13.5
7.1
14.6
99.9
13
230-240
25.8
12.3
11.6
21.2
15.8
4.6
8.7
100
13
250-260
9
8.8
9.5
21.4
15.4
8.6
27.3
100
13
260-270
11.6
5.9
8.9
31.3
19.7
7
15.6
100
14
0-10
0.1
0
0.5
14.9
82.4
1.7
0.2
99.8
14
10-20
0.1
0.1
0.4
15.5
81.9
1.7
0.3
100
14
20-30
0
0.1
0.2
13.9
83
2.3
0.5
100
14
30-40
0
0.1
0.2
15.8
81
2.5
0.4
100
14
50-60
0
0.1
0.2
15.1
82.2
1.9
0.5
100
14
60-70
0
0
0.2
14.8
82.4
2.2
0.4
100
14
70-80
0
0
0.2
14.1
83
2.1
0.6
100
14
80-90
0.3
0
0.1
14.5
80.6
2.9
1.5
99.9
14
90-100
0.4
0.1
0.3
23.2
68.8
4.3
2.9
100
14
100-110
2.3
0.2
1.2
26.4
60.3
5.4
4.2
100
14
110-120
5
1.7
8.4
30.2
42.7
6.7
5.3
100
14
120-130
15.5
10
12.8
21.4
26.8
2.9
7.6
97
14
130-140
13.8
11.6
13.4
21.8
21.5
7.3
10.5
99.9
14
140-150
21.9
9.8
10.8
18.8
18.2
7.3
13
99.8
14
150-160
16.3
10.1
11.5
21.1
20.7
7.8
12.5
100
14
160-170
25.1
13.5
12.8
20.1
12.1
5.4
11
100
14
170-180
21.9
14.2
10.8
20.8
13.9
6
12.3
99.9
15
0-10
0.2
0.4
1.3
23.4
72.8
1.5
0.4
100
15
10-20
0
0.1
0.3
20.7
26.5
1.8
0.4
49.8
15
20-30
0
0
0.2
18.9
78.7
1.8
0.4
100
15
30-40
0
0.1
0.2
18.8
79
1.7
0.2
100
15
40-50
0
0
0.1
19
79.3
1.4
0.2
100
15
50-60
0
0
0
21.1
76.9
1.5
0.3
99.8
15
60-70
0.1
0.1
0.1
20.9
77
1.3
0.4
99.9
15
70-80
0
0.1
0.1
18.2
79.8
1.5
0.3
100
15
80-90
0
0
0
18.5
79.2
1.6
0.5
99.8
15
90-100
0
0
0
18.4
80
1.3
0.3
100
115
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
15
100-110
0
0.1
0
15
110-120
0
0
15
120-130
0
15
130-140
15
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
15.8
82.4
1.4
0.3
100
0.1
14.9
83.1
1.6
0.3
100
0.1
0.1
16.3
81.5
1.5
0.4
99.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
17.6
80.2
1.6
0.3
100
140-150
0
0.1
0.1
17.4
79.8
1.8
0.7
99.9
15
150-160
0
0.1
0.1
14.8
81
2.1
1.9
100
15
160-170
0
0.1
0.1
15.2
81.2
1.8
0.9
99.3
15
170-180
0
0.1
0.2
19.4
77.9
1.8
0.5
99.9
15
180-190
0
0.1
0.2
19.6
77.8
1.7
0.4
99.8
15
190-200
0
0.1
0
20.1
77.7
1.5
0.5
99.9
15
200-210
0
0.1
0.1
13.8
83.2
2.1
0.7
100
15
210-220
0
0.1
0
12.3
85.1
2
0.5
100
15
220-230
0
0
0.1
12.7
84.7
1.8
0.6
99.9
15
230-240
0
0
0.1
12.9
83.7
2.3
1
100
15
240-250
0
0
0
9.8
83.8
3.9
2.5
100
15
250-260
0.5
0
0
17.4
75.6
3.8
2.7
100
15
260-270
1.7
0.1
0.6
23
62.7
6.5
5.3
99.9
15
270-280
4.4
2.7
9.4
24.9
44.8
6.7
6.9
99.8
15
280-290
6.6
9.3
10.8
21.9
34.7
7.3
9.4
100
15
290-300
15.3
14.6
13.9
20.7
16.9
6.7
11.8
99.9
15
300-310
10.3
6.8
8.8
23.3
19.6
8.8
22.4
100
15
310-320
13.5
5.8
5.8
21.6
19.9
8.3
25.1
100
15
320-330
10
4.5
5.4
20.6
21.2
8.5
29.6
99.8
15
330-340
19.1
7.4
7.3
23.7
26.3
5.7
10.5
100
16
0-10
0.2
0.4
2.3
24
70.4
2.1
0.6
100
16
10-20
0
0
0.3
17.6
79.8
1.8
0.5
100
16
20-30
0
0.1
0.2
12.7
83.7
2.5
0.8
100
16
30-40
0
0
0
13.4
82.5
2.6
1.5
100
16
40-50
0
0
0.1
17.7
78
2.7
1.5
100
16
60-70
0
0
0
21.8
75.9
1.7
0.5
99.9
16
70-80
0
0
0
20
77.7
1.4
0.9
100
16
80-90
0
0
0
15.5
81.4
2.2
0.9
100
16
90-100
0.3
0
0
12.8
84.1
2
0.7
99.9
16
100-110
0
0
0
12.9
83.5
2.7
0.9
100
16
110-120
1
0.1
0
12.9
82.2
2.8
1
100
16
120-130
0
0
0
13.8
82.7
2.5
1
100
16
140-150
0.9
0
0
14.4
78.4
3.8
2.3
99.8
16
150-160
5.6
0.6
3.1
24.7
55.9
6.8
3.1
99.8
16
160-170
5.8
1.1
3.8
21.9
52.8
8.6
6
100
17
0-10
0.1
0.1
0.5
16.1
77.8
3.8
1.6
100
116
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
17
10-20
0
0
0.1
13.7
81.4
3.7
1
99.9
17
20-30
0
0
0.2
11.8
82.9
3.7
1.4
100
17
30-40
0.5
0
0.1
13
80.3
4.1
2
100
17
40-50
0.8
0
0.4
24.3
67.5
4.1
2.9
100
17
50-60
2.2
0.4
1.5
29.4
57
5.5
4
100
18
0-10
11
6.8
8.9
16.8
48.9
4.2
2.8
99.4
18
10-20
5.4
5.2
6.4
15.4
58.7
5.4
3.3
99.8
18
30-40
0.2
0.1
0.3
12.1
76.2
6.3
4.7
99.9
18
40-50
3.2
0.2
0.4
12.8
71.6
5.9
5.7
99.8
18
50-70
5.8
0.6
1.2
13.3
61.4
7.2
10.2
99.7
18
70-80
14.7
2.7
4.4
17.7
43.4
8.3
8.8
100
18
80-90
12.4
4.3
5.3
17.3
40.4
9.2
10.9
99.8
19
0-10
0.1
1.1
3.6
17.2
69.2
5.9
2.9
100
19
10-20
1.1
0.4
3.4
20
67.4
5.2
2.5
100
19
20-30
1.5
0.7
3
24.7
60.8
5.3
3.9
99.9
19
30-40
2.3
0.8
1.2
21.9
62.5
6.5
4.7
99.9
19
40-50
3.5
1.9
2.4
24.2
55.1
6.3
6.4
99.8
19
50-60
5.5
2.9
3.4
24.1
55
6.6
4.5
102
19
60-70
9.4
6.3
7.6
24.5
29.6
10.9
11.7
100
19
70-80
15.8
8
8.2
23.3
19.5
10.8
14.4
100
19
80-90
13.5
7.9
7.8
24.4
20.4
8.9
17.1
100
19
90-100
24.1
7.6
7.5
24.5
19.1
7
10.2
100
20
0-10
0.3
0.6
2.9
12.9
69.7
8.4
5.1
99.9
20
10-20
0.1
0.8
3.6
13.1
67.5
8.1
6.8
100
20
20-30
1.3
0.2
0.6
8.5
68.6
7.8
13
100
20
30-40
0.3
0.2
0.8
11.6
64.9
7.7
13.8
99.3
20
40-50
0.1
0.2
0.6
11.2
61.6
8.7
17.6
100
20
50-60
0.1
2.3
3.5
20.1
39.2
12.9
21.5
99.6
20
60-70
20.5
5.4
5.9
18.9
18.1
10.4
20.6
99.8
20
70-80
5.1
4.9
4.4
28.6
28.5
8.9
19.4
99.8
20
80-90
30.9
5.7
4.6
21
21.1
4.5
12.2
100
20
90-100
22.8
4.1
4.1
28.4
26.7
4.3
9.2
99.6
20
100-110
38.4
2.7
2.5
22.3
24.9
3.6
5.3
99.7
21
0-15
0
0
0.2
12
83.7
3
1.1
100
21
15-25
0
0
1
12.6
83.1
3.2
1
100.9
21
25-35
0
0
1
12.7
83.8
2.8
0.6
100.9
21
35-45
0
0
1
12.5
83.4
3
1.3
101.2
21
45-55
0
0
1
13.7
83.2
2.8
0.2
100.9
21
55-65
0
0
0
13.9
83.7
2.3
0.1
100
21
65-75
0
0
0
19.8
77.7
2.4
0.1
100
117
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
21
75-85
0
0
0
17.9
79.7
2
0.3
99.9
21
85-95
0
0
0
23
75.8
1.1
0.1
100
21
95-105
0
0
0
20.3
77.4
1.7
0.4
99.8
21
105-115
0
0
1
14.5
82.7
2.2
0.5
100.9
21
115-125
8.4
2.2
0.8
12.4
70.9
3.3
1.9
99.9
21
125-135
1.7
0.4
0.2
14.5
79
2.9
1.3
100
21
135-145
2.6
0.4
1.2
22.7
66.4
5.5
1.2
100
21
145-155
12.5
9.5
9.8
24.4
34.5
7.3
1.8
99.8
21
185-195
15.2
7.9
9.5
22.9
29.8
8.9
5.7
99.9
21
195-205
25.3
7.6
9.7
22.4
20.8
8.3
5.9
100
21
205-215
20.1
7.7
8.9
26.6
23.9
6.6
5.9
99.7
21
215-225
22.4
7.2
8.2
27.8
26
4.8
3.1
99.5
21
225-235
16.8
4.5
6.1
33.7
31.6
4.1
3.2
100
22
0-10
0.3
0.2
0.9
15.9
77.6
4
1.1
100
22
10-20
0.1
0.1
0.3
14.3
79
4.3
1.9
100
22
20-30
0
0
0.3
15.6
77.9
4.3
1.7
99.8
22
30-40
0.9
0
0.1
15.8
77.9
3.9
1.4
100
22
40-50
0.2
0
0
11.8
79.4
4.7
3.8
99.9
22
50-60
0.9
0.2
0.4
15.7
73.6
5.1
4.1
100
22
60-70
2.9
0.6
1.6
22.7
58.5
7.7
6
100
22
70-80
9.1
4
7.4
22.6
37.8
9.9
9.2
100
22
80-90
14.2
7.4
9.7
22.6
23.4
9.9
12.7
99.9
22
90-100
18.7
4.6
6.4
22.8
19.6
9.4
18.5
100
22
100-110
21.9
6.7
8.5
22.9
16.4
8.6
14.8
99.8
22
110-120
17.8
6.9
9.7
27.7
18.7
8.5
10.7
100
22
120-130
19.7
4.8
9.1
33
22.3
5.3
5.8
100
22
130-140
2.7
0.4
4.2
48
40.1
2.6
1.9
99.9
23
0-10
0.4
0.3
1.1
12.2
78.6
5.6
1.8
100
23
10-20
0.3
0.2
0.4
11.5
80.4
5.3
1.9
100
23
20-30
0.3
0.1
0.3
10.7
80.9
5.3
2.4
100
23
30-40
0.5
0.3
0.3
11.5
77.2
5.9
3.2
98.9
23
40-50
3.9
0.5
5.4
18.8
61.5
6.2
3.6
99.9
23
50-60
7.7
6.4
5.6
17.5
42.9
10.1
9.7
99.9
23
60-70
12.8
11.6
8.7
17.9
28.2
10.8
10
100
23
70-80
16.2
11.8
8.8
17.6
18.9
11.3
14.7
99.3
23
80-90
45.6
9.1
5.3
9.1
14.7
5.3
10.9
100
23
90-100
24.2
10.7
7.8
17
16.1
8.1
15.9
99.8
23
100-110
31.5
7.9
6.9
19.4
15.7
7.3
11.2
99.9
23
110-120
28.2
8
8.6
22.8
15.5
7
9.8
99.9
23
120-130
8.4
5.9
9.2
37.8
30.4
4
4.3
100
118
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
23
130-140
5.9
5.6
5.7
23
140-150
2.2
2.7
23
150-160
3.6
23
160-170
23
170-180
24
24
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
40.3
36.2
3.1
3.2
100
5.4
45.7
40.3
2.8
1.2
100.3
4.8
5.1
16.7
65
2.4
2.4
100
5.5
5.8
7.2
22.3
47.7
5.3
6.1
99.9
20.7
9.8
8.8
18.9
25.3
8.7
7.7
99.9
0-10
0.7
0.6
0.8
13.3
79.8
4.3
0.5
100
10-20
0.1
0.2
0.2
12.2
84.4
2.3
0.5
99.9
24
20-30
0
0
0.1
12.7
84.5
2.3
0.4
100
24
30-40
0
0
0
13.6
83.5
2.4
0.5
100
24
40-50
0
0
0.1
16.5
81.1
2
0.3
100
24
50-60
0
0
0.2
14.8
82.4
2.3
0.3
100
24
60-70
0
0
0.1
13.7
83.9
2.1
0.3
100.1
24
70-80
0
0
0.1
13.4
83
3.3
0.2
100
24
80-90
0
0
0
17.3
80.1
2.4
0.2
100
24
90-100
0
0
0.1
18.7
79
2
0.2
100
24
100-110
0
0
0.1
18.8
78.7
2.3
0.1
100
24
110-120
0
0
0.1
17.2
80.2
2.2
0.3
100
24
120-130
0
0
0.1
20.4
77.2
2
0.3
100
24
130-140
0
0
0.1
19.9
77.6
2
0.4
100
24
140-150
0
0
0.2
17.6
79
2.5
0.7
100
24
150-160
0
0.1
0.1
11.8
83.5
3.2
1.3
100
24
160-170
0.1
0
0.1
13.5
80.8
3.2
2.2
99.9
24
170-180
1.5
0.1
0.4
18.3
70.3
5.4
4
100
24
180-190
3.3
0.6
2.5
22.5
58.1
7.5
5.5
100
24
190-200
11.3
4.8
8.6
23.6
37.2
7.6
6.9
100
24
200-210
16.2
7.6
7.2
20.8
31.7
8.4
8.1
100
24
210-220
28.4
8.6
7.7
18.7
19.4
8.3
8.9
100
24
220-230
24.1
8.4
7.7
19.6
23.7
8.3
8.2
100
24
230-240
30
7.8
7.8
20.2
22.6
6.3
5.3
100
24
240-250
30.5
8.2
8
19.6
22.5
5.6
5.6
100
24
250-260
29.4
8.6
9.4
23.8
20.1
5.7
3
100
24
260-270
12.9
2.1
7.9
45.3
27.7
2.3
1.8
100
25
0-10
0.1
0
0.1
23.5
75.9
0.3
0.1
100
25
10-20
0
0
0
22.3
75.6
1.9
0.2
100
25
20-30
0
0
0
22.3
75.6
1.9
0.2
100
25
30-40
0
0
0
22.3
75.6
1.9
0.2
100
25
40-50
0
0
0
22.3
75.6
1.9
0.2
100
25
50-60
0
0
0
17.3
79.7
2.2
0.8
100
25
60-70
0
0
0
17.3
79.7
2.2
0.8
100
25
70-80
0
0
0
17.3
79.7
2.2
0.8
100
119
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
25
80-90
0
0
0
17.3
79.7
2.2
0.8
100
25
90-100
0
0
0
17.3
79.7
2.2
0.8
100
25
100-110
0
0
0.1
23.7
74.8
1.1
0.2
99.9
25
110-120
0
0
0
23.2
74.5
1.6
0.5
99.8
25
120-130
0
0
0
23.2
74.5
1.6
0.5
99.8
25
130-140
0
0
0
23.2
74.5
1.6
0.5
99.8
25
140-150
0
0
0
23.2
74.5
1.6
0.5
99.8
25
150-160
0
0
0.1
23.3
75.3
1.2
0.1
100
25
160-170
0
0
0
20.8
77.7
1.2
0.3
100
25
170-180
0
0
0.1
25
73.6
0.8
0.4
99.9
25
180-190
0
0
0.3
22.3
74.5
1.9
0.8
99.8
25
190-200
0
0
0.2
23.9
73.3
1.9
0.6
99.9
25
200-210
0
0
0
15.5
80.7
2.8
0.8
99.8
25
210-220
0
0
0.1
11.1
84.9
2.9
0.9
99.9
25
220-230
0
0
0
14.3
82.1
2.8
0.8
100
25
230-240
0
0
0
13.4
81.7
2.7
2.1
99.9
25
240-250
2.1
0.1
0.3
19.6
67.9
6.1
3.9
100
25
250-260
3
0.5
2.5
23.9
59.8
5.4
4.8
99.9
25
260-270
9.2
4.1
7.8
22.4
41.1
7.6
7.8
100
25
270-280
10.8
7.2
8.1
20.7
37.8
7.6
7.7
99.9
25
280-290
25.7
9.3
7.4
18.1
23.4
7.7
8.4
100
25
290-300
36.1
10
7.5
14.9
15.2
7.5
8.6
99.8
25
300-310
27.9
10.1
7.7
20.4
18
7.3
8.4
99.8
25
310-320
18.2
10
8.4
21.2
32.3
4.3
5.6
100
25
320-330
23.4
8.7
10.1
21.3
23.6
5.5
7.3
99.9
25
330-340
34.7
8.5
8.9
21.4
17.3
3.7
5.4
99.9
26
0-15
0.1
0.1
0.2
13.4
82.9
2.8
0.6
100.1
26
15-25
0
0
0.2
14.2
82.6
2.7
0.3
100
26
25-35
0
0
0.1
14.3
83
2.3
0.3
100
26
35-45
0
0
0.1
15.5
81.6
2.4
0.4
100
26
45-55
0
0
0.2
21.3
76.5
1.5
0.5
100
26
55-65
0
0
0.2
22.4
74.7
2.2
0.5
100
26
65-75
0
0
0.1
20.4
76.9
2
0.6
100
26
75-85
0
0
0.1
10.6
85.4
2.9
1
100
26
85-95
0
0
0.1
14.1
83.4
2
0.4
100
26
95-105
0
0
0
12.3
84.6
2.3
0.8
100
26
105-115
0
0
0
12
84
2.5
1.5
100
26
115-125
2.8
0
0
14.8
75.8
3.9
2.6
99.9
26
125-135
2.7
0.1
1.5
25.4
60
5.5
4.7
99.9
26
135-145
3.9
1.9
7.3
26.4
46.8
7.7
5.9
99.9
120
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
26
145-155
7.4
6.8
10.9
26
155-165
7.3
6.5
26
165-175
17.2
26
175-185
26
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
27.9
31.8
7.7
7.5
100
11.3
27.1
32
7.6
8.2
100
5.1
7.2
25.6
22.1
9.8
12.7
99.7
22.1
6.5
6.8
25.8
21.3
7.7
9.6
99.8
185-195
21.8
6.3
6.8
25.4
22.3
7.2
10.1
99.9
26
195-205
22.6
4.1
5.9
30.6
25.4
7
4.3
99.9
27
0-10
0.2
0.3
1.3
15.9
79.3
2.5
0.5
100
27
10-20
0
0
0.1
12.4
84.2
2.6
0.7
100
27
40-50
0
0
0.1
12.6
84.5
2.3
0.5
100
27
50-60
0
0
0.1
14.7
81.9
2.4
0.6
99.7
27
60-70
0
0
0.1
17.4
79
2.7
0.8
100
27
70-80
0
0
0.1
17
80.2
2.1
0.6
100
27
80-90
0
0
0.1
17.7
80
1.8
0.4
100
27
90-100
0
0
0.2
16.1
81.8
1.8
0.1
100
27
100-110
0
0
0.1
15.5
82.2
1.8
0.3
99.9
27
110-120
0
0
0
21.2
77.1
1.2
0.4
99.9
27
130-140
0
0
0.1
17.5
77.9
2.4
1.9
99.8
27
140-150
0
0
0.1
18.2
78.9
2.3
0.4
99.9
27
150-160
0.2
0
0.1
13.8
82.4
2.7
0.7
99.9
27
160-170
0
0.1
0.1
10.7
85.8
2.5
0.8
100
27
170-180
0.1
0.1
0.1
13.5
81.4
2.7
1.9
99.8
27
180-190
0.2
0.1
0.2
16.5
76.9
3.5
2.6
100
27
190-200
3.3
1.1
2.7
24.4
58.8
5.8
3.8
99.9
27
200-210
3.7
1.3
4.5
26.5
52.9
6.8
4.2
99.9
27
210-220
5.8
5.6
6.9
23
46.7
6.7
5.2
99.9
27
220-230
14.6
7.1
8.8
20.5
32.5
8.2
9.3
101
27
230-240
11.8
7.2
7.8
24.9
34.4
7.3
6.6
100
27
240-250
20.5
9.9
10.6
22.8
22
7.3
6.7
99.8
27
250-260
30.8
9.7
9.9
20.1
21.5
4.2
3.8
100
27
260-270
20.2
10.1
11.6
24.8
24.2
4.9
4.2
100
27
270-280
23.8
11.3
11.4
21.5
24.5
3.8
3.6
99.9
29
0-15
0
0.2
0.4
13.3
82.5
2.8
0.6
99.8
29
15-25
0.1
0.2
0.2
17.5
78
2.8
1.2
100
29
25-35
0
0.1
0.1
17.9
78.5
2.8
0.6
100
29
35-45
0
0
0.2
22.2
73.8
2.3
1.4
99.9
29
45-55
0
0
0.1
20.5
75.8
2.3
1.2
99.9
29
55-65
0
0
0
13.6
82.6
2.4
1.3
99.9
29
65-75
0
0
0
13.3
83.3
2.7
0.7
100
29
75-85
0
0
0.1
16.1
80.2
2.5
1.1
100
29
85-95
0
0
0
15.9
80.8
2.5
0.7
99.9
121
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
29
95-105
0
0
0.2
21.2
76.7
1.5
0.4
100
29
105-115
0
0
0.2
22.4
75.2
1.7
0.4
99.9
29
115-125
0
0
0.1
23.3
74.7
1.7
0.2
100
29
125-135
0
0
0.2
23.3
73.4
2.2
0.8
99.9
29
135-145
0
0
0
23.8
73.6
1.7
0.6
99.7
29
145-155
0
0
0.1
25.1
73.3
1.2
0.3
100
29
155-165
0
0
0.1
17.3
79.6
2.3
0.7
100
29
165-175
0
0
0
12.5
84.7
2.3
0.5
100
29
175-185
0
0
0
12.4
85.7
1.6
0.3
100
29
185-195
0
0
0
11.6
85.5
2.3
0.5
99.9
29
195-205
0
0
0
13.4
82.8
2.3
1.4
99.9
29
205-215
0.2
0.1
0.1
16.7
77.5
3.1
2.2
99.9
29
215-225
0.8
0.2
2.6
27.4
60.4
5.5
3
99.9
29
225-235
3.6
2.1
7.8
26.5
48.6
7.2
4.2
100
29
235-245
6.2
9.8
10.9
24.8
35.7
7.2
5.2
99.8
29
245-255
16.7
11.4
11.8
21.6
21.5
8.7
8.2
99.9
29
255-265
13
8.9
10.8
24.7
27.9
8.4
6.3
100
29
265-275
23.3
8.9
9.9
24.1
22
6.1
5.6
99.9
29
275-285
20.9
9.5
10.8
24.5
18.8
7.4
7.9
99.8
29
285-295
27.4
7.7
9.3
22.1
18.6
5.8
9.1
100
29
295-305
20.2
9.2
11.6
26.7
17.2
5.8
9.2
99.9
29
305-315
26.3
7.9
7.7
28.4
20.3
3.6
5.8
100
29
315-325
25.4
6.4
7.6
24.7
25.8
4.4
5.7
100
30
0-10
0.1
0.1
0.2
12.8
83
3.1
0.7
100
30
10-20
0
0
0
13.4
83.2
2.6
0.7
99.9
30
20-30
0
0
0
13.4
83.2
2.6
0.7
99.9
30
30-40
0
0
0
13.4
83.2
2.6
0.7
99.9
30
40-50
0
0
0
13.5
83.6
2.4
0.5
100
30
50-60
0
0
0
14.3
83.4
2
0.3
100
30
60-70
0
0
0.1
15.6
81.6
2.2
0.4
99.9
30
70-80
0
0
0
26.7
71.7
1.3
0.3
100
30
80-90
0
0
0
20.7
77.3
1.7
0.3
100
30
90-100
0
0
0
20.8
76.6
1.8
0.5
99.7
30
100-110
0
0
0
19.8
77.9
1.8
0.4
99.9
30
110-120
0
0
0.1
22
75.3
1.7
0.8
99.9
30
120-130
0
0
0
22.3
74.8
1.8
0.9
99.8
30
130-140
0
0
0
18.9
78.3
2.1
0.7
100
30
140-150
0
0
0
11.6
85.1
2.7
0.6
100
30
150-160
0.6
0
0.1
15.7
80
2.3
1.3
100
30
160-170
0.6
0.1
0.3
21
72.2
3.2
2.5
99.9
122
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
30
170-180
2.2
0.2
1.5
30
180-190
4.6
1.3
30
190-200
7.6
30
200-210
30
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
28.6
59.7
4.4
3.4
100
5.7
28.5
50.8
5.2
3.8
99.9
6
10.4
23.7
36.7
7.8
7.6
99.8
12.9
7.3
10.4
23
29.4
8.7
8.3
100
210-220
16.4
5.7
6.6
25.2
30
8.7
7.4
100
30
220-230
21.1
5.1
5.8
22.9
33.5
6.3
5.2
99.9
30
230-240
11.6
3.5
5
25.7
46.5
4.1
3.4
99.8
30
240-250
17.2
3.6
4.6
18.3
49.2
4
3.1
100
30
250-260
10.1
5.3
8.6
31.8
35.7
4.1
4.3
99.9
30
260-270
25.4
8.4
8.8
22.2
25.4
4.3
5.4
99.9
30
270-280
22.8
8.2
7.2
18.9
32.6
4.8
5.5
100
30
280-290
12
1.8
2.9
18.9
58.4
3.2
2.7
99.9
31
10-20
0.1
0
0.2
15.5
80.9
2.5
0.8
100
31
30-40
0
0
0.2
20.1
76.5
2.5
0.7
100
31
40-50
0.1
0
0.2
18.7
78.3
2.1
0.6
100
31
50-60
0
0
0
13.5
83.3
2.1
1
99.9
31
60-70
0
0
0.1
13.3
83.6
2
0.8
99.8
31
70-80
0
0
0
11.5
85.4
2.3
0.8
100
31
80-90
0.8
0.1
0.3
21.9
69.7
3.8
3.4
100
31
90-100
0.8
1.4
8.6
29.8
48.9
5.6
4.8
99.9
31
100-110
3.7
3.9
9.6
24.8
43.8
6.4
7.6
99.8
31
110-120
8.4
9.9
12.3
24.6
29.4
6.4
8.7
99.7
31
120-130
11.6
7.2
12.6
26.7
25.9
6.9
8.9
99.8
31
130-140
9.8
7.2
12
27.6
29.1
7.1
7.2
100
31
140-150
17
7.9
11.6
28.7
18.8
6.7
9.1
99.8
31
150-160
18.5
8.1
11.5
26
16.3
6.5
12.8
99.7
31
160-170
21.6
8.8
12
22.6
13.7
5.9
15.2
99.8
31
170-180
21.6
9.5
12.2
23.4
14.1
6.3
12.9
100
33
0-10
0.7
0.9
1.2
16.6
70.6
5.2
4.8
100
33
10-20
1
1.3
1.4
15.4
68.5
6.8
5.2
99.6
33
20-30
1.9
1.4
1.5
20.4
62.7
6.7
5.3
99.9
33
30-40
1
0.3
0.3
11
81.5
3.3
2.6
100
33
40-50
0.1
0.1
0.2
10.2
85.1
2.3
2
100
33
50-60
0
0
0.1
10.3
84.3
2.6
2.7
100
33
60-70
0
0
0.1
14.6
81.8
2.4
1.1
100
33
70-80
0
0
0
13.4
81.5
3.1
1.9
99.9
33
80-90
2
0
0.1
14.5
78.3
3.1
2.8
100.8
33
90-105
2
0.2
0.5
28.4
61.6
4.3
4.8
101.8
33
105-120
10.3
5.2
8.4
25.8
40
5.5
5.5
100.7
33
120-130
16.5
11.6
10.4
20.8
30.7
5.2
4.7
99.9
123
Auger
Level
(cm BS)
Granual
(10)
VC Sand
(18)
C Sand
(35)
33
130-145
19.9
12.1
11.7
33
145-150
22.5
12.1
33
150-165
21.8
33
165-170
33
M Sand
(60)
F Sand
(120)
VF Sand
(230)
Silt+Clay
(PAN)
Total
(g)
22.4
23.6
5.9
4.3
99.9
11.4
21.2
19.7
6.8
6.2
99.9
12.3
12.4
22.9
17.4
6.1
7.1
100
20.1
13.1
12.8
23.5
17.6
5.7
7.2
100
170-180
28.5
14.6
13.4
20.8
11.3
4.6
6.7
99.9
33
180-190
26.2
15.1
14.3
20
12.8
5.1
6.4
99.9
33
190-200
25.1
14.5
14.3
21.5
13.3
5
6.3
100
33
200-210
23.6
15.2
16.7
22.3
11.8
3.8
6.5
99.9
33
210-220
23.5
11.7
15.3
24.1
13.5
5.1
6.6
99.8
33
220-230
22.8
11.9
14
25.8
14.9
5.2
5.2
99.8
33
230-240
23.1
11.2
14.3
25.6
15.2
5.3
5.3
100
33
240-250
14.9
3.9
3.7
20.4
51.8
2.4
2.8
99.9
33
250-260
3.8
1.3
1
12.3
78.7
1.9
0.7
99.7
33
260-270
0.1
0
0
5.2
925.5
1.9
0.3
933
33
270-280
0.1
0.1
0
5.9
91.6
1.4
0.8
99.9
33
280-290
0.1
0.1
0.2
7.5
90.7
1.3
0.2
100.1
33
290-300
1.2
0.5
0.3
15
80.9
1.5
0.5
99.9
33
300-310
2.5
0.7
0.4
16.3
78.5
1.2
0.4
100
33
310-320
2.8
0.7
0.5
23.8
70.5
1.2
0.4
99.9
33
320-325
4.6
1.6
1.6
22.9
66.3
1.8
1.1
99.9
124
Appendix B: The Munsell colors of dried samples gathered from each auger unit levels
(cm below the surface).
Auger
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
0-10
2.5Y5/2
10-20
2.5Y5/2
20-30
2.5Y5/2
30-40
2.5Y5/2
40-50
2.5Y5/2
50-60
2.5Y5/2
60-70
2.5Y5/2
70-80
10YR 3/2
80-90
10YR 3/2
90-100
10YR 3/2
100-110
10YR 3/2
110-120
10YR 4/3
120-130
10YR 4/3
130-140
7.5YR 4/4
140-150
7.5YR 4/4
150-160
7.5YR 4/4
160-170
7.5YR 5/6
170-180
7.5YR 5/6
180-190
7.5YR 5/6
190-200
7.5YR 5/6
200-210
7.5YR 5/6
210-220
7.5YR 5/6
220-230
7.5YR 5/6
230-240
10YR 6/4
240-250
10YR 6/4
250-260
gravel
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 3/2
110-120
2.5Y 3/2
120-130
2.5Y 3/2
130-140
2.5Y 3/2
125
Auger
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
140-150
2.5Y 3/2
150-160
2.5Y 3/2
160-170
10YR 2/1
170-180
10YR 3/2
180-190
10YR 5/4
190-200
10YR 5/4
200-210
10YR 5/4
210-220
10YR 5/4
220-230
2.5Y 5/4
230-240
10YR 5/3
240-250
2.5Y 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
N/A
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 3/2
130-140
2.5Y 3/2
140-150
2.5Y 3/2
150-160
2.5Y 3/2
160-170
10YR 5/3
170-180
10YR 5/4
180-190
10YR 5/4
190-200
10YR 5/4
200-210
10YR 5/3
210-220
10YR 5/3
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
10YR 2/1
60-70
10YR 2/1
70-80
10YR 2/1
80-90
10YR 3/2
90-100
10YR 3/2
100-110
10YR 3/2
110-120
10YR 5/3
126
Auger
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
120-130
10YR 5/4
130-140
10YR 5/4
140-150
10YR 5/4
150-160
2.5Y 5/4
160-170
2.5Y 6/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 3/2
90-100
2.5Y 3/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 3/2
120-130
10YR 4/1
130-140
10YR 3/2
140-150
10YR 5/3
150-160
10YR 5/3
160-170
10YR 4/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 3/2
80-90
2.5Y 3/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 3/2
120-130
2.5Y 3/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/1
140-150
N/A
150-160
2.5Y 5/1
160-170
2.5Y 6/2
170-180
2.5Y 6/2
180-190
2.5Y 6/2
190-200
2.5Y 5/1
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
127
Auger
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
10YR 4/1
130-140
2.5Y 5/1
140-150
2.5Y 5/1
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
10YR 2/1
70-80
10YR 5/3
80-90
10YR 5/3
90-100
10YR 5/3
100-110
10YR 5/3
110-120
GRAVEL
120-130
GRAVEL
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 5/2
128
Auger
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
180-190
2.5Y 5/2
190-200
2.5Y 5/2
200-210
2.5Y 5/2
210-220
2.5Y 5/2
220-230
2.5Y 5/2
230-240
10YR 3/2
240-250
10YR 5/3
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 5/2
180-190
2.5Y 3/2
190-200
2.5Y 3/2
200-210
2.5Y 3/2
210-220
7.5YR 4/4
220-230
10YR 5/6
230-240
2.5Y 5/4
240-250
2.5Y 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
129
Auger
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 3/2
180-190
2.5Y 3/2
190-200
10YR 4/1
200-210
2.5Y 4/2
210-220
2.5Y 4/2
220-230
2.5Y 4/2
230-240
2.5Y 6/2
240-250
2.5Y 6/2
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 3/2
160-170
2.5Y 3/2
170-180
10YR 4/1
180-190
10YR 3/2
190-200
10YR 3/4
200-210
10YR 3/4
210-220
7.5YR 4/4
220-230
10YR 5/6
230-240
10YR 5/6
250-260
2.5Y 6/2
260-270
2.5Y 6/2
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
130
Auger
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 3/2
110-120
2.5Y 3/2
120-130
10YR 3/2
130-140
10YR 3/2
140-150
10YR 5/3
150-160
10YR 5/4
160-170
10YR 5/3
170-180
10YR 5/6
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 3/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 5/2
180-190
2.5Y 5/2
190-200
2.5Y 5/2
200-210
2.5Y 5/2
210-220
2.5Y 5/2
220-230
2.5Y 5/2
230-240
2.5Y 5/2
240-250
2.5Y 5/2
250-260
10YR 2/1
260-270
10YR 2/1
270-280
10YR 2/1
280-290
10YR 2/1
290-300
10YR 3/2
300-310
10YR 5/3
131
Auger
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
310-320
10YR 5/6
320-330
10YR 5/6
330-340
10YR 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
10YR 2/1
160-170
10YR 2/1
0-10
2.5Y 3/2
10-20
2.5Y 3/2
20-30
2.5Y 3/2
30-40
2.5Y 3/2
40-50
2.5Y 3/2
50-60
10YR 4/1
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-70
2.5Y 3/2
70-80
10YR 5/3
80-90
10YR 5/3
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 3/2
50-60
10YR 4/1
60-70
10YR 4/1
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 6/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
132
Auger
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
0-10
2.5Y 3/2
10-20
2.5Y 3/2
20-30
2.5Y 3/2
30-40
2.5Y 3/2
40-50
2.5Y 3/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/1
60-70
10YR 5/3
70-80
2.5Y 6/3
80-90
2.5Y 6/3
90-100
2.5Y 6/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/3
0-15
2.5Y 5/2
15-25
2.5Y 5/2
25-35
2.5Y 5/2
35-45
2.5Y 5/2
45-55
2.5Y 5/2
55-65
2.5Y 5/2
65-75
2.5Y 5/2
75-85
2.5Y 5/2
85-95
2.5Y 5/2
95-105
2.5Y 3/2
105-115
2.5Y 3/2
115-125
2.5Y 3/2
125-135
2.5Y 3/2
135-145
2.5Y 3/2
145-155
10YR 3/2
185-195
10YR 3/2
195-205
7.5YR 4/4
205-215
7.5YR 4/4
215-225
7.5YR 4/4
225-235
10YR 5/6
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 3/2
70-80
2.5Y 3/2
80-90
7.5YR 4/4
90-100
7.5YR 3/4
100-110
7.5YR 4/4
110-120
7.5YR 4/4
120-130
7.5YR 4/4
133
Auger
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
130-140
10YR 6/6
0-10
2.5Y 3/2
10-20
2.5Y 3/2
20-30
2.5Y 3/2
30-40
2.5Y 3/2
40-50
2.5Y 3/2
50-60
2.5Y 3/2
60-70
2.5Y 3/2
70-80
7.5YR 4/4
80-90
7.5YR 3/4
90-100
7.5YR 3/4
100-110
7.5YR 3/4
110-120
10YR 5/6
120-130
10YR 5/6
130-140
10YR 5/6
140-150
10YR 5/6
150-160
10YR 5/6
160-170
10YR 5/6
170-180
2.5Y 5/4
180-190
2.5Y 5/3
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 3/2
180-190
2.5Y 3/2
190-200
2.5Y 3/2
200-210
10YR 5/3
210-220
10YR 5/4
220-230
7.5YR 4/4
230-240
7.5YR 4/4
134
Auger
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
240-250
10YR 5/4
250-260
10YR 5/4
260-270
10YR 5/6
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 5/2
180-190
2.5Y 5/2
190-200
2.5Y 5/2
200-210
2.5Y 5/2
210-220
2.5Y 5/2
220-230
2.5Y 5/2
230-240
2.5Y 5/2
240-250
2.5Y 5/2
250-260
2.5Y 5/2
260-270
10YR 5/3
270-280
10YR 5/3
280-290
7.5YR 4/4
290-300
7.5YR 3/4
300-310
7.5YR 4/4
310-320
7.5YR 4/4
320-330
7.5YR 4/4
330-340
10YR 5/6
0-15
2.5Y 5/2
15-25
2.5Y 5/2
25-35
2.5Y 5/2
35-45
2.5Y 5/2
45-55
2.5Y 5/2
55-65
2.5Y 5/2
65-75
2.5Y 5/2
135
Auger
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
29
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
75-85
2.5Y 5/2
85-95
2.5Y 5/2
95-105
2.5Y 5/2
105-115
2.5Y 3/2
115-125
2.5Y 3/2
125-135
2.5Y 3/2
135-145
10YR 3/2
145-155
10YR 3/2
155-165
7.5YR 4/4
165-175
7.5YR 4/4
175-185
7.5YR 4/4
185-195
10YR 5/4
195-205
10YR 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 5/2
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 5/2
180-190
2.5Y 5/2
190-200
2.5Y 3/2
200-210
2.5Y 3/2
210-220
10YR 3/2
220-230
7.5YR 4/4
230-240
10YR 5/4
240-250
10YR 5/4
250-260
10YR 5/4
260-270
10YR 5/4
270-280
10YR 5/4
280-290
10YR 5/4
290-300
10YR 5/8
0-15
2.5Y 5/2
136
Auger
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
15-25
2.5Y 5/2
25-35
2.5Y 5/2
35-45
2.5Y 5/2
45-55
2.5Y 5/2
55-65
2.5Y 5/2
65-75
2.5Y 5/2
75-85
2.5Y 5/2
85-95
2.5Y 5/2
95-105
2.5Y 5/2
105-115
2.5Y 5/2
115-125
2.5Y 5/2
125-135
2.5Y 5/2
135-145
2.5Y 5/2
145-155
2.5Y 5/2
155-165
2.5Y 5/2
165-175
2.5Y 5/2
175-185
2.5Y 5/2
185-195
2.5Y 5/2
195-205
2.5Y 3/2
205-215
10YR 2/1
215-225
10YR 2/1
225-235
10YR 2/1
235-245
10YR 2/1
245-255
10YR 5/3
255-265
10YR 5/3
265-275
10YR 5/4
275-285
10YR 5/4
285-295
10YR 5/4
295-305
10YR 5/4
305-315
2.5Y 5/4
315-325
2.5Y 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 5/2
90-100
2.5Y 5/2
100-110
2.5Y 5/2
110-120
2.5Y 5/2
120-130
2.5Y 3/2
137
Auger
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
130-140
2.5Y 5/2
140-150
2.5Y 5/2
150-160
2.5Y 5/2
160-170
2.5Y 5/2
170-180
2.5Y 3/2
180-190
10YR 3/2
190-200
10YR 5/3
200-210
10YR 5/3
210-220
10YR 4/4
220-230
10YR 4/4
230-240
10YR 5/4
240-250
10YR 5/4
250-260
10YR 4/4
260-270
10YR 5/4
270-280
10YR 5/4
280-290
10YR 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 5/2
70-80
2.5Y 5/2
80-90
2.5Y 3/2
90-100
10YR 2/1
100-110
10YR 4/1
110-120
10YR 4/1
120-130
10YR 3/2
130-140
10YR 5/3
140-150
10YR 5/4
150-160
10YR 5/4
160-170
10YR 5/4
170-180
10YR 5/4
0-10
2.5Y 5/2
10-20
2.5Y 5/2
20-30
2.5Y 5/2
30-40
2.5Y 5/2
40-50
2.5Y 5/2
50-60
2.5Y 5/2
60-70
2.5Y 3/2
70-80
2.5Y 3/2
80-90
10YR 2/1
90-105
10YR 2/1
138
Auger
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
Level (cm) Munsell (Dry)
105-120
10YR 3/2
120-130
10YR 3/2
130-145
7.5YR 4/4
145-150
7.5YR 4/4
150-165
7.5YR 4/4
165-170
7.5YR 4/4
170-180
7.5YR 4/4
180-190
7.5YR 4/4
190-200
7.5YR 4/4
200-210
7.5YR 4/4
210-220
7.5YR 5/6
220-230
7.5YR 5/6
230-240
7.5YR 5/6
240-250
10YR 5/8
250-260
2.5Y 6/4
260-270
2.5Y 6/4
270-280
2.5Y 6/4
280-290
2.5Y 6/4
290-300
2.5Y 6/4
300-310
2.5Y 6/4
310-320
2.5Y 6/4
320-325
2.5Y 5/2
139
Appendix C: All PXRF raw, uncalibrated data of readings from Units C and D at 35CS9.
Site
Unit
DK_D
LU
5
Soil
2Ab
As
4.8
Ba
295
Bi
1.64
DK_D
5
2Ab
6.9
381
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.7
342
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.6
DK_D
5
2Ab
DK_D
5
DK_D
Ca
7530
Co
7.3
Cr
692
Cu
13
Fe
19368
K
4074
Mn
409
13
10780
5.9
1129
11.2
19689
4608
445
20
46.46
6.2
1007
15
20062
4697
483
288
5.56
6405
5.9
708
12
18042
4419
442
6.9
345
6.23
5072
6.5
860
12
18484
4370
2Ab
5.4
296
11
7913
6.4
841
11
17534
5
2Ab
4
331
20
6662
7.1
1342
14
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.1
310
13
6895
6.1
795
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.9
338
6.84
4510
4.5
DK_D
5
2Ab
4.2
318
12
4305
DK_D
5
2Ab
3.7
309
15
8187
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.1
361
14
DK_D
5
2Ab
4.8
319
DK_D
5
2Ab
3.2
DK_D
5
2Ab
DK_D
5
DK_D
5
DK_D
5
DK_D
5
DK_D
5
DK_D
Ni
4.44
Pb
5.2
Rb
31.1
Se
0.83
Sr
159
33
4.2
32.3
0.44
6.29
2.76
28.9
1.8
15
5.8
30.3
392
21
3.8
4651
457
25
17302
5814
398
12
17855
4477
1100
13
19196
5.7
982
14
7
1151
11
8309
6.6
686
6.22
9320
6.9
310
13
4589
5.2
271
6.07
2Ab
4.2
305
2Ab
4.8
2Ab
Th
Ti
3758
Y
5
12
Zn
28.4
Zr
497
174
12
3816
12.4
30.2
537
154
5.37
3872
11.2
32.2
722
0.26
172
11
3732
20.3
25.9
539
30.9
0.93
163
2.67
3243
10.8
26.2
604
3.7
29.4
0.88
169
5
3490
13.3
29.1
569
5.09
5.8
29.4
0.34
183
0.57
3449
13.2
29.8
761
434
22
4.5
27.4
0.24
169
0.98
3248
11.9
24.7
632
4820
416
23
4.6
28.1
0.81
164
12
3473
12.1
24.5
624
17923
4384
463
1.83
4.8
28
1.7
175
0.07
3521
13
26.7
642
19690
4492
460
26
6.4
30.1
0.99
174
1.07
3753
11.9
29.5
603
14
18433
4454
438
15
5.3
30.9
1.6
169
2.96
3161
12.5
25.2
600
1028
15
18761
4472
401
21
6.1
28.1
0.05
184
0.61
3820
10.8
25.5
653
6.5
980
10
18618
4386
452
30
6.4
27.6
0.06
156
0.8
3583
13
23.8
607
7317
6.5
1614
11
17829
4563
476
18
4.3
28
0.83
170
2.23
3814
12.4
24.1
581
12
8678
8.3
828
14
18884
4351
432
16
6.4
30.5
0.96
175
1.37
3507
13.3
26.2
741
330
12
5671
4.9
536
11
19597
4254
435
34
3.9
30.4
0.2
159
4.11
3595
12.4
49
539
6.4
356
13
7522
7.8
1161
12
19762
4830
468
22
1.51
29.6
0.03
152
10
3994
12.8
29.8
517
2Ab
3.2
241
17
5906
7.4
891
13
19064
3996
374
19
7.3
29.6
0.94
159
4.45
3957
11
29.2
518
2Ab
1.13
298
17
5211
8.2
848
19
20835
3901
432
3.6
6.3
30.1
0.64
157
0.88
4106
15.8
30.3
590
5
2Ab
5.7
334
1.34
6679
6.4
960
11
18291
4382
388
25
4.4
30.4
0.07
176
1.07
3419
13.1
36.5
705
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.1
339
5.81
8667
7.8
887
14
19668
4689
447
0.28
4.9
28.9
2.4
163
16
3801
14.4
28.5
643
DK_D
5
2Ab
4.1
280
5.19
9724
6.8
1125
11.6
18304
4096
416
19
5.3
29.6
0.87
175
10
3301
10.4
25.8
617
140
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
DK_D
5
2Ab
2.9
312
15
8631
6.1
607
DK_D
5
2Ab
5.2
352
17
11113
4.7
DK_D
5
2Ab
6.2
289
12
8330
DK_D
5
2Ab
4.9
369
18
DK_D
5
2Ab
6.9
320
17
DK_D
5
2Ab
4.3
289
DK_D
5
2Ab
7.4
295
DK_D
5
2Ab
4
284
DK_C
5
2Ab1
5.1
DK_C
5
2Ab1
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
13
18323
4473
425
26
1281
10.6
19626
4899
413
5.6
891
13
19623
4563
7269
8.4
1175
9.3
19172
9175
6.6
1053
13
16
8813
7.9
975
1.29
10338
7.7
980
16
12395
7.3
836
403
21
736.11
6.4
6.1
412
14
748.91
2Ab1
6.5
377
16
2Ab1
6.1
432
2Ab1
5
2Ab1
2Ab1
5
DK_C
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
4.9
28.7
0.65
36
4.7
29.6
424
34
4.1
4249
475
17
19930
4643
452
21
14
20016
4603
441
10.4
18132
4837
394
13.8
18749
4135
2945
11.5
21026
6.8
2233
13
95.12
6.7
1779
21
4154
6.9
425
18
5712
7.2
424
15
8
339
23
2Ab1
6.9
340
21
5
2Ab1
7
365
DK_C
5
2Ab1
5
DK_C
5
2Ab1
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
Zn
Zr
159
3.91
3192
12.3
27
523
0.35
170
2.24
4232
10.5
31.2
624
31.3
0.62
161
5.38
3245
11.5
28.7
609
4.7
28.1
0.11
158
5.12
3882
11
26.7
639
0.28
28.9
0.98
178
2.44
4061
17.6
26
698
25
5.8
32.9
0.61
167
5.27
3525
9.8
25.3
576
21
2.58
29.3
0.53
169
3.76
3082
10.9
24.3
638
391
36
6.8
32.8
1.9
166
4.67
3276
13.6
28.7
664
7485
416
14
5.7
32.9
0.16
194
13
6421
12.9
33.6
833
21845
7644
420
7.35
6.2
34
1.1
194
14
5115
12.9
38.7
796
13.6
22932
6760
521
10
6
36.3
1.7
194
6
4919
15.6
34.1
755
2152
19.7
22872
7287
471
14
6
34.9
1.2
200
15
4528
14.2
32.6
1075
6.9
1528
14.9
22327
5649
550
16
7.3
32.7
1.3
201
14
5035
12.7
32.2
863
6799
7.1
1575
11.6
23142
6428
436
15
5.4
32.5
1.3
193
11
4617
13
31.7
878
633.75
9.5
1452
20.4
29499
5773
436
22
4.3
43.3
2.3
159
5.27
5015
10.9
35
535
5069
8.9
1089
17.2
27119
5327
443
26
6.5
38.9
2
179
7
4719
13.8
35.6
678
22
3828
9.3
1587
19.3
28428
5633
520
27
6.5
42.8
1.8
171
9
5014
11.4
37.8
571
331
21
3043
8.2
821
19.4
28099
5158
432
28
8.2
41
1.4
166
3.03
4845
11.8
34.6
648
6.9
357
23
1825
7.6
1596
20.4
29183
5382
447
31
7
39.5
2
168
9
4728
12.2
36.2
651
2Ab1
5.4
274
12
5333
8
1543
12.2
23459
5673
453
21
5.7
33.6
1.4
189
11
4627
13.3
29.6
687
2Ab1
6.8
373
29
560.47
7.3
1613
15.5
24752
6024
610
19
5.8
34.2
1.3
201
9
6487
13.3
32.7
802
2Ab1
6.6
383
20
7200
6.8
1673
14.8
24571
6395
679
26
4.6
35.4
0.6
194
9
5255
15.6
35.2
884
2Ab1
5.2
324
25
4216
7.7
2136
15.7
23670
6016
437
28
6.5
35.6
1.3
194
7
4399
12.7
37
995
5
2Ab1
6.3
302
20
5742
7.6
1851
16.2
24200
5404
528
21
6.6
33
0.39
195
7
4992
14.1
36.3
946
DK_C
5
2Ab1
6.9
312
19
3961
7.8
1706
10.9
23874
5330
547
23
3.7
34.2
2.4
182
9
4880
13.5
38.9
657
DK_C
5
2Ab1
5.4
336
23
3246
7.8
1399
16.6
23400
6441
487
17
6.5
36.3
0.6
186
8
4396
11.6
33.1
603
141
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
DK_C
5
2Ab1
6.5
359
14
3924
DK_C
5
2Ab1
6.4
332
16
DK_C
5
2Ab1
6.1
352
DK_C
5
2Ab1
6.1
DK_C
5
2Ab1
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
7.1
1627
19.2
24194
5588
463
21
6.3
35
1.6
185
2430
6.9
1860
16.4
22971
5820
465
13
7
33.8
0.47
17
5520
8.4
2035
17.8
25656
5949
540
23
6.3
34.3
330
21
3176
6.8
1267
15.7
23400
5743
574
17
5.8
6.5
329
14
2880
7.2
1610
13.6
22061
5986
459
18
2Ab1
7.9
330
19
1509.17
7.7
1185
11.4
23455
5660
491
2Ab1
6.9
369
23
3405
7.1
2418
20.9
26313
5531
502
5
2Ab2
5.5
409
19
312.7
6.9
1468
15.7
23094
5337
DK_C
5
2Ab2
6
400
19
5373
7.2
1145
19
24866
DK_C
5
2Ab2
6.8
361
14
3214
6.9
1209
17.6
DK_C
5
2Ab2
4.8
388
17
7135
6.2
1329
DK_C
5
2Ab2
6.5
354
22
492.2
12
DK_C
5
2Ab2
4.5
303
28
578.35
DK_C
5
2Ab2
5
310
24
DK_C
5
2Ab2
6.5
339
20
DK_C
5
2Ab2
4.8
332
21
DK_C
5
2Ab2
4
302
DK_C
5
2Ab2
5.1
DK_C
5
2Ab2
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
8
5811
14.1
36
705
187
11
4948
12.2
31.4
845
0.3
190
12
5053
14.5
36.3
886
36
1.4
192
13
4863
12.9
30.8
780
4.4
35.3
1.3
189
4.45
4207
13.8
31.4
776
17
4.5
34.9
1.3
186
11
5058
15.9
32.7
600
20
5.4
34.5
2.1
187
10
4633
12.5
37.4
922
499
17
5.5
34.5
0.64
154.1
8.5
4501
10.7
29.9
644
5096
491
26
5.3
38.2
1.5
159.8
12.5
4751
12.5
33.6
576
23047
4865
487
22
5
37.6
1.4
151.6
9.5
4332
11
31.4
700
14.5
22805
5459
389
24
7.4
36.9
1.3
173
11.3
4557
13.3
32.6
669
544
22.9
31920
4839
373
15
6.6
38.9
2
103.8
7.2
4813
8.4
32.6
387
11.9
400
26.1
30023
4678
312
12
7.4
39.3
1.8
106.1
5.6
4406
9
31
347
2712
12.2
381
21.9
30388
4389
312
24
8.6
39.7
1.7
119.3
8.4
4493
9.6
35.6
411
187.41
10.5
518
22.4
29814
4871
357
29
8.3
39.3
1.6
117.3
8.6
4307
8.9
32.3
374
100.3
10.5
600
22.7
29692
4506
341
23
7.4
39.7
1.5
117.6
1.11
4333
8.6
37.1
389
19
47.86
8.3
464
20.5
25762
4401
307
14
7.7
38.9
1.3
111.3
2.69
3997
7.6
27.4
364
322
21
2016
10.4
610
21.1
28729
4492
299
13
7.8
40.4
2.1
116.2
2.97
4112
8.8
33.9
302
7.3
338
20
2840
11.4
461
21.9
29681
4382
324
24
5.5
38.8
1.9
116.8
6
4082
12.9
34.9
336
2Ab2
5
299
16
2191
9.5
372
25.6
28347
4346
321
22
10.6
37.5
1.2
122.6
1.28
4038
8.3
29.2
337
2Ab2
4.7
274
27
706.08
10.2
651
19.2
26637
4587
386
1.41
7.3
37.5
1.4
107.2
4.45
4545
8.4
31.4
376
2Ab2
5.5
327
22
1932
11.5
428
25.7
29364
4714
325
14
8.8
39.9
1.6
109.3
2.43
4256
8.2
31.3
391
2Ab2
5.2
315
22
1336.24
10.9
591
25.9
29135
4614
320
12
6.4
38.6
1.6
108
6.1
4447
8.9
31.7
354
5
2Ab2
5.8
383
19
145.01
10.5
435
23.5
29122
4854
288
16
7
40.6
1.9
110.3
9
4410
8.3
33.9
377
DK_C
5
2Ab2
5.8
299
18
1205.9
9.1
447
18.1
27715
4848
302
17
7.2
37.6
0.45
105
3.75
4785
8
30.4
274
DK_C
5
2Ab2
6.8
305
14
981.61
9.7
639
23.7
28732
4461
314
22
5.8
41.4
1.9
109.7
9.5
4381
8.2
32
361
142
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
DK_C
5
2Ab2
5.1
302
23
42.79
8.6
DK_C
5
2Ab2
5.5
336
17
136.27
DK_C
5
2Ab2
7.1
326
16
DK_C
5
2Ab2
5.5
283
DK_C
5
2Ab2
4.6
DK_C
5
2Ab2
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
DK_C
5
DK_C
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
477
22.1
28041
5182
314
14
8.1
318
20.9
28957
4618
315
1544.03
9.8
470
22.3
28143
4726
16
253.68
9.3
461
21.4
28983
295
19
1524.96
7.2
599
20
7.1
330
19
404.9
9.9
654
6
286
12
4606
8.9
194
2Bwb1
5.1
384
17
685.41
7.4
5
2Bwb1
5.7
359
19
1648
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
5.5
435
22
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
4.7
419
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
6.6
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
DK_C
5
DK_C
5
DK_C
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
7.1
39.2
0.06
106.8
0.8
4502
9
29.9
346
24
7.4
39
1.4
106.9
7.7
4188
7.2
31.5
371
295
21
6.9
39.8
1.7
111.9
2.51
4368
8.8
30.1
356
4580
307
16
8.4
39.6
1.5
106.9
5.06
4276
8.6
31.9
316
26974
4873
326
21
7.5
37.9
1.1
107.9
9
4308
9.1
29
370
20.8
29010
4957
288
19
6.5
39.3
1.5
104.2
9.1
4019
7.9
33.3
362
21
26270
3727
250
28
6.1
32
0.44
82.9
0.62
3609
10.2
34.2
252
540
15.2
23991
4784
336
27
5.8
33.8
1.7
105.7
6.9
4596
7.4
27.8
338
10
376
21.5
26816
4336
291
18
6.5
35.8
1.8
100.3
9.2
4466
7.4
27.9
339
5693
8.3
1490
21.3
25062
5122
530
19
6.9
38
1.5
167.3
10.7
5017
13.5
34.7
697
20
4102
9.8
712
18.1
25614
4582
361
28
7
36.7
1.1
109.6
8
4217
8.7
32.5
351
387
20
4029
10.3
523
18.1
27280
4718
323
31
5.9
37.7
1.7
108.5
8.1
4414
7.5
33.9
236
5.9
345
13
7452
9.7
513
25.6
26345
4176
323
18
6.4
38
1.7
113.7
5.4
4144
9.2
29.5
346
2Bwb1
5.9
281
18
418.09
11
337
23.8
30360
4237
179
11
6.5
37.4
1.2
105.4
8.1
4396
9
32.5
277
2Bwb1
5.4
306
15
466.45
9.4
333
23.2
28973
4312
186
14
8.6
35
1.8
99.3
6.6
4299
11.5
31.1
312
5
2Bwb1
5.8
345
19
211.24
9.6
361
24.1
29951
4442
202
17
7.7
36.6
1.3
99.6
4.73
4234
8.2
31.7
262
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
4.9
340
19
263.02
9.4
379
23.8
27801
4355
192
15
7.6
35.6
1.7
100.4
5.5
4308
8.6
28.2
277
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
5.3
345
19
4.34
9
292
21.1
26586
4443
176
3.13
5.6
33.9
1.8
97.4
0.46
4142
8.6
27.6
247
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.8
315
14
547.15
9.8
282
19
24130
3508
150
24
8.2
30.7
0.24
77.9
1.42
3790
7.9
35.1
230
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.9
370
3.11
654.82
12.2
334
25
29933
4007
207
16
8.3
31
1.7
82.8
2.12
4144
7.2
38.9
251
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.3
328
20
2594
9.6
208
29
29079
3365
137
3.65
8.1
33.3
2.8
85.6
3.2
3519
6.8
40.3
263
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.5
287
30
1325
8.9
298
18
24916
3835
198
33
5.6
29.4
0.91
84.7
3.85
3669
8.1
32.6
209
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
6.4
349
3.5
5507
10.8
295
24
25532
3958
205
16
6.9
31.6
2.5
90.9
0.93
3475
7.2
35.2
249
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.8
349
0.26
2707
9.8
271
25
26501
4131
312
31
5.7
32.5
0.68
87
4.85
3730
8.2
35.8
289
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
6.5
346
16
2017
11.7
299
24
27263
3748
222
22
6.3
30.6
0
83.2
3.97
3731
8.2
37.7
252
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
6.4
340
2.46
1551
10.6
428
27
28034
3885
212
24
5.1
34.3
0.08
88.5
0.46
4027
9.1
40.2
195
143
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.6
353
11
3867
12.1
351
21
26136
3530
184
22
7.3
31.4
0.77
80.5
4.8
3737
8.3
36.3
325
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5
364
17
5024
9.7
270
20
25937
3970
263
24
6.8
30.5
1.8
82.6
0.5
3818
7.5
38
243
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.8
333
16
4478
10.4
273
25
29792
3720
178
25
7.2
32
0.12
82.7
8
3835
9.2
38.7
307
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
5.9
290
17
683.64
12.1
294
22.7
29110
4095
173
12
6.4
34.4
1.6
92
7.9
3998
8.6
30.3
274
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
6.3
314
22
246.41
11.3
276
21.3
29092
4452
197
13
6.2
34.5
1
95.3
7.7
4492
9.1
34.1
311
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
7.4
301
11
2074
10.2
327
21.4
29054
4101
194
16
7
35.6
0.47
97.4
5.5
4177
8.5
31.7
281
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
6
299
17
651.84
13.1
355
24.8
30253
4365
192
7.78
6.8
36.2
1.7
95.3
2.17
4232
10.2
33.9
299
DK_C
5
2Bwb1
7.3
300
15
1690
10.5
267
25.1
30288
4270
210
24
7.3
36.8
1.6
104.2
1.61
4117
9.1
32.8
265
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.5
352
18
4194
11.5
247
21
27999
3877
258
23
9.2
33.7
1.6
83.4
3.25
3881
6.7
34
234
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
6.5
326
14
4376
12.2
347
24
28060
3834
339
4.44
7.2
34.3
2.1
91.8
1.69
3618
9.6
40.7
279
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.7
306
11
7142
12.3
195
23
23250
2108
208
26
6.6
31.6
0.76
88
0.51
2489
6.8
50.4
213
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
7.7
373
27
3989
15.7
340
27
37835
4424
182
42
9
38.7
3.4
90.9
4.51
4595
9.2
43.2
273
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.7
326
20
8235
10.9
308
24
26587
3631
290
36
6.5
31.9
2.2
85.4
5.11
3505
8.9
38
268
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.6
348
21
8373
9.2
326
21
24755
3281
296
28
5.6
35.4
2.2
90.8
0.03
3274
7.8
36.5
236
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.4
354
19
500.95
10
310
19
24628
3436
208
0.56
7
29.2
0.86
77.6
0.21
3711
6.7
32.7
208
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.2
319
17
684.07
8.7
433
18
24125
3695
264
24
5.7
32.1
0.97
82
0.13
3659
7.3
32.6
226
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.9
366
11
278.78
8.8
258
21
25166
3783
295
17
6.5
34.4
0.1
86.1
9
3267
6
30.6
254
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
5.7
404
18
680.8
9
207
23
26629
3918
243
22
7.1
29.6
0.86
84.2
2.29
4169
6.9
36.3
188
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.3
342
14
97.84
10.1
270
20
24411
3783
254
16
4.6
31.9
1.6
85.7
5.33
3748
7.7
35.5
193
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
3.8
338
19
2236
8.5
299
15
23458
3536
376
25
6.6
31
0.07
84.5
1.92
3408
6.8
31.5
239
DK_D
5
2Bwb1
4.3
327
16
26.08
6.8
331
20
23694
3454
289
39
5.4
29.5
0.15
80.4
3.43
3516
10.1
34
263
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
7.2
264
17
678.83
10.2
184
20.6
29597
3925
133
16
7.5
31.7
0.81
92.6
5.7
4168
9.1
30.8
234
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.9
278
16
131.13
8.8
223
17.4
29673
4284
129
17
6.9
32
0.02
87
9.4
4485
8.4
30.2
235
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.4
280
18
286.43
11.4
199
18.2
30132
4036
115
15
5.9
32.7
1.1
88.6
4.38
4345
9.2
33.5
336
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5
295
18
758.6
10.7
280
22.5
28936
4111
109
4.52
8.5
31.2
0.18
87
5.17
4275
8.4
31.6
233
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.2
316
13
454.66
10.5
228
19.6
28578
4026
111
13
8
33
1.5
86.1
8.4
4016
9.2
30.4
233
144
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5
304
17
346.38
9.6
288
21.3
27524
4181
181
16
9.3
34
0.57
94.8
8.1
4314
10.1
29.1
257
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
4.8
323
19
3096
11.3
346
24.4
28589
4300
180
12
7.1
35.5
1.2
99.8
7.3
4007
8.3
33.6
245
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5
287
18
4246
10.2
278
23.8
27800
4172
170
14
6.6
34.9
1.7
95
5.7
4065
9.3
31.4
244
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6
291
16
255.18
10.1
286
21.3
25735
3944
164
3.53
7.6
32.1
0.46
89.7
7.5
4142
8.2
26.4
225
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.8
311
19
3006
10.6
266
23.3
28042
4063
175
17
7.3
36.8
1.1
100.2
8.1
4188
9.8
29
242
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.6
315
16
476.64
9.6
314
19.6
29310
4369
123
24
7.4
32.6
1.6
82.5
6
4564
8.8
29.3
236
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.4
329
16
1655.65
10.8
401
21.7
28676
4308
131
12
8.7
30.6
1.5
84.2
6.3
4849
8.5
29.5
232
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6
285
18
1289.31
9.8
290
19.9
27118
3697
128
16
8.6
30.9
0.92
87.6
7.2
4069
11.5
30.4
228
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.9
314
17
774.89
9.7
296
16
27476
4218
134
12
7.6
31.8
1.1
86.2
3.97
4466
10.1
29.2
241
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.9
328
19
1577.59
11.1
276
19.2
28000
4429
127
12
7.5
30.5
1.6
84.4
5.8
4434
9.8
30.9
218
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.2
315
18
322.43
10.9
248
20.5
28163
4224
182
14
6.5
33.6
0.26
98
7.5
4288
8.6
28.4
307
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.1
288
16
1400.55
10
454
22.5
27473
4264
193
15
6.2
33.3
1.5
93.6
2.9
4214
9.3
31.3
244
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6.3
332
15
646.83
10.5
441
23.7
27465
4485
210
16
7.5
33.9
1.6
92.8
1.26
4355
8.4
29.8
304
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
4.2
357
19
508.64
10.6
472
22.5
28336
4515
203
17
8.7
33.6
0.1
93.8
6.7
4362
8.2
29.8
256
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.6
282
14
667.11
9.9
382
23.5
27695
4167
200
7.17
7.2
34.1
1.4
93.1
6.7
4221
8.5
31.4
288
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5
311
15
508.4
9.7
464
25
27336
4281
194
17
7.2
33.9
1.3
92.2
8.1
4237
9.2
31.2
268
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
6
341
18
1755.9
10.9
260
22.4
28199
4493
189
15
7.4
35.5
1.2
95.2
1.34
4328
8.3
30.5
244
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
4.7
306
13
1278.48
9.9
323
22.5
27708
4188
177
12
8.3
33.2
1.3
92.4
7
4456
8
31.5
232
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.5
290
11
1227.25
11.4
258
24.4
27154
4193
199
12
6.7
33.1
1.1
92.1
4.22
4156
7.8
28.3
233
DK_C
3
3Bwb2
5.5
300
19
1320.47
10
279
22.7
27688
4338
181
8.78
6.9
33.9
1.5
89.3
6.7
4392
7.8
29.9
216
DK_C
4
4a
7
318
20
124.56
8.5
393
19.1
29717
4757
168
36
8.5
35.9
2
114.7
9.3
4488
8.5
31.6
358
DK_C
4
4a
7.2
334
19
423.05
10
404
18.8
30131
4635
146
30
6.5
37.2
1.2
116.7
8
4406
7.5
31.4
256
DK_C
4
4a
7.9
343
15
763
8.3
394
16.8
28665
5019
179
40
7.1
37.6
1.2
124.7
13.4
4057
8.7
29.5
355
DK_C
4
4a
7.8
270
17
0.38
9.6
474
18.3
30052
4430
173
33
6.9
36.5
1.9
114.4
10.4
4253
6.3
30.6
325
DK_C
4
4a
7.6
317
22
412.93
10.6
402
20.7
30297
4697
182
33
7.9
38.1
1.8
118.9
10.5
4704
7.3
31.7
306
DK_C
4
4a
6.9
305
18
923.73
10.1
374
18.4
27266
4589
129
28
7
36.5
1.8
112.8
6.1
4027
7.1
27.4
260
145
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_C
4
4a
5.7
337
25
316.48
9
456
19.2
28489
4375
159
32
7.2
36.3
1.3
105.8
5.6
4214
8.6
30.4
258
DK_C
4
4a
6.4
355
20
635.42
10.2
329
21.1
28251
4708
165
26
7.6
35.9
1.8
102.9
12.3
4330
7.9
31.4
261
DK_C
4
4a
7.2
371
17
113.98
10.1
395
19.6
30126
4685
176
34
8.6
37.4
2.4
113.9
9.7
4630
8.7
30.4
276
DK_C
4
4a
5.9
343
19
1665.1
10.5
313
15.5
29994
4549
189
28
8.4
36.1
1.4
106.5
9.3
4419
9
29.9
304
DK_C
4
4a
7.4
300
23
75.38
9.3
275
17.4
28507
4726
145
30
6.4
35.5
2
113.1
8.2
4353
8.4
31.1
259
DK_C
4
4a
5.9
336
31
1660.27
9.6
408
21.6
30417
4928
194
35
8.4
35.8
1.7
127.5
9
4992
8.7
30.8
477
DK_C
4
4a
5.4
361
22
1595.61
9.4
380
17.9
29752
4961
162
37
8
35.5
2.3
108.7
6.1
4601
8.4
31.9
296
DK_C
4
4a
7.2
315
13
1101.46
8.1
263
18.5
28197
4554
197
31
7.2
35.9
2.1
100.5
7.8
4298
9.3
28.6
368
DK_C
4
4a
6.3
366
15
1238.51
10.3
471
16.9
29893
5009
156
35
7.4
37
1.3
110.7
5.9
5070
8.6
29.6
290
DK_C
4
4a
7.4
324
14
480.33
12.2
374
26
31065
4477
156
23
8.3
37.7
1.2
108.8
4.43
4341
8.7
31.5
258
DK_C
4
4a
6.7
311
17
43.94
9.2
342
17.5
28844
4520
174
32
7.4
35.7
1.5
107.9
10
4337
8.5
30.1
278
DK_C
4
4a
6.7
363
16
777.61
8
528
19.9
27224
4950
216
27
8.2
33.5
1.9
118.3
8.3
4829
11.8
29.1
509
DK_C
4
4a
6.9
273
14
1894.87
9.6
349
18.2
28653
4347
155
30
7.2
35
1.6
114.1
10.7
4527
8.4
27.2
307
DK_C
4
4a
7.3
277
18
232.04
8.9
319
17.3
27156
4354
209
30
7.3
35.5
1.8
100.7
3.3
4300
7.9
28.6
273
DK_C
4
4a
6.8
284
11
1540.52
9.5
477
16.6
27612
4127
147
28
7.4
35.5
1.3
117.1
8.9
4226
8.7
28.8
242
DK_C
4
4a
6
332
20
1731.48
9.5
419
16.9
27937
4743
143
25
7.3
34.6
1.2
103.9
6.5
4210
9.1
29.4
251
DK_C
4
4a
8
297
17
1037.93
10.7
400
19.1
28314
4415
145
24
6.6
35.9
1.7
109.2
10.3
4135
7.9
29.3
278
DK_C
4
4a
6
316
20
1105.42
9.8
355
17.6
27752
4484
144
32
8
36.2
1.9
106.5
6.7
4350
7.4
30.1
274
DK_C
4
4a
6.3
343
14
1803.79
9.8
378
19.4
28586
4842
175
31
8
37.1
1.6
112.1
7.8
4341
7.8
28.1
268
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.8
261
13
111.77
6.5
355
17.8
24553
4491
134
56
8.3
35.1
0.09
115.3
7.1
4154
8.1
25.4
233
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.6
308
13
425.98
7.3
389
16.1
23727
4572
124
58
8.7
35.1
1.4
113
8.3
4100
9.8
26.2
284
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.8
299
13
39.71
6.7
333
14.5
22224
4877
124
53
8.7
33.8
0.7
108
0.42
4114
7.6
26.7
240
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.8
339
13
587.55
6.6
549
13.9
23960
4986
132
49
5.9
32.8
0.03
105
7.3
4042
8.2
29.7
196
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.1
314
16
247.1
7.6
305
17
24951
5009
129
52
7.8
33.8
1.2
108.5
6.4
4135
7.7
26.6
281
DK_C
2
4Cb1
7
309
12
626.11
7.4
308
17.9
23939
4432
103
50
7.5
33.8
0.11
99.4
7.1
3752
7.3
27.3
233
DK_C
2
4Cb1
5.9
300
8
783.72
7.2
305
15.9
23496
4428
107
55
8.1
34.8
1.1
97.3
7.2
3836
7.1
26.1
207
146
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.8
319
11
258
7.5
DK_C
2
4Cb1
5
306
19
667.89
DK_C
2
4Cb1
7.1
363
14
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.8
271
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.2
DK_C
2
4Cb1
DK_C
2
4Cb1
DK_C
2
DK_C
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
320
17.9
25295
5032
156
50
8.4
36.6
1.4
98.9
5.4
4279
6.9
25.3
268
6.9
468
15.8
23851
4691
101
52
7.9
33.6
1.01
102
6.2
3564
7.6
25.1
220
1660.41
7.1
358
17.1
24442
4435
147
48
7.3
34
1.1
100.5
8
4036
8
29.5
240
13
1348.52
10.4
329
17.4
25097
4271
122
41
8
34.7
1.05
101.2
9.3
4006
8.5
26.2
236
310
14
1409.37
6.2
333
16.4
22701
4905
106
53
6.7
34.5
0.68
99.2
6.6
4155
8.4
23.7
258
5.6
287
12
844.3
7.1
525
18.3
24924
4424
138
55
8.6
35.5
1.3
106.2
8.1
4354
8.4
25.7
264
6.8
312
10
1659.25
7.4
375
19
24176
4619
122
49
6.9
34.8
0.57
102.5
3.86
4013
7.5
26.3
210
4Cb1
5.9
351
11
1049.17
7.3
469
18.1
24439
4574
147
48
8.6
33.8
1.4
105
5.9
3790
8.1
25.9
267
2
4Cb1
7
302
14
1648.36
7.1
404
17.7
24506
4614
125
49
5.9
33.8
0.29
103.5
10.5
3859
7.7
25.8
250
DK_C
2
4Cb1
7.4
275
4.22
428.82
7.4
355
17.8
23959
4611
110
47
7.9
34.5
0.18
103.6
6.5
4071
9.2
25.9
250
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.3
310
13
1719.46
8.9
368
16.8
24114
4676
126
48
7.4
34.3
0.67
106.7
4.24
3918
7.5
24.9
264
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.9
312
14
827.49
6.7
495
16.1
24464
4762
138
50
7.1
35.2
0.53
105.2
8
4603
7.9
25.7
219
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.9
307
15
1784.97
7.5
309
18
24038
4343
99
52
7.3
33.6
0.01
105.1
9
4048
8.6
26.6
205
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.2
318
20
6593
8.4
416
16.2
25238
6004
187
49
7
38.6
1.4
167
7.2
4288
7.8
28.6
296
DK_C
2
4Cb1
5.8
310
21
5022
8.1
322
12.7
24609
5854
237
54
7.8
37.2
1.6
168
7
3936
8.7
27.7
229
DK_C
2
4Cb1
6.6
313
15
3525
8.5
378
16.5
24893
5560
159
50
8.1
36.8
1.5
146.5
9.8
4187
8.4
29.2
260
DK_C
2
4Cb1
7.9
282
22
5138
10.5
462
16.9
27727
5241
192
47
6.1
35.6
1.7
156.5
2.13
3826
8.1
33.7
255
DK_C
2
4Cb1
4.7
308
19
148.44
4.8
493
11.2
22940
5717
180
50
6.2
31.4
0.37
139.4
8.1
3769
7.8
24.8
237
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.9
238
9
1411
4.1
205
10
13001
6441
137
49
6.5
38.6
0.51
173
1.13
1814
6
17
119.2
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.6
202
9
27.48
3.3
147
9.1
13570
6715
111
51
7
40.8
0.35
184
4.53
1820
6.7
16.3
114.4
DK_C
1
5Cb2
5
189
0.58
2004
4.5
80
9.1
13451
5942
107
47
6.2
38.6
0.33
172
3.39
1625
6.5
18.6
113.6
DK_C
1
5Cb2
5.9
198
2.54
2084
4.3
64
4.8
12114
6541
113
49
5.1
39
0.27
171
3.18
1631
5.3
17.9
154
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.8
205
1.54
1058
4.7
184
9.2
13621
6129
107
48
6.5
41.2
0.11
176
4.21
1820
5.9
18.4
150
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.3
248
15
102.9
4.6
176
9.5
13514
7092
122
50
6.8
37.6
0.41
172
7.1
2125
5.4
16.4
110
DK_C
1
5Cb2
6.3
213
5.76
231.18
3
107
7.2
12385
7862
108
43
4.8
40.4
0.31
173
0.94
1581
4.7
17.2
102.2
DK_C
1
5Cb2
3.9
211
11
219.87
3.6
66
4.3
11740
6666
81
47
6
37.8
0.85
169
7.5
1461
4.9
15.3
124.2
147
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
DK_C
1
5Cb2
6.8
216
10
1580.61
4.9
171
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.3
182
9
1555.15
2.5
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.5
197
8
469.44
DK_C
1
5Cb2
3.5
152
12
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.6
183
8
DK_C
1
5Cb2
3.8
156
DK_C
1
5Cb2
3.8
209
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.5
DK_C
1
5Cb2
DK_C
1
DK_C
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
9.8
13189
6393
101
38
89
8.9
11729
7143
101
3.4
119
6
12687
7582
1073.19
3.8
140
7.5
11690
278.7
3.2
153
8.4
14
178.58
3.8
135
12
1165.19
3.2
66
238
8
1050.7
3.4
4.1
169
11
1923.22
5Cb2
4.2
175
10
1
5Cb2
4.5
219
DK_C
1
5Cb2
4.4
DK_C
1
5Cb2
DK_C
1
DK_C
1
DK_C
Pb
Rb
Se
4.8
39.9
0.94
43
5.2
35.5
98
44
6.5
6512
89
46
12609
6817
111
9.7
11562
6673
8
11742
7622
82
6.6
12240
4.7
151
8.9
1018.55
3.8
124
12
1301.51
3.9
220
12
238.04
4.9
186
8
5Cb2
4.5
213
5Cb2
3.8
181
1
5Cb2
3.3
DK_C
1
5Cb2
DK_D
6
DK_D
Sr
Th
Ti
169
0.24
1562
0.41
176
8.2
40.6
0.53
174
7.5
38.8
0.91
42
5.9
39.9
106
33
6.2
97
44
5
7345
118
46
12867
7035
119
9
11909
6910
117
8.4
12268
3.2
376
9.1
756.87
2.9
115
13
1716.91
3.3
14
814.09
3.7
162
15
675.62
4.8
234
10
A
4.4
296
6
A
5.6
DK_D
6
A
DK_D
6
A
DK_D
6
DK_D
6
DK_D
Y
Zn
Zr
5.4
18.9
121.2
1638
5.2
16
100.4
5.4
1793
4.8
17.7
120
169
1.74
1551
5.6
17.3
129.1
0.6
177
5.24
1693
4.7
17.3
85.5
38.1
0.69
175
6.4
1499
5
18.2
90.6
39.3
0.36
174
8.6
1539
5.2
15.9
88.3
6.3
38.2
0.8
176
2.87
1844
4.8
17.4
93.7
47
7.3
39.7
1.02
178
1.15
1560
5
20
102.6
96
45
6.2
40.2
0.54
179
3.01
1517
4.9
17
113.7
7218
108
40
5.4
37.5
0.14
174
5.4
1613
4.5
17.1
113.9
13284
8285
138
52
7.7
40
1.01
185
7.9
2051
5.6
17.8
116.5
5.9
12353
6867
120
51
5.3
39.4
0.71
179
0.78
1508
3.9
16.3
158
140
10.5
12363
7215
103
50
6.1
37.4
0.29
175
4.9
1623
5.3
14.9
113.6
63
7
11159
6597
82
44
5.8
40
0.57
161
7
1540
5
15.6
90.1
3.9
49
7.7
11717
7400
95
40
7.8
38
0.86
172
8.1
1715
5.1
15.9
135
1451.14
4.1
169
6.9
11686
7505
94
49
7.1
37.6
0.29
175
7.6
1513
4.5
16.9
103.3
16
10872
7
928
9.4
13249
5501
254
2.2
5.8
28.4
0.82
199
16
1761
11
22.1
487
170
16
6459
5.8
506
6.2
10801
4502
162
3.85
5.4
26.4
0.62
188
4.45
1564
7.9
16.4
339
4.2
217
5.17
4806
5.6
905
1.38
12815
5157
271
1.71
4.2
23.3
0.62
191
2.41
2855
10.1
17.6
399
3.4
262
16
6597
5.6
1154
3.48
11863
5837
270
3.7
6
26.3
0.29
190
2.82
2146
10.1
18.6
415
A
3
219
16
6530
5.3
1002
11
13164
5358
266
17
5.4
25.7
0.1
189
1.06
2944
9.5
20.2
387
A
4.3
230
15
6741
5.3
662
9.6
13023
4781
232
16
5.7
27.4
0.48
178
2.18
2217
9.6
17.3
545
6
A
5.1
239
18
6463
4.4
671
10
12471
4901
336
15
0.32
26.6
0.94
187
2.62
2205
13.3
17.7
500
DK_D
6
A
5.1
204
12
9092
5.1
701
8.4
11331
4658
210
6.71
4.1
24.4
0.26
198
4.04
2561
9.2
20.2
526
DK_D
6
A
5.6
236
4.25
8477
5.4
458
9.5
10643
4845
194
1.93
3.8
26.2
1.7
181
0.28
1601
15.9
13
484
148
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_D
6
A
5.3
187
11
7975
4.2
511
1.33
10942
5215
187
6.92
5.1
27.6
0.28
193
4.71
1536
8.2
15.9
445
DK_D
6
A
4.1
197
11
8637
4.4
1006
7.9
11773
5011
165
20
5.1
25.1
0.49
193
5.16
1859
10.9
17.1
577
DK_D
6
A
3.8
220
11
7745
4.1
529
6.7
12771
5655
333
24
6.3
30.4
0.1
187
1.38
1999
9.2
16.3
394
DK_D
6
A
5.8
184
0.34
10376
5.5
707
6.7
12281
5210
229
16
5.1
27.7
0.37
207
1.44
1938
9.9
18.2
362
DK_D
6
A
3.6
210
13
7652
5
658
8.1
12701
5606
252
19
6.2
27.8
0.71
186
1.61
1632
10.2
16.6
327
DK_D
6
A
5.7
150
4.03
8804
5.1
834
6
11697
4385
204
18
3.35
26.7
0.34
183
0.01
2086
10.6
17.5
445
DK_D
6
A
5.6
228
15
10460
6.8
992
7.6
13488
6187
227
1.86
2.8
26.9
0.15
204
9
2397
10.8
27.9
427
DK_D
6
A
5.9
240
4.21
8165
3.7
842
9.7
11819
5006
253
20
4.6
29.2
0.61
187
1.72
1867
10.1
15.3
557
DK_D
6
A
5.1
252
3.1
10529
4.4
619
10.7
12015
5547
381
17
4.6
27.3
0.34
200
3.6
1847
13.1
18.4
501
DK_D
6
A
4.1
266
2.75
12378
7
999
3.35
13391
5871
246
15
6
29
0.81
202
2.08
1840
13.7
24.1
482
DK_D
6
A
5
250
14
9006
5.3
978
10.9
12904
4768
279
18
5.3
26.4
0.5
178
2.57
2731
11.3
24.4
372
DK_D
6
A
4.7
220
14
12249
5.4
778
8
12772
4587
266
31
4.9
26.8
0.03
199
10
2268
11.3
21.7
485
DK_D
6
A
4.4
207
13
13549
5.7
522
8.5
12218
5041
194
17
5.6
26.1
0.87
200
0.39
1621
8.8
16.9
631
DK_D
6
A
4.3
273
15
12596
4.3
692
11.8
13726
5289
289
27
6.2
29.6
0.35
213
0.9
1819
10.5
21.3
532
DK_D
6
A
4.1
174
20
11732
6.1
723
11.8
12650
5488
219
23
5.2
27.3
0.66
203
3.06
2078
8.4
23.7
583
DK_D
6
A
6
304
13
11431
7.2
732
10.7
15250
5756
307
22
5.4
30.4
0.03
190
0.73
2750
11.3
26.9
679
DK_D
6
A
3.2
234
24
11401
6.9
590
2.17
13962
4866
279
44
6.4
25.9
0.4
183
4.77
2624
10.2
20.2
428
DK_D
6
A
5.6
205
15
11630
6.1
619
10.3
11914
5011
281
15
4
25.8
0.4
193
10
2477
9.2
18.8
647
DK_D
6
A
5.7
239
15
13337
5.9
804
9.4
12762
5823
238
31
3.7
28.7
0.56
204
10
1773
9.1
19.9
506
DK_D
6
A
3.7
288
16
2818
4.8
1319
1.39
13847
5862
242
0.69
6.5
28.2
0.82
201
13
3051
11.7
20.9
498
DK_D
6
A
3.9
272
16
6699
5.3
1137
11
12459
5871
269
2.76
4.9
28.8
0.87
198
11
2385
12.4
20.6
552
DK_D
6
A
3.4
207
14
6039
5.7
798
8
13151
5691
243
3.71
7.5
26.3
0.8
192
19
2916
11.6
19.6
477
DK_D
6
A
4
250
12
9212
7
1154
12
12800
4636
273
4.34
5
25
0.33
195
3.57
2563
14.2
20.9
775
DK_D
6
A
3.9
272
13
6080
5.4
902
8
13214
5577
320
5.9
3.9
27.3
0.59
197
0.05
2333
11
17.2
545
DK_D
6
A
3.2
255
19
7621
5.3
965
10
13032
4977
212
16
6.1
26.9
0.38
197
2.43
2450
10.7
22.7
640
DK_D
6
A
5.2
259
2.09
7858
4.7
965
10
12362
4834
241
19
4.9
27.4
0.48
195
4.03
2337
11.3
19.9
616
149
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_D
6
A
5.2
251
12
6837
5.4
1024
9
13341
5290
318
2.31
3.9
28.1
0.08
201
2.05
2450
11.9
22.8
575
DK_D
6
A
4.4
270
6.43
9466
5.2
901
8.6
12322
5054
231
18
4.9
26.5
0.11
188
1.67
2455
10.1
18.3
710
DK_D
6
A
4.7
310
16
7140
8.1
1225
14
14500
5901
347
7.3
5.3
25.8
0.39
201
4.13
4060
12.7
29.2
815
DK_D
6
A
3.4
249
1.87
8203
5.8
1326
7.9
12033
5571
221
18
4.6
26.8
0.57
183
11
2308
12.4
21.9
468
DK_D
6
A
3.5
215
19
10000
6
960
0.8
14225
5064
366
14
6.6
25.3
0.47
202
3.4
2535
10.6
22.6
508
DK_D
6
A
4.1
278
16
7021
3.7
1112
8
13742
4610
356
18
4.8
25.9
0.11
201
5.21
2936
12
24.5
682
DK_D
6
A
3.2
263
15
7530
6.2
970
8.9
12756
4851
290
3.61
3.8
28.3
0.47
199
11
2894
11
21.8
602
DK_D
6
A
3.6
336
2.8
9382
5.3
1248
0.85
14845
6101
379
2.95
5.9
27.6
0.51
201
12
4490
11.6
27
697
DK_D
6
A
3.5
246
1.38
11253
5.4
1431
2.46
14368
4350
333
7.77
4.4
26.6
0.23
196
1.68
2470
14
25.9
439
DK_D
6
A
3.8
250
16
10094
6
972
7.8
12650
5446
234
16
4.4
27
0.4
205
3.48
2170
11.9
17.9
590
DK_D
6
A
5.4
311
16
8777
7.2
1403
9
13421
5700
262
0.99
4.4
27.8
0.93
201
2.47
2906
11.1
27.9
728
DK_D
6
A
3.6
264
11
9402
4.5
965
11
13361
5019
285
3.39
4.4
26.7
0.57
189
4.77
2667
8
19.7
654
DK_D
6
A
5
250
13
8346
5.8
1213
10
13325
5435
239
18
5.2
29
0.92
199
14
2266
12
19.9
667
DK_D
6
A
3.6
245
12
8893
6
1180
9.5
12656
5766
233
21
3.8
28.2
0.36
198
11
2554
10.9
21.1
612
DK_D
6
A
4.2
250
4.28
10623
6.4
1112
12
13116
5401
272
14
6.3
28.7
0.66
203
11
2305
12.2
23
553
DK_D
6
A
4.2
214
0.17
8553
6
721
8.9
13480
5025
387
15
4.8
27.6
0.87
187
2.17
2168
9.8
21.9
586
DK_D
6
A
5.2
224
16
11575
5.4
954
8.6
12776
4515
248
18
3.9
27
0.3
199
0.91
2760
11.6
23.3
519
DK_D
6
A
2.9
261
12
9111
5
759
9.4
13433
5036
243
1.5
5.8
28
0.52
204
2.13
2904
11.4
22.9
454
DK_D
6
A
3.6
197
15
9657
5
953
6.7
11824
5142
238
18
6.2
29.2
1.6
208
0.69
2410
11.3
21.7
560
DK_D
6
A
3
219
19
10790
5.9
1190
0.05
13165
4564
215
19
5
27.6
0.73
198
2.27
2096
11.1
20.2
615
DK_D
6
A
3.8
213
11
10495
5.7
1291
9.2
12879
5205
211
15
5.9
26.3
0.67
191
2.56
2297
9.4
19.3
476
DK_D
6
A
4.8
252
2.39
11820
6.4
895
9.7
14146
5730
230
1.08
4.7
28.6
0.31
206
12
2990
11.5
19.5
620
DK_D
6
A
0.88
209
13
45.74
4.1
1077
7
12433
6266
265
16
7
25.9
0.75
169
4.29
3237
7.7
15.9
479
DK_D
6
A
1.13
200
13
301.54
3.8
1397
6
12499
5572
333
17
6.8
25.9
0.69
174
0.31
3000
9.6
21.2
464
DK_D
6
A
4.4
178
13
4655
4.4
976
7
11785
4610
300
7.49
4.4
26.3
0.46
180
3.42
1932
9.9
21.7
504
DK_D
6
A
1.1
254
29
325.81
4.1
997
8
9794
5287
309
7.47
1.02
24.3
0.54
206
4.15
2048
10.9
20.1
508
150
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_D
6
A
4.2
247
0.86
8209
5.8
991
6.4
13239
5330
339
2.66
5
27.1
0.57
184
4.97
2189
9.2
19.7
458
DK_D
6
A
3.5
269
3.58
7528
5.2
549
8.4
12511
5105
365
5.25
4.8
27.6
0.38
193
13
2227
11.1
21
451
DK_D
6
A
3.2
162
16
4671
3.8
709
2.26
11112
4546
288
17
3.4
23.6
0.98
180
11
1829
9.5
20.2
424
DK_D
6
A
0.6
337
20
5189
4.7
2106
15
16123
4990
438
5.81
5.3
26.7
0.25
194
1.21
4712
10
25.7
680
DK_D
6
A
3.9
232
18
8953
3.9
740
10
12875
5486
296
6.31
4.3
28.6
0.27
189
1.01
2467
11.4
17.8
593
DK_D
6
A
4.8
314
12
9742
4.5
1579
6.2
13967
5758
352
16
3.7
27.9
0.15
200
2.04
3369
12.9
26.6
648
DK_D
6
A
5.7
245
5.55
9837
5.9
878
8.2
12797
4911
298
5.92
4.1
28.7
0.85
202
2.5
2470
12.1
17.7
542
DK_D
6
A
3
285
15
9099
3.5
854
5.7
12733
6210
307
14
5
26.7
0.35
188
9
2795
10.8
21.2
501
DK_D
6
A
4.3
191
14
8567
5.3
1021
3.1
12459
4733
308
21
4.8
29.3
0.64
189
1.44
2205
11.1
23.4
479
DK_D
6
A
3.7
223
5.3
11883
6.3
1134
14
12768
5048
251
28
6.2
26.5
0.46
203
0.43
2030
11.6
21
751
DK_D
6
A
3.8
226
13
10394
6.6
1030
10.3
14499
5326
405
16
6.4
25.7
0.72
201
1.71
2853
11.8
19.5
748
DK_D
6
A
3.7
264
12
8819
5.9
933
6.9
12206
5727
301
16
4.4
26.6
0.1
179
5.32
2064
10.8
20.8
484
DK_D
6
A
3.6
242
6.81
8924
3.7
876
7
12722
5092
329
22
5.4
29.3
0.13
185
9
2453
9.8
21.6
464
DK_D
6
A
5.4
323
0.9
11686
5.5
1725
11
14434
5401
342
4.76
3.06
26.1
0.91
203
15
3594
13.4
25.6
595
DK_D
6
A
3.3
200
25
9544
5.4
963
8.2
12596
5279
264
16
4.1
26.2
0.21
200
2.13
2236
11
21.9
626
DK_D
6
A
4.4
175
2.84
11712
5.7
859
7.1
12830
4527
248
18
4.2
27.7
0.33
207
11
2090
11.6
19.3
676
DK_D
6
A
4.3
193
19
10413
5.8
772
11.9
11767
4982
281
20
4.2
27.7
1.7
190
0.63
1908
11.5
15.6
558
DK_D
6
A
4.1
240
11
9990
6.3
823
10.1
13291
5388
407
14
7.2
26.9
0.87
187
14
2938
12.6
25.2
632
DK_D
6
A
5.2
236
16
14582
7
1036
9.5
13840
5387
349
25
4
26
0.09
207
14
2713
12.8
22.6
700
DK_D
6
A
4.1
197
14
13324
6.6
1236
6.7
11459
5769
318
30
3.9
29.8
0.43
196
4.84
1782
14.1
22.9
577
DK_D
6
A
4.2
255
22
13084
5.6
1090
7.3
12302
4666
240
26
1.32
26.5
1.5
211
2.38
1637
11
18.2
606
DK_D
6
A
4.5
221
6.26
5031
5.1
1025
7.2
12389
4735
240
6.06
4.5
26.8
0.82
176
3.25
2123
8.8
17.9
489
DK_D
6
A
4.6
248
6.16
7473
4.9
902
8.5
11679
4532
264
16
3.9
27
0.97
173
1.63
1819
9.2
17.3
424
DK_D
6
A
3.7
253
12
7335
4.9
813
9.1
12771
5091
289
21
3.6
24
0.37
185
0.9
2148
9.4
18.1
504
DK_D
6
A
4.5
209
12
7202
3.8
1003
8.7
10826
4036
264
16
2.23
24.4
0.23
172
4.24
1843
7.6
21.3
450
DK_D
6
A
3.3
228
3
9198
6.4
1003
10.2
11854
5005
343
3.37
5.1
26.8
0.57
179
0.43
1979
10.1
22.5
419
151
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_D
6
A
3.3
198
5.02
9242
4.9
1256
1.18
11934
5536
242
5.31
4.3
27.3
0.05
180
9
1818
10.9
22.6
555
DK_D
6
A
2.9
219
13
1943
4.4
1114
7.8
12525
5569
314
17
5.4
25.5
0.13
180
2.63
3015
10
21.3
474
DK_D
6
A
2.9
196
14
6737
5
1114
7.6
11493
5141
274
14
5.4
26.4
0.79
179
2.16
1704
11
18.3
353
DK_D
6
A
4.3
229
13
8137
3.7
495
5.8
11592
4551
357
18
1.11
27.3
0.77
182
3.79
2078
9.7
17
401
DK_D
6
A
4.1
258
1.96
8482
3.8
1142
9.5
11343
4847
262
17
4.5
25.7
0.94
173
9
2260
10.5
21.3
436
DK_D
6
A
3
251
20
11454
5.1
839
7.2
11389
4712
286
13
4.2
24.8
0.89
184
2.82
1905
10.8
22.6
397
DK_D
6
A
4.9
264
3.73
10918
6.3
1333
10.3
13199
6326
261
5.43
4.3
29.1
0.38
191
1.21
2723
13.1
21.1
531
DK_D
6
A
4.5
195
3.57
10291
4.1
793
8
11286
4990
281
23
4.7
26.1
0.3
186
0.31
1835
10.2
22.4
586
DK_D
6
A
2.08
333
17
6351
4
1132
9
12119
4795
294
23
4.9
21.8
0.96
183
11
2835
13.2
20.5
754
DK_D
6
A
4.6
235
3.19
8200
5.9
798
7.4
11691
5648
266
6.96
3.7
28
0.46
183
4.76
2112
7.3
17.2
465
DK_D
6
A
5.8
199
3.12
10982
6.3
1071
8.1
11774
4241
248
14
1.4
26
0.75
179
0.77
2045
8.2
17.6
431
DK_D
6
A
5.1
253
12
10473
5.6
1022
7
13161
4908
380
22
3.5
29
0.34
189
10
2277
9.7
20
537
DK_D
6
A
4.5
295
11
10455
5.8
1232
0.31
11422
4951
286
1.92
4.4
26.2
0.43
178
14
1959
11.3
24.6
422
DK_D
6
A
4.4
162
5.18
10130
5
1041
5.7
11027
5093
272
17
1.62
26.4
0.16
175
5.33
1740
9.9
17.9
319
DK_D
6
A
4.3
192
17
10616
5.1
1009
8.3
10886
4729
304
25
2.33
27.7
0.65
173
1.68
2480
9.7
19.6
431
DK_D
6
A
4.6
240
20
11367
5.4
749
7.4
11941
3975
264
31
3.9
26.4
0.19
179
1.15
1552
10.8
20.9
395
DK_D
6
A
2.64
215
16
11454
5
1254
9.5
12458
4547
254
20
4.1
26.2
0.96
168
4.51
2563
9.8
25.1
544
DK_D
6
A
2.76
219
12
12176
4.8
987
8.8
12109
3848
240
20
5
27.5
0.24
188
2.04
2628
10
18.9
428
DK_D
6
A
5.4
197
2.12
11702
4.4
903
6.2
11636
4677
251
19
3.7
27.4
0.28
174
1.36
2331
12.5
19.8
443
DK_D
6
A
4.4
249
14
12446
5.4
1319
8.2
13003
4542
271
19
4.9
26.8
0.98
181
1.82
2499
14.8
22.7
625
DK_D
6
A
4.2
236
0.18
499.28
7.1
1562
9
14357
6402
224
7.43
4.6
27.2
0.83
168
4.53
3519
10.1
22.3
646
DK_D
6
A
4.1
253
15
2654
5.1
882
6.9
11274
5910
218
16
4.9
25.6
0.31
184
3.76
2878
8.8
17.5
378
DK_D
6
A
3.4
267
17
8205
3.5
1111
7.5
10331
6075
193
2.43
4.2
25.7
0.75
180
4.71
2511
7.8
17.7
249
DK_D
6
A
3.9
202
0.07
8578
4.6
757
8.2
9184
6015
159
20
5.1
29
0.61
189
2.86
1842
10
15.9
422
DK_D
6
A
5.4
245
15
9450
5.7
1058
9
14236
5979
244
18
5.3
29.8
0.11
213
0.59
2730
9.6
19.8
719
DK_D
6
A
3.8
303
23
10430
5.9
1944
11
15196
5807
333
5.95
4.2
26.2
0.42
209
0.6
4964
12.7
25.5
621
152
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_D
6
A
3.6
231
12
7251
4
843
8.6
9679
6449
302
17
5.9
25.9
0.25
174
5.12
1987
9.6
11.6
345
DK_D
6
A
5.7
283
3.38
11857
5.2
1244
9
13130
4921
323
15
5.3
28.1
0.05
198
5.26
3144
11.2
22.4
493
DK_D
6
A
3.8
237
13
10327
6.5
1147
8.2
13160
5485
291
1.3
4.7
26.6
0.21
214
0.23
2520
12.3
24.7
709
DK_D
6
A
5.5
239
16
11023
5.4
1151
10.5
13129
6090
244
27
3.8
29.3
0.58
177
9
3150
8.8
18.6
508
DK_D
6
A
3.6
206
14
10189
4.4
961
1.23
12131
5242
286
23
5.2
29.7
0.27
204
4.37
2065
10.2
20.3
553
DK_D
6
A
0.54
241
21
12182
6.6
1571
10
11942
4793
291
22
5
25.8
0.81
212
3.92
2586
11.5
21.3
637
DK_D
6
A
3.3
228
14
10156
5.4
1086
7.9
11323
6063
230
28
7.6
27.7
0.7
195
1.23
2422
9.9
18.9
403
DK_D
6
A
6.2
246
14
11050
5.1
683
0.2
9704
5643
186
19
1.41
28.3
0.08
179
4.41
1637
9.6
16.7
316
DK_D
6
A
5.8
230
4.57
11620
4.5
1968
7
13516
5353
324
29
4.8
28.8
0.27
205
4.8
3768
9.4
24.7
544
DK_D
6
A
4.7
304
13
13025
5.3
2133
11
14070
5992
298
26
4.6
29.7
0.61
205
3.29
2746
10
22.7
414
DK_D
6
A
3.7
314
14
14168
6.9
2197
13
16094
5803
393
19
4.9
25.9
0.79
198
10
4198
14.9
23.8
578
DK_D
6
A
0.54
277
15
11128
4.4
1326
7.9
11133
6845
257
25
6.7
28.9
0.99
193
4.34
2107
10.5
18.3
558
DK_D
6
A
3.8
327
22
15926
6.6
1258
6.7
13509
6454
326
26
0.91
27.7
0.05
182
0.13
3131
10.8
21.4
418
DK_D
6
A
6.3
279
14
11403
5.5
1537
9.2
11245
6911
221
23
4.1
26.2
0.41
207
0.48
2334
12.3
21.5
455
DK_D
6
A
4.7
250
17
8760
4.9
1569
6.2
10794
4553
201
21
3.6
24.2
0.43
169
3.92
2385
7.3
19.8
326
DK_D
6
A
3.1
237
21
13957
6
1617
10.5
13097
5346
245
37
6.9
26.8
0.68
189
0.73
3821
11.4
19.6
596
DK_D
6
A
3.9
232
5.02
10822
4.3
1114
9.6
10864
5161
260
42
4.4
26.8
0.19
190
2.14
2521
9.6
15.7
433
DK_D
6
A
4.9
320
2.11
14909
5.9
1703
7.1
13873
5045
280
33
5.7
25.5
0.05
204
13
3126
10.4
24.9
406
DK_C
6
A
4.3
322
25
190.46
5.4
1058
14.1
18634
6035
318
21
8.5
34.1
0.42
189
8.5
3944
11.2
26.4
708
DK_C
6
A
5.4
254
21
3027
5.6
1615
12.5
15821
6120
323
36
6.4
32.1
1
243
14
3222
14.6
27.7
663
DK_C
6
A
5.8
286
13
4136
5
1192
10.3
16678
6286
343
24
6.4
31.1
0.22
210
7.4
3640
11.1
22.2
595
DK_C
6
A
2.86
161
45
391.89
4
579
9.5
8900
5269
359
77
5.5
25.6
0.74
212
7.8
2920
11.4
13.3
593
DK_C
6
A
4.5
303
23
4910
3.3
1361
11.8
18935
6715
572
31
6.8
33.6
0.05
202
8
3570
11.2
25.9
453
DK_C
6
A
5
158
0.1
3455
3.7
40
4.3
7530
6000
99
2.51
5.7
32.2
0.82
188
5.04
656
6.8
12.3
143
DK_C
6
A
4.4
161
10
5525
3.9
204
1.85
8901
6972
120
14
5.9
31.6
0.29
200
7.2
1038
9.6
13.4
160
DK_C
6
A
6.3
213
11
9895
5.5
308
7.6
10728
7591
187
14
5.2
32.8
1.3
217
15
1274
11.8
17
572
153
Site
Unit
LU
Soil
As
Ba
Bi
Ca
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Pb
Rb
Se
Sr
Th
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK_C
6
A
6.1
174
5.57
7455
3.7
68
5.7
9698
6118
133
21
4.2
31.6
0.18
231
10
1056
9.6
14.5
481
DK_C
6
A
4.1
144
7
4895
4
21
5.2
7783
6452
105
8
6.6
32.8
0.42
204
6.8
776
8.2
12.1
270
DK_C
6
A
5.3
228
15
8637
5.8
529
9.6
13796
6007
202
20
6.1
32.4
0.28
233
7.3
1591
11.3
19
265
DK_C
6
A
5.6
251
2.06
8328
5.4
784
7.3
16240
6542
307
19
5.7
34.9
0.02
236
2.73
2636
15
25.8
781
DK_C
6
A
7.3
290
14
10756
9
1502
15.6
21413
6804
473
4.72
5
34.6
1.2
258
15
3418
20.6
36.6
1634
DK_C
6
A
6.2
274
11
7007
7.5
954
10.9
16209
6939
293
14
5.9
35.8
1.3
212
12
2330
14.4
25.7
846
DK_C
6
A
5.2
268
14
6128
6.9
1112
11.1
17770
5946
356
7.97
7
31.5
1.3
217
1.97
3157
14.8
26.1
849
DK_C
6
A
5.7
176
9
10248
4.6
302
7.8
12732
6165
255
13
6.2
30.7
0.07
243
13
1754
14.4
21
561
DK_C
6
A
6.3
184
5.94
8016
3.4
249
6.2
11470
5700
201
14
5
31.4
1.2
206
8.3
1147
9.8
18.1
333
DK_C
6
A
4.9
169
3.98
4931
4.1
226
4.8
9567
6909
122
4.19
5
33.9
0.02
205
5.9
848
8.3
13.9
161
DK_C
6
A
4.4
175
10
4794
4.1
122
6.7
10305
6332
142
9
6.4
33.1
0.38
199
10
1242
9.7
15.6
328
DK_C
6
A
4
186
6.9
6612
6.5
229
6.2
12660
7690
282
3.66
8
33.2
0.82
255
19
1493
15
17.3
922
154
Appendix D: The PXRF standards ran before and during soil sample readings to check for device drift and error.
Date
3/27/2012
3/27/2012
9/23/2012
9/23/2012
9/23/2012
9/23/2012
9/23/2012
9/23/2012
1/13/2015
1/13/2015
1/13/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/14/2015
1/15/2015
1/15/2015
1/15/2015
Standard
NIST_2710a
NIST_2711a
bcr1
bcr1
g2
g2
rgm1
rgm1
NIST_612
NIST_2711a
NIST_2710a
NIST_612
NIST_612
NIST_612
NIST_2711a
NIST_2711a
NIST_2711a
NIST_2710a
NIST_2710a
NIST_2710a
NIST_612
NIST_2711a
NIST_2710a
Ag
44
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
24
<LOD
46
23
24
27
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
49
52
49
22
<LOD
38
As
1610
59
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
4.1
8.9
39.5
92
1603
41.4
36.7
38.1
92
92
91
1584
1572
1597
38.5
80
1609
Ba
694
206
1842
1922
983
1000
350
49
136
475
581
133
149
137
483
519
475
609
631
559
128
513
584
Bi
86
<LOD
84
38
<LOD
<LOD
10
<LOD
22
19
80
17
23
19
20
12
23
79
73
82
19
19
81
Ca
<LOD
22792
79878
78083
7810
7000
6030
17272
101858
23967
<LOD
101509
102638
102796
23125
23366
23735
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
101771
23341
<LOD
Cd
22
37
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
11
<LOD
40
67
<LOD
42
39
42
64
60
69
20
21
20
43
64
13
Cl
<LOD
116
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
168
259
527
<LOD
<LOD
470
518
480
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
459
<LOD
354
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Hg
K
Mn
17.9
28 3392 48581 <LOD 26491 2265
5.7
22
62 12674 <LOD 9729 226
36.3 <LOD 31.3 98470 <LOD 24409 1535
27.2 <LOD 20.5 70224 <LOD 24194 1578
6.8
37 12.5 15216
4.3 32250 198
6.8
40 11.8 14594
5.3 32660 186
4.5
17 12.4 9756
5.7 26112 209
1.8 14.5 <LOD 3705 <LOD 3034 69.4
3.2
37
73
152
63
598
70
12.3
32
132 24631
11 24370 586
18.5
24 3421 48484
15 26588 2251
3
35
70
161
64
528
69
3.1
33
72
174
61
534
71
2.9
36
71
158
58
544
71
12.6
37
131 24686 11.5 24360 574
11.9
33
133 24669 10.8 24788 580
13
31
126 24644 12.4 24176 574
16.3
15 3399 48425
18 26388 2252
18.8
13 3401 48263
21 27621 2330
16.8
18 3446 48770 <LOD 27017 2318
2.9
37
69
181
57
607
75
10.8
30
132 24858 11.9 24556 589
16.7
17 3446 48955
18 26673 2352
155
Standard
NIST_2710a
NIST_2711a
bcr1
bcr1
g2
g2
rgm1
rgm1
NIST_612
NIST_2711a
NIST_2710a
NIST_612
NIST_612
NIST_612
NIST_2711a
NIST_2711a
NIST_2711a
NIST_2710a
NIST_2710a
NIST_2710a
NIST_612
NIST_2711a
NIST_2710a
Ni
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
94
<LOD
<LOD
96
93
96
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
96
<LOD
<LOD
P
<LOD
<LOD
10316
12181
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
Pb
5494
644
10.7
4.8
32.6
30.5
20.4
7.7
33.4
1405
5507
34.3
37.9
36.2
1405
1405
1398
5487
5529
5538
37.4
1406
5540
Rb
116
58.4
45.1
32.7
186.1
182.2
157.2
57.7
35.7
125.7
117.2
36.4
34.7
37.2
124.9
125.8
123.1
115.7
116.1
115.1
36.2
123.4
115.1
S
20744
695
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
345
<LOD
1525
20237
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
1310
933
1372
21362
22557
21456
<LOD
1087
20238
Sb
65
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
18
<LOD
<LOD
43
42
44
43
37
55
31
39
37
55
63
51
46
30
60
Se
<LOD
<LOD
3.7
1.4
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
19.8
<LOD
<LOD
20.1
20.2
20
<LOD
2.4
2.8
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
20.2
2.6
<LOD
Sn
34
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
51
19
30
54
58
59
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
21
<LOD
24
47
<LOD
32
Sr
Th
277
20
144
13
365
14
363
10
514
33
490
39
102.9 21.5
61.4 10.9
80.2
70
241
22
277
22
78
70
76.3
74
77.6
74
232
23
237
24
244
22
270
24
271
17
277
21
79.8
64
238
25
270
19
Ti
3765
1208
20557
20187
2266
2096
1232
140
<LOD
2688
3241
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
2634
2605
2690
3219
3410
3477
<LOD
2712
3445
U
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
36.3
<LOD
<LOD
34
37.1
36.2
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
37
<LOD
<LOD
W
218
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
143
<LOD
220
156
148
147
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
207
187
217
148
<LOD
201
Y
27
18
34.2
36
8.2
6.9
20.5
11.4
38.8
31.6
26
39.5
37.7
37.6
32.4
31.4
31.2
23
26
23
39.3
29.8
23
Zn
Zr
4252
315
179
255
102
266
105.5
256
145
450
74.8
450
29.5
297
195 177.6
45 52.8
370
408
4207
302
46.8 53.3
45.9 50.7
45.9
52
376
406
380
406
374
415
4189
305
4198
302
4229
299
45.4 54.6
380
409
4262
299
156
Appendix E: All PXRF raw, uncalibrated data of readings from the auger units at 35CS9. MASL is meters above sea level.
MASL
Bottom
13.32
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A01-010-020
MASL
Top
13.42
166
325
12.2
9973
6515
173
12
32.4
186
1316
6.8
18.1
196
DK-A01-020-030
13.32
13.22
223
711
13.1
12661
6988
238
20
30.8
194
1516
9.1
21.1
177
DK-A01-030-040
13.22
13.12
157
125
6
9245
6328
153
12
31.3
180
985
7
13.8
152
DK-A01-040-050
13.12
13.02
212
294
5.3
10990
7690
192
14
36.5
207
1189
11.3
17
543
DK-A01-050-060
13.02
12.92
179
301
4.5
10011
6820
146
9
30.4
184
1216
7.3
13.6
141
DK-A01-060-070
12.92
12.82
520
4550
18.1
23960
7120
721
15
30.7
230
7758
16.5
41.8
982
DK-A01-070-080
12.82
12.72
593
2847
24.9
30663
7876
631
30
39.1
242
8557
16
50
1292
DK-A01-080-090
12.72
12.62
493
2940
42.2
32104
7575
587
31
41.9
214
6695
16.3
49.1
1393
DK-A01-090-100
12.62
12.52
468
1950
31.1
35559
7910
553
30
50
203
6768
13.9
46.7
1047
DK-A01-100-110
12.52
12.42
454
1907
40.1
37186
6706
644
31
50.9
176
6364
12.2
56.2
814
DK-A01-110-120
12.42
12.32
431
1268
48.1
36134
6242
623
38
50.3
154
6068
10.8
55.1
692
DK-A01-120-130
12.32
12.22
436
1539
48.7
38992
6159
547
40
46.9
144.6
5985
12.1
58.1
478
DK-A01-130-140
12.22
12.12
456
949
54.6
40728
6674
431
33
46.1
129.8
6738
10.5
55.5
589
DK-A01-140-150
12.12
12.02
467
846
63
38312
6159
353
14
43
124.2
5714
9.5
57.2
366
DK-A01-150-160
12.02
11.92
488
600
41.4
38800
6522
294
18
41.9
122.4
6050
12.5
48.8
514
DK-A01-160-170
11.92
11.82
461
809
53.5
40286
6303
307
27
38.8
117.1
6246
12.3
51.6
534
DK-A01-170-180
11.82
11.72
407
463
47.5
38534
5894
337
30
40.5
131.6
6229
18.6
48.7
492
DK-A01-180-190
11.72
11.62
485
572
61
41809
6136
205
1.43
36.5
103.1
5979
11.8
53
412
DK-A01-190-200
11.62
11.52
417
900
31.8
40630
5869
211
32
37.1
119.1
6002
12.4
42.9
362
DK-A01-200-210
11.52
11.42
534
576
59
41317
6753
220
30
38.6
104.1
6276
12.5
51.7
363
DK-A01-210-220
11.42
11.32
412
644
48.4
37872
5923
174
30
36.2
102.7
5599
11.3
41.4
527
DK-A01-220-230
11.32
11.22
386
592
30.2
37282
7133
239
37
43.3
156
5707
12.1
42.8
445
DK-A01-230-240
11.22
11.12
388
447
31.4
26466
8064
275
52
39.3
183
4961
9.5
37.1
271
Auger
157
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A01-240-250
11.12
11.02
371
904
19.8
24704
8517
296
54
36.9
234
5153
10.1
30.2
282
DK-A01-250-260
11.02
10.92
428
937
35.3
26024
8282
317
51
39.2
206
5426
9.2
40.1
480
DK-A02-000-010
14.56
14.46
199
538
19.4
9980
6112
275
9
27
178
1539
7.9
19.8
188
DK-A02-010-020
14.46
14.36
187
370
18.7
9447
6122
140
11
30.7
177
1374
8.1
20.2
176
DK-A02-020-030
14.36
14.26
310
1609
18.4
14619
7469
436
17
29.7
182
5003
8.8
24.1
285
DK-A02-030-040
14.26
14.16
235
1710
7.8
13544
6760
357
13
29.2
216
3168
11.3
22.2
255
DK-A02-040-050
14.16
14.06
368
2804
18.7
17647
7125
486
12
32.6
221
5667
11.7
30.4
1127
DK-A02-050-060
14.06
13.96
290
2041
20.7
15726
7254
448
7.61
31.5
209
3540
11.7
27.9
585
DK-A02-060-070
13.96
13.86
229
1049
15.4
11104
6171
201
3.64
27.3
177
2675
9.4
18.6
520
DK-A02-070-080
13.86
13.76
353
2697
14.1
17561
6282
365
14
29
216
6026
10.9
28
632
DK-A02-080-090
13.76
13.66
389
2499
18.5
18436
6881
322
19
29.4
223
6172
13.5
32.2
1449
DK-A02-090-100
13.66
13.56
484
6205
18
24186
8205
601
18
29.9
214
9774
15.4
45.6
1146
DK-A02-100-110
13.56
13.46
342
2491
23.2
17683
6705
573
19
30.4
228
4802
14.1
59.3
569
DK-A02-110-120
13.46
13.36
295
1137
20.5
15411
6759
559
21
32.7
225
2571
12.3
26.4
414
DK-A02-120-130
13.36
13.26
293
2150
9.9
17427
7111
638
24
29.9
253
3112
13.3
31.6
274
DK-A02-130-140
13.26
13.16
356
2901
13.9
19715
7759
518
14
32.4
224
5749
11.8
30.3
777
DK-A02-140-150
13.16
13.06
466
3032
22.1
27067
7108
595
28
40.6
220
8154
15
43.4
1258
DK-A02-150-160
13.06
12.96
501
2430
45.1
28735
7186
618
27
42.1
220
9080
15.4
42.6
1066
DK-A02-160-170
12.96
12.86
363
1288
48
24926
6258
522
20
46.7
193
5682
12
42
583
DK-A02-170-180
12.86
12.76
421
1189
88
28291
6650
501
25
54.4
162
6092
12.8
55.9
561
DK-A02-180-190
12.76
12.66
385
643
52.2
24821
5706
361
17
47.3
135.1
6056
10.4
50.4
505
DK-A02-190-200
12.66
12.56
363
630
54.5
21663
5515
236
7.94
43
114.3
5494
9.8
44.1
408
DK-A02-200-210
12.56
12.46
423
598
46.4
21658
5719
157
5.47
42.5
157
5751
10.4
34.4
444
DK-A02-210-220
12.46
12.36
345
344
62
21734
5424
149
0.85
39.7
101.4
5176
9
37.8
345
DK-A02-220-230
12.36
12.26
323
640
31.1
25088
6216
138
3.51
39.2
121
5019
10
26.2
392
DK-A02-230-240
12.26
12.16
351
937
45.6
27574
6325
191
1.32
39
126.8
6202
9.3
33.1
414
158
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A02-240-250
12.16
12.06
539
808
71
42080
7217
251
23
40.4
150
7141
7.8
44.6
659
DK-A03-010-020
13.17
13.07
336
1877
28.9
15374
7328
458
14
34.1
201
5164
9.3
28.8
546
DK-A03-020-030
13.07
12.87
351
2687
14.1
17514
6078
662
17
30.6
198
4902
9.7
31.3
658
DK-A03-040-050
12.87
12.77
355
2508
15.3
17237
5967
535
7.45
27.8
216
4472
12.8
29.5
546
DK-A03-050-070
12.77
12.57
437
3537
47.2
25424
7031
602
26
33.9
246
7206
15.6
49.3
1163
DK-A03-070-080
12.57
12.47
239
933
12.4
11627
5731
344
7.99
24.9
173
3164
8.5
16.9
257
DK-A03-080-090
12.47
12.37
384
3066
31.1
18649
6905
727
12
30.5
224
4300
12.8
37.7
579
DK-A03-090-100
12.37
12.27
283
2303
16.8
16185
6506
755
13
29.4
221
2915
12.9
29.8
544
DK-A03-100-110
12.27
12.07
322
2450
14.7
18365
6807
703
11
31.4
214
6075
12.5
30.2
676
DK-A03-120-130
12.07
11.97
371
3666
26.4
22406
7106
829
21
32.1
243
5571
15.5
36.3
630
DK-A03-130-140
11.97
11.87
328
1168
35.6
16941
7737
504
13
36.5
214
3127
11.2
28.2
498
DK-A03-140-150
11.87
11.77
416
1939
47.4
23505
7484
483
3.18
42.6
220
5658
14.3
39.2
1335
DK-A03-150-160
11.77
11.67
405
2675
31.7
26120
6475
718
16
41.7
185
7343
14.5
40.3
835
DK-A03-160-170
11.67
11.57
507
3867
43.7
24950
7118
604
15
39.7
167
7224
12.4
44
842
DK-A03-170-180
11.57
11.47
398
1894
41.7
23036
6313
396
27
42.6
160
5394
11.6
37.6
507
DK-A03-180-190
11.47
11.37
408
1505
91
25669
6601
242
14
44.8
136.3
6559
11.9
47.3
928
DK-A03-190-200
11.37
11.27
375
1524
51.9
21702
6059
226
13
38.4
117.4
6624
10.8
30.8
603
DK-A03-200-210
11.27
11.17
326
1624
42.1
19189
5206
153
22
35.4
92.9
5291
8.4
25.9
519
DK-A03-210-220
11.17
11.07
307
1386
47.7
19563
5926
288
19
32.9
130.5
5145
9.6
28
582
DK-A04-000-010
13.14
13.04
227
582
16.2
11235
5999
223
9
29.4
199
2404
9
19.6
400
DK-A04-010-020
13.04
12.94
372
2591
18.2
18288
6924
498
20
30.9
201
6222
9.1
28.7
956
DK-A04-020-030
12.94
12.84
425
3219
16.3
23034
6433
751
21
30.8
213
6943
11.9
35.4
1001
DK-A04-030-040
12.84
12.74
786
9050
74
44095
8180
1336
35
34.9
243
19042
19.8
84
3344
DK-A04-040-050
12.74
12.64
703
5267
51
33092
7663
953
21
38.9
221
14007
16.8
52.3
2409
DK-A04-050-060
12.64
12.54
443
2929
27
25964
7476
714
20
34.8
245
6748
14.9
41.9
645
DK-A04-060-070
12.54
12.44
346
2645
19.7
23312
7001
602
22
39
190
4976
11.1
33.2
642
159
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A04-070-080
12.44
12.34
420
2440
29.8
27018
6452
574
21
40.8
192
5704
11.9
37.7
624
DK-A04-080-090
12.34
12.24
400
1620
34
28524
6294
451
32
47.3
139.8
5440
9.1
41.4
737
DK-A04-090-100
12.24
12.14
404
973
72
31112
5780
486
45
46.9
128.8
5837
8.2
46
625
DK-A04-100-110
12.14
12.04
496
3477
41.5
36495
7222
636
41
48.4
162
7768
12.8
55.8
991
DK-A04-110-120
12.04
11.94
461
2207
39.9
33568
6374
573
30
41.7
142.6
6266
12.7
44.9
754
DK-A04-120-130
11.94
11.84
392
1401
19.5
28965
6540
386
38
37.4
118.8
6821
8.8
30.5
693
DK-A04-130-140
11.84
11.74
482
3432
32.4
25905
6845
503
33
33.7
141.2
7233
11.8
37.3
902
DK-A04-140-150
11.74
11.64
347
1174
18.8
18593
6326
177
35
35.9
124.1
4689
8.6
23.3
563
DK-A04-150-160
11.64
11.54
321
982
24.6
16756
6353
156
27
34.6
129.3
4342
7.3
23.1
511
DK-A04-160-170
11.54
11.44
454
3473
56.9
23676
7517
539
43
34
157
9531
12.1
47.5
977
DK-A05-000-010
12.96
12.86
236
831
99
15583
5723
371
12
30.9
202
3362
11.9
50.5
732
DK-A05-010-020
12.86
12.76
336
2236
17.3
17562
7939
476
3.8
31.1
221
4307
12.8
32.8
1085
DK-A05-020-030
12.76
12.66
314
1282
33.7
17102
6366
486
10
29.7
207
4595
13.6
32.2
574
DK-A05-030-040
12.66
12.56
447
2631
30.7
22612
6946
729
16
33.6
208
9153
13.9
38.2
1217
DK-A05-040-050
12.56
12.46
377
2487
18.3
19304
7058
677
15
34.1
206
4805
11
33.3
664
DK-A05-050-060
12.46
12.36
229
1191
13.5
11541
7117
450
9
29
177
2068
9.5
19.2
475
DK-A05-060-070
12.36
12.26
350
1954
14.6
17057
6969
444
12
28.9
219
4097
10.4
27.7
434
DK-A05-070-080
12.26
12.16
378
2243
22.1
18565
6638
894
21
31.8
224
4547
16.2
37.9
464
DK-A05-080-090
12.16
12.06
419
2467
30.2
22997
7536
813
18
34.5
238
6584
15.2
39.5
1242
DK-A05-090-100
12.06
11.96
271
1696
15.4
14854
6303
522
7.86
29.9
195
3757
11.8
28.7
390
DK-A05-100-110
11.96
11.86
1781
15258
113
77411
12045
2839
7.76
43.9
215
39616
21.7
126
7009
DK-A05-110-120
11.86
11.76
378
1637
24.3
23947
7445
588
19
44.3
194
6595
13.6
37.2
811
DK-A05-120-130
11.76
11.66
397
1647
36.8
21522
6107
387
18
45.2
161
5596
8.7
37.5
654
DK-A05-130-140
11.66
11.56
360
1757
45.5
21350
5874
427
25
44.6
137
5940
11.5
39
806
DK-A05-140-150
11.56
11.46
340
1146
53.8
20899
5773
307
21
42.7
137.2
6851
10.4
38.4
899
DK-A05-150-160
11.46
11.36
345
2277
42.3
22563
5622
343
22
40.3
145.4
6075
7.9
32.4
790
160
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A05-160-170
11.36
11.26
286
1621
30.8
19913
4775
329
25
34.8
143.6
6625
7.4
26
608
DK-A06-000-010
12.9
12.8
200
989
18.7
11625
6436
242
12
31.5
220
2027
11.2
29.8
486
DK-A06-010-020
12.8
12.7
269
2020
11.7
13648
6429
477
15
28
176
2661
11.9
23.5
227
DK-A06-020-030
12.7
12.6
220
720
17.6
9434
7032
169
13
33.3
182
1505
5.6
19.3
95.8
DK-A06-030-040
12.6
12.5
192
165
9.8
7728
7402
103
1.81
35
149.7
1526
3.7
11.5
105.4
DK-A06-040-050
12.5
12.4
222
362
9.8
10617
5978
303
17
31
144.3
2006
5.4
14.9
129.7
DK-A06-050-060
12.4
12.3
196
173
17.8
7550
5619
267
11
29.7
104.4
1266
4.4
14.7
159
DK-A06-060-070
12.3
12.2
241
647
12.3
13008
5918
535
18
34.4
153.7
2605
7
24.7
207
DK-A06-070-080
12.2
12.1
275
829
17.7
14047
6098
528
15
34.4
193
3283
8.2
27
331
DK-A06-080-090
12.1
12
325
1721
30.7
17095
7061
418
12
35.6
176
4632
12.1
31.3
726
DK-A06-090-100
12
11.9
370
1432
21.4
19656
6670
496
12
32.8
228
5291
12.7
31.5
582
DK-A06-100-110
11.9
11.8
258
1114
16.9
13831
6318
370
14
33
203
3295
10
21.4
420
DK-A06-110-120
11.8
11.7
345
1789
17.8
15561
6982
345
5.02
32.4
214
4240
11.5
29.9
505
DK-A06-120-130
11.7
11.6
400
1596
27.1
17007
7216
323
4.15
33.5
198
6433
10
27.8
972
DK-A06-130-140
11.6
11.4
312
1625
20.1
13769
6431
266
5.05
34.7
175
5562
11.8
22.5
642
DK-A06-150-160
11.4
11.3
297
1402
29.4
13383
7034
309
7.92
33.5
210
4964
11.4
24.6
434
DK-A06-160-170
11.3
11.2
316
549
98
13007
5667
194
4.1
34.4
123.2
4537
7.4
27.8
413
DK-A06-170-180
11.2
11.1
360
548
93
14941
5630
203
13
34.6
129.8
5085
11
30.2
562
DK-A06-180-190
11.1
11
425
1642
68.1
10454
5751
226
17
32.8
150.6
5237
9.5
30.5
618
DK-A06-190-200
11
10.9
324
2230
39.2
9884
6015
243
5.31
30.2
147.8
5132
7.9
22.9
643
DK-A08-000-010
13.47
13.37
275
1391
23.6
14015
6777
538
12
29.6
210
3241
12.4
27.7
517
DK-A08-010-020
13.37
13.27
280
2033
27.1
16787
5913
443
3.17
30.7
212
3769
13.5
34.6
602
DK-A08-020-030
13.27
13.17
200
490
20.9
10842
5909
224
2.01
28.4
148.6
1526
7.1
19.1
230
DK-A08-030-040
13.17
13.07
289
1283
13.6
13738
7367
234
2.63
31.8
200
3585
11.6
19
844
DK-A08-040-050
13.07
12.97
216
1604
7.9
12896
5839
317
11
25.8
204
2511
10.6
19.6
313
DK-A08-050-060
12.97
12.87
332
1814
17.4
14404
6461
471
14
30.6
186
5246
9
21.1
576
161
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A08-060-070
12.87
12.77
152
245
11.2
9298
6375
206
9
31
194
1069
8.9
13.8
126.9
DK-A08-070-080
12.77
12.67
230
2452
12.2
13035
6152
316
5.59
23.8
173
2784
7.9
22.6
247
DK-A08-080-090
12.67
12.57
441
1537
31.3
15943
7768
339
7.06
35.5
213
4610
11.6
24.4
768
DK-A08-090-100
12.57
12.47
327
1889
18.2
11258
6570
325
6.96
32
205
4023
10.7
21.5
449
DK-A08-100-110
12.47
12.37
368
3116
35.7
13898
5069
519
0.12
33.4
182
6895
12.7
33.4
663
DK-A08-110-120
12.37
12.27
273
1981
11.5
14863
7038
269
0.52
30.3
248
3239
10.4
23.8
341
DK-A08-120-130
12.27
12.17
319
530
41.1
5992
4418
90
7.27
31.6
73.8
5903
11.3
21.2
442
DK-A08-130-140
12.17
12.07
528
968
121
9383
5580
159
0.67
47.3
101.9
9491
14.4
48.6
954
DK-A08-140-150
12.07
11.97
363
1256
53.4
10549
5684
239
4.02
35.8
160
7506
13.5
32.9
694
DK-A09-000-010
11.31
11.21
155
628
15.4
8166
5398
166
1.82
28.2
181
1294
6.8
17.4
153
DK-A09-010-020
11.21
11.11
390
2565
20.6
18177
6917
554
20
31.7
192
7020
12.6
29.3
981
DK-A09-020-030
11.11
11.01
228
1023
11.3
11282
6823
183
1.62
30.9
211
2711
9.5
17.2
647
DK-A09-030-040
11.01
10.91
232
425
7.7
9439
7054
246
10
32.6
205
868
7.4
13.8
115.3
DK-A09-040-050
10.91
10.81
322
3076
15.6
16329
5866
286
12
27.7
187
5125
8.5
25.5
514
DK-A09-050-060
10.81
10.71
426
2369
28.6
21437
6528
462
24
35.7
207
6055
14.8
32.3
873
DK-A09-060-070
10.71
10.61
482
2675
53.7
31177
6523
772
36
47.6
171
7473
10.9
46.3
979
DK-A09-070-080
10.61
10.51
373
1258
40.8
23629
6302
409
36
45
142.1
4872
6.9
32.3
387
DK-A09-080-090
10.51
10.41
521
2140
87
36509
7115
595
52
53.4
151
7092
10.5
54.2
936
DK-A09-090-100
10.41
10.31
439
1547
44.7
23448
7681
420
59
41.7
127.7
5580
7.5
33.1
435
DK-A09-100-110
10.31
10.21
416
1212
23.7
27148
7619
395
66
41.3
160
5200
7.8
30.9
463
DK-A09-110-120
10.21
10.11
431
1438
16.4
20893
8781
339
68
42.9
181
5758
8.2
28.8
279
DK-A10-000-010
13.71
13.61
244
1222
13.8
11786
6165
262
6.89
29.1
210
3138
9.1
29.1
228
DK-A10-010-020
13.61
13.41
332
2220
15.3
15661
7879
395
5.87
31
278
3170
14.5
31.7
281
DK-A10-030-040
13.41
13.31
302
1626
51.1
14483
6398
331
11
34.5
202
4439
10.5
49.3
735
DK-A10-040-050
13.31
13.21
180
504
16.5
9021
6065
198
6.09
27.1
149.9
2304
6
17.2
150
DK-A10-050-060
13.21
13.11
221
1648
17.2
12860
5848
427
5.5
26.7
213
2999
10.3
20.3
173
162
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A10-060-070
13.11
12.91
153
522
14
9454
5341
166
5.72
26.1
165
1908
7.3
16.1
118.4
DK-A10-080-090
12.91
12.81
193
438
12.5
8888
6200
150
16
32.7
182
2017
5.7
16.3
143
DK-A10-090-100
12.81
12.71
179
641
11.9
8336
6153
181
9
23.8
133.1
1961
5.1
13
158
DK-A10-100-110
12.71
12.61
253
1020
10.2
12642
6526
266
18
32.7
188
3303
8.7
20.2
330
DK-A10-110-120
12.61
12.51
221
243
26.4
8533
7027
128
10
30.1
156.5
1844
5.6
16.4
146
DK-A10-120-130
12.51
12.41
178
66
11.2
8193
8020
182
9
31.8
180
837
5.4
14
88.4
DK-A10-130-140
12.41
12.31
169
425
28
9805
5751
183
16
29.9
181
1966
6.2
21.2
206
DK-A10-140-150
12.31
12.21
189
361
7
9001
6950
309
7.39
31.6
165
2401
6.8
14.8
113.5
DK-A10-150-160
12.21
12.11
138
129
19.3
7348
4694
111
13
23.2
120.3
956
5.3
12.4
92.8
DK-A10-160-170
12.11
12.01
270
1740
18.1
14264
6391
252
16
28.6
179
4946
9.5
22.8
533
DK-A10-170-180
12.01
11.91
322
1513
25.1
15242
7321
329
7.82
33.2
200
3459
10.3
27.7
591
DK-A10-180-190
11.91
11.81
269
632
15.6
12490
7072
200
5.7
32.6
212
2400
8.6
19
298
DK-A10-190-200
11.81
11.71
412
2848
41.1
22448
7352
496
16
29.9
234
5328
15.2
44.2
1036
DK-A10-200-210
11.71
11.61
266
1943
19.4
16886
6450
440
18
30.1
230
3228
12.7
30.3
377
DK-A10-210-220
11.61
11.51
496
3095
46.4
26530
7821
590
23
33.4
247
6915
18.7
49.8
750
DK-A10-220-230
11.51
11.41
481
1402
80
26862
7449
343
29
39.8
211
7893
13
50.9
971
DK-A10-230-240
11.41
11.31
476
952
80
26150
7132
214
44
40.1
150
5908
13.3
52.2
510
DK-A10-240-250
11.31
11.21
488
1409
64
32093
7346
370
40
41
144
8047
15.2
48
823
DK-A11-000-010
14.13
14.03
193
603
17.3
12183
5978
324
15
30.1
154.5
1868
7.6
28.4
267
DK-A11-010-020
14.03
13.83
295
1451
14.9
17019
6427
491
2.42
32.2
223
4192
11.7
29.8
351
DK-A11-030-040
13.83
13.73
446
2385
35.1
22470
7074
778
14
33.5
196
6800
10.7
41.3
816
DK-A11-040-050
13.73
13.63
351
2047
16.3
17113
6533
572
10
29.3
226
4019
12.2
33.4
480
DK-A11-050-060
13.63
13.53
245
650
14.7
13050
7254
265
4.21
27.5
190
2420
10.3
33.1
135
DK-A11-060-070
13.53
13.43
316
1916
40.6
19581
6507
503
19
29.9
212
4680
13.1
84
661
DK-A11-070-080
13.43
13.33
289
1938
16.7
13921
6714
365
10
27.7
229
2580
11.9
38
245
DK-A11-080-090
13.33
13.23
205
863
18.6
10355
7006
208
9
32.2
212
2149
9.9
24.8
145
163
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A11-090-100
13.23
13.13
158
317
11
7076
5788
102
1.48
29.9
168.5
1365
5.7
15.5
92.3
DK-A11-100-110
13.13
13.03
196
939
11.5
10063
6922
174
4.56
28.2
211
1841
8.2
18.3
179
DK-A11-110-120
13.03
12.93
190
413
11.8
9307
5333
133
12
26.7
147.4
1545
6.4
16.8
87.2
DK-A11-120-130
12.93
12.83
129
37
8
7089
4759
124
6.02
25.6
128.4
910
5
12
71.1
DK-A11-130-140
12.83
12.73
200
432
10
10851
6500
433
7.67
29.8
175
1898
7.4
18.1
202
DK-A11-140-150
12.73
12.63
266
1469
10
14164
5637
580
14
25
184
2996
10
24.6
272
DK-A11-150-160
12.63
12.53
253
1142
11.7
12762
6203
337
5.46
29.5
198
1986
10.9
23.5
259
DK-A11-160-170
12.53
12.43
371
3724
12.9
21629
6844
486
17
27.9
274
4602
16.8
32.8
643
DK-A11-170-180
12.43
12.13
461
895
100
28090
7297
313
26
47.3
180
6179
13.9
59.4
893
DK-A11-200-210
12.13
12.03
473
1681
70
29163
7540
329
23
45.1
188
6384
13
52.1
875
DK-A11-210-220
12.03
11.93
524
1241
126
39297
7226
327
40
47.7
157
7092
17
73
644
DK-A11-220-230
11.93
11.83
568
555
139
35068
7086
208
42
45.4
119
7487
16
62.8
539
DK-A11-230-240
11.83
11.73
511
762
121
29080
6687
184
36
41.2
118.8
6461
12.2
47.7
481
DK-A11-240-250
11.73
11.63
422
1322
43.1
25252
6208
149
24
37
113.8
5857
9.2
28.8
421
DK-A12-000-010
13.99
13.89
194
902
21.8
11345
6371
221
6.81
30.5
206
1685
8.7
26.9
326
DK-A12-010-020
13.89
13.79
115
73
15.6
8257
4302
138
0.93
23.8
131.6
1120
5.9
13.8
120.9
DK-A12-020-030
13.79
13.69
200
546
7.9
8820
6558
150
9
29.5
192
1217
7.5
19.9
172
DK-A12-030-040
13.69
13.59
182
682
13.8
8566
6820
221
4.41
30.6
169
1800
6.5
12.9
126.6
DK-A12-040-050
13.59
13.49
212
348
10.2
9630
7217
175
14
29.8
188
1210
6.8
14.8
121.1
DK-A12-050-060
13.49
13.39
186
1232
8.8
9667
6494
174
8
29.1
181
1383
7.7
17.6
96.7
DK-A12-060-070
13.39
13.29
232
1041
10.8
11195
6660
331
13
30.9
202
1803
10.2
19.9
238
DK-A12-070-080
13.29
13.19
276
2114
25.9
16265
6654
564
18
30.1
219
3903
11.2
32.1
490
DK-A12-080-090
13.19
13.09
315
1561
38.4
17714
6348
351
13
34.5
206
2925
11.8
35.3
1734
DK-A12-090-100
13.09
12.99
750
8095
47
36908
7777
1147
17
27.4
199
21641
14.4
61.3
2681
DK-A12-100-110
12.99
12.89
250
1843
13.6
12661
5894
359
12
29
211
2296
11.5
24.8
249
DK-A12-110-120
12.89
12.79
263
1604
11.2
12669
6931
425
3.1
29.2
172
3330
10.8
19
475
164
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A12-120-130
12.79
12.69
233
835
12
11070
6985
358
6.81
26.9
174
2071
7.9
19
119.8
DK-A12-130-140
12.69
12.59
247
1412
17
13977
5827
406
6.36
27.9
201
3110
10.1
24.9
615
DK-A12-140-150
12.59
12.49
414
2798
17.1
18561
7712
427
15
31.2
221
5809
13.1
36.9
974
DK-A12-150-160
12.49
12.39
255
1458
16.5
12701
5887
366
13
27.7
191
2955
12.1
25
483
DK-A12-160-170
12.39
12.29
641
4564
67
29267
7733
756
4.2
33.9
195
14693
21.8
57
2844
DK-A12-170-180
12.29
12.19
375
1477
33.4
18660
6865
352
4.24
33.8
194
7072
13.6
30.6
705
DK-A12-180-190
12.19
12.09
306
1522
24.7
15577
5950
271
2.74
33.9
187
4779
12
27.4
459
DK-A12-190-200
12.09
11.99
549
1305
167
26930
7096
345
6.23
46.5
166
8486
18
60.2
1162
DK-A12-200-210
11.99
11.89
477
541
143
23763
6390
208
0.79
48.4
125.4
7776
15.1
55.5
608
DK-A12-210-220
11.89
11.79
406
776
81
17147
5871
173
19
43.8
110.2
6930
13.8
56.7
631
DK-A12-220-230
11.79
11.69
360
797
61.3
11557
5912
181
20
35.9
115.2
6964
12
33.4
494
DK-A12-230-240
11.69
11.59
340
480
43.4
9687
4830
125
15
30.9
87
5800
10
22.3
361
DK-A12-240-250
11.59
11.49
409
361
56.8
12726
5371
97
19
43.2
94.3
7118
14.8
31.2
502
DK-A13-000-010
14.94
14.84
271
1128
12.5
11634
5991
298
10
26.9
206
2215
9.7
31.8
254
DK-A13-010-020
14.84
14.74
235
754
12.8
11744
5265
315
14
27.6
216
2065
10.7
20.6
420
DK-A13-020-030
14.74
14.64
247
1906
23.4
13970
6327
337
5.7
27.7
250
2631
11.4
29.9
262
DK-A13-030-040
14.64
14.54
371
1492
10.6
13505
6713
400
13
29.5
196
2868
9.3
26.8
411
DK-A13-040-050
14.54
14.44
145
566
26.9
9734
4966
166
10
25.5
148.4
1593
6.5
19.1
338
DK-A13-050-060
14.44
14.34
339
1899
80
18735
6918
591
21
30.2
186
4516
10.3
40.7
525
DK-A13-060-070
14.34
14.24
211
1030
19
11227
5565
441
13
25.2
140
1719
8.3
17.1
180
DK-A13-070-080
14.24
14.14
270
1247
19.8
15236
6673
553
20
33.2
197
3287
12.8
27.6
417
DK-A13-080-090
14.14
14.04
190
1183
13.6
11368
6474
307
9
30.8
224
2179
8.4
20
199
DK-A13-090-100
14.04
13.94
301
1964
9.2
16877
5812
524
10
30.2
207
4601
11.9
27.6
694
DK-A13-100-110
13.94
13.84
197
444
12.3
9431
6215
155
5.69
30.3
195
1499
7.7
16.7
147
DK-A13-110-120
13.84
13.74
234
905
9.6
11787
6762
244
9
30.5
211
1167
9.5
17
141
DK-A13-120-130
13.74
13.64
229
1569
13.3
13537
5560
484
13
28.6
150
3731
7.6
20.6
245
165
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A13-130-140
13.64
13.54
433
2473
27.6
25686
6877
1008
26
35.4
234
7389
16.3
43.2
1292
DK-A13-140-150
13.54
13.44
448
2410
22.4
23819
7507
776
24
33.9
227
8003
18.1
46
1022
DK-A13-150-160
13.44
13.34
426
2901
27.7
20776
7528
491
12
37.6
224
5905
13.9
35.8
709
DK-A13-160-170
13.34
13.24
509
2455
51
29307
7709
804
21
53.4
189
7994
10.8
46.2
895
DK-A13-170-180
13.24
13.14
545
2614
80
32420
6532
884
18
58
176
7679
10.6
63
985
DK-A13-180-190
13.14
13.04
419
894
74
30942
6420
606
25
62.5
148.7
6032
6.2
52.6
475
DK-A13-190-200
13.04
12.94
445
938
60.1
32931
6087
480
29
53
134
6397
10.4
58.4
507
DK-A13-200-210
12.94
12.84
454
985
61
32069
5959
417
22
48.2
115.1
6423
8.9
53.1
670
DK-A13-210-220
12.84
12.74
403
1453
44.3
29763
5541
397
29
40.1
124.9
5574
10.9
46.2
649
DK-A13-220-230
12.74
12.64
429
1714
57.8
34484
6335
298
22
40.2
119.2
7353
11.4
46.6
816
DK-A13-230-240
12.64
12.44
427
1600
50.3
29274
6640
580
30
39.4
139.2
5874
12
42.8
596
DK-A13-250-260
12.44
12.34
324
924
37.7
7552
5027
155
14
34.5
99
5305
9.1
20.6
546
DK-A13-260-270
12.34
12.24
334
861
59.3
8052
5207
119
12
41
118
5445
8.6
28
635
DK-A14-000-010
13.53
13.43
235
631
13.1
13321
6920
252
7.17
28.2
218
2292
12.5
23.8
448
DK-A14-010-020
13.43
13.33
428
3440
53.3
21700
6853
665
14
29.1
194
9058
12.3
49.4
1338
DK-A14-020-030
13.33
13.23
210
759
15.7
10461
5892
219
14
25.1
152.3
1938
7.3
17.9
190
DK-A14-030-040
13.23
13.03
253
2885
19.2
13709
6019
379
14
26.3
192
2985
11.8
28.2
357
DK-A14-050-060
13.03
12.93
194
1307
24.9
12461
5797
327
13
25.4
181
1911
7.6
22.4
181
DK-A14-060-070
12.93
12.83
361
2991
18.5
17977
6768
418
17
29.4
219
5629
13.1
32.6
926
DK-A14-070-080
12.83
12.73
422
3844
18.3
21982
6963
638
12
27.1
226
8305
11.8
31.6
1202
DK-A14-080-090
12.73
12.63
586
6208
32.8
30586
6752
1100
29
27.1
274
8208
23.1
58.1
864
DK-A14-090-100
12.63
12.53
332
1506
21.4
17390
6881
385
12
32.7
212
4133
11.7
26.2
552
DK-A14-100-110
12.53
12.43
399
2508
21.3
20695
7023
681
13
37.2
212
4941
11.4
30
483
DK-A14-110-120
12.43
12.33
438
2986
39.9
27301
6483
600
23
42.5
196
8368
11.3
44.2
686
DK-A14-120-130
12.33
12.23
441
1579
87
31003
6688
714
32
52.5
164
5784
11
56.9
716
DK-A14-130-140
12.23
12.13
406
818
104
31896
6758
554
30
56.1
162
5933
11.3
64
458
166
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A14-140-150
12.13
12.03
442
728
69
29738
6789
429
30
49
140.4
6130
10.9
49
608
DK-A14-150-160
12.03
11.93
373
1201
62
27805
6226
482
20
40.8
136.5
6010
11
44.9
511
DK-A14-160-170
11.93
11.83
488
741
125
29886
6674
300
22
46.2
120.4
6549
10.8
56.7
512
DK-A14-170-180
11.83
11.73
442
361
170
30619
6128
196
21
45.3
113.7
6652
12.2
59.5
447
DK-A15-000-010
13.29
13.19
220
364
9.8
10366
6168
215
11
29.1
198
1441
7.1
22.1
223
DK-A15-010-020
13.19
13.09
215
1007
12.7
9108
5689
211
9
25.8
160.4
1319
6.3
21.7
224
DK-A15-020-030
13.09
12.99
405
4176
17
18024
6830
593
13
26.1
239
3232
17.3
39.6
457
DK-A15-030-040
12.99
12.89
189
422
20.3
8854
5857
132
2.93
25
152.2
1124
5.8
16.2
230
DK-A15-040-050
12.89
12.79
256
1104
23.8
11718
5966
298
12
26
159.1
3641
6.2
23.9
371
DK-A15-050-060
12.79
12.69
421
2879
15.8
19366
7148
428
0.22
30
212
6701
12.7
31.1
1665
DK-A15-060-070
12.69
12.59
360
3440
15.1
16916
7121
542
17
28.4
227
4030
13.4
36.1
599
DK-A15-070-080
12.59
12.49
409
2389
20.3
18469
7053
510
10
29.2
216
5933
12.6
29
960
DK-A15-080-090
12.49
12.39
199
78
8.6
7276
6964
117
6.7
29.4
167
819
6.4
12
89.1
DK-A15-090-100
12.39
12.29
247
930
10.3
13222
5992
380
7.19
29.6
172
3413
7.9
18.4
295
DK-A15-100-110
12.29
12.19
217
870
25.9
10100
5862
210
7.97
26.3
183
2096
8.8
19.8
354
DK-A15-110-120
12.19
12.09
218
497
15.7
9550
5647
181
11
25.9
168
1868
7.5
16.6
142.9
DK-A15-120-130
12.09
11.99
198
928
18.5
10841
7323
289
6.62
29.3
200
1775
10.5
23
129.1
DK-A15-130-140
11.99
11.89
230
960
7
9464
7002
218
14
28.2
175
1171
7.1
18.6
79.7
DK-A15-140-150
11.89
11.79
259
764
22.5
11054
6394
266
10
29.5
177
3408
9.1
20
223
DK-A15-150-160
11.79
11.69
183
267
18
8630
6543
125
1.44
33.5
164
1130
6.6
14.7
159
DK-A15-160-170
11.69
11.59
312
1242
15.6
15366
6485
579
21
31
196
3921
12.2
23.9
444
DK-A15-170-180
11.59
11.49
232
1012
16.2
11823
7421
365
10
29.7
191
1653
10
24.4
213
DK-A15-180-190
11.49
11.39
181
317
16.1
9819
5672
194
0.25
28.2
160.8
1163
7.3
17.1
141
DK-A15-190-200
11.39
11.29
253
853
19.1
11113
6286
330
1.6
27.3
167
1865
8.6
19.1
262
DK-A15-200-210
11.29
11.19
529
3633
64
26200
7574
1222
31
29.9
199
12395
11.3
46.1
764
DK-A15-210-220
11.19
11.09
419
2158
29.2
17433
6548
554
14
29.3
205
6922
11.6
30.8
671
167
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A15-220-230
11.09
10.99
318
1556
28.6
17072
7050
465
7.64
30.6
245
4549
11.7
30.7
889
DK-A15-230-240
10.99
10.89
202
822
14.7
13495
7539
337
7.15
28.7
232
2021
10.3
22.4
380
DK-A15-240-250
10.89
10.79
517
4301
53
29213
7519
1135
19
29.8
246
10743
15.5
45.9
1818
DK-A15-250-260
10.79
10.69
304
1912
36
19169
7246
534
15
34.1
207
4902
12.3
35.9
756
DK-A15-260-270
10.69
10.59
481
2429
93
28930
7080
699
22
42.2
223
7989
12.9
55.2
1257
DK-A15-270-280
10.59
10.49
540
4592
82
31593
7482
996
14
39.6
217
9355
17.1
61.7
1462
DK-A15-280-290
10.49
10.39
509
2419
141
31977
6657
760
25
56.8
159
8925
12.2
64.1
1317
DK-A15-290-300
10.39
10.29
413
884
147
30333
6285
512
36
60.1
140.3
6379
10.3
69.8
756
DK-A15-300-310
10.29
10.19
511
424
229
38271
7156
397
2.72
66.3
128.1
6811
11.5
103
471
DK-A15-310-320
10.19
10.09
344
1041
87
22416
5849
314
25
37.3
116.9
4570
8.3
48.3
381
DK-A15-320-330
10.09
9.99
490
889
144
32702
6717
358
14
42.3
126.7
6904
12.4
76.3
552
DK-A15-330-340
9.99
9.89
335
589
64.4
17890
6252
270
26
40.7
159
4441
7.8
36.2
339
DK-A16-000-010
14.77
14.67
302
1566
32
16025
6173
431
7.73
30.1
219
4440
12
35.7
688
DK-A16-010-020
14.67
14.57
326
2503
30.7
17052
6326
411
16
30.3
219
4792
12.7
36
1239
DK-A16-020-030
14.57
14.47
220
709
14.7
11330
7212
247
10
30.9
202
2335
8.8
20.7
219
DK-A16-030-040
14.47
14.37
310
1244
14.9
12026
8140
317
13
32.5
214
3445
9.5
21.2
425
DK-A16-040-050
14.37
14.17
301
1347
68
18268
6932
498
15
34
217
3940
11.4
38.1
843
DK-A16-060-070
14.17
14.07
198
1493
19.7
10297
5989
260
1.68
30.3
179
1457
6.1
18.9
204
DK-A16-070-080
14.07
13.97
175
797
14.8
8461
5436
126
6.5
28.2
164.3
994
6.2
17.3
128.9
DK-A16-080-090
13.97
13.87
236
1035
14.6
11670
6381
275
3.67
29.1
192
1128
9.4
18.7
208
DK-A16-090-100
13.87
13.77
349
3233
26.1
14892
6235
490
13
27.7
228
2445
11.1
30.6
331
DK-A16-100-110
13.77
13.67
223
1484
13
13104
5851
336
2.14
28.3
197
1753
8.7
26.1
143
DK-A16-110-120
13.67
13.57
383
2370
34.1
21874
7084
790
23
30.7
210
7424
14.1
37.6
949
DK-A16-120-130
13.57
13.27
1324
13879
67
55709
10054
2323
1.99
30.6
243
37668
19
90
5159
DK-A16-150-160
13.27
13.17
495
1477
139
35505
8247
790
21
54.9
196
6395
11.9
70.9
1035
DK-A16-160-170
13.17
13.07
501
1349
68
36370
8228
768
20
57.6
178
6567
13.1
59
1144
168
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A17-000-010
13.65
13.55
381
2036
20
20946
7275
659
21
32
258
4133
15.2
31.1
491
DK-A17-010-020
13.55
13.45
383
3107
20.1
23433
6847
681
12
28.4
292
4029
19.8
36.8
334
DK-A17-020-030
13.45
13.35
414
3879
14
23489
8428
966
16
27.6
275
4981
18.6
39.7
346
DK-A17-030-040
13.35
13.25
449
4557
29.9
25914
7160
798
25
32.5
251
6932
19.2
48
740
DK-A17-040-050
13.25
13.15
516
3503
36.5
30122
8474
852
23
37.2
247
9709
15.9
49.2
1836
DK-A17-050-060
13.15
13.05
362
2058
53
26860
7184
656
29
37.7
243
4387
17.4
45.2
734
DK-A18-000-010
15.93
15.83
336
1780
38.8
20111
6683
758
18
30.1
197
4985
13.4
54.3
656
DK-A18-010-020
15.83
15.73
287
1372
28.5
16389
5905
473
27
34.2
213
3847
9.7
54.5
611
DK-A18-020-030
15.73
15.53
195
435
11
11579
5818
240
5.3
29.9
174
1812
7.9
23.3
121.7
DK-A18-040-050
15.53
15.43
303
933
20.7
17901
7207
448
14
34.6
234
3300
13
30.9
344
DK-A18-050-070
15.43
15.23
249
795
13.8
17437
6846
455
24
35.2
201
2740
10.6
27.7
219
DK-A18-070-080
15.23
15.13
427
1015
47.1
36976
6930
667
35
51.5
185
6353
10.6
59.3
696
DK-A18-080-090
15.13
15.03
421
1848
50.8
31572
6891
659
34
45.8
190
6122
10.5
51.4
531
DK-A19-000-010
15.83
15.73
522
2960
41.1
22216
6986
664
3.37
32.2
225
7724
15.1
58.8
1132
DK-A19-010-020
15.73
15.63
296
3634
28
18268
7138
635
13
28.8
246
3946
17.4
43.3
779
DK-A19-020-030
15.63
15.53
452
2828
27
20536
7245
569
6.54
31
226
8036
14.3
41.3
813
DK-A19-030-040
15.53
15.43
382
1874
68
18480
6979
509
4.58
37.3
184
6560
11.3
43.6
966
DK-A19-040-050
15.43
15.33
262
911
20.4
13923
6705
350
12
37.2
195
4137
13.7
27.9
522
DK-A19-050-060
15.33
15.23
586
2609
96
22677
7381
581
3.52
49.2
155
11053
15.9
64.7
1773
DK-A19-060-070
15.23
15.13
407
1775
49.2
18235
6863
361
14
44.6
156
7964
15
50.5
1135
DK-A19-070-080
15.13
15.03
448
1314
76
16916
6629
272
11
52.6
124.8
8507
14.2
48.4
1209
DK-A19-080-090
15.03
14.93
385
376
101
9625
6132
121
14
51.9
107.5
5912
11.5
35
512
DK-A19-090-100
14.93
14.83
386
1167
91
11387
6017
214
20
46.6
129.3
7177
10.5
41
841
DK-A20-000-010
16.06
15.96
301
1360
18.8
15054
6579
391
3.35
30.5
222
4458
13.1
27.1
464
DK-A20-010-020
15.96
15.86
396
2551
47.4
19268
6166
561
3.49
29.5
245
6451
14.6
37.3
1010
DK-A20-020-030
15.86
15.76
474
1440
84
24285
6646
341
2.38
50.6
156
7692
23.3
55.8
2840
169
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A20-030-040
15.76
15.66
403
922
48.5
13729
5651
245
0.69
36.4
230
6316
17.5
32.4
725
DK-A20-040-050
15.66
15.56
495
1608
49.6
12910
5410
268
6.88
41.7
166
9870
17.5
35.9
1628
DK-A20-050-060
15.56
15.46
377
529
53.5
6256
4289
110
5.06
36.9
100.3
7370
15.5
27
1063
DK-A20-060-070
15.46
15.36
261
1377
36
7361
4755
210
1.24
39.1
97
4462
7.6
22.8
540
DK-A20-070-080
15.36
15.26
325
2790
34.4
9128
5233
349
10
34.1
125.9
5231
12
28.6
1552
DK-A20-080-090
15.26
15.16
282
746
17.2
10267
5024
106
16
33.5
107.4
4745
6.8
12.9
622
DK-A20-090-100
15.16
15.06
256
690
34.5
10861
4598
140
34
34
110.7
4030
5.7
20.5
231
DK-A20-100-110
15.06
14.96
857
3969
295
45167
6661
823
7.74
53.5
148
17723
20.2
114
4193
DK-A21-000-015
15.8
15.65
218
925
17.3
10864
6922
246
12
29.3
222
1239
8.7
23.5
303
DK-A21-015-025
15.65
15.55
234
974
14.6
14415
7223
317
4.13
30
248
2489
15.6
26.3
159
DK-A21-025-035
15.55
15.45
279
2219
13.6
16601
7186
546
13
28.5
251
2668
12.8
31
235
DK-A21-035-045
15.45
15.35
180
215
13
7554
5825
118
11
30.1
180
1125
5.8
13.2
136.1
DK-A21-045-055
15.35
15.25
193
221
16.2
9484
5473
183
4.43
25.6
209
1229
8.6
17.6
106.1
DK-A21-055-065
15.25
15.15
407
2705
13.7
19361
8339
755
27
31
259
3387
14.4
30.1
369
DK-A21-065-075
15.15
15.05
1006
12462
52
43739
8810
1483
15
25.2
234
25995
17.9
75.3
2817
DK-A21-075-085
15.05
14.95
332
2745
23
20422
7158
694
11
26
273
3582
16
34.2
310
DK-A21-085-095
14.95
14.85
412
2560
125
17876
7386
519
2.66
31.6
241
3281
14.4
51.1
898
DK-A21-095-105
14.85
14.75
206
730
18.7
10147
4988
273
6.16
28
190
1668
9.7
19.3
309
DK-A21-105-115
14.75
14.65
204
867
10.8
11144
6821
361
14
31.6
197
1993
7.7
21
156
DK-A21-115-125
14.65
14.55
318
2025
33
18404
6188
461
17
30.2
277
3476
12.4
37.5
772
DK-A21-125-135
14.55
14.45
469
3100
236
29446
7973
899
13
34.2
294
6927
19
81.1
1180
DK-A21-135-145
14.45
14.35
329
882
33.3
22948
6737
515
21
42.9
216
4370
10.3
36.1
752
DK-A21-145-155
14.35
13.95
434
1316
128
32467
6658
747
30
45.8
207
6928
9.2
62.2
686
DK-A21-185-195
13.95
13.85
468
806
130
36422
6994
713
27
54.1
213
5669
11
74.8
593
DK-A21-195-205
13.85
13.75
476
837
153
38612
6720
592
30
48.1
164
5806
9.9
80.7
398
DK-A21-205-215
13.75
13.65
445
848
88
36179
7045
518
32
41.7
175
6220
11.4
63.5
506
170
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A21-215-225
13.65
13.55
470
1505
67
39587
6807
427
42
40.1
180
6354
11
51.6
647
DK-A21-225-235
13.55
13.45
313
335
148
35280
6098
252
38
39.6
171
4639
13.1
60.6
379
DK-A22-000-010
15.39
15.29
477
3795
32.2
25112
7432
787
20
30.6
233
11319
12.5
42.4
1130
DK-A22-010-020
15.29
15.19
366
1487
26.7
23445
7104
656
6.37
31.3
214
6685
12.7
32.2
976
DK-A22-020-030
15.19
15.09
295
1446
17.7
17538
7328
476
16
32.6
229
4521
11
28.3
805
DK-A22-030-040
15.09
14.99
494
3204
121
28835
7215
1067
27
35.6
228
8562
15.6
65.5
1560
DK-A22-040-050
14.99
14.79
374
2033
67
23694
6769
744
17
33.3
245
4214
14.9
47.8
1019
DK-A22-060-070
14.79
14.69
503
3112
40.8
27984
6994
811
16
34.5
230
8439
14.5
44.3
1584
DK-A22-070-080
14.69
14.59
500
1703
66
37354
7270
800
30
51.8
185
7939
13.2
60.2
1051
DK-A22-080-090
14.59
14.49
311
707
51.2
25625
5885
439
24
39.9
139.7
4400
9.2
39.5
374
DK-A22-090-100
14.49
14.39
454
2181
45.3
34644
6396
616
33
41.3
167
6933
13.9
53.6
764
DK-A22-100-110
14.39
14.29
410
668
44.8
32491
6395
379
31
39.5
121.5
6004
10.2
47
455
DK-A22-110-120
14.29
14.19
563
718
145
46325
6870
339
26
41.2
120.5
7171
13.4
74.1
547
DK-A22-120-130
14.19
14.09
607
1353
201
49871
7173
396
48
40.4
131.8
8949
13.3
80.2
782
DK-A22-130-140
14.09
13.99
285
704
58.8
17856
6400
163
45
38.5
161
3176
6.4
31.1
389
DK-A23-000-010
14.96
14.86
332
956
24.6
16803
7167
521
15
35
204
3630
10.5
30.8
426
DK-A23-010-020
14.86
14.76
1556
10443
151
73192
10635
2653
0.49
41.5
240
30130
32.5
134
7234
DK-A23-020-030
14.76
14.66
464
2145
80
27647
7952
938
12
36.2
237
6386
20.1
52.4
1799
DK-A23-030-040
14.66
14.56
543
3329
71
30498
7029
974
23
37.3
249
7916
17.5
56.8
1907
DK-A23-040-050
14.56
14.46
415
1304
36.2
23141
7165
728
27
37.6
238
5203
15.1
38.8
821
DK-A23-050-060
14.46
14.36
478
2007
33.6
26015
7282
822
12
36.5
241
4729
17
44.9
783
DK-A23-060-070
14.36
14.26
495
1553
74
32087
6898
818
21
45.1
175
5913
15.3
57.1
669
DK-A23-070-080
14.26
14.16
543
509
88
39285
6768
680
18
52.7
135.6
6812
11.6
65.7
594
DK-A23-080-090
14.16
14.06
452
663
96
35583
6661
467
29
46
127.5
6238
13.2
60.5
518
DK-A23-090-100
14.06
13.96
498
922
97
34303
6610
392
14
41.4
127
6973
10.3
57.5
625
DK-A23-100-110
13.96
13.86
590
1502
138
46286
7050
408
24
49.3
108.7
9024
15.1
79.9
1067
171
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A23-110-120
13.86
13.76
538
681
162
46517
6368
228
43
50.4
101.1
6949
13.8
77.5
494
DK-A23-120-130
13.76
13.66
1537
11973
173
80547
7572
1952
41
31
210
34712
27.5
113
5284
DK-A23-130-140
13.66
13.56
403
2997
59.6
26545
5147
587
46
33.5
164
7401
12.8
44
1214
DK-A23-140-150
13.56
13.46
435
2145
85
29481
6517
518
35
36.3
192
8181
11.2
44.1
898
DK-A23-150-160
13.46
13.36
248
260
28.7
17456
6061
137
42
35.6
207
2501
9
25.7
168
DK-A23-160-170
13.36
13.26
375
674
29.6
29616
7810
394
38
34.5
261
4319
11.6
34.4
230
DK-A23-170-180
13.26
13.16
393
542
85
36454
10250
417
50
40.6
152
4625
9.3
61.6
422
DK-A23-180-190
13.16
13.06
413
408
71
34789
10345
425
45
39.2
145.2
4783
8
58.6
224
DK-A24-000-010
15.37
15.27
351
2448
31.2
17588
5632
470
6.62
29.6
217
3980
11.9
42.1
1268
DK-A24-010-020
15.27
15.17
330
1332
17.5
14345
6283
455
11
28.4
235
1761
11.5
30.7
388
DK-A24-020-030
15.17
15.07
374
3820
69
20215
7318
621
6.19
26.9
252
4907
15.2
44.2
282
DK-A24-030-040
15.07
14.97
254
2173
17.8
15539
5556
519
10
28.1
212
3720
12
30.5
569
DK-A24-040-050
14.97
14.87
296
1694
19.3
14043
6792
351
4.83
29.4
219
2553
8.7
21.7
250
DK-A24-050-060
14.87
14.77
320
1942
28.5
17790
7044
567
12
28.7
227
5568
12.9
30.3
1012
DK-A24-060-070
14.77
14.67
327
2457
14.6
17896
6847
629
18
29.1
223
5473
12.1
31.8
549
DK-A24-070-080
14.67
14.57
364
3054
33.8
18318
7432
481
16
32.1
202
9574
8.3
31.7
661
DK-A24-080-090
14.57
14.47
265
2743
18.3
16262
6433
458
15
25.1
216
3975
12.5
28.5
659
DK-A24-090-100
14.47
14.37
215
564
16.6
13026
6217
233
9
28.7
206
2128
7.9
21.1
161
DK-A24-100-110
14.37
14.27
176
220
18.1
8668
6160
169
10
28.3
174
1457
8.3
15
178
DK-A24-110-120
14.27
14.17
201
915
17.3
11794
5517
317
20
26.8
199
1364
10.8
21.4
213
DK-A24-120-130
14.17
14.07
218
946
15.1
11755
6815
290
7.63
31
205
2141
9.4
21.1
220
DK-A24-130-140
14.07
13.97
347
1883
30.6
14321
7223
401
3.91
29.7
236
3330
12.9
30.1
435
DK-A24-140-150
13.97
13.87
140
146
15.5
9275
5301
143
2.86
27.1
139.9
1037
6.2
14.4
205
DK-A24-150-160
13.87
13.77
604
5356
104
35933
7745
948
2.8
29.6
247
13484
21.4
77.4
3217
DK-A24-160-170
13.77
13.67
493
2628
188
28029
7425
858
23
35
235
7730
15.2
76.7
1296
DK-A24-170-180
13.67
13.57
397
2750
50.2
22144
6848
558
21
33
245
5427
15.3
44.5
932
172
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A24-180-190
13.57
13.47
491
2877
78
32321
7474
931
20
37.9
237
7651
16.8
54.2
975
DK-A24-190-200
13.47
13.37
540
1156
200
35825
7240
849
35
47.8
200
6447
14.6
77.7
958
DK-A24-200-210
13.37
13.27
362
1477
73
25481
6546
449
25
38.6
203
4966
11.3
44.9
560
DK-A24-210-220
13.27
13.17
443
1655
40.8
30700
6424
588
36
38.7
194
5936
11.1
48.1
483
DK-A24-220-230
13.17
13.07
594
778
150
45128
7462
428
1.12
49.6
155
7376
16.5
85.4
626
DK-A24-230-240
13.07
12.97
471
990
82
36015
6782
365
19
41.4
148
5871
11.4
56.3
564
DK-A24-240-250
12.97
12.87
490
354
151
38616
6657
392
29
41
118.4
5786
11.9
67.2
323
DK-A24-250-260
12.87
12.77
371
1175
49.4
31437
6725
286
28
37.2
139.9
5392
8.7
40.9
319
DK-A24-260-270
12.77
12.67
359
323
66.3
27742
6405
147
55
39.8
133.4
3482
8.2
35
184
DK-A25-000-010
15.55
15.45
343
2242
15.3
16757
6401
473
15
28.6
219
3924
12
29.8
395
DK-A25-010-050
15.45
15.05
411
5988
19.5
30754
6405
1066
12
23.3
287
5285
22.4
51.7
578
DK-A25-050-100
15.05
14.55
277
1370
18.5
17997
7482
346
6.28
31.8
259
2633
18.5
31.8
2035
DK-A25-100-110
14.55
14.45
194
363
10.4
9147
6982
180
11
29
200
1224
8.2
14.5
165
DK-A25-110-140
14.45
14.05
197
546
10.6
10949
6470
209
10
26.5
211
1151
8.8
16.3
110
DK-A25-150-160
14.05
13.95
234
1157
18.4
11552
6666
241
16
30.2
214
2693
9.4
21.5
360
DK-A25-160-170
13.95
13.85
140
72
12.5
7339
5869
109
4.56
25.8
154.2
905
5.6
15.6
73.5
DK-A25-170-180
13.85
13.75
192
287
16.7
8294
6579
150
10
30.8
201
970
7.6
15
92.6
DK-A25-180-190
13.75
13.65
356
3049
23.7
21441
7894
690
0.14
31.1
265
3668
20
44.7
803
DK-A25-190-200
13.65
13.55
286
3134
39.3
17256
6839
726
15
30.1
219
4698
11.4
32.1
821
DK-A25-200-210
13.55
13.45
236
229
11.7
10350
7101
204
11
33
202
1541
6.9
17.2
190
DK-A25-210-220
13.45
13.35
466
5881
30.8
29864
8341
1019
16
25.3
305
5028
26.6
57.3
912
DK-A25-220-230
13.35
13.25
523
3466
105
29095
7513
879
0.75
32
217
9355
16
54.7
2354
DK-A25-230-240
13.25
13.15
466
5589
39.3
31143
7236
1197
14
27.5
295
7819
23.4
56.6
1161
DK-A25-240-250
13.15
13.05
495
2765
59
29197
8063
796
15
38.9
228
8046
20.3
46.9
1757
DK-A25-250-260
13.05
12.95
317
1008
40.3
20439
7213
494
21
33.4
245
4119
11.8
33.7
457
DK-A25-260-270
12.95
12.85
637
5565
54
33827
7216
1073
26
34.5
222
8631
22.2
60.8
914
173
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A25-270-280
12.85
12.75
565
6170
51
31755
7944
1078
29
32.4
257
7034
20.2
64.9
901
DK-A25-280-290
12.75
12.65
418
1293
51.5
32504
7146
585
30
45.5
144
5978
11.1
53.7
502
DK-A25-290-300
12.65
12.55
489
708
83
37558
6488
455
28
46.6
131.5
6432
12.7
67.5
393
DK-A25-300-310
12.55
12.45
637
1232
113
45795
7066
468
24
44.2
143
9417
14.3
73.6
1060
DK-A25-310-320
12.45
12.35
479
404
230
41425
6859
372
3.82
43.3
140.7
6548
14.2
92.4
520
DK-A25-320-330
12.35
12.25
458
617
82
32884
6858
372
16
37.8
149
5835
14
50.2
512
DK-A25-330-340
12.25
12.15
389
1492
83
30939
6527
270
30
35
138.6
5604
10.5
51
510
DK-A26-000-015
14.14
13.99
1551
17473
172
62247
9414
2223
21
26.5
230
43185
22.4
129
3768
DK-A26-015-025
13.99
13.89
268
2586
29.6
18113
5763
396
19
28.8
213
4439
9.5
34.4
944
DK-A26-025-035
13.89
13.79
240
1091
17.4
11664
6753
286
4.93
30.9
216
2859
8.3
19
547
DK-A26-035-045
13.79
13.69
257
1029
15.1
11706
6897
206
1.37
28.8
196
2058
9.7
19.6
681
DK-A26-045-055
13.69
13.59
150
555
26.4
8564
5863
139
9
27.5
143.9
1020
7.1
17.2
365
DK-A26-055-065
13.59
13.49
253
1347
30.5
13470
6929
381
10
28.4
236
2168
13.8
22.8
281
DK-A26-065-075
13.49
13.39
292
1778
13.9
15699
6512
473
22
26.9
173
3452
8.3
28.3
238
DK-A26-075-085
13.39
13.29
300
2273
25.7
17509
7252
519
6.53
28.9
223
4449
14.6
32.9
1046
DK-A26-085-095
13.29
13.19
245
1421
47.7
13634
6857
344
1.63
28.3
202
2431
9.6
26.6
431
DK-A26-095-105
13.19
13.09
332
1724
62.5
15091
6629
455
17
28.7
200
3513
9.3
28.7
489
DK-A26-105-115
13.09
12.99
321
3412
29
21157
7288
660
15
28.7
246
4615
16.1
40.5
650
DK-A26-115-125
12.99
12.89
214
468
26.5
12155
5508
258
17
28.7
174
2282
9.6
21
454
DK-A26-125-135
12.89
12.79
513
2527
130
30886
7949
906
26
38.9
213
7995
15.9
61.4
975
DK-A26-135-145
12.79
12.69
477
2671
55
30800
6590
910
22
36.2
256
8051
18.9
49.9
1124
DK-A26-145-155
12.69
12.59
513
2134
101
36756
7059
906
36
54.4
170
6775
12.3
64
1054
DK-A26-155-165
12.59
12.49
399
979
42.6
32849
6909
602
42
49
137.6
6504
11.6
50.1
398
DK-A26-165-175
12.49
12.39
471
986
82
29740
6861
498
36
43.7
160
5262
10.4
52.8
392
DK-A26-175-185
12.39
12.29
392
472
92
33085
6753
531
45
42
132.8
5735
11.2
54.8
367
DK-A26-185-195
12.29
12.19
427
589
128
33020
6642
473
41
39.6
130.2
5634
12.9
59.3
406
174
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A26-195-205
12.19
12.09
336
787
73
27497
6616
446
42
37.8
178
4547
12.4
54.2
456
DK-A27-000-010
16.02
15.92
413
3221
59
21632
6650
650
2.64
29.3
221
7826
18.2
46
1363
DK-A27-010-020
15.92
15.62
342
2809
17.1
14277
7055
392
1.58
29.1
202
6962
7.4
26.9
893
DK-A27-040-050
15.62
15.52
478
7332
20.3
31603
6944
1411
26
25.6
319
5320
28.6
63.3
690
DK-A27-050-060
15.52
15.42
269
1541
65
12504
6727
234
10
29.7
174
3375
8.8
32.7
661
DK-A27-060-070
15.42
15.32
393
5250
23
25086
7209
922
19
27.2
320
4055
26.9
49.1
900
DK-A27-070-080
15.32
15.22
226
992
20.9
11269
7272
228
9
31.1
194
2287
7.1
20.3
177
DK-A27-080-090
15.22
15.12
389
2596
35.7
20703
7087
572
12
27.5
204
7505
12.3
34.3
769
DK-A27-090-100
15.12
15.02
248
1519
13.4
14548
6610
317
12
27.8
232
2454
11.9
25.4
187
DK-A27-100-110
15.02
14.92
491
5520
54
26551
8213
1018
12
26.8
280
5913
20.4
52.2
901
DK-A27-110-120
14.92
14.72
504
5208
30.6
26888
6624
660
16
26.8
222
13384
15.2
44.9
1328
DK-A27-130-140
14.72
14.62
423
3282
36.5
16465
7014
531
13
29.5
212
4826
11.3
32.9
232
DK-A27-140-150
14.62
14.52
605
6256
259
33610
8308
1366
14
33.6
243
10293
20.2
97
2225
DK-A27-150-160
14.52
14.42
412
3211
29.2
21518
7425
729
21
31.7
227
8356
12.8
37.6
827
DK-A27-160-170
14.42
14.32
265
1172
21.8
14312
6894
391
2.23
31.4
213
3727
8.9
23.7
669
DK-A27-170-180
14.32
14.22
292
1593
52.4
18268
6953
606
19
29.4
211
3865
11.3
32.5
598
DK-A27-180-190
14.22
14.12
254
805
17
16128
7533
338
7.75
30.9
215
2870
9.9
28.5
239
DK-A27-190-200
14.12
14.02
533
1711
41.2
25033
8280
717
24
38.7
193
6079
12.7
41.2
578
DK-A27-200-210
14.02
13.92
396
2210
48.6
26199
6936
738
41
37.9
200
5998
13.7
46.3
732
DK-A27-210-220
13.92
13.82
414
1093
45.1
24778
7097
547
31
43.7
153.1
5107
9.1
42.5
378
DK-A27-220-230
13.82
13.72
514
1304
84
35697
6909
570
27
45.6
137.8
7020
10.9
65
678
DK-A27-230-240
13.72
13.62
414
888
32.1
30684
6553
496
28
40
158
5470
12.6
44.9
540
DK-A27-240-250
13.62
13.52
427
559
35.9
32142
6364
418
15
36.9
140
5697
11.7
47.3
429
DK-A27-250-260
13.52
13.42
493
792
99
35681
6886
530
27
38.4
151.1
6393
11.9
64.3
441
DK-A27-260-270
13.42
13.32
388
501
76
33111
6871
314
25
38.9
125
5326
10.1
49
345
DK-A27-270-280
13.32
13.22
388
503
138
31084
6415
268
23
38.1
141.8
5349
9.5
63.7
228
175
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A27-280-290
13.22
13.12
501
881
102
34932
7407
264
42
40.4
181
6941
9.3
51.2
365
DK-A27-290-300
13.12
13.02
376
949
127
28100
6872
395
45
37.5
200
5935
10.8
48
366
DK-A29-000-015
13.93
13.78
266
1554
22.8
13844
6844
319
12
29
227
2717
11.4
68.9
585
DK-A29-015-025
13.78
13.68
360
2486
23
16405
7018
469
4.93
30.9
185
6832
10.2
33.8
936
DK-A29-025-035
13.68
13.58
380
4928
20.4
21252
6810
531
12
27.9
233
4839
15.5
43.5
817
DK-A29-035-045
13.58
13.48
251
1038
22
12114
6881
359
17
29.5
175
3469
10.4
24.9
606
DK-A29-045-055
13.48
13.38
219
1861
15.2
12976
5866
296
2.19
30
200
2371
11
23.7
450
DK-A29-055-065
13.38
13.28
267
1868
39.2
14688
7045
279
10
30.4
199
4328
11.5
32.9
804
DK-A29-065-075
13.28
13.18
239
927
17.7
12538
7724
295
11
33.7
237
2984
9.7
21.2
510
DK-A29-075-085
13.18
13.08
404
2373
39.3
19337
7627
508
16
29.7
231
4887
13.1
35.7
791
DK-A29-085-095
13.08
12.98
353
3254
20.1
16509
7753
596
19
31.4
219
3643
13.1
29.6
625
DK-A29-095-105
12.98
12.88
333
2800
29.6
16326
6715
428
13
30.3
191
6277
8.9
28.5
932
DK-A29-105-115
12.88
12.78
342
2168
11.1
14171
7198
384
10
28.7
205
4309
10.8
24.1
818
DK-A29-115-125
12.78
12.68
384
3311
14
17771
7049
453
15
28.5
195
5697
11.7
28.1
440
DK-A29-125-135
12.68
12.58
325
2553
22.2
16287
7744
826
23
31.2
213
3757
14.6
28.7
566
DK-A29-135-145
12.58
12.48
312
2172
13.7
16121
6855
504
15
29.2
204
4166
10.5
29.5
597
DK-A29-145-155
12.48
12.38
286
1376
12
13832
6054
352
14
26.1
201
4192
9.4
20.2
407
DK-A29-155-165
12.38
12.28
420
2920
20.5
20298
7381
495
20
32.3
212
7467
12.8
29.2
1080
DK-A29-165-175
12.28
12.18
269
1959
13.4
15702
6447
354
14
30.5
206
4819
11.5
23.7
549
DK-A29-175-185
12.18
12.08
222
1462
11.8
14409
6782
421
10
29.5
220
2614
10.7
24.6
436
DK-A29-185-195
12.08
11.98
241
1658
16.3
15728
6969
511
17
31.4
230
2744
11.6
24.3
487
DK-A29-195-205
11.98
11.88
317
1775
14.6
16150
6577
521
14
28.9
218
3465
13.6
27
247
DK-A29-205-215
11.88
11.78
465
1232
45.3
17509
7675
565
18
36.9
204
3589
10.3
32.3
370
DK-A29-215-225
11.78
11.68
397
1799
42.9
22796
7013
577
22
36.4
233
5608
11.8
42.2
629
DK-A29-225-235
11.68
11.58
549
1958
64
32055
7191
737
26
50.3
203
7564
16.2
51.6
1093
DK-A29-235-245
11.58
11.48
388
2053
38.9
28799
6296
771
31
46.6
179
6442
12.5
40.8
811
176
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A29-245-255
11.48
11.38
422
581
55.1
32643
6163
547
32
57.4
145.4
5992
8.8
49.9
430
DK-A29-255-265
11.38
11.28
436
2232
51.3
29761
6417
501
23
46.8
170
5782
13
50.7
919
DK-A29-265-275
11.28
11.18
366
553
35.1
26136
6136
294
25
45.9
126.8
5159
9.5
37.9
341
DK-A29-275-285
11.18
11.08
424
986
47.7
28030
6202
299
24
41.1
113.9
6161
9.8
41
512
DK-A29-285-295
11.08
10.98
452
1382
61.7
32327
6188
331
24
42.1
132.4
7275
17.5
49.2
824
DK-A29-295-305
10.98
10.88
442
679
82
31441
6014
279
12
39.9
111.5
6672
11.3
45.2
625
DK-A29-305-315
10.88
10.78
325
825
45.3
22996
5448
237
33
40.8
151.1
4046
9.2
31.9
396
DK-A29-315-325
10.78
10.68
437
1253
109
24690
5451
325
38
43.1
126.8
6389
9.1
48.1
562
DK-A30-000-010
15.85
15.75
310
2952
18.3
19414
6412
547
13
28.1
229
5363
14.4
36.9
743
DK-A30-010-040
15.75
15.45
501
4956
24.1
26422
6970
784
14
26.5
233
9721
17.4
47.5
1037
DK-A30-040-050
15.45
15.35
254
1388
13.6
13285
6525
329
13
26.1
171
3437
12.2
19.3
476
DK-A30-050-060
15.35
15.25
304
1509
16.4
16889
6676
545
5
29
224
3893
13.1
25.7
512
DK-A30-060-070
15.25
15.15
441
4462
22.5
22629
7237
643
22
27.8
224
9062
14.7
40.7
1141
DK-A30-070-080
15.15
15.05
237
1033
12.3
12398
6953
339
17
27
194
1780
10.3
19.2
283
DK-A30-080-090
15.05
14.95
361
2492
16.5
18720
6664
526
7.79
27
217
5529
12.8
27.2
923
DK-A30-090-100
14.95
14.85
290
2133
18.5
17459
6366
550
0.58
28.5
235
5530
12.2
28.2
511
DK-A30-100-110
14.85
14.75
342
1876
28.4
15472
7281
380
6.42
30.5
195
6440
16.9
24
1286
DK-A30-110-120
14.75
14.65
359
2919
11.4
18516
6687
585
21
28.3
204
6829
11.9
34.6
703
DK-A30-120-130
14.65
14.55
422
3059
21.2
19174
6675
675
15
28.8
214
5262
10.8
33.1
970
DK-A30-130-140
14.55
14.45
418
3475
51.8
22660
7391
563
11
31.1
206
8633
13.1
48.7
1271
DK-A30-140-150
14.45
14.35
234
820
16.5
15242
7096
337
16
32.6
213
3639
9.9
26.8
530
DK-A30-150-160
14.35
14.25
311
1975
12.7
17753
6498
468
16
29
217
4279
12.5
30.2
390
DK-A30-160-170
14.25
14.15
308
1035
15.1
16906
7175
377
14
33.9
220
2972
11
26.8
306
DK-A30-170-180
14.15
14.05
337
1281
27.9
22069
6914
514
22
36.3
200
4853
10.8
32.8
792
DK-A30-180-190
14.05
13.95
481
3900
40.6
31799
6692
900
34
42.7
197
8716
15
57.2
668
DK-A30-190-200
13.95
13.85
435
1096
29.3
33802
6631
600
39
49.4
168
5889
9.8
52.8
572
177
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A30-200-210
13.85
13.75
499
1119
54.9
38644
7072
597
41
49.9
152
6867
10.4
62.4
691
DK-A30-210-220
13.75
13.65
458
1086
60
34972
7072
498
46
44.3
155
6920
11.7
58.7
379
DK-A30-220-230
13.65
13.55
412
567
52.3
30197
7212
278
38
45.4
163
5000
10.3
45.7
356
DK-A30-230-240
13.55
13.45
425
746
51.1
32550
7441
361
56
41.3
194
5417
10.4
46.8
216
DK-A30-240-250
13.45
13.35
386
347
94
30512
7138
231
45
39.1
195
5193
10.1
43.4
199
DK-A30-250-260
13.35
13.25
415
422
42.9
26270
7582
239
31
40.7
160
4473
9.6
35.7
231
DK-A30-260-270
13.25
13.15
422
494
72
32287
7340
238
25
40.7
147
6498
11.8
44
439
DK-A30-270-280
13.15
13.05
293
522
54.3
21786
7477
172
28
42
183
4353
9
33.9
220
DK-A30-280-290
13.05
12.95
349
794
30
26208
6665
427
45
35.9
211
5723
10.2
31.9
267
DK-A31-020-030
13.53
13.43
342
2113
22.1
19627
6456
510
20
30.7
213
5764
10.8
34.2
806
DK-A31-030-040
13.43
13.33
340
1893
27
19891
6968
614
19
32.6
203
6267
13.3
31.6
1067
DK-A31-040-050
13.33
13.23
374
2315
22.6
16824
5992
542
4.46
26.4
188
5328
12
27.4
914
DK-A31-050-060
13.23
13.13
403
3168
14.6
17972
7201
657
12
29.8
225
5908
11.9
33.2
625
DK-A31-060-070
13.13
13.03
418
3764
18.7
24040
6384
626
21
30.7
230
8258
13.6
38
1296
DK-A31-070-080
13.03
12.93
472
4403
17.6
24070
7078
1039
19
25
252
5225
20
44.6
707
DK-A31-080-090
12.93
12.83
481
5716
37.9
25732
6451
1020
18
28.8
244
6635
19.7
54.6
962
DK-A31-090-100
12.83
12.73
452
4009
37.7
28956
7358
769
18
41
195
9213
14.1
45.7
778
DK-A31-100-110
12.73
12.63
421
1460
40.6
23735
6386
504
16
44.1
166
5363
10.7
37.3
614
DK-A31-110-120
12.63
12.53
490
1111
88
26437
6528
557
21
56.5
158
5155
9.5
49.2
553
DK-A31-120-130
12.53
12.43
356
1409
40.5
23762
6562
422
19
50.6
134.5
5565
9.4
35.5
473
DK-A31-130-140
12.43
12.33
359
1362
42.9
23419
6422
372
28
43.2
160
5825
10.8
35.4
499
DK-A31-140-150
12.33
12.23
383
665
39.2
22338
6560
212
24
47
117.4
5377
8.7
29.7
435
DK-A31-150-160
12.23
12.13
449
624
84
25172
6343
306
16
45.2
113.9
5736
8.9
37.2
404
DK-A31-160-170
12.13
12.03
389
335
114
24824
6243
210
21
48.2
115.1
5582
11.6
46.8
370
DK-A31-170-180
12.03
11.93
362
475
107
21685
5983
194
28
40.3
112.6
5147
9.6
43.5
286
DK-A33-000-010
11.13
11.03
336
1589
19.2
20655
6410
461
29
32
194
4870
11.5
33.8
677
178
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A33-010-020
11.03
10.93
412
2413
39.8
22709
7737
438
17
35.9
185
9554
10.1
36.2
1317
DK-A33-020-030
10.93
10.83
301
986
14.8
15444
7594
390
20
33.3
241
2606
10.5
21.9
293
DK-A33-030-040
10.83
10.73
268
1486
22.4
15291
6591
394
19
29.1
175
4629
7.8
25.3
285
DK-A33-040-050
10.73
10.63
309
1524
14.8
16580
6748
458
12
29.2
199
4171
9.7
23.4
359
DK-A33-050-060
10.63
10.53
403
2464
21.1
21778
8260
533
13
32.7
260
4911
16.2
36
788
DK-A33-060-070
10.53
10.43
356
2504
16.2
18327
6774
669
17
30.3
221
6169
13.3
29.6
930
DK-A33-070-080
10.43
10.33
445
2310
13.4
18603
7726
644
22
32.8
219
6083
17.5
29.4
685
DK-A33-080-090
10.33
10.23
416
3139
22.5
23334
5737
742
23
28.1
194
6432
15.9
38.4
753
DK-A33-090-105
10.23
10.08
349
1456
25.9
19972
6811
414
22
37.8
190
5197
10.6
28.2
482
DK-A33-105-120
10.08
9.93
347
1846
29
25080
7122
477
25
40.9
177
4579
12
40.6
603
DK-A33-120-130
9.93
9.83
564
2542
86
36810
7668
694
28
49.4
189
7870
14.6
61.9
1344
DK-A33-130-145
9.83
9.68
410
1180
45.6
32315
6809
402
27
46.1
132.2
5523
9.3
41.1
415
DK-A33-145-150
9.68
9.63
517
771
76
41162
6310
377
21
49.1
130
7169
10.8
55
735
DK-A33-150-165
9.63
9.48
442
713
58.1
34349
6151
253
16
42.4
129.6
5805
10.1
43.1
373
DK-A33-165-170
9.48
9.43
396
1211
43.7
33585
5682
287
15
40.3
123.7
6358
9.8
40.3
302
DK-A33-170-180
9.43
9.33
392
984
55
35885
5681
215
21
36.8
103.9
6918
11
46.2
383
DK-A33-180-190
9.33
9.23
406
775
40.8
31789
5656
214
17
37.4
111
5929
9.6
36.3
391
DK-A33-190-200
9.23
9.13
425
1327
58.4
35640
6046
376
31
40.8
138.4
6860
13.2
50.8
570
DK-A33-200-210
9.13
9.03
370
597
33.7
32599
5635
225
20
38.2
116.1
5767
9.6
35.2
391
DK-A33-210-220
9.03
8.93
395
452
75
32870
5955
176
19
41.1
117.3
5928
10.6
48.6
372
DK-A33-220-230
8.93
8.83
397
817
36.1
30280
6119
212
35
39.3
119.5
5592
9.8
38.2
272
DK-A33-230-240
8.83
8.73
399
427
50.4
32600
5822
184
36
40.1
118.5
6142
10.2
43.4
341
DK-A33-240-250
8.73
8.63
304
602
32.6
19711
7600
199
53
40.2
193
4354
8.3
29.7
329
DK-A33-250-260
8.63
8.53
277
301
18.4
14508
7779
215
42
37
219
2749
9.4
18.9
258
DK-A33-260-270
8.53
8.43
292
852
24.2
19705
7824
304
56
36.5
243
5577
11.1
28.1
328
DK-A33-270-280
8.43
8.33
302
1033
19.5
19267
7903
267
51
35.3
222
4776
8.6
27.8
337
179
Auger
MASL
Top
MASL
Bottom
Ba
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Mn
Ni
Rb
Sr
Ti
Y
Zn
Zr
DK-A33-280-290
8.33
8.23
286
916
23.9
17742
6698
275
56
34.1
222
3085
8.2
29.1
211
DK-A33-290-300
8.23
8.13
276
562
15.1
15858
7442
212
55
34.3
243
2888
9
25.7
183
DK-A33-300-310
8.13
8.03
276
660
47.6
14953
8753
203
49
37.8
215
3298
8.1
28.5
589
DK-A33-310-320
8.03
7.93
284
455
19.7
16896
8168
237
51
35
246
2592
8.8
26.1
287
180
Appendix F: Univariate one-way analysis of all elements by soil group.
One-way Analysis of As Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Ba Log10 By Soil
181
One-way Analysis of Bi Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Ca Log10 By Soil
182
One-way Analysis of Co Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Cr Log10 By Soil
183
One-way Analysis of Cu Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Fe Log10 By Soil
184
One-way Analysis of K Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Mn Log10 By Soil
185
One-way Analysis of Ni Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Pb Log10 By Soil
186
One-way Analysis of Rb Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Se Log10 By Soil
187
One-way Analysis of Sr Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Th Log10 By Soil
188
One-way Analysis of Ti Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Y Log10 By Soil
189
One-way Analysis of Zn Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Zr Log10 By Soil
190
One-way Analysis of Ba Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Cr Log10 By Soil
191
One-way Analysis of Cu Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Fe Log10 By Soil
192
One-way Analysis of K Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Mn Log10 By Soil
193
One-way Analysis of Ni Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Rb Log10 By Soil
194
One-way Analysis of Sr Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Ti Log10 By Soil
195
One-way Analysis of Y Log10 By Soil
One-way Analysis of Zn Log10 By Soil
196
One-way Analysis of Zr Log10 By Soil