Cultivating biodiversity for disease control, a case study in China
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Cultivating biodiversity for disease control, a case study in China Wang Yunyue, Zhu Youyong et al The Phytopathology Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University I came from Yunnan where is a very beautiful place ~ Located YUNNAN in Southwest China ~ From 20 to 29 degrees north latitude and from 97 to 196 degrees east longitude ~ About 383 thousand square kilometers. ~ The elevation to rice planting is highest at 2700 m at Lin Lang County, and lowest at 76 m at Hekou County. CHINA Rice is major food crop in Yunnan Total Rice Area in Yunnan: 800,000 ha 450, 000 7, 000 20, 000 13, 000 330, 000 I ndi ca Japani ca Gl ut i nous Upl and Blast is the main disease of rice in Yunnan Indica Rice: 3-6% Losses of Yield Japonica Rice: 5-14% Losses of Yield Glutinous Rice: 25-36% Losses of Yield Upland Rice: 26-50% Losses of Yield use fungicide to control blast, 3-8 spray applications per growing season ChongmenKuo, Shiping 12 August 2000 Hypothesis of genetic diversity for rice blast management Different rice varieties are planted in a field or an area depending on the rice resources and sustainable agriculture development, for raising the ecology stability in field and strengthen deference of plant, to control rice blast. Zhu youyong at el 1997 Method：One row of glutinous rice was added in hybrid rice between 4-6 rows Mixture technique was accepted easily by more and more farmers 60 In 1997, The field experiments of variety diversity were done in 12 ha area of Shiping county of Yunnan. I nci dence SI 50 40 30 20 10 0 Field experiment AC BC C AD BD D Large Scale Field Trials In 1998 812 ha for mixture planting in 5 towns of Shiping 15 ha for mixture planting experiment in Jiangshui Large Scale Field Trials In 1999 3342 ha in Shiping and Jianshui counties Yunnan Large Scale Field Trials In 2000 43,000 ha for mixture planting in 41 counties of Yunnan in 2000 Yunnan Large Scale Field Trials In 2001 107,400 ha for mixture planting in 62 counties of China 2001 . China 458 field experiments have been done in 48 counties of 11 provinces of China from 1997 to 2001 The results of variety diversity for rice blast management from field experiments Rice blast of disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties was 83-94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. Our results support the view that the variety diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control and contribute to the sustainability of crop production 60 I nci dence SI 50 40 30 20 10 0 AC BC C AD BD D The results of variety diversity for rice blast management from field experiments Rice blast of hybrid rice varieties planted in mixtures with traditional varieties was 26-50.2% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. 10 I nci d 8 ence 6 SI 4 2 0 AC AD A BC BD B The results of variety diversity for the resistance of high quality variety to lodging High quality varieties planted in mixtures with hybrid varieties had a strong resistance to lodging, and was 100% not to lodging than when they were grown in monoculture. Monoculture Mixture Monoculture Mixture The results of variety diversity for rice yield increase from field experiments Rice yield increased 636.3 to 1119.3 kg/ha. , especially disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield than when they were grown in monoculture. . 10500 9500 Yi el d ( ha/ kg) Gl ut i nous Hybri d 8500 7500 6500 5500 4500 3500 2500 1500 500 AC AD A BC BD B The results of variety diversity for cost saving from reduction in pest pressure Cost savings from reduction in pest pressure, Yunnan Province, China, 2000. Item Number of sprays Cost of pesticides ($ ha–1) Labor for pesticide application (d ha–1) Imputed cost of labor ($ ha–1) Total cost ($ ha–1) Financial benefit ($ ha–1) Adopters Nonadopters 1 10.5 2.85 6.49 16.99 72.03 3 42.92 20.25 46.10 89.02 Mechanization research 1.Rice variety Analysis on Resistance Gene Analogue (RGA) of rice variety Analysis on RFLP of Candidate resistance gene of rice variety 2.Blast pathogen Population structure and Genetic Diversity of Magnaporthe grisea analysis by rep-PCR fingerprint 3.Relationship between rice variety and blast pathogen 4.Microclimate in field 直截40 Polymorphsium of fingerprint patterns for rice varieties from Yunnan by RGA-PCR 215 varieties from all rice growing area in Yunnan were assessed for LRR space polymorphism using AFLP with 3 pairs primers: Pto-kin1/Pto-kin2, S1/ AS3, XLRR for/ XLRR rev -0.1 Ô½ÄÏ¹È ÉÇÓÅ64 ÉÇÓÅ63 IIÓÅ63 KÓÅ130 DÓÅ63 ÍþÓÅ407 ÀϾ¬¹È Ôç¹È ÁúɳÁÖ¹È ÖÐÑí¹È ¶ëɽ°×¹È ÂÒ½Å¹È ¶Ñ¶ÑÅ´¹È _622_4 ÕãÓÅ15 °×½ÅÀϾ¬ ÂìòÆ¹È µáı301 ½ðÓŹð99 ½ðÓÅ207 ÉÇÓÅ46 ºìÔç¹È ´ó°×¹È °×ÈÕÔç IIÓÅ501 ¹ð³¯2ºÅ »Æ¿ÇÅ´ ¾©¹ú92 ÀèÃ÷251 Ñ°ÔÓ36 µá³¬101 IIÓÅ7ºÅ ÉÇÓÅ149 ÉÇÓÅÍíÈý KÓÅ802 ½ðÓÅÍíÈý CÓÅ22ºÅ ¸ÔÓÅ12 ÔÂÁÁ¹È »¨¹È IIÓÅ838 IIÓÅ6078 II¶à1ºÅ Ñ°ÔÓ29 ÔÆ»Ö290 Ó²¹È µáÍÍ502 Ë¿ÓÅ63 ÆëÍ·¹È Àö½-ºÚ¹È ºÏϵ40ºÅ ºÏϵ22ºÅ ºÏϵ23ºÅ ºÏϵ26ºÅ Õ´¾¬8ºÅ Àä¹È3156 _78251 Î÷ÄÏ175 _95Ñ¡11 ¶àµã¹È Ôƹâ9ºÅ _70ÓÅ9ºÅ ¶õ¾¬ÔÓ1 ³þ¾¬9ºÅ ´óÀí782 ÓÜÔÓ29 ºÏϵ21ºÅ ¸ßɽÀä¹È ³þ¾¬11ºÅ ³þ¾¬19ºÅ ³þ¾¬16ºÅ ³þ¾¬14ºÅ Àä¹È3158 ¸ßÁº¹È ºÏϵ12ºÅ ºÏϵ11ºÅ ºÏ¾¸6ºÅ Ôƾ¬136 ½úºì1ºÅ ºÏϵ8ºÅ ºÏϵ15ºÅ ºÏϵ4ºÅ ºÏϵ3ºÅ Ôƾ¬36ºÅ ºÏϵ14ºÅ ºÏϵ9ºÅ ºÏϵ16ºÅ ºÏϵ1ºÅ ºÏϵ2ºÅ ³þ¾¬12ºÅ Õ´¾¬7ºÅ ºÏ¾¸8ºÅ ³þ¾¬18ºÅ ¾¸¾¬7ºÅ ºÏϵ17ºÅ ºÏϵ5ºÅ Ôƾ¬9ºÅ ºÏ¾¸7ºÅ ºÏϵ29ºÅ ºÏϵ31ºÅ ºÏϵ30ºÅ ºÏϵ24ºÅ ºÏϵ32ºÅ ºÏϵ35ºÅ ºÏϵ39ºÅ ºÏϵ27ºÅ ºÏϵ28ºÅ µáϵ4ºÅ Ôƾ¬20ºÅ µáϵ3ºÅ ºÏϵ25ºÅ ºÏϵ13ºÅ ºÏϵ36ºÅ µáϵ2ºÅ µáϵ1ºÅ _97KG11 ºÏϵ6ºÅ ×ÓÔ¤_44 ³þ¾¬22ºÅ Ôƾ¬34ºÅ ºÏϵ38ºÅ ºÏϵ37ºÅ ºÏϵ33ºÅ Ôƹâ6ºÅ ÛÂÍú¹È Linkage Distance Computer clusters results of 215 varieties for amplification with 3 pairs: XLRR for/ XLRR rev、S1/ AS3、Pto-kin1 /Pto-kin2 Unweighted pair-group average Tree Diagram for 133 Variables 6.9 Euclidean distances 5.9 4.9 3.9 2.9 1.9 0.9 Zhu Youyong & Hei Lueng (2000) X ia n y o u 6 3 X ia n y o u 2 2 Z in u o H uangkenuo H e x i4 1 C h u j in g 1 2 8126 0 .4 5 0 .5 6 0 .6 7 C o e f f ic ie n t 0 .7 9 0 .9 0 Rice varieties assessed by RFLP with 19 candidate R.gene probes Tree Diagram for 24 Variables Unweighted pair-group average Euclidean distances 2.9 2.4 1.4 0.9 ÉÇÓÅ63 Ë¿ÓÅ63 ÉÇÓÅ22 Îĵ¾2ºÅ µá¤201 ÔÆ»Ö290 »Æ°åËù ¸ÔÓÅ22 ×ÏÅ´ ¸ÔÓÅ63 µáÈð408 ºÁľϸ µáÍÍ502 °Ë±¦¹È ÆëÍ·¹È ³þ¾¬12ºÅ ºÏϵ39ºÅ Ôƹâ8ºÅ ³þ¾¬17ºÅ ºÏϵ41ºÅ ´ó°×Å´ Ôƹâ9ºÅ -0.1 ÀÕ°×Ïã¹È 0.4 »Æ¿ÇÅ´ Linkage Distance 1.9 Wang Yunyue, He Yueqiu & Sun Yin (2000) Population structure of Magnaporthe grisea analysis by rep-PCR fingerprint 2314 isolates of Magnaporthe grisea from Yunnan and other 9 provinces were assessed by rep-PCR with the primer Pot2. Relationship between Rep-PCR groups of isolates and rice varieties Tai bei 8 Zhanj i ng Hexi 41 Hexi Chuj i ng Bendi nuo 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hexi Huangkenuo Bendi gu Xi anyou22 Xi anyou63 Relationship between Rep-PCR groups and the region of isolates 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Zhanyu Xuanwei Xi j i ang Yuxi Zaot ong Longl i n Kunmi ng Pi ngbi an Ji angshui Luxi Shi pi ng Blast isolates were diversified by rice variety diversity 1 and 30 lanes: markers (λDNA with hindIII and EcoRI); 2 to 11 lanes: Isolates from monoplanting of Indica rice (Shanyou63); 12 to 21 lanes: Isolates from monoplanting gultinous rice(Huangkenuo); 22 to 29 lanes: Isolates from Mixture inter-planting (Shanyou63 and Huangkenuo) B33 B42 B32 C3 B56 B55 B54 B40 B34 B31 B26 B24 B23 B22 B21 B19 B18 B16 B11 B10 B9 B8 C57 C48 C2 B43 B48 B15 B53 B52 B51 B47 B46 B44 B27 B17 B2 C60 C59 C58 C26 C25 C23 C20 C18 C16 C15 C12 C10 C9 C8 C7 C1 A18 A11 C35 C34 C33 C32 C31 C30 C28 C27 C24 C22 C21 C17 C13 C11 A55 A54 A53 A52 A51 A50 A48 A47 A45 A43 A42 A40 A38 A37 A36 A35 A34 A33 A32 A30 A29 A28 A27 A25 A24 A23 A22 A20 A19 A17 A16 A15 A14 A12 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 Linkage Distance The cluster results 113 isolates from monoculture and mixture inter-planting fields Tree Diagram for 113 Variables Unweighted pair-group average Euclidean distances 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.2 -0.3 The cluster results 113 isolates from monoculture and mixture inter-planting fields Fi g3D 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hybrid rice Glutinuos Mixture Spore proliferation of blast pathogen in monoculture susceptible variety (Huangkenuo) field 06 .J u 12 l .J u 18 l .J u 24 l .J u 31 l .J ul 7. Au 14 g .A u 21 g .A u 28 g .A ug 3. Se p 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 ÖÐ Ð Ä 2M 4M 8M 16M ÐÐ Ö Ä Spore proliferation of blast pathogen in monoculture resistance variety (Shanyou63) field ÖÐ Ð Ä 2M 4M 8M 16M 1000 800 600 400 8M 200 ÐÐ Ö Ä 7. Au g 14 .A ug 21 .A ug 28 .A ug 3. Se p ul 31 .J ul 24 .J ul 18 .J ul 12 .J 06 .J ul 0 Spore proliferation of blast pathogen in mixture inter-planting field (Shanyou63/huangkenuo) 2000 1500 1000 500 06 .J u 12 l .J u 18 l .J u 24 l .J u 31 l .J ul 7. Au 14 g .A u 21 g .A u 28 g .A ug 3. Se p 0 ÖÐ Ð Ä 2M 4M 8M 16M 16M 4M ÐÐ Ö Ä Microclimate in monoculture and mixture-culture fields (The temperature change curves at 8:00) 31 31 29 27 29 25 25 23 21 23 19 17 19 15 15 27 21 17 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — A/D —D 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — B/C —C (The temperature change curves at 14:00) 39 39 36 36 33 33 30 30 27 27 24 24 21 21 18 18 15 15 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — A/D —D 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — B/C —C (The relation humidity change curves at 8:00) 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 —D — A/D 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 —C — B/C The relative humidity change curves at 14:00 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 —D — A/D 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 —C —B/ C (The illumination change curves at 8:00) 45000 45000 40000 40000 35000 35000 30000 30000 25000 25000 20000 20000 15000 15000 10000 10000 5000 5000 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — A/D —D 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — B/C —C The illumination change curves at 14:00 120000 120000 100000 100000 80000 80000 60000 60000 40000 40000 20000 20000 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 — A/D —D — B/C —C Nature Vol.406, No.6797, pp:718 - 722 Genetic diversity and disease control in rice YOUYONG ZHU, HAIRU CHEN, JINGHUA FAN, YUNYUE WANG, YAN LI, JIANBING CHEN, JINXIANG FAN, SHISHENG YANG, LINGPING HU, HEI LEUNG, TOM W. MEW, PAUL S. TENG, ZONGHUA WANG & CHRISTOPHER C. MUNDT Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease. Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas, though experimental data are lacking. Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers, researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province, China— genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999. Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast, the major disease of rice. Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme. Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production Highly appraise in Nature, Science and other newspaper 2000.8.17.英国《自然》 表 2000.8.18.美国《科学》 表 1999.7.13-15 Kunming International workshop on diversity for sustainable crop diseases 70,000 farmers were Trained 2000.8.21-23 Kunming International workshop on diversity for sustainable crop diseases We have since extended the idea of diversification to control diseases and insect pests of other major crops in Yunnan, particularly wheat and broadbean. This intercropping design reduced the incidence of rust by 19-27 %, and damage due to bean stem maggot decreased to minimal. The intercrop registered a 24-26% yield advantage over the monocrop at all sites. Rhizobial nodule formation in intercropped broadbean was also significantly higher than in the monoculture crop. This intercropping design of corn and peanut reduced the incidence of corn northern leaf blight and corn southern leaf blight by 35-56 %, and a 8-12% yield advantage over the monocrop at 5 sites of 1320 ha in Yunnan. An extensive network of researchers and extension personnel is being formed in Yunnan to disseminate this technology to farmers. Acknowledgements Supported by the Asian Development Bank, the Yunnan Province Government, the Ministry of Science and technology committee of China and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). We thank personnel of the provincial and county Plant Protection Stations and participating farmers for their contributions and dedication to this project Thanks
