General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Offsetting Renewable Energy
Intermittency in Delaware through
H2 and V2G-based Energy Storage
February 9th, 2009
Team BANANA
Glenn Catlin, Dan Esposito, Colin Manasse, Tim Miller, Will Reid
General Motors
in partnership with
Renewable vs. Fossil Fuel Electricity
MichCon & Detroit Edison
The good news……….
Data taken from: B.Sovacool. Energy Policy. 36 (2008)
The not-so-good news….
Renewable Intermittency:
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
GiggityGigga-Watts
Image modified from: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/03-04/sustainable_cities/images/casestudy/wind%20output.gif
A Solution: Energy Storage
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Conventional Electric Utility Set-up:
On
On/off
Switch
Off
A Solution: Energy Storage
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Conventional Electric Utility Set-up:
On
On/off
Switch
Off
Renewables-Based Electric Utility Set-up:
Doesn’t come with an
On/off switch.
A Solution: Energy Storage
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Conventional Electric Utility Set-up:
On
On/off
Switch
Off
Renewables-Based Electric Utility Set-up:
Doesn’t come with an
On/off switch.
General Motors
Effect of Storage: Load Leveling
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Jackpot!
Constant
electricity
production from
Renewables
Our Assignment
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Make this happen in DE by 2019:
Some Questions:
1. How much
can we get in DE? 20%? 40%?
2. What if we use V2G instead of hydrogen?
3. How much storage & at what cost to keep
?
2006 Delaware Energy Usage
Delaware spends
~$1.3billion/yr for electricity
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/plain_html/sum_btu_1.html
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
2006 Sankey Diagram for Delaware
MichCon & Detroit Edison
in partnership with
How much
Wind
General Motors
can we get inMichCon
DE?
& Detroit Edison
in partnership with
Solar
Ocean
How much
General Motors
can we get inMichCon
DE?
& Detroit Edison
in partnership with
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
General Motors
From Renewables to Storage
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage
Battery-Based Energy Storage
50 kWh Li-ion
battery banks in
Electric Vehicles
General Motors
From Renewables to Storage
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage
Pipes
General Motors
Transmitting H2
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• In order to Transmit H2 from
the southern part of the state
to Wilmington ~ 100 miles of
polymer lined fiber composite
Hydrogen pipeline would be
needed
• In order to have the ability to
transmit a day’s worth of H2
through the pipeline ~ $1.7
million/mile worth of
infrastructure costs.
– Still Cheaper than a 550 kV
power line (by about $0.8
million/mile
.
Proposed H2
Generation
Storage & Fuel
Cell sites.
H2 Pipeline
General Motors
6 Scenarios for 2019
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Key Assumptions & Design Parameters
•Energy demand growth 1%/yr
• Keep average system capacity constant
•Non-renewable CF= 90% during down times
•Renewable CF=30%
General Motors
DE 2019 Sankey Diagram
Scenario 2m
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Cost for each Scenario
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
$1.3
billion
General Motors
Policy Recommendations
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Consumer Related Policies
• Regressive state income tax rebate attached to
V2G vehicles
– Y1=25%; Y3=15%; Y7-12=5%/Y
• Free parking, tolls, Net Metering components for
V2G vehicles
• Insurance policy subsidization
– Projects >25kW (insurance requirement)
• Progression of efficiency standards
General Motors
Policy Recommendations
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Utility Related Policies
• Mandatory $0.01/kWh premium on fossil fuel based
electricity for Green Fund contribution
• Free permitting for renewable energy projects (new or
upgrades)
• Facilitation of ocean energy generation technologies:
-Mixed energy source utilization requirement for offshore
renewable energy projects
• Encourage development of complimentary efforts
• Smart Grid, Conservation
Conclusions
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
1.
DE has tremendous renewable energy potential
2.
Hydrogen and/or V2G are viable options to mitigate
intermittent electricity generation.
3.
Energy storage can allow large (>20%) renewable
electricity generation, but at a cost.
4.
Technology exists TODAY to do this. We suggest
policies to make this happen NOW.
General Motors
Questions?
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Determining % of Cars as V2G
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Battery & H2 Storage Characteristics
MichCon & Detroit Edison
in partnership with
Energy Density & Power
Ragone Plot
Source: Hall & Bain. Energy Policy. 36 (2008)
Efficiency
40
Hydrogen
General Motors
Effect on Overall Efficiency
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Current Delaware Energy Usage
Sector
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Number of
Consumers
Avg. Monthly
Consumptiona
Total
Consumptionb
Avg. Retail
Pricec
Avg. Monthly
Billd
Residential
387 923
960
372 406 080
13.16
$126.40
Commercial
48 590
7 410
360 051 900
11.21
$830.50
Industrial
616
416 458
256 538 128
8.93
$37 169.10
Total
437 129
2 262
988 996 108
12.94e
$256.87e
The Bottom Line:
st
1 Staters spend a
total of $1.3 Billion/yr
on Electricity
a - kWh; b - kWh; c – c/kWh; d - in dollars; e – weighted total; http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html
General Motors
So What Will it Cost us?
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Solar Potential in DE
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
– At 15 % efficiency; 27 square miles of properly1 placed
tracking solar panels could produce the entire state’s
electricity demand.
– 1.3 percent of States land area
– 100% of DE’s Rooftop could provide 22% of state’s
electricity needs.2
1.Overview of Renewable Energy Resources in Delaware. Applied Energy Group. October 2002. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2367976/Overview-of-Renewable-EnergyResources-in-Delaware
2.Kempton, Willet. Delaware’s Wind Potential. Environmental Footprint Workgroup 2008 http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/Admin/Documents/Kempton-EnvFootprintWorkgroupJuly08.pdf. February 4, 2009
Wind Potential
•
•
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Taking shipping lanes, Visual exclusions, and Bird flyways into consideration;
Delaware has 54.3 TWh per year of Wind Potential (after taking 0.39 Capacity factor
into account).
This is ~ 7 X the proposed 8 TWh that would be needed to reach the amount of wind
needed for the 40 % target 2
Wave Energy Potential
• 30 kW/m
• 740 kWh rating
• 35% capacity factor
• 150 units
• Lifetime of 20 years
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Storage by Hydrogen
• 240 Gallons
• 250 psi
• $5000
• Lifetime of 15 years
Manufacturer: Roy E. Hanson Jr. Mfg.
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison