ADULT LITERACY
PUBLIC EDUCATION, TRAINING & AWARENESS PROGRAMMES
Cape Town
100%
90%
84%
South Africa
• Education and training programmes teach people skills that are useful in furthering
their economic opportunities, as well as promoting social development.
• A significant 45% increase in the number of person days of education occurred
between 2005 and 2006. 106 198 person days occured in 2006.
81.8%
80%
70%
60%
50%
STAFF EDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESS PROGRAMMES
40%
30%
16%
20%
70,000
0%
60,000
Illiterate
50,000
• Illiteracy is firmly linked with unemployment and chronic poverty.
• In order to grow the economy it is essential that adult literacy levels are raised to 100%.
• The City’s libraries run a number of adult literacy programmes.
30,000
20,000
HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION ACHIEVED
10,000
• Less than half of residents (45%) over the age of 18 have completed matric or
a higher qualification, limiting their opportunities for further education and
employment.
• Declining matric pass rates have been also been observed. In 2005 the matric pass
rate fell from a high of 85% to 82%. This is still an improvement from the 74% pass
rate in 1997.
• It is important for the future of Cape Town’s economy that an increased number of
residents complete their education.
23.2%
19.7%
15.0%
2003/2004
2004/2005
2005/2006
• Staff education and training is a key tool for increasing organisational efficiency, and
ensuring that staff remain up to date with technology.
• The number of days of staff education programmes has remained at a high level,
totalling 48 288 in 2005/06.
16
23.0%
20.7%
19.8%
18.0%
13.3%
12
10
8
4
current development activities are anticipated, and that
quick-fix solutions, which fail to address the root causes
2000
0%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
• The unemployment rate has decreased for the first time since 1994.
• In order to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for those currently without
jobs, it is necessary to further reduce the unemployment rate.
GROSS GEOGRAPHIC PRODUCT (GGP)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
• LA21 is a means through which cities can promote sustainable development.
• The key principle behind LA21 is “think global, act local”.
• A LA21 partnership was established in 2000 between Cape Town and the City of
Aachen, in Germany. Objectives include the implementation of projects in Aachen
and Cape Town, awareness raising and learning through exchanges.
110
In order to report on Cape Town’s progress towards
sustainability, it is necessary to have a set of indicators
that allow us to quantify, monitor and report on changes
59.38%
61.54%
a particular point in time, and that they don’t necessarily
tell the whole story. However, monitoring indicators over
90
50%
time allows one to draw fair and truthful conclusions
80
40%
about the progress towards achieving sustainability in
30%
the City, while ensuring that necessary action is taken in
50
20%
a timely fashion.
40
10%
60
30
0%
20
10
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
• In 2005 the gross geographic product (the total value of goods and services produced
in the City area) of Cape Town was approximately R112.5 billion.
• Since 1993 Cape Town’s GGP has experienced an average growth rate of 3.9% per
year, with the past few years experiencing a higher than average growth rate.
• Good economic growth is associated with increasing job opportunities and increases
in the quality of life in the region.
POVERTY AND INCOME DISPARITY
05/06
Municipal Elections
49.8%
30.0%
20%
20.0%
10.0%
5%
0.0%
0%
1996
2001
2000
2005
• Approx. 16% of residents are living in absolute poverty (defined as less than $1 a day).
• 38% are living below the household subsistence level (HSL) of R2 250 per month, the
minimum amount required by a household to maintain an adequate level of health
and decency.
•
•
•
•
•
Proportion of effluent reused
HIV/Aids prevalence
Incidence of rape and indecent assault
Percentage informal housing
Adult literacy
Indicators showing decline are:
PM10 Exceedances
City Centre
2006
• Voter turnout for the 2006 Municipal Election was less than 50%.
• This is indicative of high rates of voter apathy. This may be due to Cape Town’s
history of floor crossing and associated political instability.
Public and private transport
Extent of urban sprawl
Coastal water quality
Landfill lifespan
Waste disposal per capita
Tuberculosis incidence
Leading cause of death
Drug use and drug-related crime
Incidence of fires in informal settlements
Highest level of education achieved
Poverty and income disparity
Election turnout
Indicators for which there is
insufficient data to show trends are:
•
•
•
•
Renewable energy vs total energy supply
Energy use per sector
Extent of natural vegetation conserved
Fresh water quality
The City of Cape Town is committed to creating a better,
more sustainable City, through the application of the
City’s Integrated Development Plan and Integrated
Metropolitan Environmental Policy, and the City’s
commitment to the implementation of the UN Millennium
Development Goals and Urban Environmental Accords.
As these policies and goals have a medium to long-term
view it is important to acknowledge that many changes
may take some time to manifest themselves. However,
RENEWABLE ENERGY VS. TOTAL ENERGY SUPPLY
Goodwood
Khayelitsha
150
125
100
75
50
•
•
•
Very little renewable energy is generated or used in Cape Town.
The use of solar water heaters in private homes is increasing.
A by-law that will make the use of solar water heaters compulsory for all new
housing developments is currently under review.
Construction has begun on the first small commercial wind farm, in Darling.
The City has signed a formal agreement for the use of this “green” electricity,
which will provide up to 0.43% of Cape Town’s energy needs.
EXTENT OF NATURAL VEGETATION CONSERVED
25
• Air quality (PM10 ) has deteriorated since 1995.
• Khayelitsha experiences dangerously high levels of air pollution.
• The negative health impact of PM10 pollution on the poor, and those with Tuberculosis (TB),
is of particular concern. PM10 pollution is a serious health risk to those with TB.
• Cape Town is world famous for its biodiversity. The Cape Floristic Kingdom,
of which Cape Town is a part, is the most species diverse ecosystem in the world.
• Unfortunately, Cape Town has the highest rate of plant extinctions in any City in the
world, with over 14% of its indigenous plants classified as endangered or critically
endangered.
• Approximately 45.5% of the City’s remaining natural vegetation is conserved. In
order to ensure the future sustainability of plant populations, it is necessary to
implement further conservation measures.
ENERGY USE PER SECTOR
CARBON DIOXIDE EQUIVALENTS PER CAPITA
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Households
15%
Local
Authority
2%
Per Capita Carbon Dioxide and CO2 equivalents produced by Cape Town
7.00
Acknowledgements
Transport
54%
The City of Cape Town would like to thank the following agencies for their contribution to the 2006 Sustainability Report.
Commerce
and Industry
29%
For a full list of references, please obtain a copy of the City of Cape Town Sustainability Report 2006.
Contact Details: Environmental Resource Management Department, City of Cape Town, 7th Floor, 44 Wale Street, Cape Town, 8000
Phone: 021 487 2284 Fax: 021 487 2255 Email: enviro@capetown.gov.za
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the City is confident that despite the challenges that are
faced, the ultimate goal of creating a sustainable City is
an achievable one.
• Air quality exceedances
• Carbon dioxide per capita
No data for Khayelitsha 1995 - 1998 and 2001
25%
10%
Green space per capita
Extent of invasion by alien invasive plant species
Water use per capita
Incidence of murder
Incidence of industrial and commercial crime
Access to water
Access to sanitation
Unemployment
Gross geographic product
Local Agenda 21 projects
Public education, training and awareness programmes
Staff education, training and awareness programmes
Capital budget spent
AIR QUALITY EXCEEDANCES
40.0%
15%
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
56.4%
50.0%
32%
30%
25%
04/05
ELECTION TURNOUT
60.0%
38%
35%
03/04
70.0%
Percentage of Households Living Below HSL
40%
02/03
• The capital budget is that portion of the annual budget which is allocated to
infrastructure projects.
• Proper spending of the budget is essential for service delivery and improving the
living conditions of residents. It is encouraging to note increased spending since
2002/03.
Number of exceedances
70
Indicators showing improvement are:
Indicators showing no change are:
a glimpse into the progress towards sustainability at
71.41%
67.27%
60%
100
INDICATORS
It is important to remember that indicators provide
80%
70%
of problems, are avoided.
in our world.
CAPITAL BUDGET SPENT
Percentage of Capital Budget Spent
120
delivery of these systems depends”.
life. This ensures that future and cumulative impacts of
0
5%
of the natural built and social systems upon which the
and forward-looking approach to improving quality of
5
2
10%
The second annual City of Cape Town Sustainability
Report has identified a number of trends for key
indicators, providing an insight into the City’s progress
towards sustainability.
sustainability at a local government level, thus:
The key to achieving sustainability is adopting a long-term
7
6
4
ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) defines
residents of a community without threatening the viability
12
10
TRENDS
basic environmental, social and economic services to all
15
12
SUSTAINABILITY
“sustainable development is development that delivers
LOCAL AGENDA 21 (LA21) PROJECTS
Number of Projects
25%
16.5%
0
14
UNEMPLOYMENT
20%
The City of Cape Town has made a commitment to ensuring environmental sustainability, while striving to provide
a better life for all citizens. In order to achieve this goal it is necessary to improve social, economic and ecological
conditions in the City, within a framework of good governance.
40,000
• The transport sector is
the largest user of energy
in Cape Town, in the form
of petroleum and diesel
fuels. This has important
implications for both air
quality, as well as traffic
congestion.
6.00
5.92
6.12
6.21
2004
2006
5.00
Tonnes
Literate
Billions of Rands
This pamphlet provides a summary of the City of Cape Town 2006 Sustainability Report. In total, 36 indicators are
reported on, providing important information about the state of the environment and development in Cape Town.
A full Sustainability Report is also available, which provides a detailed analysis of these indicators.
Staff Education Person Days
18.2%
10%
15%
City of cape town
SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2006
SUMMARY
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
2002
• Cape Town’s carbon footprint has grown since 2002.
• The primary source of emissions is electricity, accounting for over 70%.
• CO2 and other greenhouse gases contribute to climate change, which will have
significant negative ecological, economic, and social consequences.
COASTAL WATER QUALITY
GREEN SPACE PER CAPITA
• There is approximately 160 m2 of Green Space (nature reserves, parks and public
open space) per person in Cape Town. There is also over 300 km of coastline.
This is important for biodiversity and recreation.
• This means that Cape Town has more green space than most other large cities in the
world.
• Access remains problematic, and many citizens are unable to access good quality
green recreational space or beaches, due to distance, lack of transport, or cost of entry.
18%
Atlantic Coast
False Bay Coast
Percentage Compliance with Strict Guideline
100%
90%
14%
80%
12%
70%
10%
60%
8%
40%
30%
20%
Bus
4%
Minibus Taxi
11%
Rail
17%
0%
•
•
•
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
In 2005, 80% of beaches met the stringent water quality guideline.
This is a significant reduction in quality since 2003.
Poor coastal water quality is caused primarily by the discharge of contaminated
stormwater and improperly treated effluent into the coastal system. To improve
water quality, this needs to be addressed.
25%
15%
7%
6%
5%
2006
• Treated effluent is used at a number of sports facilities and golf courses, which
significantly reduces their impact on the water supply.
• The City is working on improving infrastructure in order to meet growing demand
for treated effluent.
LANDFILL LIFESPAN
60%
50%
57%
Short Term
14
Long Term
44%
•
•
Faure
Swartklip
Bellville
Coastal Park Vissershok
Kilograms
2001
2005
The vast majority of residential properties in the City are low-density, single family
dwellings. Data indicates a slight trend towards the densification of residential
property. In order to prevent further urban sprawl the densification of the City must
continue. Brownfield and greyfield redevelopment, and enforcement of the urban
edge are also key.
Daily Water Use per Capita
Water Restrictions 00/01 and 04/05
264.2 269.2 270.2
230.6 223.1 229.0 234.6
230.0
222.3
200.0
568.3
500
495.8
510.1
554.4
655.1
100.0
50.0
95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06
Water use has been reduced since water restrictions were implemented in 2000.
The World Health Organisation recommends a minimum daily amount of
50 litres per capita per day.
The data may mask the fact that many wealthy residents use much more than
230 litres per day, while the poor may use substantially less.
2002
2003
2004
2005
600
/99
/00
98
/01
99
/02
00
01
100%
100% 100%
100%
911
875
90%
/03
/04
02
/05
03
04
/06
05
96.4% 100%
74%
80%
70%
60%
2005
2006
50%
500
30%
400
20%
300
10%
200
0%
Formal
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
The rate of new infections reached a high of 911 per 100 000 population in 2005.
Cape Town’s cure rate of approx. 70% is much higher than the national average of 54%.
In order to prevent further new infections, the problem of lack of compliance with
treatment regimens must be addressed.
Informal
ACESS TO SANITATION
95.40%
100% 100%
100%
91.25%
90%
80%
66.12%
70%
60%
50%
Murder Rate
76.4
75.9
80
70
70.7 70.9
72.1
63.9
84.4
75.8
2005
2006
36.52%
40%
90
Total
• 100% of Cape Town’s residents have access to clean safe water within 200 m of their home.
• This is important for health, hygiene, and good quality of life.
30%
20%
67.5
59.0
60
57.3
54.6
10%
0%
50
Formal
40
30
20
10
0
/95
94
/97
/96
/98
96
95
97
/99
98
/00
99
/01
00
/02
01
/03
/04
02
/05
03
/06
04
05
• In 2003/04 the murder rate in Cape Town dropped substantially, remaining at a
lowered rate.
• Cape Town is responsible for 10% of South Africa’s murders, but it has only 7% of the
country’s population.
• The rate remains unacceptably high. This needs to be addressed as a matter of priority.
Rape and Indecent Assault Rate
200
170
180
173
Informal
Total
• 95.4% of residents have access to formal sanitation, defined as a flush toilet.
• Only 66.12% of informal residents have access to sanitation. They face a significant
health risk due to lack of hygienic methods of waste disposal. Illnesses such as
diarrhoea, skin infections, and infestation by parasitic worms are possible risk factors.
PERCENTAGE OF INFORMAL HOUSING
Number of Informal Dwellings 1993 - 2005
120,000
98,031
96,951
100,000
94,972
83,684
80,000
72,140
59,854
60,000
40,000
170
183
175
183
181
173
176
178
159
28,300
20,000
0
140
533.6
/98
97
40%
160
93
19
120
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
19
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
100
80
400
60
300
40
20
200
0
/95
94
100
0
98/99
•
•
•
546
96
ACCESS TO WATER
627
602
563
/97
/96
95
• Drug-related crime has increased by 62% since 2001.
• Cape Town accounts for 21% of South African’s drug-related crime, although it has
only 7% of the country’s population.
• The primary drug of choice in Cape Town is the dangerous methamphetamine, or
“tik”. Long-term use of this drug can cause users to become violent and irrational.
699
700
/95
94
754
800
0
•
•
•
0
2006
855
180
636.8
99/00
00/01
01/02
02/03
03/04
04/05
05/06
Almost 100% of domestic waste is sent to landfill.
Waste disposal per capita has grown over the past eight years, reaching a high of
751.3 kg per capita annually, in 2005/06.
60% of domestic waste is recyclable or compostable. The implementation of
recycling programmes will significantly reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill.
LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
Leading cause of death - 2005
150.0
2001
INCIDENCE OF RAPE AND INDECENT ASSAULT
751.3
600
7% 10%
300.0
Litres
Brackenfell
Cape Town’s landfills are rapidly filling up. A new regional landfill is expected to be
completed by 2013.
Internationally, landfills are seen to be unsustainable. The City is working on
implementing new waste management strategies, including recycling, to reduce
the reliance on landfills.
15% 16%
13% 15%
WATER USE PER CAPITA
•
•
•
Closed
1.5
1
700
1996
0.0
Closed
Closed
0
0%
248.8 240.6
2
2
800
10%
250.0
6
4
30%
•
8
6
40%
20%
100
Murders per 100 000 population
12
12
WASTE DISPOSAL PER CAPITA
49%
2%
INCIDENCE OF MURDER
Landfill Lifespan Remaining (Years) at current rates of Waste Disposal
65% of fresh water resources (rivers, lakes and wetlands) in Cape Town are
classified as “fair” or “poor”, meaning that they are subject to extensive and
significant degradation. Alien invasive infestation is common in these sites.
Poor water quality stems primarily from the discharge of improperly treated effluent,
as well as contaminated stormwater, into the City’s fresh water systems.
Residential Land Use - Dwelling Units (Formal Only)
200
2015 Target
8
Low-density Dwellings
Medium-densityDwellings
High-density Dwellings
4%
100
2005
FRESH WATER QUALITY
EXTENT OF URBAN SPRAWL
300
0%
10
•
•
400
900
EXTENT OF INVASION BY ALIEN INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES
Alien invasive plants pose a serious threat to the globally unique biodiversity of
Cape Town, as they crowd out natural vegetation and promote the spread of high
temperature forest fires which damage fynbos and prevent it from regenerating.
Invasive plants also pose a security threat as overgrown areas provide a screen for
criminal activities.
Extensive areas of Cape Town’s unconserved land are infested by invasive plants,
especially Australian Acacia species, and invasive grasses.
Efforts are underway in all City nature reserves to clear alien invasive species.
Approximately 14% or 2000 hectares of City land under formal conservation has
been cleared.
Statistics regarding land owned by provincial and national government are not
available at this time.
500
8.6%
1000
20%
RSA Rate
600
The prevalence rate of HIV/Aids is significantly lower than the national average of 28%.
Life expectancy is substantially reduced. This has important social and economic
impacts, and negatively affects the ability of a person to support themselves and
their family.
It is essential that education programmes are continued in order to ensure an
ongoing decrease in the number of new infections.
23%
Cape Town Rate
700
13.1%
TUBERCULOSIS INCIDENCE
PROPORTION OF EFFLUENT REUSED
10%
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Drug-Related Crime Rate
6%
Cases per 100 000 Population
• Private cars account for up
to 67% of transport used
Metered Taxi
1%
throughout the day.
• During the morning peak
more than 50% of trips are
made using public transport.
Private Car
67%
• The number of rail users has
declined, while the number
of bus and minibus taxi users
has increased.
• In order to reduce traffic
congestion and greenhouse
gas emissions, a safer, more
efficient public transport
system is required.
15.9%
15.8%
12.4%
0%
10%
Transport Modal Split (Whole Day)
15.9%
16%
50%
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORT
DRUG USE AND DRUG-RELATED CRIME
HIV/Aids PREVALENCE
/97
96
/98
97
/99
98
/00
99
/01
00
/02
01
/03
02
/04
/05
03
/06
04
05
• In 2004/5 a rate of 178 cases per 100 000 population was noted.
• Cape Town accounts for 9% of all cases nationally, although it only has 7% of the
country’s population.
• The rate has remained unacceptably high since 1994, and has shown slight increases
both in Cape Town and nationally.
INCIDENCE OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL CRIME
Industrial and Commercial Crime Rate
700
600
1 HIV/Aids
500
2 Cerebrovascular diseases
400
3 Ill-defined and unknown causes
300
4 Ischemic heart disease
200
5 Pulmonary tuberculosis
100
• The data shows a co-occurrence of non-communicable, “lifestyle” diseases, and
communicable, infectious diseases.
• “Lifestyle” diseases are common in a wealthy population and caused by unhealthy
lifestyle choices. Infectious diseases are typical of a poorer population. This reflects the
fact that Cape Town is dealing with the challenges of a developed and developing society.
/96
95
597.1 585.9 609.7
635.3
• Approx. 13% (400 000 people) of the population lives in informal dwellings.
• Growth in the number of informal dwellings has begun to level off since 2002.
• Cape Town has a considerable housing backlog, which is being addressed as a matter
of urgency.
INCIDENCE OF FIRES IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
Informal Dwellings Affected by Fire
Destroyed
Damaged
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
570.1
544.8 520.1
492.4
2000
435.5
389.1
337.0 328.2
1000
0
2001
0
/95
94
/96
95
/97
96
/98
97
/99
98
/00
99
/01
00
/02
01
/03
02
/04
03
/05
04
/06
05
• Incidence of these crimes, including robbery and burglary of commercial premises,
has dropped noticeably since 1999.
• This coincides with improvements in policing, and increased awareness of protecting
against fraudulent activities.
2002
2003
2004
2005
• In 2005 a greatly increased number of fires in informal settlements occurred.
• Fires are primarily caused by dangerously flawed paraffin stoves that explode, or
burst into flames when knocked over.
• Fires are devastating to residents, who lose family and possessions, and to those who
are permanently injured.