A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha:
Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Author: Karen Small
Strategic Development Information and GIS Department
Strategic Information Branch
August 2007
A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Table of Contents
1
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................4
2
Individual Demographic and Socio-Economic Information ................................................................4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
3
Household Demographic and Socio-Economic Information ............................................................ 14
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
Household and Dwelling Size .................................................................................................. 14
Dwelling Ownership ................................................................................................................ 16
Household Income and Expenditure ....................................................................................... 16
Head of Households................................................................................................................ 19
Hunger .................................................................................................................................... 19
Migration ................................................................................................................................. 21
Victims of Fires and Floods ..................................................................................................... 23
Deaths .................................................................................................................................... 23
Safety ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Impact of Urban Renewal Programme ............................................................................................ 26
4.1
4.2
4.3
5
Age and Gender........................................................................................................................4
Child care..................................................................................................................................5
Education ..................................................................................................................................6
Employment ..............................................................................................................................8
Mode of Travel ........................................................................................................................ 11
Government Grants................................................................................................................. 12
Illness and Disability................................................................................................................ 12
Crime ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Service Satisfaction................................................................................................................. 26
Access to Facilities.................................................................................................................. 28
Awareness of Urban Renewal Programme ............................................................................. 29
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 29
List of Figures
Figure 1 – Age Distribution .......................................................................................................................4
Figure 2 – Age Pyramids ..........................................................................................................................5
Figure 3 – Day care for those under 6 years .............................................................................................5
Figure 4 – Educational Institution attended for those aged 6 to 19 years ..................................................6
Figure 5 – Reasons for not attending an Educational Institution for those aged 6 to 19 years ..................7
Figure 6 – Highest education level completed for those 20 years and older .............................................7
Figure 7 – Employment Status of those aged 15 to 65 .............................................................................8
Figure 8 – Reason for not working for all unemployed who are not looking for work .................................9
Figure 9 – Length of time unemployed for those looking for work .............................................................9
Figure 10 – Type of Employment for all employed .................................................................................. 10
Figure 11 – Model of travel used to get to work ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 12 – Model of travel used to get to school ................................................................................... 11
Figure 13 – Government grants received................................................................................................ 12
Figure 14 – Nature of illness or injury ..................................................................................................... 13
Figure 15 – Type of a serious disability .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 16 – Frequency of victim of crime ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 17 – Number of persons per household ....................................................................................... 15
Figure 18 – Number of rooms per dwelling ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 19 – Dwelling ownership .............................................................................................................. 16
Figure 20 – Monthly household income .................................................................................................. 16
Figure 21 – Monthly household expenditure ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 22 – Type of monthly household expenditure .............................................................................. 18
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Figure 23 – Where essential food is purchased ...................................................................................... 18
Figure 24 – Gender and age of head of household ................................................................................. 19
Figure 25 – Children experiencing hunger .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 26 – Adults experiencing hunger ................................................................................................. 20
Figure 27 – Length of time living in the area ........................................................................................... 21
Figure 28 – Province from which household head migrated.................................................................... 21
Figure 29 – Migration within the Western Cape ...................................................................................... 22
Figure 30 – Victims of fires and floods .................................................................................................... 23
Figure 31 – Deaths during 2005 ............................................................................................................. 24
Figure 32 – Age of those who died during 2005...................................................................................... 24
Figure 33 – Safety during the day ........................................................................................................... 25
Figure 34 – Safety at night...................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 35 – Improvement in safety ......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 36 – Level of satisfaction with service delivery ............................................................................. 26
Figure 37a – Level of satisfaction with the condition of specific services ................................................ 27
Figure 37b – Level of satisfaction with the condition of specific services ................................................ 27
Figure 38a - % of households having access to facilities ........................................................................ 28
Figure 38b - % of households having access to facilities ........................................................................ 28
Figure 38c - % of households having access to facilities ........................................................................ 28
Figure 39 – Awareness of Urban renewal programme ............................................................................ 29
List of Tables
Table 1 – Sample Size by Dwelling Type..................................................................................................4
Citation: City of Cape Town (2007), Strategic Development Information and GIS Department, A
Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information,
Karen Small, 30 Pages.
Data supplied by QSJ Consultants and the Unit for Religion and Development Research, University of
Stellenbosch
August 2007
Strategic Development Information and GIS Department
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
1
Introduction
During May 2006 a consortium consisting of QSJ Consultants and the Unit for Religion and
Development Research (University of Stellenbosch) conducted a survey in Khayelitsha. This was
part of a study, commissioned by the City, for a socio-economic profile of the Urban Renewal
nodes of Khayelitsha and Mitchell‟s Plain and the results were published in August 2006.
Using the results of the Khayelitsha survey this report looks at the differences between households
living in formal and informal dwellings. A formal dwelling is a house or brick structure on a
separate stand or yard. Informal dwellings, or shacks, are divided into two groups; those in
backyards and those not in a backyard but in an informal or squatter settlement. In the rest of the
document backyard dwelling will be informal dwellings in backyard and informal dwelling will be
those in squatter settlements.
However, due to the small size of the sample, the results may not be entirely representative of the
total population of the area. The survey used a questionnaire that was completed for a total of 547
households. The details of the sample size by dwelling type are in Table 1. A study was also
done by the Western Cape Population Unit to conduct a head count of all people in Khayelitsha
during the last quarter of 2005. This study found the population of Khayelitsha to be 406,779 living
in 108,186 dwellings of which 38% were formal structures.
Dwelling Type
Number of Households
Formal Dwelling
236
Informal Dwelling in Backyard
134
Informal Dwelling NOT in Backyard
177
Total
547
Table 1 – Sample Size by Dwelling Type
Number of Individuals
1,031
615
612
2,258
The questionnaire was divided into three sections. Section A looked at the impact of the Urban
Renewal Programme, section B contained questions about the household and section C had
demographic questions about the individuals in each household.
2
2.1
Individual Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Age and Gender
Formal
Backyard
Informal
18 to 34
35 to 54
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0-5
6 to 12
13 to 17
55 to 64
65+
Age Cohorts (Years)
Figure 1 – Age Distribution
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
In most of the age groups the variation in the percentage of the population in that age group does
not vary significantly for the different dwelling types (see Figure 1). In the 13 to 17 group the
number in informal dwellings is about 5% lower than in the other dwelling types and in the 18 to 34
group is 8.3% higher than those in formal dwellings and 5.4% higher than those in backyard
dwellings. The percentage of the population 55 and over is the lowest in informal dwellings.
Formal
Female
Backyard
Male
Female
Informal
Female
Male
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
10
5
0
5
10
Male
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
10
5
%
0
5
10
10
5
0
%
5
10
%
Figure 2 – Age Pyramids
In all the dwelling types there are more females than males. For both the backyard and informal
dwellings the percentage females is 55% and for the formal dwelling it is 57%. As can be seen in
Figure 2 the highest percentage of both males and females in all dwelling types is in the 20 to 24
age group with the exception of females in formal dwellings where the highest percentage is in the
15 to 19 age group.
The variation in the percentage of those under the age of 14 varies by less than 2% across the
different dwelling types with formal having 28.5%, backyard 26.9% and informal 26.6%. In the 15
to 39 age group informal dwellings have 57.9% of their population; backyard dwellings have 53.4%
and formal dwellings 49.0%. The opposite is true for those 40 and over where 22.5% are in formal
dwellings, 19.8% in backyard dwellings and 15.6% in informal dwellings.
2.2
Child care
Formal
Backyard
Informal
70%
61.9%
57.6%
60%
50%
44.4%
36.1%
40%
30%
25.8% 25.0%
20%
13.9%
12.1%
10%
5.6%
13.1%
4.5%
0%
At Home
Day Care
Crèche
Pre-primary School
Figure 3 – Day care for those under 6 years
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Figure 3 shows that the largest percentage of children under the age of six years are cared for at
home during the day, with those living in informal dwellings the highest at 61.9%. Of the children in
formal dwellings 36.1% are cared for in a crèche and 13.9% are at pre-primary school. A similar
percentage (13.1%) of those in informal dwellings are at pre-primary school but only 4.5% of those
in backyard dwellings attend a pre-primary school.
2.3
Education
Formal
backyard
Informal
48.6%48.6%
50%
44.8%
45%
41.4%
40%
37.0%
35%
30%
25.0%
25%
22.9%
20%
15%
13.9%
11.4%
10%
5%
1.7%
2.1%
0.7%
1.4%
0.6%
0%
None
Pre-School
Primary School
Secondary
School
Tertiary
institution
Adult Education
Centre
Figure 4 – Educational Institution attended for those aged 6 to 19 years
For those aged 6 to 19 and living in informal dwellings 22.9% do not attend an education institution
(see Figure 4). This is significantly lower for those living in backyard dwellings (13.9%) and in
formal dwellings (11.4%). The percentage attending primary school is similar across all dwelling
types but differs significantly for those attending secondary school with 41.4% of those in formal
dwellings, 37.0% of those on backyard dwellings and only 25.0% of those in informal dwellings
attending. A very low percentage of those living in formal (1.7%) and informal (2.1%) dwellings,
and none in backyard dwellings attend pre-school. Less than 1.5% in any dwelling type attends a
tertiary institution.
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Formal
Backyard
Informal
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Due to
illness
Family
commitment
Got married
Failed
exams
Pregnant
No money
for school
School is too
far away
Left school
and looking
for work
Left school
and working
Completed
school and
looking for
work
Not yet at
school
0%
Figure 5 – Reasons for not attending an Educational Institution for those aged 6 to 19 years
As can be seen in Figure 5, 36.4% of those living in informal dwellings do not attend school as
there is no money for school and 15.2% have left school and are looking for work. For those living
in backyard dwellings no money for school is also the highest (21.1%) together with completed
school and looking for work (21.1%) and left school and looking for work (21.1%). Once again no
money for school (23.8%) in the main reason why those living in formal dwellings do not attend
school and the same percentage are not yet at school, followed by those who have left school and
are looking for work (11.9%). In informal dwellings 12.1% have left school as they are pregnant
compare to 5.3% of those in backyard dwellings and 4.8% in formal dwellings.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Unknown
None
Adult Education
Class
University Degree
Technikon Degree
Certificate/Diploma
with Matric
Certificate/Diploma
without Matric
Matric
Grade 11
Grade 10
Grade 9
Grade 8
Grade 1 to 7
Grade 0
0%
Figure 6 – Highest education level completed for those 20 years and older
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
The highest level of education completed by adults (those 20 years and older) does not vary
significantly between the different dwelling types as revealed in Figure 6. For those in informal
dwellings 20.3% have completed some primary education, 44.7% have some secondary school
education, 20.4% completed matric (grade 12) and 5.4% have a tertiary qualification. In backyard
dwellings 16.3% have some primary school education, 48.1% have some secondary school
education, 22.1% have completed matric and 5.8% have a tertiary qualification. Of those in
informal dwellings 21.0% have some primary school education, 49.5% have some secondary
school education, 20.0% have completed matric and 3.95 have a tertiary qualification.
2.4
Employment
Every person aged 15 to 65, the labour force, was asked if they were employed or unemployed.
Those unemployed were also asked whether or not they were looking for work. This is different to
the official definition of unemployment1 and thus the unemployment rates from this survey cannot
necessarily be compared to unemployment rates from other surveys. Those who are unemployed
and not looking for work are seen as that portion of the labour force that is not economically active.
The employed and the unemployed who are looking for work comprise the economically active
portion of the labour force.
For those living in backyard dwellings two thirds of the labour force are economically active. This
increases to 73.1% for those living in formal dwellings and to 82.3% for those in informal dwellings.
Although a large percentage of those living in informal dwellings are economically active, 55.3%
are unemployed and looking for work. For those living in formal dwellings 52.9% are unemployed
and looking for work and the lowest rate (49.2%) is for those in backyard dwellings.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
50%
44.2%
45%
40%
35%
35.7%
32.7%
31.8%
30%
36.7%
31.2%
30.8%
25.5%
25%
20%
17.2%
15%
10%
5.1%
6.2%
2.8%
5%
0%
Employed
Unemployed and looking for Unemployed and not looking
work
for work
Unknown
Figure 7 – Employment Status of those aged 15 to 65
The employment status of the labour force is shown in Figure 7. Those living in informal dwellings
have the highest percentage that are employed (35.7%) and unemployed and looking for work
(44.2%) but the lowest percentage of those unemployed and not looking for work (17.2%). The
opposite is true for those in backyard dwellings where 31.8% are employed, 30.8% are
unemployed and looking for work and 31.2% are unemployed and not looking for work.
1
Official definition of unemployed - Those people within the economically active population who did not work during
the seven days prior to the interview, want to work and are available to start work within two weeks of the interview,
and have taken active steps to look for work or to start some form of self-employment in the four weeks prior to the
interview.
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Formal
Backyard
Informal
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Could not find
work
Chooses not
to work
Seasonal
worker not
presently
working
Unable to work
due to illness
or disability
Pensioner
Home-maker
or housewife
Scholar or
Student
0%
Figure 8 – Reason for not working for all unemployed who are not looking for work
At least 60% of those who are not economically active are scholars or students in all three dwelling
types (see Figure 8). The next highest reason for not working is those who are unable to work due
to illness or disability where 15.7% live in backyard dwellings, 14.8% live in formal dwellings and
11.8% live in informal dwellings. The number living in backyard dwellings (11.6%) that choose not
to work is significantly higher than those living in formal (1.7%) or informal (2.6%) dwellings.
Formal dwellings (8.6%) have a higher percentage of pensioners who are 65 years or younger
than backyard dwellings (5.8%) and informal dwellings (2.6%).
Formal
Backyard
Informal
45%
38.5%
40%
35%
32.5%
33.2%
30%
24.3%
25%
21.2%
21.6%
21.2%
21.2%
20%
13.7% 14.2%
15%
13.5%
13.5%
11.0%
10%
9.5%
10.9%
5%
0%
1 to 6 months
7 to 12 months
13 to 24 months
25 to 36 months
More than 36
months
Figure 9 – Length of time unemployed for those looking for work
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
The length of time without employment for the unemployed looking for work is the highest in the 1
to 6 month category for all dwelling types (see Figure 9), with backyard the highest at 38.5%
followed by informal (33.2%) and formal (32.5%). Being without employment for more than three
years was the next highest category for those in backyard dwellings at 24.3%. For those in
informal dwellings being without employment for 1 to 12 months and for 13 to 24 months were both
21.2%. Those in formal dwellings 21.6% were without employment for 13 to 24 months. For all
dwelling types the lowest percentage is in the 25 to 36 month group.
All those employed were required to select their type of employment from a pre-defined list. Those
living in informal dwellings had the highest percentage, 13.9%, working in the informal sector. Of
those living in formal dwellings 9.2% worked in the informal sector and 6.7% of those in backyard
dwellings worked in this sector.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Work for FBO, NGO
or CBO
Labour contractor or
contractor
Farmer
Selfemployed/employer
in informal sector
selfemployed/employer
in formal sector
Work for Local,
Provincial or
National
Government
Work for salary in
informal sector
Work for salary in
private sector
Work for private
person
0%
Figure 10 – Type of Employment for all employed
Figure 10 shows that the highest percentage for all dwelling types worked for a salary in the private
sector with those in backyard dwellings being the highest at 50.7%. Those working for a private
person, domestic workers and gardeners, was the next highest group with those in formal
dwellings the highest at 33.95 followed by those in informal dwellings (32.1%) and backyard
dwellings (27.4%). For those in formal dwellings 7.1% work for local, provincial or national
government dropping to 3.4% for those in backyard dwellings and only 1.2% for those in informal
dwellings. In informal dwellings 9.7% are labour contractors or contractors, with lower percentages
for those in backyard dwellings (8.9%) and formal dwellings (6.7%).
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
2.5
Mode of Travel
Formal
Backyard
Informal
50%
47.0%
44.7%
45%
37.2%
40%
35%
30%
24.2%
25%
22.9%23.9%
20.4%
17.9%
20%
14.5%
15%
10%
9.9%
9.2%
5.4%
5%
4.9% 6.0%
4.5%
3.7%
1.5% 1.3%
0.9% 0.0% 0.0%
By train
By bus
By minibus
or taxi
By car as a
passenger
By car as a
driver
By bicycle
or
motorcycle
On foot
0%
Figure 11 – Model of travel used to get to work
The train is the mode of travel used to get to work for the largest number of people in all the
dwelling types with those in backyard dwellings being the highest at 47.0% followed by those in
informal dwellings (44.7%) and those in formal dwellings being the lowest (37.2%). The bus was
the next most popular mode of transport for those in backyard (23.9%) and informal (20.4%)
dwellings. For those in formal dwellings 24.2% use a minibus or taxi to get to work and this is
significantly larger that for those who live in informal dwellings (9.9%). Walking to work is the
option used by 9.2% of those in informal dwellings with only 3.7% of backyard dwellers using this
option.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
90%
80.7%
80%
73.4%
76.7%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
14.7%
6.6%
10%
1.2%
3.4%
6.9%
6.1%
5.0%
7.9%
5.0%
5.9%
5.2%
1.2%
0%
On foot
By car as a
passenger
By minibus or taxi
By bus
By train
Figure 12 – Model of travel used to get to school
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
For learners the opposite is true with the majority in all dwelling types walking to school. The
percentage is highest for those in informal dwellings (80.7%), followed by those in backyard
dwellings (76.7%) and then those in formal dwellings (73.4%). For those in backyard dwellings the
train is the next most popular mode of travel where it is used by 14.7% of the learners. Bus, train
and taxi are each used by just over 5% of those in informal dwellings.
2.6
Government Grants
Every person in the sample was asked whether or not they received a government grant. Of those
living in formal dwellings 20.7% receive a government grant, followed by 19.4% of those living in
backyard dwellings. Those living in informal dwellings had the lowest percentage of 17.0%. In the
sample no one is receiving unemployment insurance (UIF).
Of those receiving government grants the largest percentage in all dwelling types is child support
(see Figure 13). The largest percentage is for those in informal dwellings (80.8%), followed by
those in backyard dwellings (71.4%) and then those in formal dwellings (66.2%). Those receiving
old age grants is the highest in formal dwellings (18.3%) and is significantly lower in both backyard
(10.1%) and informal (7.7%) dwellings. Disability grants are, however, highest in backyard
dwellings (12.6%) and once again lowest in informal dwellings (7.7%).
Formal
Backyard
Informal
90%
80.8%
80%
71.4%
66.2%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
18.3%
10%
12.6%
8.9%
7.7%
7.7%
0.9% 0.0% 1.0%
0.9% 0.8% 1.0%
1.9% 0.8% 1.0%
Care
Dependency
10.1%
Grant in Aid
20%
2.8% 4.2%
1.0%
Foster Child
Child Support
Disability
Veteran
Old Age
0%
Figure 13 – Government grants received
2.7
Illness and Disability
All respondents were asked whether or not they had suffered from any illness or injury during the
month prior to the interview. Those living in backyard dwellings had the highest incidence (21.6%),
followed by those in informal dwellings (20.8%) and then those in formal dwellings (19.7%).
Almost no one indicated that they had HIV or AIDS, suffered from other sexually transmitted
disease or had a substance dependency. This is most likely due to a reluctance of respondents to
admit to suffering from one of these illnesses.
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Formal
Backyard
Informal
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
More than
one illness
or injury
Substance
dependency
Other
sexually
transmitted
disease
HIV/Aids
High or low
blood
pressure
Diabetes
TB or severe
coughing
with blood
Severe
trauma
Diarrhoea
Flu or acute
respiratory
infection
0%
Depression
or mental
illness
10%
Figure 14 – Nature of illness or injury
As is shown in Figure 14 flu and other acute respiratory infections accounted for the majority of all
illnesses in all the dwelling types comprising 68.5% of those in informal dwellings, 66.2% in
backyard dwellings and 57.1% in formal dwellings. This was followed by high or low blood
pressure in all dwelling types, once again being the highest in informal dwellings (15.0%) but the
lowest in backyard dwellings (10.5%). The third category in all dwelling types was TB but here the
incidence was the highest in formal dwellings (12.3%) which was nearly double that of informal
dwellings (6.35). Severe trauma (due to violence, motor vehicle accident, gunshot, assault or
beating) was only reported in formal and backyard dwellings with percentages of 2.5% and 2.3%
respectively.
A very low percentage of respondents reported having a serious disability that prevented them
from full participation in life activities such as education, work and social life. The percentage was
highest in formal dwellings at 3.3% and lowest in informal dwellings (1.3%) with backyard dwellings
at 2.1%.
Formal
Backyard
60%
Informal
53.8%
50.0%
50%
41.2%
37.5%
40%
30%
17.6%
20%
15.4%
12.5%
10%
7.7%
7.7%
17.6%
11.8%
8.8%
7.7%
7.7%
Intellectual
Emotional
2.9%
0%
Sight
Hearing
Communication
Physical
Figure 15 – Type of a serious disability
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A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
For those living in informal dwellings physical disabilities were the highest (50.0%) followed by
sight (37.5%) and then hearing (12.5%) as can be seen from Figure 15. In backyard dwellings
physical disabilities (53.8%) were also the highest but were followed by communication problems
(15.4%). Sight was the disability that was highest (41.2%) in formal dwellings followed by both
hearing and physical disabilities at 17.6%.
2.8
Crime
Every respondent was asked if they had been a victim of some or other crime in the period May
2005 to April 2006. Those living in formal dwellings had the highest incidence of 5.6%, followed by
backyard dwellers (2.1%) with those in informal dwellings having the lowest incidence (1.6%). A
total of 3.85% of all individuals had been a victim of crime. Using the statistics provided by the
South African Police Services for Khayelitsha for 2005/2006 the percentage of individuals who
have been victims of crime is lower at 2.7%.
Of those who had been a victim of crime robbery was the most frequent type all dwelling types with
83.3% in backyard dwellings, 75.0% in formal dwellings and 63.2% in informal dwellings. Assault,
house breaking and rape each contributed about 8% of the total number of crimes with assault
being spread evenly across all dwelling types. House breaking occurred predominantly in formal
dwellings and rape mainly affected those in informal dwellings. Only one murder occurred and this
was experienced by a household in an informal dwelling.
Formal
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Backyard
Informal
90.5%
72.7%
72.0%
22.7%
20.0%
4.8%
Once
Twice
4.5%
8.0%
4.8%
Three or more
Figure 16 – Frequency of victim of crime
Figure 16 shows that, of those who had been victims of crime, the majority had only been victims
of crime once in the previous 12 months with the highest percentage (90.5%) being experienced by
those in informal dwellings. For those in backyard dwellings 28.0% were victims of crime more
than once in the year. It was marginally lower for those in formal dwellings (27.2%) but
significantly lower for those in informal dwellings (9.6%).
3
3.1
Household Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
Household and Dwelling Size
The average household size is the highest for backyard dwellings at 4.6 persons per household. In
formal dwellings it is 4.4 persons per household and lowest for informal dwellings at 3.5 persons
per household.
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Formal
45%
Backyard
Informal
41.5%
38.4%
40%
35%
32.1%
30%
24.6%23.9%
24.3%
25%
19.8%
20%
15%
10%
11.3%
15.7%
12.7%
9.3%
8.2%
11.2%
5.9%
9.0%
4.5%
5.9%
5%
1.7%
0%
1
2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9+
Figure 17 – Number of persons per household
In all dwelling types a household size of three or four persons occurs most frequently (see Figure
17) with 41.5% of those in formal dwellings, 38.4% in informal dwellings and 32.1% in backyard
dwellings. The next most frequent category for both formal (24.6%) and backyard (23.9%)
dwellings is a household size of five or six persons. Backyard dwellings have the largest
percentage (20.2%) of households with more than seven persons while informal dwellings have
35.6% of households with only one or two persons.
Formal
40%
Backyard
Informal
37.0%
35%
30%
26.8%26.2%
25%
19.7% 20.3%
20%
15%
10%
23.1%
21.2%
19.1%
19.7%
16.2%
18.6%
15.4%
13.8%
7.8%
4.6%
5%
3.5%
2.3%
1.7%
3.1%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7+
Figure 18 – Number of rooms per dwelling
The number of rooms in a dwelling includes kitchens but excludes bathrooms. As can be seen in
Figure 18 four rooms per dwelling is the highest for both formal (26.8%) and backyard (26.2%)
dwellings. Small dwellings predominate in informal dwellings with 37.0% having two rooms, 19.7%
having only one room and no dwelling having more than five rooms.
A dwelling is considered to be overcrowded when there are more than two persons per room.
Informal dwellings have the highest incidence of overcrowding where 19.1% of the dwellings have
more than two persons per room. In formal dwellings 15.2% have more than two persons per
room and the percentage is 14.6% for backyard dwellings.
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3.2
Dwelling Ownership
Formal
Backyard
Informal
70%
61.0%
60%
49.1%
50%
45.1%
45.1%
41.2%
36.2%
40%
30%
20%
6.0%
10%
2.6%
7.0%
2.8%
3.8%
0.0%
0%
Owned - fully paid
Owned - not paid off
Rented
Occupied rent free
Figure 19 – Dwelling ownership
Over 90% of all households in all dwelling types have no monthly bond or rent payments as their
dwellings are either owned and full paid or they are occupied rent free (see Figure 19). For formal
dwellings more are owned and fully paid (49.1%) than are occupied rent free (41.2%). For informal
dwellings the opposite is true with 61.0% occupied rent free and 36.2% owned and fully paid.
Backyard dwellings have the same percentage (45.1%) for both categories. For rented dwellings
the highest percentage (7.0%) is for formal dwellings.
3.3
Household Income and Expenditure
Based on the household subsistence level for Cape Town of just over R2000 per month in 2006
over 76% of the households in this sample indicated that they had an income below this level. Of
those living in informal dwellings 81.4% have an income below the household subsistence level,
followed by 78.4% of those in backyard dwellings and 70.7% of those in formal dwellings.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
R1001 to
R1500
R1501 to
R2000
R2001 to
R2500
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
None
R1 to
R500
R501 to
R1000
R2501 to
R3000
R3001 to
R5000
Over
R5000
Figure 20 – Monthly household income
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Those living in informal dwellings have the highest percentage in the monthly household income
categories of R501 to R1000 (33.3%) and R1 to R500 (17.5%) (see Figure 20). For those in
backyard dwellings the highest percentage are in the category R1001 to R1500 (23.9%) followed
by R501 to R1000 (23.1%) and R1501 to R2000 (18.7%). In the formal dwellings the highest
percentage is in the R501 to R1000 category (23.3%) followed by R1501 to R2000 (17.0%) and
R1001 to R1500 (13.7%). For all monthly household income categories over R2501 those in
formal dwellings consistently have the highest percentage.
Due to the sensitive nature of income households often under or over estimate their income. The
same also occurs when a household is asked how much they spend on a range of items each
month. Monthly household expenditure reveals that 87.0% of the sample is spending less than the
monthly household subsistence level. Of those living in informal dwellings 91.0% spend less than
R2000 per month. It is marginally lower for those in backyard dwellings at 90.3% and is at 82.2%
for those in formal dwellings.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
R1001 to
R1500
R1501 to
R2000
R2001 to
R2500
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
None
R1 to
R500
R501 to
R1000
R2501 to
R3000
R3001 to
R5000
Over
R5000
Figure 21 – Monthly household expenditure
Figure 21 shows that the highest percentage for all dwelling types is in the range R501 to R1000,
with informal at 37.3%, formal at 34.0% and backyard at 31.4%. In the R1001 to R1500 category
the expenditure by those in backyard dwellings (27.6%) is significantly higher than either those in
formal (17.4%) or informal (15.8%) dwellings.
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Formal
Backyard
Informal
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Housing
Food
Services
Transport Education
Medical
Child
Support
Clothing
Accounts
Other
Figure 22 – Type of monthly household expenditure
As can be seen in Figure 22 there is not a lot of variation in the spending patterns of those living in
the different dwelling types. Food is the highest with those in backyard dwellings spending 33.8%
of their expenditure on this item followed by those in informal (31.6%) and formal (30.6%)
dwellings. Transport, which includes bus, train and taxi fees and the use of own vehicle, is the
next highest category. Services include rates, water, sanitation and electricity, as well as money
spent on paraffin, gas and wood. The „other‟ category has the largest variation with 9.6% for those
in informal dwellings, 6.4% for those in formal dwellings and 5.4% for those in backyard dwellings.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
66.4%
70%
56.2%
60%
49.2%
50%
40%
27.7%
30%
24.3%
20%
14.1%
9.7%
10%
11.5%
7.6%
14.5%
9.7%
9.0%
0%
Shop inside a Mall
General Dealer
Café
House Shop
Figure 23 – Where essential food is purchased
For all dwelling types the majority of households purchase essential food at house or spaza shops,
with backyard (66.4%) dwellings the highest followed by formal (56.2%) and informal (49.2%).
General dealers, such as Pick ‟n Pay, Shoprite and Checkers, are used by 27.7% of those in
informal dwellings and 24.3% in formal dwellings.
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3.4
Head of Households
Unknown
Under 18
18 to 64
Over 64
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Female
Male
Formal
Female
Male
Female
Backyard
Male
Informal
Figure 24 – Gender and age of head of household
The majority of the heads of households are in the 18 to 64 age range for all dwelling types being
the highest (93.5%) for those in informal dwellings and lowest (87.4%) in formal dwellings with
89.3% in backyard dwellings. The trend is the opposite for those over 64 with 7.8% in formal, 6.9%
in backyard and 4.7% in informal dwellings. Very few household heads are under 18.
The variations in the gender of the household heads are far greater particularly in the 18 to 64 age
group (see Figure 24). The variation is greatest for those in backyard dwellings where 55.0% of
the household heads are males and 34.4% female. In informal dwellings 51.8% of the household
heads are males and 41.8% female. For those in formal dwellings there are more female (47.0%)
than male (40.4%) household heads.
3.5
Hunger
Children (17 years and younger) in 22.4% of backyard dwellings had gone hungry at least once a
month in the past year because there was not enough food. The figure is lower in both formal
(15.3%) and informal (14.7%) dwellings.
Figure 25 shows how frequently the children in each of the dwelling types have gone hungry in the
past year. In 2.2% of backyard dwellings and 0.6% of informal dwellings they have gone hungry
every day while in 1.5% of backyard dwellings, 1.1% of informal dwellings and 0.8% of formal
dwellings they have gone hungry at least once a week. Households where children experience
hunger only once a month is significantly lower (3.9%) for households in informal dwellings than in
backyard (9.7%) and formal (7.6%) dwellings.
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Formal
Backyard
Informal
12%
9.7%
10%
8%
9.0%
9.0%
7.6%
6.8%
6%
4.0%
4%
2.2%
1.5%
2%
0.8%
1.1%
0.6%
0%
Once a month
2-4 times a month
Weekly
Every Day
Figure 25 – Children experiencing hunger
A similar pattern is evident for adults who have hungry in the past 12 months because there was
not enough food but the percentages are significantly higher. In 32.9% of backyard dwellings,
19.2% of informal dwellings and 18.6% of formal dwellings adults have gone hungry at least once a
month. These figures suggest that in all dwelling types the children are given food before the
adults when there is not enough food for the entire family. It is also possible that some of the
children are involved in feeding schemes at schools.
Formal
20%
Backyard
Informal
18.7%
18%
16%
14%
12%
10.7%
10.2%
9.7%
10%
7.2%
8%
6%
5.6%
3.0%
4%
1.3%
2%
1.5%
1.7%
1.1%
0%
Once a month
2-4 times a month
Weekly
Every Day
Figure 26 – Adults experiencing hunger
Figure 26 shows how frequently the adults in each of the dwelling types have gone hungry in the
past year. Adults in 3.0% of backyard dwellings and 1.1% of informal dwellings have gone hungry
daily. Those who have gone hungry at least once a week are in 1.7% of informal, 1.5% of
backyard and 1.3% of formal dwellings. Here again those who experience hunger once a month is
significantly higher for those in backyard dwellings (18.7%) than in formal (10.2%) or informal
(5.6%) dwellings.
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3.6
Migration
All heads of households were asked how long they had lived in the area where they were living at
the time of the survey.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
48.9%
50%
45%
41.0%
40%
35%
30%
26.7%
24.4%
25%
22.2%
21.6%
21.0%
17.3%
16.2%
18.0%
20%
15%
12.0%
9.4%
10%
5%
6.8%
2.1% 1.5%
3.4%
5.1%
2.3%
0%
Born in the area
Before 1990
1990 to 1995
1996 to 2000
2001 to 2005
2006
Figure 27 – Length of time living in the area
In all dwelling types very few had been born in the area with 3.4% in informal, 2.1% in formal and
1.5% in informal dwellings (see Figure 27). Almost half (48.9%) of those in backyard dwellings and
41.0% of those in formal dwellings had been there since before 1990. The movement of those in
informal dwellings was fairly constant between 1990 and 2005 with 22.2% moving into the area
between 1990 and 1995, 26.7% between 1996 and 2000 and 21.0% between 2001 and 2005. The
number of those in both formal and backyard dwellings who moved into the area between 1996
and 2000 was lower than both 1990 to 1995 and 2001 to 2005.
Formal
Backyard
Informal
70%
64.3% 64.3%
60%
50%
50.2%
48.0%
40%
32.6% 32.1%
30%
20%
10%
0.9% 1.6% 1.8%
0.6%
0.8% 1.2%
0.9% 0.8%
0%
Western Cape
Gauteng
FreeState
Kwazulu Natal
Eastern Cape
Northern Cape
Figure 28 – Province from which household head migrated
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As can be seen from Figure 28 more household heads moved into the area from the Eastern Cape
than from any other province in South Africa with 64.3% of those in both informal and backyard
dwellings and 50.2% of those in formal dwellings. Over 32% of movement of household heads in
all dwelling types was within the Western Cape with those in formal dwellings the highest at 48.0%
Formal
Backyard
Informal
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Stellenbosch
Somerset
West/Strand
Philippi
Paarl
Nyanga
Mitchell's
Plain
Mandalay
Langa
Kraaifontein
Gugulethu
Green Point
Delft
Crossroads
Constantia
0%
Figure 29 – Migration within the Western Cape
Household heads that moved within the Western Cape were also asked from which area or place
they had moved. In formal dwellings 55.3%, in backyard dwellings 37.2% and in informal dwellings
57.1% had moved within Khayelitsha. Figure 29 shows the other areas in the Western Cape from
which the household heads moved. In all dwelling types the largest percentage moved from
crossroads with 27.9% of those in backyard dwellings, 14.3% in informal dwellings and 13.2% in
formal dwellings. For both backyard (11.6%) and formal (7.9%) dwellings significantly more
household heads moved from Guguletu than for informal (3.2%) dwellings where 9.5% move from
Langa.
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3.7
Victims of Fires and Floods
Formal
Backyard
Informal
15.7%
16%
13.0%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6.4%
6.0% 5.6%
6%
6.0%
5.6%
4.5%
4.5%
4%
2%
1.3%
1.3%
0.7%
0.8%
0%
Once
Twice
Fire
Once
Twice
Three or more
Flood
Figure 30 – Victims of fires and floods
All household heads were asked if their household had been a victim of an outbreak of fire or if
their dwelling had been damaged by flood water in the past 12 months (May 2005 to April 2006).
In all instances those in formal dwellings had far fewer incidents of both fire and flood as is shown
in Figure 30. In total 8.5% of formal dwellings, 23.1% of informal dwellings and 26.2% of backyard
dwellings had been damaged by flood water while household in 1.3% of formal dwellings, 5.6% of
informal dwellings and 6.7% of backyard dwellings had been victims of fire.
3.8
Deaths
All household heads were asked how many persons in their household had died for any reason
during 2005 and the age of those persons. They were not asked for the cause of death.
Households living in formal dwellings had the highest percentage (16.5%) that had at least one
person die during 2005 and it was 11.9% for both those in backyard and informal dwellings. As is
shown in Figure 31 the majority of households in all dwelling types only experienced 1 death during
2005 with formal dwellings the highest at 15.7% followed by those in informal (10.7%) and
backyard (9.7%) dwellings. Those in backyard dwellings had the highest number of households
where more than one person dies in the year with 0.7% having two deaths and 1.5% three or more
deaths.
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Formal
16%
Backyard
Informal
15.7%
14%
12%
10.7%
9.7%
10%
8%
6%
4%
1.5%
2%
0.7%
0.4%
0.6%
0.6%
0.4%
0%
One person
Two persons
Three or more persons
Figure 31 – Deaths during 2005
Formal
Backyard
20-29
30-39
Informal
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Unknown
0-9
10-19
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
Figure 32 – Age of those who died during 2005
The age at which those persons died shows a large degree of variations for those living in the
different dwelling types (see Figure 32). For those in formal dwellings 21.4% in each of the age
groups 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 was the highest followed by the 60 to 69 group at 14.3%. For those
in informal dwellings 20 to 29 was also the highest (25.0%) but it was followed by the 0 to 9 group
at 20.8%. For those in backyard dwellings the age groups 20 to 29, 40 to 49 and over 69 were all
23.8%.
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3.9
Safety
All heads of households were asked to rate the following statements on a scale of one to five
where one was strongly agree and five was strongly disagree. They are “I feel safe moving around
in my area during the day” and “I feel safe moving around in my area at night”.
Strongly Agree
Moderately Agree
Moderately Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Uncertain
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Formal
Backyard
Informal
Figure 33 – Safety during the day
As can be seen in Figure 33 a higher percentage of those in formal dwellings (46.4%) feel safe in
the area during the day than either those in backyard (35.8%) or informal (33.9%) dwellings. More
of those in backyard dwellings (57.5%) disagree than those in informal (53.7%) and formal (43.4%)
dwellings.
Strongly Agree
Moderately Agree
Moderately Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Uncertain
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Formal
Backyard
Informal
Figure 34 – Safety at night
The picture of how safe they feel at nigh is very different as shown in Figure 34. Here the degree
of disagreement is very high for all dwelling types with 94.9% for those in informal dwellings, 94.8%
for those in backyard dwellings and 92.8% of those in formal dwellings.
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Strongly Agree
Moderately Agree
Moderately Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Uncertain
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Formal
Backyard
Informal
Figure 35 – Improvement in safety
Household heads were also asked to rate the statement “Safety has improved in my area in the
past year” on the same scale. Here the different dwelling types showed the same pattern with only
16.5% of those in backyard dwellings, 14.8% of those in formal dwellings and 14.7% of those in
informal dwellings agreeing with the statement.
4
4.1
Impact of Urban Renewal Programme
Service Satisfaction
Highly satisfied
Satisfied
Uncertain
Dissatisfied
Highly Dissatisfied
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Formal
Backyard
Informal
Figure 36 – Level of satisfaction with service delivery
Household heads were asked “how satisfied are you with service delivery in you area?”. The level
of satisfaction was significantly higher for those in formal dwellings (53.0%) than for those in
informal (33.9%) or backyard (26.9%) dwellings.
For ten of the services they were also asked “How do you feel about the condition of the following,
are you …?”. The responses are shown in Figure 37a and Figure 37b.
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Highly satisfied
Satisfied
Uncertain
Dissatisfied
Highly dissatisfied
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Roads
Streetlights
Cleanliness
Water
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
10%
0%
Sanitation
Figure 37a – Level of satisfaction with the condition of specific services
Highly satisfied
Satisfied
Uncertain
Dissatisfied
Highly dissatisfied
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Refuse removal
Health services
Housing
Education
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
Informal
Backyard
Formal
10%
0%
Policing
Figure 37b – Level of satisfaction with the condition of specific services
Six of the services, roads, streetlights, cleanliness, water, sanitation and housing, all show the
same pattern of satisfaction with those in formal dwellings having the highest levels of satisfaction
and those in informal dwellings having the lowest. However the level of satisfaction with the
condition these services varies enormously. Satisfaction with the provision of water was the
highest for all dwelling types with formal at 80.5%, backyard at 65.7% and informal at 46.3%. For
all dwelling types satisfaction with housing was the lowest with formal at 40.7%, backyard at 17.2%
and informal at 9.0%.
Satisfaction with refuse removal was relatively high in all dwelling types at 77.6% for both formal
and backyard dwellings and 66.1% for informal dwellings. Satisfaction with education was again
highest for those in formal (73.3%) dwellings followed by those in informal (68.4%) and backyard
(57.5%) dwellings. For both health services and policing satisfaction was highest in formal
dwellings and lowest in backyard dwellings.
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4.2
Access to Facilities
Formal
Backyard
Informal
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Crèche
Primary School
Secondary
School
Old Age Care
Clinic
Community Hall
Taxi Service
Train Service
Figure 38a - % of households having access to facilities
Formal
Backyard
Informal
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Post Office
Shop
Home/Spaza
Shop
Bus Service
Figure 38b - % of households having access to facilities
Formal
Backyard
Informal
Municipal
Office
SAPS, Law
Enforcement
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Sport Facility Recreational
Facility
Library
Fire Brigade
Ambulance
Service
Figure 38c - % of households having access to facilities
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Heads of households were asked if they had access to a range of facilities in their community.
With few exceptions the percentage of households having access to a particular facility was similar
across all dwelling types (see Figure 38). Access to sport facilities showed the biggest range with
those in backyard dwelling the highest (52.2%), followed by those in formal (33.9%) and informal
(30.5%) dwellings. Over 80% of those in all dwelling types have access to clinics, community
halls, post offices, shops, home/spaza shop, bus service and taxi service. Access to old age care
and recreational facilities were the lowest across all dwelling types.
4.3
Awareness of Urban Renewal Programme
Formal
90%
Informal
80.8%
80.5%
80%
Backyard
70.9%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
9.3%
10%
9.7%
8.5%
8.1%
9.0%
10.4%
5.6%
5.1%
2.1%
0%
Never heard about it
Have heard something
Familiar with it
Uncertain
Figure 39 – Awareness of Urban renewal programme
Household heads were asked if they were aware of the Urban Renewal Programme in Khayelitsha.
Those who had never heard about it were high for all dwelling types with 80.8% of those in informal
dwellings, 80.5% of those in formal dwellings and 70.9% of those in backyard dwellings.
5
Conclusion
For many of the demographic and socio-economic parameters there are not significant differences
for those living in the different dwelling types.
For all those in informal dwellings, aged 6 to 19, a far lower percentage attend secondary schools
and a far higher percentage do not attend at all with the main reason for not attending being no
money for school.
Those in informal dwellings also have the highest percentage unemployed and looking for work
and the highest percentage who are employed in the informal sector. This is also reflected in the
monthly income of households where the largest percentages in the lower income groups are for
those in informal dwellings.
The average number of persons per household is higher in both formal (4.4) and backyard (4.6)
dwellings than in informal (3.5) dwellings. The number of rooms in informal dwellings is lower than
for either of the dwelling types with 56.7% of informal dwellings having either one or two rooms.
Overcrowding, however, is only slightly higher in informal dwellings.
Formal dwellings have more female than male household heads while the opposite is true for both
backyard and informal dwellings.
August 2007
Strategic Development Information and GIS Department
Page 29
A Comparison of Different Dwelling Types in Khayelitsha: Demographic and Socio-Economic Information
In households in backyard and informal dwellings there is a much higher incidence of hunger, more
than once a month, for both adults and children than in households in formal dwellings. More
adults than children go hungry in all instances.
Migration into the area also varies with the different dwelling types. In both formal and informal
dwellings the highest percentage have been in the area since before 1990 while in informal
dwellings the highest percentage has move into the area since 1996.
Those living in backyard and informal dwellings have experienced a much higher incidence of both
fire and flood than those in formal dwellings.
The level of satisfaction with service delivery is significantly higher for those in formal dwellings
than for those in either backyard or informal dwellings. The satisfaction of the condition of specific
services is generally the highest for those in formal dwellings and lowest for those in informal
dwellings.
August 2007
Strategic Development Information and GIS Department
Page 30