PRELIMINARY IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE
KHAYELITSHA MITCHELLS PLAIN URBAN RENEWAL
PROGRAMME
Compiled by:
MCA Africa
Cape Town: 9 Rhodes Avenue, Mowbray
Tel: +27 (0)21 685 1150
Fax: +27 (0)21 685 1210
December 2006
Jo'Burg: 137 Daisy Street, Sandown
Tel: +27 (0)11 322 4818
Fax: +27 (0)11 322 4767
For
Department of Provincial
Government (DPLG)
and
Local
i
Disclaimer: Statistics on delivery of services as part of this report have been drawn from budget records from the City of Cape Town , URP
reporting and sector information (where available). Due to the difficulty of obtaining consolidated information for the years 2001-2006, MCA can in
no way accept responsibility for any inaccuracies related to reporting of statistical information in this regard.
Preliminary Impact Assessment of the URP in KMP
Report for dplg report: December 2006
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.
NODAL CONTEXT.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.
BASIC SERVICES ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
HUMAN SETTLEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................................................... 45
HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL FORMATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
PRELIMINARY GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT:...................................................................................... 77
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.
LOCATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................................... 11
BRIEF SUB-NODAL AREA DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
KEY ISSUES FACING KHAYELITSHA MITCHELLS PLAIN ..................................................................................................................................... 17
URP STRATEGY, OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES .............................................................................................................................................. 17
PRELIMINARY SERVICE DELIVERY IMPACT ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................... 20
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
QUALIFICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................... 8
GUIDE TO READING THE REPORT ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY REMAINS AND ISSUE ................................................................................................................................................ 77
COORDINATION BETWEEN AND WITHIN SPHERES OF GOVERNMENT REMAINS AN ISSUE ...................................................................................... 78
LEVELS OF PARTNERSHIP WITH EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED, BUT CHALLENGES REMAIN ..................................................... 79
CONSIDERATIONS EMERGING FROM THE ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................... 81
5.1
5.2
5.3
SERVICE DELIVERY: FOCUS AREAS ................................................................................................................................................................. 81
DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ............................................................................................................... 82
STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND COORDINATION ...................................................................................................................... 83
ii
6.
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 86
ANNEXURES............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
List of Figures
Figure 1: Metropolitan Location - Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain Urban Renewal Node
Figure 2: In Migration – Number of People moving to Khayelitsha from outside Western Cape
Figure 3: Age distribution of Population in Khayelitsha
Figure 4: In Migration – Number of People moving to Mitchells Plain from outside Western Cape
Figure 5: Age distribution of population in Mitchells Plain
Figure 6: Nodal area
Figure 7: Access to Electricity in Khayelitsha by Enumerator Area (EA)
Figure 8: Access to Electricity in Mitchells Plain by Enumerator Area (EA)
Figure 9: Kuyasa – Solar energy retrofitting
Figure 10: Access to Piped Water in Khayelitsha by Enumerator Area (EA)
Figure 11: Access to Piped Water in Mitchells Plain by Enumerator Area (EA)
Figure 12: Type of (Household) Access to Sanitation in Khayelitsha
Figure 13: Type of (Household) Access to Sanitation in Mitchells Plain
Figure 14: % Households with no access to flush/chemical toilets in Khayelitsha by EA
Figure 15: % Households with no access to flush/chemical toilets in Khayelitsha by EA
Figure 16: Type of refuse removal (% Households) in Khayelitsha
Figure 17: Type of refuse removal (% Households) in Mitchells Plain
Figure 18: Type of Dwelling (Khayelitsha)
Figure 19: Type of Dwelling (Khayelitsha)
Figure 20: Upgrading informal settlement in Freedom Park (Khayelitsha)
Figure 21: Housing – Dwelling Unit Density and % Informal Dwellings
Figure 22: Remodelling of Lentegeur Station
Figure 23: Highest Level of Education for Adults Age 20+ (Khayelitsha)
Figure 24: Highest Level of Education for Adults Age 20+ (Mitchells Plain)
Figure 25: Project/programme process incorporating M&E
iii
List of Annexures
Annexure 1: Water & sanitation projects & initiatives 2001-2006 in the urban renewal node
Annexure 2: Key transport, roads and storm water projects & initiatives 2001-2006 in the urban renewal node
Annexure 3: Key housing projects & initiatives 2001-2006 in the urban renewal node
Annexure 4: Key sports/environment, parks projects & initiatives 2001-2006 in the urban renewal node
Annexure 5: Crime statistics
iv
ACRONYMS
CMIP
Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme
CoCT
City of Cape Town
DLG&H
Department of Local Government and Housing
DPLG
Department of Provincial and Local Government
IDP
Integrated Development Plan
FBE
Free basic electricity
FET
Further Education and Training
IGR
Inter-governmental Relations
IGRFA
Inter-governmental Relations Framework Act
KBD
Khayelitsha Business District
KCT
Khayelitsha Community Trust
KDF
Khayelitsha Development Forum
MIG
Municipal Infrastructure Grant
MPDF
Mitchells Plain Development Forum
MPTC
Mitchells Plain Town Centre
MSF
Multi-stakeholder Forum
MTIEF
Medium Term Income and Expenditure Framework
NSC
Nodal Steering Committee
PG: WC
Provincial Government Western Cape
PTI
Public Transport Interchange
RMB
Rand Merchant Bank
SDF
Spatial Development Framework
UR
Urban Renewal
URBP
Urban Renewal Business Plan
URN
Urban Renewal Node
URP
Urban Renewal Programme
URSDF
Urban Renewal Spatial Development Framework
VPUU
Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading
Preliminary Impact Assessment of the URP in KMP
Report for dplg report: December 2006
v
2.
Nodal Context
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.
Introduction
This report is one of several impact assessment reports
occurring for URN and ISRDP nodes in the country. The key
objectives are:
•
•
To assess the impact that has been made through the
implementation of government programmes in the
Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain urban renewal node; and
To highlight critical areas (policy and practice) that need
further attention
The approach adopted by this study involved four steps: (i)
obtaining baseline information; (ii) reviewing service delivery
progress; (iii) obtaining and understanding of beneficiary
perceptions and (iv) developing a preliminary impact
assessment. A focus was on the nature and extent of delivery
2001-2006 rather than purely on ‘URP projects.’ The
assessment is preliminary in nature as it has been limited by a
variety of factors such as unevenness in measurement of data,
and the short time period assessed.
Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain are located in Cape Town, 2030km from the CBD in the ‘metro south east’ and have their
history in apartheid era planning. The areas vary in
comparison to each other. Khayelitsha is more populous than
Mitchells Plain and is growing at a more rapid rate, expanding
due to high levels of immigration. In general, Khayelitsha
reflects higher levels of poverty and unemployment.
Within the areas there is also significant variation, with a
concentration of informal settlement in the northern and
peripheral areas of Khayelitsha, where levels of poverty and
access to basic services are most problematic. Certain areas
of Mitchells Plain, although on a far less significant scale,
reflect similar characteristics of informality, with socioeconomic indicators reflecting the most problematic condition
in the south east of the area and pockets of informal
settlement to the north. The priority issues facing Khayelitsha
include crime, jobs and unemployment, housing and health
and in Mitchells Plain, they include drugs, jobs and
unemployment, crime and gangs1.
1
See City of Cape Town, 2006a.
1
In this context, and as part of efforts to give direction to the
urban renewal programme (URP), several strategic initiatives
have been conducted including the development of a business
plan (in 2003) and a spatial development framework (2006).
Furthermore, several anchor projects have been identified in
relation to the programme, many of which were initiated well
before the URP.
3.
Most visible in Mitchells Plain, specifically in relation to
access to water and sanitation services (where backlogs
have virtually been eliminates3,
•
Steady in Khayelitsha, though a significant number of
households remain under-serviced, particularly in terms
of access to adequate sanitation services (where
backlogs have been reduced from 30 000 in 2001 to 22
000 in 2005).
Preliminary Service Delivery Impact Assessment
The preliminary service delivery impact assessment focussed
on three overarching areas: basic services, human settlement
infrastructure and human social capital formation. It reflected
on available quantitative (baseline and delivery related2) and
qualitative information including beneficiary perceptions to
identify levels of impact.
(i)
Basic Services
Progress has been made in extending basic services within
the URN. The scale of impact on backlogs has been:
2
•
These measurements included the extent of allocated resources and
impact indicators in relation to interventions where available.
Consideration of the qualitative nature of impacts as well as
levels of coordination reflects:
•
A degree of innovation in the type of delivery which has
had positive impacts including the piloting of green
energy initiatives as well as PPPs.
•
Continuing issues related to basic service provision in
informal settlements.
From a delivery perspective, there were high levels of
concurrency in delivery between bulk servicing departments
and housing / anchor projects. However, certain concerns
exist around reporting and transparency, particularly in relation
to electricity provision.
3
Although it needs to be recognised that this area started the measurement
period (2001-2006) with far less significant backlogs than Khayelitsha.
2
Beneficiary perceptions regarding basic service provision in
the URN reflect:
•
•
Levels of dissatisfaction (least favourable in this cluster
for sanitation services in Khayelitsha) which could be
related to the real issue of lingering backlogs in delivery,
particularly in informal settlement in Khayelitsha;
•
Generally most impact in addressing backlogs
(specifically in the housing sector) in terms of the
baseline situation in Mitchells Plain4.
•
Real issues in terms of coping with the backlogs in
access to housing in Khayelitsha where current rates of
delivery will take decades to address existing backlogs
(assuming no further growth of informal settlement).
High levels of satisfaction in areas that are better
serviced.
•
Some downfall in the qualitative aspects of service
delivery within certain functions (for instance with regard
to the solid waste function – refuse removal receives high
satisfaction, but there is a low satisfaction with area level
cleanliness).
Consideration of the qualitative nature of impacts as well as
levels of coordination reflects:
•
In general, whist progress has been made in the roll out of
basic services, pressing issues remain in informal settlements
in Khayelitsha. These need to be addressed as part of a
broader human settlement strategy in the area.
(ii)
Infrastructure lead projects (specifically a number of the
anchor nodal development projects) that have, through
integrated planning and delivery, managed to have
significant impact on the upgrading of areas and
improving access to social and economic opportunities.
Impacts have been further maximised due to the location
of these projects (high impact zones such as PTIs).
•
High degrees of concurrency in service delivery as well
as phasing of investment in bulk services to enable
human settlement development.
•
At times, a lack in focus on operational issues linked to
Human Settlement Infrastructure
Progress has been made in developing human settlement
infrastructure within the URN. The scale of impact reflects:
infrastructure development (e.g. maintenance of public
spaces post development is an issue).
4
Again it should be noted that backlogs in aspects such as housing were of
a far more limited nature than those in Khayelitsha.
3
•
In limited cases, investment in major line oriented
infrastructure which has seemingly had muted impact on
issues (the development of the Swartklip sports complex
for instance seems to have had limited impact on access
to sports and recreation opportunities in Khayelitsha
where backlogs are most serious).
Beneficiary perceptions regarding the impact of human
settlement infrastructure provision in the URN reflect:
•
•
(iii)
Human Social Capital Formation
Progress has been made in impacting on levels of social
capital (education, health, safety) in the URN. The scale of
impact reflects:
•
Progress in the development of physical infrastructure to
support social and economic development services
(clinics, police stations, schools, market facilities).
•
Remaining infrastructure backlogs, most notable in terms
Levels of dissatisfaction, particularly in Khayelitsha,
of health facilities in Khayelitsha (although a new district
hospital is planned).
which in some cases is related to operational issues
rather than infrastructure provision (e.g. the train service)
•
Some levels of dissatisfaction which are clearly related to
the pace of delivery and expectations of residents
(particularly the case in the housing sector).
Impact on certain social indicators (such as levels of
crime in Khayelitsha) although it is difficult to attribute this
to any one intervention or programme.
•
Positive impacts on curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS
In general, whist progress has been made in the roll out of
human settlement infrastructure, pressing quantitative and
qualitative issues remain specifically in the housing sector as
well as in relation to levels of amenity and the quality of the
environment (sports and recreation, parks public spaces). It is
likely that expectations will need to be managed whilst scaling
up appropriate human settlement infrastructure programmes.
related to specific programmes such as ARV roll out and
the Mothers to children HIV prevention programme in
Khayelitsha.
In relation to levels of service delivery, it should be noted that
human resource/staffing capacity issues are negatively
influencing the degree to which services can have an impact
on arguably the most pressing challenges within the URN
(crime, job creation, health). On the other hand, positive levels
of institutional coordination have been experienced
4
been the case particularly with regard to the health sector
in Khayelitsha.
(particularly in the health as well as safety sectors) although it
is difficult to attribute this to the URP.
•
Coordination between and within spheres of government:
There have been clear achievements in relation to
coordination at the project level, through structures such
as the Multi-stakeholder forum (MSF) and through sound
project management. However, challenges are still
experienced around the lack of coordination between
sector plans and a level of resulting ad-hoc, non-strategic
investment. Urban renewal is not always a priority within
sector planning initiatives.
•
Levels of partnership with external stakeholders: within
the URP (2001-2006) successes have been achieved in
partnering with the private sector5 as well as involving
communities in projects to strengthen levels of impact.
However, there have been challenges, in particular with
regard to the problematic interfaces between certain
community organisations and government.
Beneficiary perceptions regarding human social capital related
service delivery in the URN reflect high levels of dissatisfaction
with regard to many of these services in Khayelitsha, although
it should be remembered that socio-economic indicators
reflected low developmental baselines.
In general, whilst progress has been made in the provision of
services in these arenas, pressing issues remain specifically in
terms of improving levels of health in Khayelitsha,
strengthening initiatives to reduce crime as well as improving
the prospects for economic development.
4.
Preliminary Governance and Institutional Systems
Assessment
As a result of the interviews and drawing on information from
existing literature, a limited assessment of governance and
institutional systems in relation to urban renewal was
developed. The assessment pointed to several challenges and
achievements in this regard:
•
Institutional capacity: service delivery is hampered by the
shortage of human capacity in several sectors. This has
5
This has been the case in the Khayelitsha Business District where
innovative partnership arrangements enabled the development of the retail
centre.
5
5.
Considerations Emerging from the Assessment
the URN and temper unrealistic expectations amongst
communities.
The outcomes of the assessment point to certain areas that
require further attention within the context of the URP:
•
Service delivery focus areas: There are hotspot issues
that need to be dealt with particularly around access to
basic services, however the fact that these issues are
often multi-dimensional (e.g. health issues are related to
environmental aspects and provision of dignified living
environments as much as they are access to appropriate
care) means that a similarly multi-dimensional approach
is needed.
•
Developing effective systems of monitoring and
evaluation6: There is a need to develop meaningful
indicators across line departments and to coordinate,
manage and make this information accessible for the
purposes of evaluation.
•
Strengthening institutional capacity: there is a need to
address capacity issues in key areas such as health and
improve levels of coordination at the strategic level.
•
6
Strengthening communication: Communication efforts
need to clarify government’s programme of action within
M&E is a major weak point in the URP and more broadly and is plagued by
inconsistencies in reporting and data gathering
6
1.
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Background and Motivation
In February 2001, President Thabo Mbeki announced the
Urban Renewal Programme (URP) aimed at addressing
poverty and underdevelopment in eight (8) identified urban
renewal nodes. The identified nodes represent the places
where the largest concentrations of urban poor live. The
overall objectives of the URP are the following:
•
To address poverty and underdevelopment
•
To achieve increased equity
•
To encourage socially cohesive communities
•
To ensure integration between spheres of government
•
To enhance municipal capacity to deliver
The Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG)
is the national coordinator and has overall responsibility for
guiding the intergovernmental coordination, implementation,
management, monitoring and evaluation of the URP. Acting in
its role as national coordinator, the DPLG has embarked on a
series of preliminary impact assessments for the urban
renewal and integrated sustainable rural development
programme (ISRDP) nodes. This report is the third to be
commissioned for the urban renewal nodes.
The study is motivated by the need to ensure that the impacts
of government programmes are reflected on in a coherent
manner and if necessary recommendations are made to
enhance the impact of associated policies and actions. As
such, the key objectives of this assignment are:
•
To assess the impact that has been made through the
implementation of government programmes in the
Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain urban renewal node; and
•
To highlight critical areas (policy and practice) that need
further attention
1.2
Approach and Methodology
The approach adopted included a service delivery impact
assessment.
In this regard, a number of steps were taken:
STEP ONE: a baseline was established as some form of
benchmark against which service delivery progress could be
measured. This made use of census information and a number
of secondary sources.
7
STEP TWO: a review of progress in terms of service delivery
was made. The focus was on quantitative data and specifically
the nature and extent of capital and operational investment in
the nodal area. In the absence of an overall M&E system, a
variety of documentary information was used in this regard.
•
The perception of impact in relation to how conditions
have improved/deteriorated and to what extent
interventions have addressed issues;
•
Comment on overall progress in service delivery taking
into account the above.
STEP THREE: An indication of beneficiary perceptions in
relation to delivery around each specific sector provided
additional qualitative information regarding the impact of
investment. In terms of this process, existing data gathered as
part of a sample of 1000 households in Khayelitsha Mitchells
Plain in 2005 was used extensively. This survey provided a
good degree of representivity across the node and was
stratified according to the number of households of the two
geographical areas and according to the number of formal and
informal dwelling units in each area (Khayelitsha and Mitchells
Plain). (City of Cape Town, 2006a).
Note: The assessment was not meant to attribute all service
delivery progress to the Urban Renewal programme, but to
STEP FOUR: a preliminary assessment of the impact of sector
investment was made. This reflects:
•
•
The magnitude of impact in relation to backlogs
(reflected by baseline data) and the degree to which they
may be addressed by interventions.
The type of impact (the nature of delivery and how it
reflect on the nature and extent of delivery from 2001-2006.
Furthermore, to add further depth to the impact assessment, a
preliminary review of institutional capacity and governance
issues was undertaken. A number of these issues emerged
from specific engagements with regard to service delivery
challenges, however some information was drawn from
documentary sources. The aim was to identify a number of the
broad reasons for service delivery success and
underperformance.
1.3
Qualifications and Limitations
It should be noted that this study represents and is to some
extent limited by the fact that it is a preliminary impact
assessment. The focus is on its preliminary status as:
may have impacted in a qualitative sense on residents;
8
•
A relatively short time period is being assessed (20012006), which means that impact may not be as visible as
for an assessment over, for example a ten year period;
•
Availability of quantitative data is uneven (at sector
department and municipal levels)
•
The nature of engagement with beneficiaries (or
representatives) undertaken as part of this process was
did not represent a sample of statistical significance and
as such cannot be taken to reflect perceptions of the
residents of the URN.
Further to these qualifications, a number of limitations and
issues are identified including:
•
captured (for instance investment to improve the housing
conditions and infrastructure may have a major impact on
resident’s health).
•
1.4
Given Cape Town’s late start (2003) and long lead in
times, the assessment conducted at this point in time
may reflect more negatively than might be the case if
concerted effort had been initiated in 2001. The UR
initiative for Cape Town had no influence on 2001/02 and
2002/03 budgets and was to some extent too late to
impact on 2003/04 budget.
Guide to Reading the Report
In general there is an inconsistent basis for quantitative
and qualitative assessment as part of the URP. A
significant re-working of systems of reporting and
recording is required if the impact of the programme is to
be consistently and rigorously assessed.
Section 1: provides an introduction to the project, the
•
Data available made it difficult to disaggregate capital vs.
operating budget provisions.
•
The information available generally reports on funding
Section 2: contextualises the urban renewal node in terms of
its location, demographics, issues facing its residents and the
focus of urban renewal related strategic intervention.
made available by the CoCT. Additional budget streams
not generally included until 2006 and even then not
consistently.
•
The sectoral assessment approach adopted is limited in
that the impacts of cross sectoral actions are not always
approach and methodology adopted as well as associated
qualifications and limitations.
Section 3: provides a preliminary service delivery impact
assessment for the period 2001-2006. This focuses on
delivery of basic services (such as water, sanitation and
electricity), human settlement infrastructure (such as housing,
9
transport and public facilities) as well as progress in
developing human capital (education, health and levels of
crime prevention, justice and safety)
Section 4: provides a preliminary impact assessment of the
URP on institutional systems and levels of cooperative
governance.
Section 5: identifies a set of considerations that have
emerged from the preliminary assessment. The focus is on
areas where interventions may assist in improving levels of
delivery and the impact of the urban renewal programme.
Bearing in mind the scope of the assessment, the
considerations are contained to areas where issues have been
raised during the course of this process.
Section 6: is a conclusion to the assessment, summing up key
findings.
10
2.
NODAL CONTEXT
2.1
Location and Demographic Summary
is now has however expanded well beyond the 250 000
people it was originally planned for.
Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain are located in Cape Town in
what is often referred to as the ‘metro south-east,’
approximately 20-30km away from the CBD. (see Figure 1).
Mitchells Plain is located south east of the R300 and bounded
by the Philippi horticultural area to its west. It is separated from
Khayelitsha by the ‘Swartklip products’ or ‘Denel’ site and a
waste site to the east. The southern extent of both areas is
bound a green coastal belt separating them from the False
Bay coastline. Khayelitsha is bounded by the N2 in the north
and Baden Powell Drive and the Macassar Dunes to its east.
The two areas were planned separately under the apartheid
regime. Mitchells Plain, an area conceived of largely in the
1970s was planned as a ‘coloured’ group area accommodating
many people forcibly removed from places such as District Six.
Khayelitsha, meaning new home, is a more recent
development established in 1983 as a township to
accommodate, what the apartheid government recognised as
a growing influx of ‘black’ persons into the metropolitan area. It
Figure 1: Metropolitan Location - Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain
Urban Renewal Node
11
2.1.1
Khayelitsha: Brief Demographic Profile
Khayelitsha is a dynamic and expanding urban area. Its
population in 2001 has been recorded as 329 002 people,
living in 85 614 households, i.e. 3.84 people per household.
(Statssa, 2001). This compares to the 1996 figure of 249 540
implying a growth rate of 5.3% per annum between 1996 and
2001. (City of Cape Town, 2005a).
Table 1: Comparison of 1996 and 2001 Census Figures Khayelitsha
No.
people
of
1996 Census
2001 Census
Average
growth
249 540
329 002
5.3
Figure 2: In Migration – Number of People moving to
Khayelitsha from outside Western Cape
City of Cape Town, 2005a
Source: City of Cape Town, 2005a
Migration trends reflect an increasing number of people
moving to Khayelitsha from outside the Western Cape. (see
Figure 2). Most in migrants (almost 90% in 2001) come from
the Eastern Cape. These migrants are dominantly part of the
‘young stream’ of migrants (who generally come to Cape Town
in search of employment. They are young, with dependants
and at the start of their working lives. (KfW, 2002). Migrants in
this stream suffer educational disadvantages compared to the
urban black population, are unlikely to return home, their
Figure 3: Age distribution of Population in Khayelitsha
City of Cape Town, 2005a
12
children are likely to stay in the City. (Cross and Bekker, in
KfW, 2002). This is significant in the context of this report as
there is likely to be increasing pressure on service delivery.
In terms of the breakdown of the population, census 2001
reflects that more than half of Khayelitsha residents are female
(51,9%). Khayelitsha’s population is also young (see Figure 3)
with 29.6% of people aged 14 years or younger. 75% of the
population is younger than 35. (City of Cape Town, 2005a).
13
2.1.2
Mitchells Plain: Brief Demographic Profile
The population of Mitchells Plain is recorded by the 2001
Census as 283 196 people living in 61 269 households i.e.
4.62 people per household. (Statssa, 2001). This compares to
the 1996 figure of 257 578. (City of Cape Town, 2005a).
Table 2: Comparison of 1996 and 2001 Census Figures –
Mitchells Plain
No.
people
of
1996 Census
2001 Census
257 578
283 196
Average
growth
Figure 4: In Migration – Number of People moving to Mitchells
Plain from outside Western Cape
Source: City of Cape Town, 2005a
In migration to Mitchells Plain from outside the Western Cape
is far less significant that in Khayelitsha. (Figure 4).
In terms of the breakdown of the population, census 2001
reflects that more than half of Khayelitsha residents are female
(51,7%). Mitchells Plain’s population is also young (Figure 5)
with 30.2% of people aged 14 years or younger. 68.5% of the
population was younger than 35. (City of Cape Town, 2005a).
Figure 5: Age distribution of population in Mitchells Plain
14
2.2
Brief Sub-Nodal Area Description
Whilst the two areas can be broadly differentiated from each
other in a variety of ways, it is also critical to note that there
are vast differences within the townships with regard to levels
of development, socio-economic characteristics of the people
and the nature of the built environment. As such and to the
extent possible, baseline statistics as well as service delivery
projects and programmes have been reflected on at a sub
nodal level (see Figure 6).
•
Pockets of informal settlement in certain areas in the
north and east (comprising 3.9% of the area’s
households)
•
Associated pockets of more extreme poverty in the north
(Kosovo) and extreme south east (parts of Tafelsig)
•
Poorer levels of education and higher levels
unemployment amongst households in the east (e.g.
Tafelsig and Eastridge) and extreme north of the area vs.
better off western areas (e.g. Westridge).
Characteristic variations within Khayelitsha include:
•
A mix of formal and informal settlement. Informal
settlement, comprises 64% of households, (see Figure 6)
and is concentrated in the northern areas better served
by public transport and peripheral areas in the south and
east (e.g. Monwabisi Park, Enkanini).
•
Higher levels of poverty and unemployment in Site B and
C vs. comparatively better off central areas such as
Elitha Park, Khaya and Eyethu.
•
Poorer levels of access to basic services in informal
areas, along with poor environmental health conditions.
Characteristic variations within Mitchells Plain include:
15
Figure 6:
Nodal
area
16
2.3 Key Issues Facing Khayelitsha Mitchells
Plain
A variety of analytical documents have reflected on the key
challenges facing Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain.
Furthermore, the recent sample survey of residents conducted
in 2006 asked respondents to rate their most pressing
challenges. These corresponded with most work completed
around analysing issues facing the area. In Khayelitsha, the
most pressing challenges, in order of prioritisation, were
identified as:
1.
Crime
2.
Jobs and unemployment
3.
Housing
4.
Health
In Mitchells Plain the most pressing challenges were identified
as:
1.
Drugs
2.
Jobs and unemployment
3.
Crime
4.
Gangs
(City of Cape Town, 2006a)
2.4
URP Strategy, Objectives and Outcomes
As part of the URP, several strategic initiatives have been
conducted to give direction to the programme, furthermore
several anchor projects have been identified to lead the URP
in Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain.
2.4.1
The Urban Renewal Business Plan
The URP business plan for Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain, drawn
up in late 2003, has set the identified the overall objective of
the programme as:
“Enabling a systematic and sustained intervention to
alleviate poverty and significantly address
underdevelopment in the Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain
area”. (City of Cape Town, 2003).
The URP business plan identifies seven outcomes for urban
renewal in the area including:
•
Physical (infrastructural) development
•
Social development: capacitated communities
•
Safety and security: safe communities
•
Economic Development: a developing and sustainable
community
17
•
Effective governance
•
Environmental development
•
Effective service delivery
2.4.2
•
2.4.3
URP Anchor Projects
The URP which was initiated, in earnest, in Cape Town in
20037, incorporates several anchor projects, most of which
were initiated well before 2003 and driven by considerations
not linked to the URP. These projects are dealt with in more
detail in section 3 but include, in Khayelitsha:
•
Khayelitsha Rail extension
•
Khayelitsha CBD
•
HIV/Aids and other health related projects
•
Housing/Land
Mitchells Plain CBD
•
Lentegeur and Mandalay Public Transport Upgrade
•
Mitchells Plain Housing
•
Tafelsig Youth and Family Development Centre and
Public Space Upgrade
•
7
Swartklip Regional Sports Facility
Other Nodal Strategic Projects
Since 2003, several other strategic projects have been
conducted under the auspices of the URP. These include:
•
The Urban Renewal Spatial Development Framework for
Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain, 2006 (URSDF), which
focussed on providing a missing spatial component to
urban renewal initiatives across the node.
•
The Environmental Management Framework (2005),
which aimed to provide a framework for managing
development in the context of a range of environmental
issues and challenges.
•
The profiling of the urban renewal node aimed at forming
a baseline set of information for planning and monitoring
purposes of development initiatives in the two areas.
In Mitchells Plain the anchor projects include:
•
Colorado Multi Purpose Centre
•
Urban Renewal Integrated Knowledge Management
(IKM) which seeks to capture the best practices emerging
from URP implementation.
•
An emerging Housing Development Strategy for
Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain which seeks to fast-track
housing delivery in both Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain
See section 4.2.2 for detail.
18
through mobilising partners in the housing development
process.
Furthermore, a number of other initiatives are planned for the
URN including:
•
Review of URP Business Plan;
•
Development of local area precinct plans to guide
implementation, development and spending;
•
Development of clear actions plans from the Integrated
Nodal Crime Prevention Strategy;
•
Development of Nodal Local Economic Development
Strategy.
(City of Cape Town, 2007)
19
In Mitchells Plain:
3.
PRELIMINARY
SERVICE
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
3.1
3.1.1
(a)
DELIVERY
•
The number of households with access to electricity for
lighting is 60 471 (or 98% of the total number of
households).
•
According to the 2001 census, 755 households do not
have access to electricity for lighting in this area.
Basic Services
Electricity
The following points are noted with regard to the geographic
focus of the backlog in access to electricity services (see
Figures 7 and 8):
•
The backlog is concentrated in Khayelitsha (over 96% of
the backlog is in this area).
•
Particular ‘hot spots’ are the informal housing areas of
Baseline status
Khayelitsha, generally in the northern parts of the area,
but increasingly in the peripheral settlements on its
southern and eastern edges (see also Table 3).
Access to electricity has been determined from 2001 census
statistics. The following points are noted in this regard for
Khayelitsha:
•
The number of households with access to electricity for
lighting is 65 397 (or 76% of the total number of
households in Khayelitsha).
•
In Mitchells Plain, the areas served worst in terms of
access to electricity include Tafelsig and Weltevreden
Valley both with backlogs of 212.
•
Whilst the backlog in terms of access to electricity has
been reduced in percentage terms between 1996 and
•
Areas to the north of Mitchells Plain, including Browns
2001 (from 33% to 24%), according to the 2001 census,
20 619 households do not have access to electricity for
lighting. (City of Cape Town, 2005a).
Farm are in fact far worse off in this regard.
Across the nodal area, the five census sub-place areas with
the highest backlog (measured in terms of access to electricity
for lighting) are identified in the table below.
20
It should be noted that since the 2001 census, the major new
informal settlement of Enkanini in the extreme south east of
Khayelitsha has developed. This area comprises several
thousand households with no access to electricity. Monwabisi
Park appears also to have grown significantly since the
previous census.
5.
Khayelitsha T2V2b
(Monwabisi Park)
762
3.70
3.57
Source: extracted from Statssa, 2001
Table 3: Household Access to Electricity for Lighting (five least
serviced areas)
Rank
Sub-place (and
area name)
1.
2.
3.
4.
H.H.
not
using
electricity
for lighting
%
of
Khayelitsha
or Mitchells
Plain
backlog
%
of
nodal
backlog
Khayelitsha T1V4
(Victoria Mxenge)
6127
29.72
28.67
Khayelitsha T1V3
(Nonqubela)
4782
23.19
22.37
Khayelitsha (incl.
Silvertown, Sibata
Dalindyebo,
Barney Molokwana
Corner)
3645
17.68
17.05
1372
6.65
6.42
Khayelitsha Site C
(incl. RR section,
Mxolisi
Phetani
Taiwan, Bongweni
Lansdowne Road
Reserve)
21
Figure 7:
Access to
Electricity in
Khayelitsha by
Enumerator
Area (EA)
Source: City of
Cape
Town
2005a
22
Figure 8:
Access to
Electricity in
Mitchells Plain
by Enumerator
Area (EA)
Source: City of
Cape
Town
2005a
23
(b)
Khayelitsha households (54 537) are in receipt of FBE
(see Table 4).
Progress in service delivery
•
In the period under review, both Eskom (Western Region) –
through PN Energies - and the CoCT8 held responsibility for
the provision of electricity reticulation services within
Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain respectively. Aside from the
provision of an electricity service, a key focus has been the
electrification of informal settlements.
In terms of service delivery, without statistics emerging directly
from service providers it has been difficult to gain an
understanding of progress in addressing electricity backlogs
(which are dominantly focussed in Khayelitsha). Available
information regarding the service has, however indicated that:
•
The current extent of electrification of informal settlement
(or any related service delivery information) in
Khayelitsha has not been forthcoming from the service
provider. The baseline statistic indicates that
approximately 34 000 (+/-60%) informal households had
access to electricity in 2001. In terms of these
connections and current delivery, several issues exist:
o Many of the installations have not been
installed in compliance with SABS 0142 and
o
o
There has been progress in electrifying formal housing
development (existing and new). At present 100% of
formal households in Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain
have access to electricity. (Lekotla 2005, 2007).
•
8
Progress in the provision of free basic electricity (FBE) to
households unable to afford it - in this regard, 63.4% of
These Electricity Services have been undergoing a multi-phase
transformation process, in part related to the consolidation of seven
municipal administrations into one (2001 to 2004), but more particularly in
response to National Government requirements for the restructuring of the
Electricity Distribution Industry.
o
illegal connections are rife – a major risk in
terms of electrocution;
Sales points are not easily accessible;
PN Energies have had a track record of poor
service delivery (see KfW, 2002);
Many
informal
dwellings
still
require
electrification.
Table 4: Provision of Free Basic Electricity in URN 2005
URN
No.
of
households (hh)
No. of hh.
with FBE
% of hh provided
with FBE
Khayelitsha
85 988
54 537
63.4%
Mitchell’s
Plain
95 605
37 006
38.7%
Source: Imbizo 2005
24
In addition to electrification of informal settlements, funding of
infrastructure in the URN has either been linked to the anchor
projects, or to improving safety through lighting.
Positive impacts relating to
the qualitative aspects of
service delivery with the
context of the URP include:
•
Piloting of green energy
initiatives at Kuyasa
(retrofitting of 2300 units
with solar panels to
assist in heating and
lighting (an initiative of
the City of Cape Town
and a not for profit
organization).
(c)
No resident perceptions specifically relating to progress with
improving access to electricity during the URP were captured.
However, residents were asked, regarding the degree to which
they felt that electricity was safely installed9. Of the sampled
households in Khayelitsha:
•
27.79% of respondents felt that their electricity was not
safely installed and a further 13.53% were unsure about
the safety of installation.
•
7.5% of respondents had no access to electricity.
In comparison, of the sampled households in Mitchells Plain:
•
Only 7.28% of respondents felt that their electricity was
not safely installed and a further 6.4% were unsure about
the safety of installation.
•
Figure 9: Kuyasa – Solar energy retrofitting
•
Beneficiary perceptions
Most respondents had access to electricity (86.09%),
whilst only 0.22% of respondents had no access in this
regard.
The apparent high level of concurrency in delivery of
electrical reticulation services within anchor projects.
9
See City of Cape Town 2006a
25
(d)
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
•
2.
3.
a sense, electrification has, in certain instances, been leading development
without responding to a broader development strategy.
Assessment
Type of
impact
(qualitative)
Perceptions
•
•
During the financial years for which data was
available, the provision of electricity in the URN
has been extended.
FBE has been extended to poorer households
in the area, in line with Council policy.
Other quantitative outputs have not been
measured on a comparative basis. Detailed
information from PN Energies has not been
forthcoming.
Innovation has occurred in the piloting of
‘green technologies’ in Kuyasa and Renewable
energy services on the Golf Range – both in
Khayelitsha
Perceptions of the lack of safety regarding
electricity are a symptom of the issues with
service delivery in the Khayelitsha area.
Comment:
Backlogs in access to electricity in Mitchells Plain are limited and have been
addressed in areas such as Freedom Park. In Khayelitsha, it is problematic
to identify impact of service delivery on backlogs due to issues with reporting
and access to information. This is not the first time issues have been
encountered with accessing information for the purposes of monitoring
10
delivery in the URN (see KfW 2002) . This issue needs to be addressed
urgently through the appropriate channels.
Clearly the provision of electricity services remains an area of major
challenge in Khayelitsha. There appear to be certain issues with service
delivery which apart from impacting on people’s access to electricity threaten
safety. Furthermore, the lack of responsiveness, reporting, (and at worst
transparency) in the provision of service delivery information (as part of this
and other projects) is a cause for concern and may require separate
investigation at the appropriate level of government.
Beneficiary perceptions regarding lack of safety reinforce the urgency of the
need for progress in this sector.
On the positive side, it seems that the URP has been able to impact most
significantly on the provision of electricity in relation to the anchor projects.
Furthermore, certain innovative approaches have been piloted with regard to
sustainable energy provision, although these have been limited (and driven
by role players outside the sector) and a broader initiative is required in this
arena.
The functional separation of responsibility for electricity between Eskom (via
PN Energies) and the CoCT is likely to impact on the extent to which the
URP can influence service delivery. The formation of RED ONE is intended,
in part, to overcome these deficiencies. However, although efficiencies
within the service may be improved over time, it is likely to make coordinated service delivery more difficult. Anecdotal sources indicate that this
lack of coordination has already had negative consequences. Certain
informal areas have been electrified, adding a degree of permanence to
settlement that, from the housing development side, may not be desirable. In
10
In this case, Eskom refused a request for information in terms of the
distribution system.
26
In Mitchells Plain:
3.1.2
Water
(a)
Baseline status
•
The number of households with access to piped water
within their dwelling is 54 143 (or 89% of the total number
of households).
•
A further 4 377 households have access to piped water
on site.
Access to piped water has been determined from 2001 census
statistics. In Khayelitsha, the following points are noted in this
regard:
•
•
The number of households with access to piped water
within their dwellings is 17 287 (or 20% of the total
number of households).
A further 35 758 households have access to piped water
on site.
•
The backlog in terms of households with access to piped
water in their dwelling or on site has increased between
1996 and 2001, according to the 2001 census from
28.7% to 38.4% (most likely a reflection of the growth in
informal settlement).
•
In 2001, 32 971 households did not have access to piped
water either within their dwelling or on site. 13 582
(almost 16% of) households in Khayelitsha only have
access to water through a communal tap more than
200m away.
•
According to the 2001 census, 2 706 households do not
have access to piped water either within their dwelling or
on site.
•
According to the census, 2.5% of households get access
to water from a communal pipe more than 200m away.
The following points are noted with regard to the geographic
focus of the backlog in access to water services (see Figure
10 and 11):
•
The backlog is highest in Khayelitsha (over 92% of the
nodal backlog is in this area)
•
It is concentrated in many of the informal housing areas
of Khayelitsha (see also Table 5).
•
In Mitchells Plain, areas of Kosovo (close to the boundary
of Weltevreden Valley) and Tafelsig are served worst in
terms of access to piped water.
•
Again the areas to the north of Mitchells Plain in Philippi
are highlighted in terms of poor access to water services.
27
Across the nodal area, the five census sub-place areas with
the least access to water on site are indicated in the table
below.
Table 5: Household Access to Piped Water (five least serviced
areas)
Rank
1.
Sub-place
area name)
(and
H.H. with
no piped
water
in
%
of
Khayelitsha
or Mitchells
dwelling or
on site
Plain
backlog
% of nodal
backlog
Khayelitsha
(incl.
Silvertown,
Sibata
Dalindyebo, Barney
Molokwana Corner)
9184
27.85
25.74
2.
Khayelitsha
T1V4
(Victoria Mxenge)
6119
18.56
17.15
3.
Khayelitsha
(Nonqubela)
4959
15.04
13.90
4.
Khayelitsha Site C
(incl. RR section,
4466
13.55
12.52
3874
11.75
10.86
T1V3
Mxolisi
Phetani
Taiwan,
Bongweni
Lansdowne
Road
Reserve)
5.
Khayelitsha T2V2b
(Monwabisi Park)
Source: extracted from Statssa, 2001
28
Figure 10: Access
to Piped Water in
Khayelitsha by
Enumerator Area
(EA)
Source: City of Cape
Town 2005a
29
Figure 11: Access to
Piped Water in Mitchells
Plain by Enumerator
Area (EA)
Source: City of Cape Town
2005a
30
(b)
Progress in service delivery
The CoCT Water and Sanitation Department is responsible for
the provision of water services in the URN. Aside from
maintenance of infrastructure, the key focus in service delivery
within this sector has been the delivery of basic services,
particularly to the informal settlements and achieving national
objectives in this regard.
In terms of the impact of water service delivery over the past
five years, progress reflects:
•
•
The reduction of the backlog in Mitchells Plain (based on
the RDP standard) from 1531 in 2001 (baseline) to
approximately 5% of informal households (119
households) in 200511. (City of Cape Town, 2005c).
Investment in water reticulation infrastructure occurred in
new housing projects in Kuyasa.
•
Investment in water reticulation infrastructure in the
informal settlements of Barney Molokwane and the Site C
buffer zone. (both these areas are in the top 5 of least
serviced areas see previous section).
•
Most investment in the water and sanitation services was
focussed on the upgrade of the Zandvliet wastewater
treatment works and the upgrading of the Monwabisi
sewer pump station.
In Mitchells Plain, patterns of investment reflect that:
•
Investment in water reticulation infrastructure as part of
new housing projects
•
Upgrades to the Mitchells Plain wastewater treatment
works
A declining trend in burst water mains in Khayelitsha (30
recorded in 2003/2004, 20 in 2005/6) and Mitchells Plain.
11
•
The reduction of the backlog in Khayelitsha (based on
the RDP standard) from 13 582 in 2001 (baseline) to
approximately 11 000 in 2005. (City of Cape Town,
2005c).
•
In terms of patterns of investment in water services
infrastructure (see Annexure 1), sources available for the
purpose of this study indicate that in Khayelitsha:
In Mitchell’s Plain a project undertaken by The Executive Mayor in 2005
bought services to 95% of Mitchell’s Plain’s informal settlements by
providing them with rudimentary services like water and sanitation.
Challenges in the URN remain. A key focus is the need to
address issues of access to water in a number of informal
settlements (dominantly in Khayelitsha) including Enkanini and
Monwabisi Park. In this regard, tenders were out during 2006
for the following improvements to water delivery infrastructure:
31
•
•
In Enkanini, (Khayelitsha) for the provision of 6000
households with water and sanitation.
In Monwabisi Park (Khayelitsha) to provide 4000
households with water and sanitation.
Dissatisfied
86
15.7
25
5.52
Highly
dissatisfied
72
13.2
4
0.88
Total
547
100
453
100
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
Furthermore, interventions are planned in Khayelitsha for the
installation of Storm water Ponds/Channels to reduce impact
of grey/black hazardous water in informal settlements.
(c)
(d)
1.
Assessment
Magnitude
(quantitative)
Beneficiary perceptions
•
•
Testing perceptions of levels of satisfaction with the water
services indicates high levels of satisfaction in Mitchells Plain
(over 90% of respondents were either satisfied or highly
satisfied with the service – see Table 6). In Khayelitsha, most
respondents (over 65%) were either satisfied or highly
satisfied, although a significant proportion (almost 30%) was
either dissatisfied or highly dissatisfied.
Table 6: Level of satisfaction with water service
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
132
24.1
84
18.54
Satisfied
228
41.7
329
72.63
Uncertain
29
5.3
11
2.43
•
•
2.
Type of
impact
(qualitative)
•
3.
Perceptions
•
Reporting regarding annual delivery of water
reticulation in relation to quantitative indicators
has not been forthcoming to any significant
extent.
From the figures available it seems as if
significant progress has been made in
addressing backlogs in Mitchells Plain.
An improvement in household access to water
services has also occurred in Khayelitsha,
however a significant backlog remains.
It appears as if much of this backlog will be
addressed if tenders out are awarded and
funding made available.
Much of the delivery in terms of access to
water services in informal areas has been in
the form of communal standpipes. It is not
always safe to access these points (especially
at night) and issues of wastage and standing
water are prevalent.
The indication of dissatisfaction with the
service is likely to come from residents with
limited access to water.
Comment:
Progress has been made in addressing existing backlogs in access to water
services, although a significant backlog remains in Khayelitsha. It is likely
that new investment in reticulation will be required as the process of
upgrading informal settlements continues.
32
Beneficiary perceptions reflect the fact that there remain residents who are
under serviced in relation to access to water. The on-going expansion of
informal settlements in Khayelitsha has compounded the challenges related
to attempts to expand basic services.
Bearing in mind the City’s sometimes precarious water situation, careful
demand management measures will need to be implemented as the service
is extended and enhanced.
33
3.1.3
has increased between 1996 and 2001, according to the
2001 census from 29.8% to 34.9% of households.
Sanitation
•
(a)
Baseline status
In 2001, 22 289 (or 26%) of Khayelitsha households did
not have access to any sanitation.
In Mitchells Plain:
Access to sanitation has been determined from 2001 census
statistics. In Khayelitsha, the following points are noted in this
regard:
•
The number of households with access to flush or
chemical toilet is 55 957 (or 65.1 % of the total number of
households – see
Figure 12).
•
A further 7 771
households
have
access to a pit
latrine or bucket
latrine.
•
The
backlog
in
terms of households
without access to
either a flush or
chemical toilet site
Figure 12: Type of (Household) Access to Sanitation in Khayelitsha
•
The number of households with access to flush or
chemical toilet is 59
670 (or 97% of the
total
number
of
households – see
Figure 13).
•
A
Pit latrine
0%
None
2%
Bucket latrine
0%
relatively
insignificant number
(334) of households
have access a pit
latrine
or
bucket
latrine.
•
According to the 2001
census, 1220 (2%) of
Mitchells
Plain
households do not have access to sanitation.
Flush/chemical toilet
98%
Figure 13: Type of (Household) Access to Sanitation in Mitchells Plain
Source: City of Cape Town 2005a
Source: City of Cape Town 2005a
34
The following points are noted with regard to the geographic
focus of the backlog in access to sanitation (see Figures 14
and 15):
•
•
It is concentrated in many of the informal housing areas
of Khayelitsha (see also Table 7).
In Mitchells Plain, informal settlement such as Kosovo
and areas of Tafelsig are served worst in terms of access
to piped water.
•
Again the areas to the north of Mitchells Plain in Philippi
are highlighted in terms of poor access to sanitation.
(Victoria Mxenge)
3.
Khayelitsha T1V3
(Nonqubela)
4440
19.92
18.89
4.
Khayelitsha T2V2b
(Monwabisi Park)
3820
17.14
16.25
5.
Khayelitsha Site C
(incl. RR section,
Mxolisi
Phetani
Taiwan, Bongweni
Lansdowne Road
Reserve)
2127
9.54
9.05
Source: extracted from Statssa, 2001
Across the nodal area, the five census sub-place areas with
the highest backlog are indicated in the table below.
Table 7: Household Access to Sanitation (five least serviced
areas)
Rank
Sub-place (and
area name)
1.
2.
H.H. with
no
sanitation
%
of
Khayelitsha
or Mitchells
Plain
backlog
%
of
nodal
backlog
Khayelitsha (incl.
Silvertown, Sibata
Dalindyebo,
Barney Molokwana
Corner)
5624
25.23
23.92
Khayelitsha
4830
21.67
20.55
T1V4
35
Figure 14: %
Households with
no access to
flush/chemical
toilets in
Khayelitsha by EA
Source:
City
of
Cape Town 2005a
36
Figure 15: % Households
with no access to
flush/chemical toilets in
Khayelitsha by EA
Source: City of Cape Town
2005a
37
(b)
Progress in service delivery
The CoCT Water and Sanitation Department is responsible for
the provision of sanitation services in the URN. Aside from
maintenance of infrastructure, the key focus in service delivery
within this sector has been the delivery of basic services,
particularly to the informal settlements and achieving national
objectives in this regard.
In terms of patterns of investment in sanitation services
infrastructure (see Annexure 1), sources available for the
purpose of this study indicate that in Khayelitsha:
•
Investment in sanitation infrastructure occurred in new
housing projects in Kuyasa.
•
Investment in sanitation infrastructure in the informal
settlements such as the C buffer zone.
•
In terms of the impact of sanitation service delivery over the
past five years, progress reflects:
•
The reduction of the backlog in Khayelitsha (based on
the RDP standard) from approximately 30 000 (baseline)
to approximately 22 000 in 2005. (City of Cape Town,
2005c).
•
•
The reduction of the backlog in Mitchells Plain (based on
the RDP standard) from 1491 in 2001 (baseline) to
approximately 5% of informal households (119
households) in 200512. (City of Cape Town, 2005c).
A lower number of sewage blockages in 2005/06 than in
the previous two years.
12
In Mitchell’s Plain a project undertaken by The Executive Mayor in 2005
bought services to 95% of Mitchell’s Plain’s informal settlements by
providing them with rudimentary services like water and sanitation.
Most investment in the water and sanitation services was
focussed on the upgrade of the Zandvliet wastewater
treatment works and the upgrading of the Monwabisi
sewer pump station.
In Mitchells Plain patterns of investment reflect that:
•
Investment in sanitation reticulation infrastructure as part
of new housing projects
•
(c)
Upgrades to the Mitchells Plain wastewater treatment
works
Beneficiary perceptions
Testing perceptions of levels of satisfaction with the sanitation
services indicates high levels of satisfaction in Mitchells Plain
(over 87% of respondents were either satisfied or highly
satisfied with the service). In Khayelitsha, levels of satisfaction
varied. A high proportion of respondents (over 45%) were
either dissatisfied or highly dissatisfied. (Table 8).
38
Table 8: Level of satisfaction with sanitation service
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
79
14.4
78
17.22
Satisfied
178
32.5
317
69.98
Uncertain
42
7.7
19
4.19
Dissatisfied
105
19.2
27
5.96
Highly
dissatisfied
143
26.1
12
2.65
Total
547
100
453
100
3.
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
(d)
1.
Assessment
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
•
•
2.
Type of
impact
(qualitative)
•
Reporting regarding annual delivery of
sanitation services in relation to quantitative
indicators has not been forthcoming to any
significant extent.
From the figures available it seems as if
significant progress has been made in
addressing backlogs in Mitchells Plain.
An improvement in household access to
sanitation services has also occurred in
Khayelitsha, however a significant backlog
remains.
It appears as if a significant impact on this
backlog will be made if tenders out are
awarded and funding made available, however,
services remain poor in informal settlements in
Site B and C, many of which do not seem to
have been impacted on during the URP period.
Issues of safety remain, with regard to the
manner in which many people access
sanitation services. In some areas, communal
Perceptions
•
toilets are the only means of access to
sanitation services. It is often a danger to
personal safety to access these facilities as
night.
The indication of dissatisfaction with the
service is likely to stem from residents with
limited access to sanitation services. The high
level of dissatisfaction reinforces the level of
need in this area.
Comment:
A level of progress has been made in addressing existing backlogs, although
a significant backlog remains in Khayelitsha, which is being addressed at a
rate which will not eliminate backlogs within the next ten years if existing
delivery is taken as an indication of future progress. It is likely that new
investment in reticulation will be required as the process of upgrading
informal settlements continues.
Beneficiary perceptions reflect the fact that there remain many households in
Khayelitsha who are under serviced in relation to access to appropriate
levels of sanitation. The on-going expansion of informal settlements in
Khayelitsha has compounded the challenges related to attempts to expand
basic services.
39
settlements and 30000 in informal settlement;
3.1.4
Refuse Removal/Solid Waste
(a)
Baseline status
•
Street sweeping at various intervals.
This system altered subsequently and was replaced by:
•
240L containers provided to all service points in formal
settlements;
The following points are noted with regard to indicators
reflected in the 2001 census:
•
Most refuse in both Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain is
removed by the local authority (see Figures 16 and 17).
•
Large communal containers, that are closed, strategically
placed in informal; settlements supplemented with 220L
swing bins;
•
Termination of street cleaning service from October
2002.
In Khayelitsha, this represented a significant
upward trend from 1996 figures. In 1996,
75.5% of households had their refuse
removed by the local authority and in 2001,
this figure rose to 95.1%. (City of Cape
Town, 2005a)
•
In Mitchells Plain, this represented a
decline from 98.4% to 94.8%. (City of
Cape Town, 2005a).
In Khayelitsha, the baseline status of refuse
removal reflected in 2001 was:
•
Removal
of
standard
domestic
containers of 85L on a weekly basis;
•
40 000 service points in the formal
Figure 16: Type of refuse removal (% Households) in Khayelitsha
40
In 2002, illegal dumping was identified
as
an
issue
in
Khayelitsha.
Furthermore, the lack of refuse bins in
public places and bins being too small
were identified as issues contributing to
litter. (KfW, 2002).
Figure 17: Type of refuse removal (% Households) in Mitchells Plain
Source: City of Cape Town 2005a
41
(b)
Progress in service delivery
Responsibility for refuse removal in the URN lies ultimately
with the Refuse and Removal service of the CoCT. However,
since 1997, Khayelitsha has been on a tri-partite service
delivery contract aimed at local entrepreneurial development.
As part of a city-wide initiative within the service,
containerisation also commenced in Khayelitsha in November
2005 and tenders were invited to service the informal areas.
Tedcor now provides 50% of the service in this area, the
remainder being provided by the CoCT.
In Mitchell’s Plain, the CoCT provides the service on the basis
of kerbside collection once a week as per the schedule of
collection on an area basis.
Table 9: Measurement of Key Performance Indicators: Refuse
Removal / Solid Waste Service – Khayelitsha
2001/02
% direct hh
refuse removal
%
communal
illustrated in the tables below, which most notably reflect:
•
An increase in the number of informal households with
door to door refuse removal in Khayelitsha
•
An increase in the number of househlds benefiting from
the refuse removal service in Mitchells Plain.
2003/04
95.1%
2004/05
2005/06
95%
hh
2%
2%
1%
1%
0.5%
2.1%
2%
1%
1%
0.6%
0.8%
0
0
0
0
weekly
weekly
weekly
weekly
100%
100%
100%
100%
56 000
(100%)
70%
70%
70%
70%
30%
30%
20%
5%
refuse dump
%
hh
own
refuse dump
%
hh with no
rubbish disposal
Cycle
of
1.9%
removal
domestic
containers
of
<weekly
93.2%
weekly
# formal hh with
door to door
refuse removal
(%)
#
Refuse removal coverage and progress in service delivery is
2002/03
informal
hh
with door to
door
refuse
removal (%)
% informal hh
with open skip
126 686
(87.3%)
12.7%
Source: 2001 census; Lekotla 2005; 2007; CoCT Refuse & Solid Waste
42
Table 10: Measurement of Key Performance Indicators:
Refuse Removal/Solid Waste Service - Mitchell’s Plain
2001/02
% hh refuse
removal by local
2002/03
94.8%
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
97%
authority
% hh communal
refuse dump
%
hh
own
refuse dump
%
hh with no
rubbish disposal
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions emerging from the 2006 survey (see
Tables 11 and 12) reflect:
•
The majority of respondents in Khayelitsha (over 73%)
and Mitchells Plain (over 85%) were either satisfied or
highly satisfied with the refuse removal service.
•
On
1.6%
4.3%
of
0.3% <
removal
domestic
containers
of
weekly
88.7%
weekly
formal hh with
door to door
refuse removal
(%)
weekly
100%
% informal hh
with door to
door
refuse
removal
% informal hh
with open skip
Source: 2001 census; Lekotla 2005; 2007
98%
10% (?)
the
other
hand,
the
majority
of
Khayelitsha
respondents (over 63%) and a smaller though significant
proportion of respondents from Mitchells Plain (over
36%) were either dissatisfied or highly dissatisfied with
the cleanliness of the area.
5.1%
Cycle
Beneficiary perceptions
Table 11: Level of satisfaction with refuse removal
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
No.
%
No.
Highly satisfied
169
30.9
83
18.32
Satisfied
235
42.96
304
67.11
Uncertain
21
3.84
11
2.43
Dissatisfied
54
9.87
42
9.27
Highly
dissatisfied
68
12.43
13
2.87
Total
547
100
453
100
%
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
43
Table 12: Level of satisfaction with cleanliness of area
perceptions of the cleanliness of local areas
(particularly in Khayelitsha) is a concern in
relation to this service.
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
37
6.8
43
9.49
Satisfied
141
25.8
224
49.45
Uncertain
21
3.8
21
4.64
Dissatisfied
148
27.1
117
25.83
Highly
dissatisfied
200
36.6
48
10.6
Total
547
100
453
100
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
(d)
1.
Assessment
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
2.
Type of
impact
(qualitative)
•
3.
Perceptions
•
The measurement of progress by and of this
sector has been limited and/or inconsistent.
However, on the basis of information that is
available, the trend appears to be towards
improved service delivery. During the five
financial years for which (some) data was
available, the overall refuse removal service
delivery has improved, particularly in Mitchell’s
Plain.
In Khayelitsha, the focus has been on
improving baseline service delivery to ensure
more households have access to at least an
acceptable level of service. Door to door
service in the informal settlements has
improved from 70% to 87.3% in this URN.
Innovation has occurred in the public-private
partnership established for Khayelitsha to
enhance service delivery and promote local
entrepreneurial development.
It is clear that removal of refuse is generally
viewed in a positive light, however negative
Comment:
The improvement in service delivery in respect of this sector has largely
been driven from within the sector itself. A citywide programme for
containerisation coincided with broader political imperatives to equalise
service delivery standards across the City and it is this programme, rather
than the URP, that has been responsible for improvements in refuse
collection. Privatising the collection of waste was an initiative already in
operation prior to the inception of the URP.
Nevertheless, the refuse removal service seems to have made progress,
particularly in terms of reducing backlogs.
Beneficiary perceptions, however, point to an issue around the general
cleanliness of local areas. Despite the improvement in household service
delivery, it seems areas (particularly in Khayelitsha) are not being
adequately maintained in terms of their cleanliness. This could relate to
issues pointed to as part of the baseline state including the lack of refuse
bins in public places, illegal dumping as well as suspension of the street
sweeping service.
The lack in cleanliness of public places is a concern as it impacts negatively
on the public environment (which is of paramount importance in dense
environments). It may also hamper perceptions of areas at a time in which
private investment in these areas is sought to promote local economic
development.
44
(ii)
3.2
3.2.1
Movement Modes
Human Settlement Infrastructure
Transport systems
(a)
Baseline status
(i)
Infrastructure
At the starting point of the evaluation period, road
infrastructure was generally good throughout Khayelitsha and
Mitchells Plain, with by far the majority of road surfaces being
tar. However, road maintenance was an issue along certain
stretches of the road system. (KfW, 2002). Peripheral informal
areas, however, generally do not have tarred roads.
In terms of public transport infrastructure, the nodal area is
penetrated by the Khayelitsha line. This line splits with one
branch linking through central spines within both Khayelitsha
and Mitchells Plain. Khayelitsha is service by three rail
stations with the line terminating at the Khayelitsha rail station.
Mitchells Plain is served by four rail stations with the line
terminating at Kapteinsklip near the coast.
The following statistics from the 2001 census reflect on
movement modes in the area. In Khayelitsha, of those
travelling to school or work:
•
About 46% do so by foot;
•
Only 7% did so as a driver or passenger;
•
46% make use of public transport.
Of the employed population in Khayelitsha, of those who travel
to work:
•
Most (80%) make use of trains (45.8%);
•
Only 12% do so by car as driver or passenger.
In Mitchells Plain, of those travelling to school or work:
•
About 36% do so by foot;
•
22.5 did so as a driver or passenger;
•
39.7% make use of public transport.
Of the employed population in Mitchells Plain, of those who
travel to work:
•
Most (58.3%) make use of public transport;
•
33.6% did so by car as driver or passenger
45
(b)
Progress in service delivery
Delivery of transport infrastructure has been undertaken by the
CoCT as well as the PG:WC in the urban renewal node.
Funding has largely come through infrastructure grants (CMiP
and now MIG), the Cape Metropolitan Transport Fund and
loan funding. In terms of delivery of transport and roads
infrastructure (see Annexure 2), sources available for the
purpose of this study indicate that in Khayelitsha:
•
Spending on road infrastructure (R18 386 977)
outweighed spending on public transport infrastructure
(R5 171 360).
•
Road infrastructure spend was dominated by investment
to support new housing projects such as in Kuyasa.
•
Public transport infrastructure spend was focussed on the
design and construction of infrastructure at the CBD as
well as planning and design work linked to the rail
extension (although most of the funds required for this
project have not yet been spent).
•
Public transport infrastructure delivery focussed on
Mitchells Plain public transport upgrade (including bus
terminus, taxi facility, public space improvements) and
Lentegeur and Mandalay public transport upgrades;
•
Road infrastructure focussed on servicing new housing
developments as well as a multitude of smaller
investments on traffic calming.
During the urban renewal time period, significant
improvements are reflected at the public transport
interchanges (PTIs), mainly in Mitchells Plain. Funding for
public transport infrastructure has also had an impact (beyond
the transport sector) on the quality of spaces, levels of safety
at interchanges and opportunities for business activity.
ANCHOR PROJECT: KHAYELITSHA RAIL EXTENSION
Planning for this project (with a budget estimated at R430m, was
initiated in 1994 and it was subsequently labelled an anchor project.
It is driven by the South African Rail Commuter Corporation. It
involves:
• Extension of the rail line by 4.2km,
In Mitchells Plain:
•
Spending on public transport (R48 402 535) by far
outweighed spending on road infrastructure (R5 900
338).
• Two new rail stations, four pedestrian bridges and two road
over rail bridges.
When it occurs, it will have a dramatic impact on improving
residents’ access to public transport. In particular, the development
of the two new stations will mean that thousands of residents would
46
be within easy walking distance of access to metropolitan-wide
public transport systems.
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions
Uncertain
17
4
28
6
18
3
16
6
7
2
9
2
Dissatisfied
80
18
27
6
56
11
23
9
15
4
29
8
Highly
dissatisfied
67
15
31
6
28
5
19
7
5
1
9
2
Total
451
100
490
100
521
100
269
100
364
100
385
100
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
Testing perceptions of awareness of the Khayelitsha Rail
extension project (an anchor project) and its perceived impact
on households’ quality of life indicated that:
•
Approximately 82% of Khayelitsha respondents were
aware of the project.
•
91.4% of respondents rated the project as improving their
quality of life.
Furthermore, 69% of respondents in Khayelitsha and 80% in
Mitchells Plain indicated that urban renewal projects in the last
three years had a positive impact on access to public
transport. (see Table 13).
Table 14: Level of satisfaction with roads and streets
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
77
14.1
61
13.57
Satisfied
205
37.5
256
56.51
Uncertain
18
3.3
10
2.21
Dissatisfied
112
20.5
92
20.31
Highly
dissatisfied
135
24.7
34
7.51
Total
547
100
453
100
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
(d)
Table 13: Level of satisfaction public transport services
Satisfaction Khayelitsha
with
Train Bus
service
N % N %
Mitchells Plain
Taxi
Train
Bus
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Highly
satisfied
135
30
197
40
212
41
44
16
82
23
74
19
Satisfied
152
34
207
42
207
40
167
62
255
70
264
69
Taxi
Mitchells Plain
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
No robust quantitative indicators have been used
to monitor the impact of transport interventions in
the node. As such, certain assumptions have been
made using available data.
Access to public transport: it is not clear from the
data available whether access to public transport
has actually improved as no operational data was
collected. It is likely though that, linked to the
construction of new interchange infrastructure, that
47
•
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
•
•
•
•
3.
Perceptions
•
•
access has been more convenient those areas.
Road infrastructure: investment in new roads has
served more than 6000 new residential units.
Investment in public transport infrastructure (mainly
in Mitchells Plain) has impacted on a significant
number of resident’s lives considering the
proportion of people using public transport and the
number of people using the interchanges on a daily
basis (e.g. 74 131 daily boarding and alighting at
Mitchells Plain PTI).
At these interchanges, the type of impact has gone
beyond improving access to transport, but has
improved the quality of environments and provided
improved preconditions for economic activity.
Investment
in
transport
infrastructure
in
Khayelitsha is likely to have had less impact as it
has been localised and biased toward road
infrastructure.
Investment in public transport and pedestrian
infrastructure in the CBD has however improved
the quality of the local environment and access to
particularly road based public transport.
Levels of dissatisfaction with public transport
services are limited though a relatively significant
negative rating is achieved for train services in
Khayelitsha.
Levels of satisfaction with roads and streets are
relatively high, although approximately 20% of
respondents are dissatisfied with the service.
Judging from beneficiary perceptions, it seems that access to public
transport is good within the urban renewal node. It is likely, though, that
levels of dissatisfaction relate less to the development of public transport
infrastructure and rather to operational issues. Issues with the rail service in
particular appear to be a cause for concern including:
•
Safety (trains are often overcrowded at peak times and security is
poor on the trains and at stations)
•
Service consistency (breakdowns in service occur periodically often
due to vandalism of cables).
Levels of dissatisfaction with roads and streets are likely to stem from safety
concerns. Many roads in the node are extremely dangerous for pedestrians
due to their high mobility focus. The high number of traffic calming projects is
an indication of this issue (particularly in Mitchells Plain) as well as the
systems of ward allocations focussed on addressing local ward concerns.
Levels of access to public transport are likely to be impacted on positively by
the extension of the rail line in Khayelitsha. This area of Khayelitsha has also
grown significantly since 2001. Delivery in terms of this key anchor project is
thus likely to impact positively on levels of access to public transport.
Comment:
The focus of expenditure and delivery with regard to transport during the
measurement period (2001-2006) has been focussed on public transport
infrastructure. Associated with these interventions, have been efforts to
improve the quality of urban environments to support nodal development.
This nodal focussed has had positive spin offs for local areas, particularly in
Mitchells Plain. It appears too that investment in road infrastructure has been
aligned to housing projects and a high degree of concurrency in delivery has
been achieved. It has however been noted that the investment in upgrading
and maintaining the area’s relatively good road infrastructure may be a
concern.
48
3.2.2
Housing
(a)
Baseline status
The following points are noted
with regard to the geographic
focus of informal housing (see
Figure 21):
•
The types of dwellings in which residents stay has been
determined from 2001 census statistics (see Figures 18 and
19). In Khayelitsha, the following points are noted in this
regard:
•
The majority of households (55 300 or 64.3%) lived in
shacks (64.3%).
•
Of this 6 250 or 7.3% of households lived in informal
Concentration
in
the
northern
areas
of
Khayelitsha both within
existing formal settlement
(including invaded open
space)
and
in
the
peripheral areas of the
Figure 18: Type of Dwelling (Khayelitsha)
Source: City of Cape Town (2005a)
housing – backyard shacks.
•
township
such
Monwabisi Park.
also Table 5).
30% lived in houses on a separate stand.
In Mitchells Plain:
•
as
(see
The majority of households lived in houses on a separate
stand.
•
Almost 22% of households lived in a town house, cluster
house or block of flats.
•
In terms of census data for Mitchells Plain, there are
2377 households in informal settlement (3.9% of the total
number of households).
•
In
Mitchells
Plain,
concentration of informal
housing mainly in Kosovo
and Samora Machel,
(Weltevreden
Valley
area) and Lost City and
Freedom Park (Tafelsig).
Figure 19: Type of Dwelling (Khayelitsha)
Source: City of Cape Town, 2005a
49
Table 15: Informal Housing Concentration (5 areas with
highest number of informal settlement)
Rank
Sub-place
(and
area
name)
Informal
households
%
of
Khayelitsha
or Mitchells
Plain total
(informal)
% of nodal
total
(informal)
1.
Khayelitsha Site
C
2.
Khayelitsha (incl.
Silvertown,
Sibata
Dalindyebo,
Barney
Molokwana
Corner)
9224
16.68%
16%
8821
15.96%
15.29%
T1V4
(Victoria
Mxenge)
8412
15.21%
14.58%
4.
Khayelitsha
T1V3
(Nonqubela)
6704
12.12%
11.62%
5.
Khayelitsha Site
C
(incl.
RR
section, Mxolisi
Phetani Taiwan,
Bongweni
Lansdowne
Road Reserve)
4775
8.63%
8.28%
3.
Figure 20: Upgrading informal settlement in Freedom Park
(Khayelitsha)
Across the nodal area, the five census sub-place areas with
the highest backlog are indicated in the table below.
Khayelitsha
Source: extracted from Statssa, 2001
50
Figure 21:
Housing –
Dwelling Unit
Density and %
Informal
Dwellings
Source: City of
Cape
Town,
2006b
51
(b)
Progress in service delivery
Housing delivery in the urban renewal node has largely been
funded through subsidies allocated via the PG:WC. In terms of
delivery of housing, sources available for the purpose of this
study (see Annexure 3) indicate that:
•
6103 new housing subsidy units have been developed in
the nodal area (2002/3-2005/6).
•
Delivery in the node has been relatively evenly split
between Khayelitsha (2066 units) and Mitchells Plain
(2037 units)
•
•
In Khayelitsha, the geographical focus of delivery has
been in Kuyasa (greenfield site in the south of the area)
and to a lesser extent in Silvertown and Green Point on
the eastern edge of the area and the buffer area between
Site C and the N2.
In Mitchells Plain, the geographical focus of delivery has
been in Westridge (Westgate Mall Housing) and to a
lesser extent several infill projects in Tafelsig.
ANCHOR PROJECT: KHAYELITSHA - HOUSING/LAND
This project is focussed on providing and upgrading existing informal
settlements in Khayelitsha. It has involved interventions in a range of
areas (see also Annexure 3) including Kuyasa phase 2, upgrading of
informal settlement in Silvertown, resolution of ownership rights in
Site C and housing development in Greenpoint. Despite this anchor
project, the impact on backlogs in Khayelitsha remains relatively
limited and significant informal settlements remain, many of which
have with poor access to basic services.
ANCHOR PROJECT: MITCHELLS PLAIN HOUSING
The project is to provide a mix of housing opportunities in Mitchells
Plain. The focus has been on the Tafelsig Housing project, and
delivery through the Cape Town Community Housing Company in
Westridge. In terms of its impact, the project has resulted in a
relatively significant amount of new housing units in the area when
measured against the existing housing backlog.
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions
In Khayelitsha, housing is one of the most pressing issues
(whilst it does not feature as a major issue in Mitchells Plain)13.
In this regard, research has indicated several important
indicators of the seriousness of the issue to residents:
•
Respondents rated the lack and low quality of housing as
the third most pressing challenge in the area following
crime and jobs/unemployment.
13
The issue was not raised by respondents in the Mitchells Plain
survey (see City of Cape Town 2006a).
52
•
The second most important need expressed was for
projects focussing on housing.
Testing perceptions of awareness of the housing programmes
in Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain (both anchor projects)
indicated that:
•
Approximately 60% of households were aware of the
Khayelitsha housing programme.
•
Approximately 38% of households in Mitchells Plain were
aware of the project in this area.
Testing of perceptions on the project’s impact on quality of life
and experience over the past three year over which the project
has run reflects that:
•
Highly
dissatisfied
264
48.26
23
5.08
Total
547
100
453
100
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
(d)
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
•
•
43% of Khayelitsha households experienced worsened
•
housing conditions.
•
•
17% of Mitchells Plain households
worsened housing conditions.
experienced
•
3.
•
Perceptions
Table 16: Level of satisfaction with housing
•
Satisfaction
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
with service
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
36
6.58
53
11.7
Satisfied
99
18.1
300
66.23
Uncertain
34
6.22
36
7.95
Dissatisfied
114
20.84
41
9.05
During the three financial years for which data was
available, approximately 4% of the 2001 housing
backlog in Khayelitsha was addressed14.
Approximately 85% of the backlog in Mitchells
Plain was impacted on by the delivery of housing15.
Generally housing interventions in the node have
reflected a relatively high degree of concurrency
with engineering services (bulk services, roads,
etc).
The form of housing has generally conformed to
the standard ‘RDP model’ with limited variation,
despite the heightened focus of interventions as
part of anchor projects.
Innovation has occurred in the piloting of ‘green
technologies’ in Kuyasa.
Many of the new housing environments do
however retain an element of sterility characteristic
of many areas in the node.
A positive perception of housing programmes in
the Mitchells Plain area.
A high proportion of respondents are highly
dissatisfied with housing delivery in Khayelitsha.
Comment:
The housing issue is clearly most serious in Khayelitsha. Housing delivery in
14
This assumes zero population growth and a stable backlog. The
figures are thus in reality likely to be slightly lower.
15
Ibid
53
Mitchells Plain has, however, had the most impact on this area’s backlog,
whilst the level of delivery in Khayelitsha has been less dramatic in terms of
its impact on backlogs. Apart from limited resources, it is likely that other
factors have impeded more rapid delivery in this area including the greater
degree of complexity in dealing with the issue (well located vacant land is
scarce and upgrading informal settlement is a complex, time consuming
process) as well as fact that housing is a highly politicised and contested
issue in Khayelitsha.
Beneficiaries’ perception of progress with service delivery, which reflects
most dissatisfaction with levels of delivery in Khayelitsha, is likely to be a
function of the enormous scale of the issue in this area. Public funding
processes and capacity do not seem sufficient to deal with delivery of the
scale necessary (within the current approach to housing delivery).
The urban renewal status of the node has impacted on the delivery of
housing in a relatively limited manner, despite housing being an anchor
project. Recently, however, additional strategic focus has been placed on
the housing issue with:
•
The compilation of a vacant land audit in Khayelitsha ( a tool to assist
in identifying possibilities for future use of land)
•
A housing summit which was held to establish housing opportunities
in the nodes and how integration can be effected.
•
Proposal for a housing development strategy aimed at soliciting the
involvement of private sector and other social partners in housing
development at the nodes.
•
Planned public private partnerships aimed at the gap housing market.
•
Recent policy energy around the provincial sustainable human
settlement strategy and its identification of informal settlement
upgrade in Site C as a pilot.
54
3.2.4 Parks/Sports
Facilities,
Environmental Development
(a)
Public
Spaces
is often not realised and negatively impacted by human
processes. In addition, many of the areas not developed
due to natural constraints have now become dangerous
(including dune areas in Mitchells Plain).
and
Baseline status
(b)
A comprehensive ‘baselining’ of all aspects of these services
is not possible within the context of this report. The following
points are noted in relation to available sports facilities (2001):
•
There were 3 district sports complexes in Khayelitsha
and 5 district sports complexes in Mitchells Plain
•
Significant shortfalls in access to sport and recreation
facilities exist in Khayelitsha (see City of Cape Town
2006b).
Furthermore, in relation to public spaces and the environment,
quantitative indicators are not well developed however a
number of issues are noted including:
•
Progress in service delivery
Responsibility for service delivery in respect of public facilities
lies primarily with a number of Departments within the City of
Cape Town, including City Parks (sports and recreation), Civic
Amenities (facilities), Planning & Urban Design (Public Places)
and Environmental Management (environment). However,
Province (Department of Environment & Development
Planning in particular) and DPLG fund some infrastructure on
a project basis. Inconsistent project progress measurement
and independent project management within the various
Departments however creates difficulties in presenting a
unified overall review of progress.
Prevalence of poor quality public spaces including
significant vacant/underutilised
Mitchells Plain.
land
particularly
in
•
These areas were and are identified as high risk in terms
of violent crime
•
A variety of environmentally sensitive areas occur in the
URN including the coastal strip. The value of these areas
In terms of delivery in these sectors effort has focussed on
(see Annexure 4 for detail project breakdown):
•
Development of mostly higher order (and high cost)
sports facilities including:
o A major new regional sports facility (Swartklip)
on the Khayelitsha side of Mitchells Plain.
55
o
o
New cricket oval and swimming pool in the
Khayelitsha CBD
Development of Mandela Park Tartan track
•
A number of smaller sports field have been upgraded
(mostly in Mitchells Plain).
•
A variety of environmental/parks/ programmes including:
o
o
o
Bush clearing
Community and food gardens (also run by
Economic Development)
Greening and landscaping
ANCHOR
CENTRE
PROJECT:
COLORADO
MULTI
PURPOSE
This project is focussed on development of required community
facilities including a multi-purpose hall (budget R8.1m), multipurpose hard courts, basketball courts and landscaping. A clinic and
library are planned to further develop the Colorado node.
In terms of impact, the project has created 248 jobs (temporary
construction) and is likely to have an impact on the local area in
terms of improving access to facilities
ANCHOR PROJECT: SWARTKLIP REGIONAL SPORTS
FACILITY
TAFELSIG YOUTH AND FAMILY DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
AND PUBLIC SPACE UPGRADE
This project is focussed on the development of a regional sports
facility to serve residents of Mitchells Plain and Khayelitsha. Phase 1
and 2 (budget of R24m) including sports fields as well as phase 3
(multi-purpose indoor facility and conference and boardroom facility
– budget of R33m) are complete.
This anchor project has managed to combine infrastructural
investment and soft initiatives to strengthen its impact. It is focussed
on the construction of a youth and family development centre, public
space upgrade, improved public transport facilities and opportunities
for informal trade. The total estimated budget for the project is R12m.
(City of Cape Town, 2007).
In terms of impact, the project has created 35 permanent jobs, and is
likely to provide access to senior club level sports teams and other
uses. (City of Cape Town, 2007). It does not seem to have had major
impact amongst the broader population or catalysed further
development and investment. In addition it appears as if there
remains a challenge in ensuring Khayelitsha residents are aware of
and benefit from the facility.
In terms of impact the project has combined infrastructure
development with a focus on social well-being as well as issues of
safety. Apart from providing facilities for young people in an area
where levels of gangsterism are high, it forms part of a broader
initiative to prevent crime. Infrastructure development has focussed
on securing public spaces. Whilst the impact will be felt mainly at the
local area level, this anchor project and its specific targeting in an
56
area where social issues are a concern with a multi-facetted
approach combining infrastructure and social programmes is likely to
have a strong role in improving quality of life for residents. The
involvement of local communities in decision making is also likely to
strengthen the impact of the project. The project reflects strong
evidence of being able to mobilise a range of sectors in different
spheres of government, sources of funding and community
stakeholders to achieve the benefits of synergies in resources within
a specific locale.
(c)
•
Approximately 30% of Mitchells Plain (and 5% of
Khayelitsha) respondents were aware of the Swartklip
regional sports facility anchor project.
•
Approximately 18% of Mitchells Plain respondents were
aware of the Tafelsig public space upgrade.
Testing of respondents (who were aware of the projects)
perceptions on their impact on quality of life indicated that:
•
73.08% of Mitchells Plain (and 34.69% of Khayelitsha)
respondents indicated that the Swartklip regional sports
facility had a positive impact on quality of life.
•
70.89% of Mitchells Plain respondents indicated that the
Beneficiary perceptions
Tafelsig public space upgrade had a positive impact on
quality of life.
Respondents were tested regarding access to specific facilities
in their communities. The following findings are noteworthy in
the context of this service:
•
In Khayelitsha, recreation and sport facilities rated as two
of the three least accessible facilities by 72% and 63% of
respondents respectively.
•
Recreation facilities also received the highest level of
dissatisfaction rating from Khayelitsha respondents at
62%.
(d)
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
•
In terms of resident perceptions of anchor projects, testing
perceptions of awareness of the Swartklip regional sports
facility and Tafelsig youth and family development centre and
public space upgrade (all anchor projects) indicated that:
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
•
No measurement of key performance indicators is
apparent in relation to these line functions.
During the financial years for which data was
available, there has been significant investment in
infrastructure in this sector. Much of this
investment was dedicated to district/regional sports
facilities.
The type of impact of projects identified in this
sector varies significantly depending on the scale
and nature of intervention.
Certain anchor projects are likely to have improved
environmental quality, access to facilities and
levels of safety due to their multi-dimensional
approach (however the Swartklip sports facility has
57
3.
Perceptions
•
•
adopted a more ‘traditional line-oriented’
approach).
It is clear that, despite the progress in terms of
delivery of sports and recreational facilities, lack of
access to these facilities remains a major issue.
Furthermore, the anchor projects in this sector
seem to have had a generated a localised
awareness (though not insignificant impact) on
residents.
Comment:
Whilst the focus has, to some extent, been on construction of higher order
sports facilities, it is seems that impacts on levels of access to these facilities
have been limited in Khayelitsha. It should be noted, however, that base
levels of facility provision in this area were extremely low.
Beneficiary perceptions seem to reinforce the fact that interventions in the
sport and recreation sector have not had a major impact on access to these
facilities specifically in Khayelitsha. It is also likely that due to the focus on
higher order facilities, the lack in local facilities has not been adequately
addressed. Operational issues also hamper resident access to major sports
facilities, which could be another reason for negative perceptions.
Anchor projects referred to have generally required intra- and intergovernmental co-operation and funding. On a project basis, it would appear
that the URP has improved intra- and inter-governmental co-operation.
However, it is evident that improved coordination delivery in respect of
specific anchor projects has predominantly been in respect of the planning
and construction phases where several line departments have been
involved. It is critical though that these efforts are sustained during the
operational phases.
Other projects in the URN within this sector, whilst not unimportant appear to
have been determined either on an ad hoc basis, or on the basis on the
imperatives established within the individual service departments.
58
ANCHOR PROJECT: KHAYELITSHA BUSINESS DISTRICT
3.2.5
Nodal Development: Economic Activity Centres
(a)
Baseline status
No specific baseline information has been identified for the
status and level at which nodal areas were developed in 2001.
However, the description of progress in service delivery
provides and indication of what has occurred during the URP.
(b)
Progress in service delivery
A strong focus of the URP has been related to the
development of nodal areas. There has been a strong focus
on new infrastructure often with a specific focus on improving
public transport facilities, but generally inclusive of a basket of
interventions. Many of these interventions were initiated or
planned prior to the initiation of the URP. The following anchor
projects have been identified in relation to the development of
economic activity centres as, particularly in the case of the
CBDs, a key focus is enabling economic development.
In the late 1990s, the KBD was a 73ha vacant expanse of land on
the western side of Khayelitsha Station. The project was initiated
before 2001, but became the main anchor project for Khayelitsha
and aims to establish a vibrant and viable CBD in the area.
To this end, public development has included a swimming pool and
cricket oval, magistrate offices, social welfare and home affairs
offices with a multi-purpose centre underway. Imminent development
includes a new district hospital and SAPS (detectives’ branch) as
well as public squares and landscaping.
The private sector has also invested in the area in the form of a 17
500m2 retail centre. Planned development occurring through private
funding includes new residential development of between 1200 and
2500 units aimed at the ‘gap’ housing market (R180 000 – R250
000), a service station and municipal offices which is likely to receive
R25m in funding from Rand Merchant Bank (RMB). (City of Cape
Town, 2006c).
ANCHOR PROJECT: MITCHELLS PLAIN CBD
This project aims to regenerate and reinforce the development of the
Mitchells Plain CBD. The aim is to leverage additional private sector
investment through public investment. A range of private sector
investments have occurred during the course of the project including
the R400m Promenade Retail centre. Public investment has
included:
59
• A range of public transport infrastructure associated with the
Mitchells Plain PTI including bus and taxi termini, new roads
infrastructure
• Landscaping
• Administrative buildings
• Informal trading market
• Pedestrian bridge
In terms of its impact, the project has created a significant number of
jobs. Indications are that 2400 informal traders will have access to
markets through the newly developed infrastructure and 1800 new
jobs associated with the taxi industry are also ascribed to the project.
(City of Cape Town, 2007). Due to its strategic and accessible
location it is likely that outcomes will impact on the thousands of
people using this area. The project is likely to impact on a number of
facets of life of residents in Mitchells Plain including:
• Improving access to public transport;
• Improving levels of safety in the key commercial node in the
area;
• Improving opportunities for job creation
accommodation of trading facilities and spaces;
through
the
• Improving access to public and private facilities
ANCHOR PROJECT: LENTEGEUR
PUBLIC TRANSPORT UPGRADE
AND
MANADALY
This project focuses on the upgrading and remodelling of the station
forecourts at these stations and improving levels of accessibility,
including ensuring that the Lenteguer station caters for special needs
of patients. This is linked to
accessing the nearby Lentegeur
Hospital,
which has
been
upgraded and will draw patients
from the wider area. Key public
investment has included the
upgrading
of
physical
infrastructure around the stations
including pedestrian spaces and
access
routes,
pavement
widening and dropping of kerbs
and
installation
of
CCTV
cameras. (See Figure 22). Key
public investment occurring in
relation to the western Forecourt
of Lentegeur Station includes
construction of a bus and taxi
terminal and a market for informal traders.
Figure 22: Remodelling of Lentegeur Station
In terms of impact, the project is strategically located and will impact
on a significant number of people (users of the two stations). The
project is likely to improve the transport experience (particularly for
special needs passengers) through improved infrastructure, as well
as through the focus on improving operational aspects of public
transport (through the bus/taxi service linking the stations to the
hospital). In addition, linked interventions such as informal trade
infrastructure are likely to improve the conditions for economic
development.
60
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions
Testing perceptions of awareness of the Khayelitsha CBD,
Mitchells Plain CBD and Mandalay and Lentegeur PTI
upgrades (all anchor projects) indicated that:
•
•
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
Approximately 62% of Mitchells Plain respondents were
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
Approximately 88% of Mitchells Plain respondents were
not aware of the Mandalay and Lentegeur PTI upgrades
•
•
•
•
Testing of respondents (who were aware of the projects)
perceptions on their impact on quality of life indicated that:
•
•
•
Approximately 89% of Khayelitsha respondents were
aware of the Khayelitsha Business District anchor project
not aware of the Mitchells Plain CBD anchor project.
•
(d)
87.79% of Khayelitsha respondents believed the CBD
•
development had a positive impact on quality of life.
•
63.53% of Mitchells Plain respondents believed the CBD
development in this area had a positive impact on their
households’ quality of life.
•
61.4% of Mitchells Plain respondents believed the
Lentegeur and Mandalay PTI upgrades had a positive
impact on quality of life.
3.
Perceptions
•
•
The upgrades and linked developments at these
strategic nodal areas are likely to be felt by a
significant number of people due to the station
areas being the centres of gravity in the area.
No further quantitative measures have been
developed with regard to development at these
CBDs, in relation to baseline information (beyond a
reflection of jobs created).
Impacts vary between projects.
The development of the KBD is likely to provide an
opportunity to access a range of higher order
social facilities in a highly accessible area in
Khayelitsha. Furthermore, the development brings
convenience in terms of a significant retail outlet.
The Mitchells Plain CBD upgrades add vitality to
the area and improve access to and convenience
of public transport.
In all cases, it appears as if levels of public safety
will be impacted at these important nodes,
however, much will rely on levels of policing and
operational issues.
In terms of economic development impact, the
station areas have become a focus for
development of infrastructure to support informal
trade. Furthermore, through commitment of public
investment, it has been possible to provide the
preconditions for the private sector commitment to
the business district.
It is clear that the Khayelitsha CBD has created the
highest level of awareness amongst respondents,
with a high number believing that development will
improve quality of life.
Interventions in Mitchells Plain have perhaps been
less evident although for respondents that were
aware of the projects, the majority felt that they
would improve quality of life.
Comment:
Significant resources have been allocated across spheres of government to
61
the development of these nodal areas, particularly the Khayelitsha Business
District and have mainly taken the form of physical infrastructure such as
roads, public transport facilities, new social facilities and bulk services (with
impacts on job creation mostly in the form of temporary construction phase
jobs). In cases such as the KBD and MPTC it is likely that these
interventions have at least contributed to leveraging private investment in the
form of retail centres, though the economic development/job creation
benefits of these investments are often questionable.
Generally impacts of public (and private) investments are likely to be felt by
significant numbers of people due to the strategic location of the projects.
The nature of the impact in relation to these nodal development generally
relates to improving of access to certain social and economic opportunities,
which in many (health, access to grants) cases is critical as well as the citywide public transport system (although operational issues should be noted –
see section 3.2.1).
The level at which investments in these nodes further catalyses major new
private investment is questionable though (when considered within the
16
context of the City). Private lead development is often focussed elsewhere .
Nevertheless, the creation of small scale economic opportunities (such as
for informal trade) does have the potential to enable further local economic
development.
Beneficiary perceptions reflect that the KBD in particular has generated high
levels of awareness and perceptions that it will improve quality of life for
most respondents.
To ensure that the impacts of nodal development are realised, there is a
parallel need to ensure that soft programmes as well as operational budgets
compliment these high impact development areas. Ensuring vibrancy and
vitality of these nodal areas require not only infrastructure but good services
(cleansing, policing) to avoid decline. At this point it is not clear whether
additional operational resources have been allocated in this regard, however
issues have been experienced with the management of newly developed
public spaces.
16
See City of Cape Town, 2002
62
3.3
Human and Social Capital Formation
3.3.1
Education and skills development
(a)
Baseline status
(i)
Levels of Education
Levels of education have been determined from 2001 census
statistics. In Khayelitsha, the following points are noted in this
regard:
•
Levels of education are relatively low in Khayelitsha;
•
75.7% of adults’ highest level of education is less than a
Source: City of Cape Town 2005a
matric certificate;
•
Only 4.3% of adults have any form of post-matric
qualification.
In Mitchells Plain:
•
Education levels are relatively low;
•
Almost 75% of adults do not hold a matric qualification;
•
Only 3.9% of adults hold a post matric qualification.
Figure 24: Highest Level of Education for Adults Age 20+ (Mitchells
Plain)
Source: City of Cape Town 2005b)
63
(ii)
Physical Infrastructure
In terms of physical infrastructure there are 37 primary, 15
secondary, 2 high schools and 1 tertiary college in
Khayelitsha. In Mitchells Plain, there are 46 primary schools
and 17 secondary schools. (City of Cape Town, 2006b).
Khayelitsha is a specific problem area in terms of
infrastructure provision with its growing population and preexisting backlog in school provision. Partly due to the
infrastructure backlog, overcrowding remains a huge challenge
in some schools in Khayelitsha in 2006. (Dugmore, 2006).
Furthermore, it seems that the slow increase in enrolments
within the Further Education and Training (FET) sector is at
least in part due to an under-provision in the number FET
facilities as well as staff shortages, both linked to budget
constraints in this regard.
(b)
Progress in service delivery
The Provincial Department of Education is responsible for the
development of schools in the URN, as well as running certain
training programmes, often indirectly, through partners such as
the Good Hope College. However, other actors within
government also perform a training role including the
Department of Labour as well as programmes sponsored by
the Department of Economic Development.
In terms of physical infrastructure development in Khayelitsha
(2001-2006) the following projects have been completed by
the Department of Education:
•
2 secondary schools (both in 2002)
•
3 Primary schools (two in 2003 and one in 2004)
•
Upgrading of one FET facility
Furthermore, the construction is underway of:
•
3 new primary schools
•
3 new secondary schools
One new primary school and a new secondary school were
developed in Mitchells Plain. (Pers comm. I Jakoet, 2006). In
addition, a (FET) college is being designed at present.
The department of education has also been responsible for the
Khanya programme related to the roll out of computer facilities
to all schools in order to promote learning and maximise
educator capacity by integrating the use of appropriate,
available and affordable technology (mainly computer
technology)
into
the
curriculum
delivery
process
(www.capegateway.gov.za).
64
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions
Beneficiary perceptions of policing services were gauged
during the 2006 survey. Results are reflected in Table 17.
•
Facility/staff shortages are likely to impact
negatively on the quality of education in the node.
No clear indication of the extent of this issue is
available.
•
In general, most respondents to the survey were
satisfied with the level of education services,
although one in five respondents from Khayelitsha
was either dissatisfied or highly dissatisfied in this
regard.
This seems to reinforce the indication provided by
the quantitative data that service delivery backlogs
and related issues are more severe in Khayelitsha.
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
3.
Perceptions
Table 17: Level of satisfaction with education services
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
117
21.39
67
14.79
Satisfied
254
46.44
306
67.55
Uncertain
70
12.8
25
5.52
Dissatisfied
62
11.33
44
9.71
Highly
dissatisfied
44
8.04
11
2.43
Total
547
100
453
100
•
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
(d)
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
•
Comment:
•
•
•
•
It is clear that backlogs in Khayelitsha in terms of
access to education facilities persist. Overcrowding
is a major issue at a number of schools, although
the scale of the issue is not clear from existing
information.
In terms of delivery, infrastructure development to
date has been focussed on Khayelitsha, though
potentially at a scale which has not made
significant enough impacts on backlogs.
It is likely that staff capacity shortages reinforce
apparent under provision in terms of infrastructure
as the general shortage of teaching staff is an
issue in the Province.
In terms of infrastructure development there has been a recent
acceleration in budget allocation for schools in the Khayelitsha area,
which seems to be required bearing in mind the overcrowding issue.
Infrastructure development including the development of schools and
installation of technology are critical aspects of improving the impact
of delivery and are likely to have a positive impact in improving
convenient access to schooling as well as enabling improved levels of
computer literacy respectively.
However there is a concern around the level to which human resource
capacity in the form of quality teachers can be raised. This needs to
occur to improve the quality of education as well as further
contributing to reducing overcrowding.
Furthermore, whilst there are opportunities to develop on training
beyond basic schooling, it appears as if interventions have been
limited in relation to addressing the low levels of post matric
qualification in the node. Accelerating the provision of training and
skills development beyond schooling is essential to address high
levels of unemployment.
65
3.3.2
Justice, Crime Prevention and Safety
(a)
Baseline status
Baseline information in terms of crime statistics for the URN is
available as Annexure 5. In terms of physical infrastructure to
support safety and crime prevention, information indicates a
significant shortfall in the number of police stations in terms of
the population of the two areas. (see City of Cape Town,
2006b).
(b)
Progress in service delivery
With crime a significant issue in both URN, considerable
attention has been focussed in this sector, particularly in
Khayelitsha. Clearly a multi-dimensional problem, the
provision of programmes and services in this regard is multisectoral.
Principal responsibility for crime prevention in the URN lies
with the Department of Community Safety (DOCS) and South
African Police Services (SAPS). However, the Metro Police
and the URP have also made a strategic contribution to this
work. The Department of Justice is also a significant service
provider, as is the Department of Correctional Services. The
Department of Education is also committed to a crime
prevention programme at schools in Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s
Plain. In 2004/05 approximately R1 000 000 and R600 000
were committed in these areas respectively to the following
programmes:
•
Substance abuse
•
Disaster Management
•
Safety awareness
•
Gang violence interventions
•
Sports against Crime
•
Safety Clusters
•
Youth development programmes
Key initiatives within the URP include:
•
The Peace and Development Project (PDP) is a jointly
funded DOCS and URP project which trains unemployed
youth as peace and development workers on a voluntary
basis. 110 youths have been trained in Khayelitsha. It is
anticipated the project will extend to Mitchell’s Plain in
2007.
•
Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU) is
a crime prevention programme in Khayelitsha initiated by
the CoCT in partnership with KfW (German organisation).
Although still in its start-up phase, it is anticipated that
66
considerable
programme.
•
funding
will
be
contributed
to
the
A Diversion programme between the CoCT and
Correctional Services to allow B-Offenders to do
community service at public facilities in Mitchell’s Plain
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions
Beneficiary perceptions of policing services were gauged
during the 2006 survey. Results are reflected in Table 19.
Table 19: Level of satisfaction with policing
In relation to infrastructure development and staff capacity,
progress is reflected in Tables 18.
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
78
14.26
40
8.83
Satisfied
153
29.97
256
56.51
Uncertain
46
8.41
29
6.4
2005/06
Dissatisfied
117
21.39
83
18.32
K
Highly
dissatisfied
153
27.97
45
9.93
Total
547
100
453
100
Table 18: New (n) & upgraded (u) police and justice facilities &
personnel in the URN
Police station
2003/04
2004/05
K
K
MP
2 (n)
1 (u)
MP
90
SAPS staff
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
1 (n)
Juvenile Courts
1
Community
Court
(d)
1 (u)
Magistrates
Court
2
Magistrates
Community
Peace workers
MP
Mitchells Plain
55
Source: Lekotla 2007; Imbizo 2005; Lekotla 2005
55
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
During the four financial years for which crime
related data was available, there has been a
significant reduction in crime in Khayelitsha in
almost all categories. It is likely that the additional
police stations and levels of policing have impacted
positively on the area.
However, during the same period, crime statistics
in Mitchell’s Plain are not as positive. Whilst there
has been a reduction in serious crimes such as
murder, attempted murder and rape, there are
increases in crimes that reflect poor socioeconomic conditions. These include assault,
67
•
•
•
•
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
3.
Perceptions
•
•
indecent assault, neglect and ill-treatment of
children, and drug-related crime. Car robbery, cash
in transit robbery and theft of vehicles are also
more prevalent.
The URN has benefited from investment in
infrastructure in both the justice and crime
prevention sectors.
Khayelitsha will see a significantly larger injection
of capital and focus through the PDP and VPUU
projects.
The focus on projects designed to address issues
of crime has improved over the three years of the
URP's operation. Of all the CoCT projects in the
URN in 2003/04, only one in Mitchell's Plain (or 3%
of the total number of CoCT urban renewal
projects focused on Mitchell's Plain) related directly
to safety and security. In the same year, no
projects identified with this issue were initiated in
Khayelitsha, despite crime being identified as one
of the key issues to address. By 2005/06 a number
of projects, in both urban renewal areas, were
identified and significant funding input anticipated.
Innovative approaches to tackling the issue of
crime have been identified through the VPUU pilot
and the PDP project.
Within this sector, the URP does appear to have improved intergovernmental co-operation and service delivery. Whilst generally not the
core business of local authorities, the City has begun to identify areas in
which it can become involved in this sector – directly through the metro
police, but more indirectly through support for initiatives such as the PDP
and VPUU. Whilst initiation of these projects may not have emerged directly
through the URP, the designation of the URN appears to have drawn the
focus of such initiatives to the node.
However, the levels of crime in Cape Town have drawn national (political)
attention in recent years. Khayelitsha, in particular, had already been
identified as an area in critical need of attention, with exceptional levels of
crime, and it is unclear whether this imperative may not have brought focus
and funding to the area in any event. The construction of new and upgraded
police stations and the construction of justice facilities generally have long
lead in times and may have been identified prior to initiation of the URP.
High levels of dissatisfaction (almost 50% of
respondents) have been recorded in relation to
policing services in Khayelitsha.
A higher satisfaction rating was displayed by
respondents from Mitchells Plain.
Comment:
Safety and security, and addressing the high levels of crime in the URN
have, since the project’s inception, been seen as a key strategic thrust.
However, as a multi-dimensional problem, it is difficult to clearly identify
specific and direct impacts of the URP on levels of crime. The extent of the
problem in these areas demands, and is now receiving, high levels of
attention from all sectors within government, from education, to health and
obviously justice and crime prevention. However, the identification of these
areas as an urban renewal node no doubt reinforces this focus.
68
3.3.3
Health
In Khayelitsha, in particular, these facilities have proved to be
hopelessly inadequate with regard to levels of need. Staffing
and available equipment has also been a significant concern.
(a)
Baseline status
(b)
(i)
Health Indicators
The functional responsibility for the health services in the URN
lies both with the Provincial Department of Health and the
CoCT’s City Health.
Baseline indicators (2001) have not been forthcoming beyond
those reflected in the tables as part of section (b).
Nevertheless, an impression is generated using these
indicators of issues in the URN related to high levels of
HIV/AIDS
(ii)
Progress has been made in the development or upgrading of
service infrastructure (clinics) during the period 2001-2006,
including:
•
Provision of a new one-stop TB/HIV Centre at Site B;
•
The provision of new or upgraded facilities, including a 24
hour Rape & Survivor centre at Site B (upgrade of
Mathew Goniwe Clinic); and Kuyasa Clinic and Youth
Facility Site C;
6 clinics in Khayelitsha (managed by the City of Cape
•
Specialist rehabilitation facilities at Lentegeur Hospital
Town), one 24-hour hospital (Nolungile CHC) as well as
two day hospitals (Site B and Michael Maponwane) all
managed by the Provincial Government.
Apart from these facilities, health related expenditure in
Khayelitsha has focussed on:
Physical Infrastructure
Baseline physical infrastructure for the provision of health
services included:
•
•
Progress in service delivery
8 clinics in Mitchells Plain.
In Mitchells Plain non-spending has focussed on:
69
ANCHOR PROJECT: HIV/AIDS AND OTHER HEALTH
RELATED PROJECTS (KHAYELITSHA)
One of the URP Anchor projects is the CoCT’s City Health
programme in Khayelitsha, focussing on HIV/Aids and other
health related issues. The programme is a multi-stakeholder,
intra-governmental partnership and includes:
•
Infrastructural improvements and new developments in
Khayelitsha (as outlined)
•
HIV/Aids
programmes
including
Mother
to
child
•
Chronic Diseases
•
Health promoting in schools
•
Internal Human Capital
The Department’s of Health, both at Provincial and Local level
do establish key performance indicators and regularly monitor
their programmes. In this regard, several performance
measurements are reflected in the tables below in relation to
trends in service provision and related indicators:
transmission programme ;
•
TB programmes;
•
Management of childhood illnesses pilot roll-out;
Table 20: Measurement of Key Performance Indicators: Health
Service - Khayelitsha
Community based sanitation, hygiene and de-worming
intervention.
Within the City’s programme, the total project requirement
Output
2003/04 to 2006/07 is approximately R41 127 000
immunised
•
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
Increase
#
children 1 yr or <
who are fully
Infant
mortality
42
2004/05
2005/06
101%
92%
36
(deaths/
1000
live births)
Within the PG:WC, the URP has been linked to the Social
Capital Formation Strategy, introduced as one of the lead
strategies of the Provincial Government’s Ikapa Elihlumayo.
Thus, the Department of Health’s metropole Social Capital
project is based in Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain. The key
focus areas are:
•
Child Health through IMCI programme, focussing on
Diahorrea and Immunization
HIV
infection
rate in pregnant
women
24.9%
33%
Availability
ARV sites
of
3
5
# patients
ARV
on
2979
2500
Mother to child
HIV
transmission
30%
5.6%
70
rates
Increase
coverage
VCT
to
7.8%
those 15 years
or older
TB increase new
smear positive
cure rate
64%
74%
Increase
VCT
coverage to those
15 years or older
7.8%
TB increase new
smear
positive
cure rate
70%
Increase # women
(30 – 59 yrs)
Increase
#
women (30 – 59
6.5%
yrs) screened for
cervical cancer
74%
6.5%
screened
for
cervical cancer
Source: Provincial Department of Health; Lekotla Reports 2004, 2005, 2007;
Imbizo Report 2005;
Source: Provincial Department of Health; Lekotla Reports 2004, 2005, 2007;
Imbizo Report 2005.
Table 21: Measurement of Key Performance Indicators: Health
Service – Mitchells Plain
2001/02
Output
2002/03
2003/04
Increase
#
children 1 yr or <
who
are
immunised
2004/05
2005/06
93%
92%
fully
Infant
mortality
(deaths/ 1000 live
births)
HIV infection rate
in
pregnant
16
4%
20
(c)
In Khayelitsha, health is one of the more pressing issues
(whilst it does feature in Mitchells Plain but to a far lesser
extent)17. In this regard, research has indicated several
important indicators of the seriousness of the issue to
residents:
•
Respondents rated the health as the fifth most pressing
challenge in the Khayelitsha.
•
The sixth most important need expressed was for
12.9%
women
Availability of ARV
0
projects focussing
Khayelitsha.
1
sites
# patients on ARV
Mother to child
HIV transmission
rates
Beneficiary perceptions
on
Aids
by
respondents
from
671
30%
7%
17
see City of Cape Town 2006a.
71
•
The seventh most important need expressed was for
health projects in Mitchells Plain.
(d)
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
Table 22: Level of satisfaction with health services
•
•
•
Satisfaction
with service
Khayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
No.
%
No.
%
Highly satisfied
94
17.18
51
11.26
Satisfied
154
28.15
275
60.71
Uncertain
33
6.03
23
5.08
Dissatisfied
118
21.57
69
15.23
Highly
dissatisfied
148
27.06
35
7.73
Total
547
100
453
100
•
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
•
3.
Perceptions
•
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
Testing perceptions of awareness of the HIV/Aids and health
programme in Khayelitsha (an anchor project) and its impact
on quality of life indicated that:
•
Approximately 55% of households were aware of the
Khayelitsha HIV/Aids programme.
•
68% of Khayelitsha respondents believed it had a
positive impact on quality of life.
Service delivery in the URN has seen certain
improvements over the past five years.
Achievements have been made in respect of
provision of ARVs and beginning to address the
significant backlogs in health facilities, particularly
in Khayelitsha.
Whilst it is difficult to identify progress with regard
to the specific indicators, the clearest area where
progress is evident is in the prevention of mother to
child HIV infection and this programme appears to
have been a major success.
Furthermore the roll out of ARV seems to have
increased (although this programme was initiated
by Doctors Without Borders and the Treatment
Action Campaign, during 2001 in collaboration with
the PG:WC, rather than as a UR initiative)
The sector has established innovative approaches
to its service delivery responsibilities. Which is
likely to have a positive impact on the quality of
service delivery This includes the formation of Multi
Sectoral Action Teams (MSATS), comprising
NGOs, CBOs, faith based organisations,
businesses and local officials. The MSATS develop
and drive a local response to HIV, Aids and TB.
A clear divergence in perceptions regarding health
services is apparent. In Khayelitsha, a high
proportion of respondents (more than 48%) reflect
dissatisfaction in this regard, whilst in Mitchells
Plain perceptions reflect levels of satisfaction.
Comment:
Progress has been made both in terms of the development of physical
(supporting) infrastructure and the roll out of health related programmes.
Programmes have specifically focussed on HIV/AIDS interventions in
Khayelitsha. Significant progress has been made, during the measurement
period, with regard to the prevention of mother to child HIV infections and
well as rolling out ARVs.
Despite
progress,
beneficiary
perceptions
indicate
high
levels
of
72
dissatisfaction with the health service. This is likely to be due to the low
levels of service in relation to population numbers and in particular the lack
of hospital facilities, staff (doctors) and equipment which is likely to be a
persisting problem (see KfW, 2002).
As with many of the issues in the URN, the underlying problem of poverty,
lack of employment, poor nutrition and overall poor living conditions mean
that health interventions impact on only some dimensions of the problem,
and such interventions have to be multi-dimensional in themselves. Levels of
environmental health in informal settlements in particular are poor and
contribute to the spread of communicable diseases.
In terms of the impact of urban renewal on health service provision a number
of points are noted:
•
Whilst HIV/AIDS prevalence in Cape Town is well below the national
figure, its prevalence in Khayelitsha (and Nyanga) in 2004 was as
high as, or higher than the national prevalence. The imperative to
focus interventions in this area therefore were already in place before
the selection of the URN. The key focus within this sector has been on
Khayelitsha, and interventions in Mitchell’s Plain do not appear to bear
a direct relationship to its status as an URN.
•
It is speculated that where inter-departmental co-operation is already
effective, the URP has been able to effectively support initiatives by
drawing more funding than might otherwise have been the case. But it
appears unable to significantly influence departmental co-operation
independently.
•
The on-going drive at provincial and local level to ensure equitable
service delivery in all sectors, including health, appears to be a
significant factor influencing the extent to which the service has
focussed on the areas of Mitchell’s Plain and Khayelitsha. Other
provincial programmes, such as the Provincial 2010 Health Care Plan
and the Social Capital Formation Strategy, introduced as one of the
lead strategies of the Provincial Government’s Ikapa Elihlumayo have
also had a significant influence in directing service delivery. It is
difficult therefore to clearly ascribe improvements (or otherwise) in
service delivery to designation as URN.
•
Co-operation between the Provincial and City Health Departments
appears to be very effective, although this is likely to relate more to
relationships developed in years prior to the inception of the URP.
There are also national discussions regarding the integration of the
primary health care services at metro level, indicating broader
imperatives to integrated and co-operative service delivery.
In summary, despite progress, it seems there remains much to be done to
address poor levels of health, particularly in Khayelitsha. Some of this
intervention will come from the health sector including:
•
New district hospitals which are to be developed in the Khayelitsha
CBD and at the Lentegeur Hospital in Mitchells Plain.
•
Continued roll out of a variety of health programmes (HIV/AIDS, TB,
Maternal and child health, community based de-worming etc)
A concern remains in terms of the human capacity to address the high levels
of need and resources need to be forthcoming to support new infrastructure
as long queues, waiting times at clinics remain a major challenge.
Furthermore, physical interventions to improve the quality of the environment
and improved job creation efforts at the broader level are critical in relation to
improving community health.
73
(b)
3.3.4
(a)
Baseline status
Key baseline indicators in relation to levels of economic
development of the population of the urban renewal node
reflect that in Khayelitsha
•
In terms of the official definition of unemployment 50.8%
of the population was unemployed at the time of the 2001
census and increase from the previous census.
•
The majority of households (72%) have a household
income less than R1600 per month (i.e. below household
subsistence level).
In Mitchells Plain:
•
In terms of the official definition of unemployment 29.7%
of the population was unemployed at the time of the 2001
census, an increase from the previous census.
•
Progress in service delivery
Economic Development Support
35.3% of households have a household income less than
R1600 per month (i.e. below household subsistence
level).
Responsibility for Economic Development initiatives is held
both by Province and the CoCT, although not exclusively
within the Economic Development Departments.
Focus in terms of providing economic development has
included:
•
The provision of training, skills development and
business support. In this regard a number of programmes
have been initiated in the URN by both the Province and
City including:
o The Red Door initiative (PG: WC driven), which
provides assistance particularly to emerging
entrepreneurs. Red Door centres have been
developed in both Khayelitsha and Mitchells
Plain
o Business support vouchers
o Entrepreneurship matchmaking partnerships
o A range of direct training initiatives (e.g. leather
and candle project, mattress making, compute
illiteracy training, construction sector skills
74
training, skills training in film sector and youth
entrepreneur training)18.
•
The provision of physical infrastructure such as:
o The development of market stalls
o The development of the Lookout Hill tourism
facility in Khayelitsha
Robust and consistent indicators measuring the impact that
these initiatives have had during the URP have not been
determined and measured by the line departments, although
some measurement has occurred including the following:
•
The issuing of business support vouchers in Khayelitsha
(336) and Mitchells Plain (736) in (2005/06).
•
Entrepreneur matchmaking BEE partnerships
Khayelitsha (17) and Mitchells Plain (9) in (2005/06).
•
(c)
Beneficiary perceptions
During the survey conducted, respondents in both Khayelitsha
and Mitchells Plain rated jobs and unemployment as the
second most pressing challenge facing the areas.
Respondents were also asked to rate the impact of URP
projects on household quality of life during the past 3 years. In
this regard, Table 23 reflects outcomes.
in
Red door assistance to 7831 entrepreneurs in Mitchells
Plain (2005/06) although not measured in Khayelitsha.
In terms of patterns of investment, funding for capacity building
and training in the node has increased from 2003/04 to
2005/06. In terms of physical infrastructure to support
economic development, most investment was made in
2003/04 when the Lookout Hill tourism facility was developed.
18
Spending on infrastructure (such as the development of
informal markets) tends to be initiated and driven by
departments outside of the economic development sector.
Much of the funding for skills training has also been provided by the
Table 23: Impact of URP projects: job opportunities on
household quality of life
Project
Impact of URP Projects
Yes
Some
None
Worse
Total
N %
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Job
opportunities:
Khayelitsha
4
0.7
50
9.1
73
13.4
420
76.8
547
100
Job
opportunities:
Mitchells
Plain
4
0.9
60
13.3
125
27.6
264
58.3
453
100
Source: City of Cape Town 2006a
Provincial Department of Social Development and the Department of Labour
75
(d)
Assessment
1.
Magnitude
(quantitative)
•
•
•
2.
Type of impact
(qualitative)
•
•
3.
Perceptions
•
•
During the three financial years for which data was
available, funding for both LED projects and
economic infrastructure in the URN has increased.
Considering the low baseline status in terms of
economic indicators (as well as skills levels) the
‘softer’ programmes run are likely to have limited
(though not entirely insignificant) impact on
significantly improving economic livelihoods.
Other quantitative outputs have not been
measured on a comparative basis and it is difficult
to make assumptions in this regard.
The projects and programmes run are have
impacted mainly on facilities available to informal
business (infrastructure) and on the ‘softer’ side on
skills levels through the roll out of training
programmes.
Information regarding the degree to which these
training programmes have been successful in
producing individuals with appropriate and
marketable skills has not been identified through
the course of this study.
Perceptions of the impact of projects and
programmes on job creation are generally
negative, with more than three quarters of
respondents indicating that the situation has
worsened.
This is likely to reflect the rather limited impact that
local projects and programmes are likely to have
on levels of job creation and economic
development.
Selected interviews have highlighted certain issues which have impacted on
service delivery in this sector. They include:
•
Coordination is an issue - there is limited guidance from an overall
URP perspective individual and services are expected to make some
(unspecified and within their own pre-existing budget allocations)
provision for projects in the urban renewal areas, to determine the
nature of and drive such projects, and report progress to the interdepartmental URP meetings.
•
With project programmes being drawn up, funded and managed
individually within line departments, and URP-led inter-departmental
meetings principally directed to progress reporting, post-project
management is frequently poor as operational services are unable to
provide the funding or staff to maintain the project or facility.
It is clear that Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain are unlikely to ever be major
hubs of economic activity. Potential for an increase in economic activity
exists, but generally at rather local and low levels. An emphasis on ‘softer’
skills and training programmes from within and beyond this sector is thus
likely to be key to improving the economic prospects of the local community.
Beneficiary perceptions of levels of job creation will only alter once residents
have the skills necessary to participate in the broader economy. Public
works programmes cannot be relied on to absorb those in need of jobs.
Typically the nature of these jobs is temporary and thus unsustainable.
Comment:
Progress has been reflected in the development of economic infrastructure
and skills programmes. In relation to the former, however, issues have been
experienced in terms of the impact that major initiatives such as the Lookout
Hill tourism facility are having on the economic prospects of local
communities, often due to operational issues.
76
4.
PRELIMINARY
GOVERNANCE
AND
INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT:
The lack of human capacity and specialist equipment is
reflected by the example below, which reinforces this issue:
“A severely traumatised young man with 40% burns
on his body spent 24 agonising hours at Khayelitsha
Day Hospital before being transferred to GF Jooste
Hospital in Cape Town. He then lay in a general
ward for over a week, his chances of survival rapidly
diminishing, because Tygerberg’s specialised burns
unit said it had no room for him”.
(Cullinan K, 2006)
This section does not and cannot undertake a comprehensive
review of institutional systems in relation to the performance of
all sectors in the context of the urban renewal programme.
Neither can it undertake a comprehensive review of levels of
cooperative governance within government and between
government and external role players. It does, however,
highlight several areas of concern and progress in relation to
the above, using examples in support of statements where
available.
4.1
Institutional capacity remains and issue
Issues with regard to human capacity shortages have been
recognised by the PG:WC as reflected in the recent Medium
Term Budget Policy Statement (2007-2010) which determines
a course of action in this regard including inter alia:
•
It is clear that. to some extent at least, service delivery is
hampered by the shortage of human capacity within line
departments. The URP seems to have had a limited impact on
altering this situation.
In particular, it seems health services are impacted negatively
in this regard. Studies have identified a lack of doctors as
being an issue as nurses are often required to perform
functions outside their scope of responsibility. (KfW, 2002).
Hiring of additional health care professionals to lessen
staff shortages;
•
24% of additional funds available through the equitable
share targeted for increased remuneration in health and
education.
Clearly there are resource constraints in terms of a range of
services and functions (beyond the health and education
sector) and it will be necessary to understand these needs and
77
act to improve human resource levels to accelerate and
improve the quality of service delivery in the URN.
•
A relatively high degree of concurrency in the
implementation of infrastructure as part of significant UR
projects (such as housing initiatives and a number of the
anchor projects, particularly nodal projects – see section
3).
•
Establishment of the urban renewal unit within the City of
4.2 Coordination between and within spheres
of government remains an issue
Cape Town which is tasked with fostering greater
harmonisation and alignment around the URP.
It is clear that the multi-dimensional nature of the issues facing
the residents of Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain necessitates
action across a range of service delivery departments. To a
significant extent, the extent to which various responsible
agencies are able to coordinate their actions and spending
determines the effectiveness in the level of impact that these
interventions are likely to have. In this regard, URP has had a
number of positive impacts on processes of coordination within
government, whilst it is acknowledged that challenges remain.
4.2.1
Achievements
•
4.2.2
The drafting of a multi-sectoral business plan to guide
intervention in the node.
Challenges
Despite progress experienced during the first five years of
urban renewal, the impact that the programme could make on
altering the institutional relations to achieve greater service
delivery impact was hampered by:
During the 2001-2006 period, the URP has impacted positively
on institutional arrangements to foster greater alignment in a
number of respects including:
•
•
The slow take up of urban renewal as a focus in the City
of Cape Town (it was only initiated within the local
government in the City in late 2003) which stalled
dialogue between spheres of government around the
programme.
•
In this regard, it has been noted that before 2003,
The formation and operation of intergovernmental
structures focussed on promoting the coordination of
planning, budgeting and implementation. The Multistakeholder Forum (MSF) fulfils this role for the URN
(although representation is wider than government).
planning officials within the City of Cape Town,
responsible for Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain as well as
78
the then director of Planning had attempted to drive the
cause of the programme. At that time, however, there
were no formal institutional structures or personnel
tasked with responsibility for the programme. It proved
extremely difficult to gain commitment from key role
players in the City (including senior politicians) with
regard to the URP. Essentially projects underway within
the two nodes in 2001 and 2002 became part of urban
renewal, rather than the programme influencing the
selection and prioritisation of projects. (Graham, pers
comm, 2006).
•
Line departments tending to be influenced more strongly
by sector imperatives than ‘multi-sectoral’ planning
initiatives (despite the existence of the URP business
plan).
•
A level of ad-hoc project identification.
•
Lack of prioritisation of urban renewal by line functions.
•
The URP unit, tasked with coordination activities, which
appears to be under-resourced.
4.3 Levels of partnership with external
stakeholders have been achieved, but challenges
remain
One of the preconditions for effective project implementation
and maximisation of impact of service delivery is the degree to
which effective partnerships have been formed between
government and external stakeholders. In this regard, it seems
that the URP has, at minimum, provided some momentum to
efforts to forge partnerships with external role-players, despite
significant challenges.
4.3.1
Achievements
Key achievements in this regard include:
•
Pioneering partnerships with the private sector. A specific
example of such a partnership is that between the City,
and a local community organisation and private sector in
the form of Futuregrowth and RMB which enabled
development of the retail centre in the KBD. (It is,
however, difficult to determine what impact the URP had
on the formation of this partnership).
•
Strong levels of community involvement in the URP,
specifically in Khayelitsha where the Khayelitsha
Development Forum (KDF) has been active. At the
79
project level urban renewal efforts have had a strongly
positive impact where community engagement been
strong. As a means of example, strong community
involvement in a safety audit in Tafelsig lead to the
identification of key design solutions (and a-spatial
program interventions) to improve levels of safety and
access to facilities19.
4.3.2
•
At the project level, in some cases a lack of
communication between implementers and communities.
Challenges
To some extent, the lack of formation of strong partnerships
has been a significant downfall and at times a hindrance to
effective service delivery in the node. In this regard, several
challenges are noted:
•
The nature of involvement of the MPDF (now defunct) in
the URP, which at times acted as a ‘gatekeeper’ and
was, to some extent, driven by individual agendas. (see
also City of Cape Town, 2006c).
•
Sometimes problematic (power) relations between
community forums and existing structures (such as ward
committees). (City of Cape Town, 2006c).
19
As part of the Taflesig Youth and Family Centre and public space
upgrade.
80
5.
CONSIDERATIONS EMERGING FROM
THE ASSESSMENT
The assessment focuses dominantly on:
•
Levels of impact of service delivery (2001-2006) across a
range of sectors
•
The extent to which the URP has impacted on service
delivery and related institutional arrangements (as well as
pointing to particular challenges) enabling effective
service delivery
The outcomes of the assessment as well as specific inputs
during the engagement process point to several areas which
require further attention.
5.1
Service delivery: focus areas
The sectoral review of line function delivery may lead to the
conclusion that sectors where backlogs are high require sector
intervention. Interventions should, however, not be purely
reactive to existing challenges if maximum developmental
impact is sought. There are clearly ‘hot-spot’ issues that need
to be dealt with relating in particularly to basic service
provision as government is obligated to provide in terms of
constitutional requirements. However, the assessment
highlights the interlinked and multi-dimensional nature of the
challenges facing the urban renewal node. It also highlights
that, from an impact perspective, projects that have taken on a
multi-dimensional approach have been most successful.
As a means of example, it has been highlighted that
addressing issues related to crime and health are linked
clearly to the need for additional resources for ‘softer’
programmes to improve levels of policing and health care as
well as infrastructure and equipment necessary to perform
these functions. These types of interventions in many cases,
however, only address some of the symptoms rather than the
root cause of the issues. Coordinated efforts need to be made
in other spheres, which are likely to, in many cases, have
more significant long term impacts on these issues in the area.
Using this approach as a starting point, priority issues
(including health, crime and economic development) need to
be taken into account by a far wider number of sector
departments than is currently the case. For example,
infrastructure lead projects need to ensure that development
outcomes support a-spatial concerns such as creating safer,
environments (with less dangerous undeveloped spaces) and
environments that support opportunities for economic activity.
81
Through a number of the anchor projects (e.g. interventions
linked to the Tafelsig public space upgrade), these approaches
have been initiated. If and when new anchor projects are
identified for the node it is critical, if they are to maximise
impact on residents’ quality of life that they incorporate these
considerations.
Figure 25: Project/programme process incorporating M&E
5.2 Developing effective systems of monitoring
and evaluation
Effective reporting, monitoring and evaluation on the projects
and programmes of government, in this case within the URN,
is essential if strategy is to be reflected upon and adjusted if
desirable outcomes are not being achieved (Figure 25). In the
context of this study, certain aspects relating to M&E have
impacted on the level to which the impacts of government
intervention can be assessed in the node. In particular, efforts
have been hampered by:
•
The general lack of monitoring over time by line
•
The lack in consistency of measurement of progress in
delivery (both in terms of actual measurement as well as
the indicators used)
•
The lack of an overall rigorous M&E framework for the
URN, which potentially relates to city-wide issues.
It is clear that intervention is needed to strengthen M&E
systems including:
•
Development of meaningful indicators (beyond purely
budget spend) within line departments to measure the
impact of projects and programmes.
•
The management of information around measured
indicators to ensure that for evaluation and assessment
purposes information is easily accessible.
•
Strong channels of communication between the URP unit
departments of the implementation of projects and
programmes.
•
The lack of development of quantitative and/or qualitative
indicators or informative and useful measures of impact
by line departments
which is responsible for monitoring this programme and
82
line departments (implementers) to enable effective
reporting and coordination of information requirements.
5.3 Strengthening institutional capacity and
coordination
The impact assessment identifies the lack of capacity in
certain key sectors as hampering the impact of service
delivery. This is especially evident within the health sector, but
is likely to extend to other functional areas.
At present, it is not clear whether the institutional capacity
constraints and ‘on the ground issues’ are always clearly
understood or form a basis for reallocation or strengthening of
human resource capacity20. It should be noted that blockages
in service delivery cannot always be attributed to local
government. In certain cases, it is often due to problematic
patterns of resource allocation or policy (the responsibility for
which often rests within other spheres of government). It is
thus critical that the URP provides a mechanism for joint
prioritisation of issues and commitments in terms of levels of
resources which will be made available in this regard.
20
Although in the health sector it seems that the PG:WC is intervening in
this regard
The assessment, however, indicates that, apart from at the
level of certain projects21, which by their nature require input
from a number of departments, a ‘higher’, strategic level of
coordination of effort (flowing from a clear framework) is not a
reality for the urban renewal node. Sector plans generally have
far more influence on the allocation of resources and the type
of investments in the node than any multi-departmental
planning exercise. This institutional challenge has clearly
diminished the impact that initiatives could have had in the
urban renewal node.
5.4
Strengthening communication
Beneficiary perceptions of urban renewal and related projects
as emerging from the sample survey reflect (although a
minority) a significant number of participants are aware of the
programme. Variable results were recorded for each of the
projects. Communication, however, goes beyond increasing
levels of awareness.
21
Coordination of and information sessions related to projects are generally
the focus of MSF meetings.
83
One of the key issues facing government is communicating the
direction and focus of interventions and what can realistically
be expected to occur within certain time frames. Levels of
dissatisfaction (expressed by residents) in relation to certain
aspects of delivery seem to suggest that there is a need to
manage expectations. Often this form of communication is not
politically popular, however, there is a need to ensure that they
expectations and perceptions in relation to delivery are
informed by a realistic basis for what can be (and has been)
accomplished.
In particular, areas of service delivery with significant backlogs
and major resources required to address them are problematic
in this regard. Unless mechanisms can be found to rapidly
increase the speed of delivery, roll out of these services are
only likely to have significant impact on backlogs over the
longer term. Linked to this issue is the need for clear
statements and engagement regarding which areas will be
prioritised for development and resources and during which
time frames.
84
6.
CONCLUSION
The preliminary impact assessment is limited by the level at
which data is collected in relation to service delivery and its
impact on people residing in the URN. Many of the
conclusions reached are based on
This in itself points to the need to
evaluation systems both within line
how they are able to feed into and
initiatives such as URP and the IDP.
incomplete information.
improve monitoring and
departments as well as
inform shifts in broader
Nevertheless, the assessment pointed to the fact that during
the URP period, significant progress has been made in terms
of service delivery.
Basic services have been rolled out, particularly in relation to
new housing developments in both Khayelitsha and Mitchells
Plain and in certain informal settlements. However, significant
backlogs remain in Khayelitsha, particularly in terms of access
to sanitation services.
Human settlement infrastructure has been delivered, focusing
on public transport infrastructure (mainly in the form of PTIs)
and housing development in both areas. However, backlogs in
relation to housing in Khayelitsha will require some decades to
address at the current rate of delivery. Strategic initiatives at
nodal points (e.g. Khayelitsha CBD) are likely to have had the
most wide ranging impact, and are likely to be particularly
successful when combining softer interventions with hard
infrastructure projects.
Delivery has occurred which has had a positive impact on
levels of human social capital formation both in the form of
infrastructure to support delivery (police stations, clinics,
schools) and ‘soft’ programmes, however an issue seems to
be the lack of human capacity and resources on operations
budgets.
Issues of institutional capacity, the depth of coordination within
and between spheres of government and levels of partnership
with external stakeholders do present a constant challenge. In
this context, the assessment points to several areas where
attention is required within the context of the URP in
Khayelitsha Mitchells Plain. These include the need for multisectoral interventions to address key issues within the node,
the need to develop effective M&E systems, the need to
strengthen institutional capacity in certain key areas and an
improved level of communication between government and
stakeholders in relation to the programme of action and what
can be expected from the URP.
85
City of Cape Town, (2005b): A Population Profile of Mitchells
Plain, compiled by Information and Knowledge Management
Department, October 2005.
REFERENCES
Dugmore (2006):
BuaNews online, 18 January 2006
(www.buanews.gov.za).
City
of
Cape
Town
(2007):
Presidential
Renewal Programme Cabinet Lekgotla Report,
Renewal Project, Draft January 2007
Urban
Urban
City of Cape Town (2005c): Urban Renewal Programme
Lekgotla Report, Urban Renewal Project, November 2005
City of Cape Town (2005): Presidential Imbizo Report, Draft
2005/06
City of Cape Town (2006a): Socio-economic Profiling of Urban
Renewal Nodes – Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain, Information
and Knowledge Management Department, July 2006.
City
of
Cape
Town
(2004):
Presidential
Urban
Renewal Programme Progress Report - Khayelitsha &
Mitchell's Plain, Urban Renewal Project, November 2004
City
City of Cape Town (2004): Urban Renewal Node
Progress Report - Khayelitsha & Mitchell's Plain
(Lekgotla 2004), Urban Renewal Project, January 2004
of
Cape
Town
(2006b):
Urban
Renewal
Spatial
Development Framework for Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain,
Final Draft for Comment, January 2006.
City of Cape Town (2006c): Shared Learning from the City of
Cape Town’s Urban Renewal Programme.
City of Cape Town (2005a): A Population Profile of
Khayelitsha, compiled by Information
Management Department, April 2005.
and
Knowledge
City of Cape Town (2003): Presidential Urban Renewal
Programme Business Plan, Together, building a stronger
nation.
City of Cape Town (2002): MSDF Review / New SDF: Phase 1
– Spatial Analysis, Trends and Implications
www.health-e.org.za/news Cullinan, K (2006): Hospitals in
Crisis - Special Investigation
86
Dr.
Bitalo,
Personal
communication,
Department of Health, November 2006
Graham, A, pers comm. (2006):
conducted on 19 December, 2006.
Provincial
Telephonic
interview
KfW (2002): Untitled report
Mgquba, B, Personal communication,
Removal, City of Cape Town, November 2006
Tisiker,
H,
Personal
communication,
Economic
Development and Tourism, City of Cape Town, November
2006
Western Cape Provincial Commissioner
crime statistics, www.saps.gov.za
of
Police:
www.capegateway.gov.za
Refuse
and
Pers Comm, I Jakoet, telephonic interview, 13 December
2006.
PG:WC (2006): Medium Term Budget Policy Statement (20072010), and Adjusted Estimates, Speech delivered by Minister
of Finance and Tourism, L Brown.
PG:WC (2006b): SIP – Chapter 4, Education Sector.
Statistics South Africa (Statssa) (2001): Population Census,
2001.
87
ANNEXURES
Annexure 1: WATER & SANITATION PROJECTS & INITIATIVES 2001-2006 IN THE URBAN RENEWAL NODE
1.
Water and Sanitation Service Delivery: Quantitative Indicators – Mitchells Plain (2001-2006)
•
•
Total households with access to water
Total households with access to adequate sanitation
Mitchells Plain: Capital investment
Project
Location
Type
intervention
of Output
Capital
spend (R)
Indication
of
community spin-offs
(job creation / skills
development)
2001/2002
2002/2003
2003/2004
Mitchells
Wastewater
Plain
Mitchells Plain
Installation
of
Infrastructure
New
Mitchells Plain
698 993
New infrastructure
590 086
CTCHC Phase 3
New
water
and
sanitation reticulation
523 616
CTCHC Urban Renewal:
Mitchells Plain Sewer
Sanitation
reticulation
192 040
Morgenster CTCHC
Water reticulation
265 010
Elimination of septic tanks
Elimination of septic
tanks
655 901
Mitchells
Wastewater
1
Plain
243
88
2004/2005
Wastewater
Works
Treatment
treatment
upgrade
Mitchells
Wastewater
Works
Plain
Treatment
Wastewater
treatment
upgrade
works
186.77
1 000 000
works
2005/2006
2.
•
•
Water and Sanitation Service Delivery: Quantitative Indicators – Khayelitsha (2001-2006)
Total households with access to water
Total households with access to adequate sanitation
Khayelitsha: Capital investment
Project
Location
Type
intervention
of Output
Capital
spend (R)
Indication
of
community spin-offs
(job creation / skills
development)
2001/2002
2002/2003
Zandvliet
Treatment
Wastewater
Water/sanitation
zone - Phase 2
2003/2004
-buffer
Wastewater
treatment
upgrade
2 447 249
works
Site C buffer zone
Water/sanitation
reticulation
Kuyasa Phase 2: Water
Kuyasa
Water reticulation
New water
reticulation
1 840 219
Barney
Informal
Water
Barney Molokwane
Water reticulation
New water
reticulation
657 679.85
Molokwane
Settlement -
824 500
89
Upgrade
station
sewer
Sand and
Facility
Rag
pump
Khayelitsha
Trap
Upgrading of Monwabisi
Sewer Pump station
Monwabisi/Khayelitsha
Zandvliet
Wastewater
Treatment Works upgrade
2004/2005
Sanitation
upgrading
station
Sand and
Facility
Rag
Trap
1
683
112.11
Sanitation
58 953.82
Sanitation
2
068
302.30
Sanitation – upgrade
waste
water
treatment works
799 076.03
Zandvliet
Wastewater
Treatment Works upgrade
Upgrading of Monwabisi
Sewer Pump station
–
pump
3 949 073
Monwabisi/Khayelitsha
Sanitation
46 800
Sanitation
14 763
2005/2006
90
Annexure 2: KEY TRANSPORT, ROADS AND STORM WATER PROJECTS & INITIATIVES 2001-2006 IN THE URBAN
RENEWAL NODE
1.
•
•
•
•
TRS Service Delivery: Quantitative Indicators – Mitchells Plain (2001-2006)
New Roads: km (2001-2006)
Upgraded Roads: km
New public transport infrastructure (e.g. new rail station)
Upgraded public transport infrastructure (e.g. upgraded interchange facility)
Mitchells Plain: Capital investment
Project
Location
Type of intervention
Output
Capital
spend (R)*
Bulk Storm water
New bulk storm
water linked to
housing project
2 005 789
Variety
of
road
improvements:
Round about, median
island,
Speed humps, street
lighting, footways
Road
improvements,
footways
and
related
infrastructure.
360 632
Road infrastructure
New
road
infrastructure
2 142 456
Indication of community
spin-offs (job creation /
skills development)
2001/2002
2002/2003
Storm water
CT Community Housing
Bulk Storm water
Roads
Variety
of
road
improvement/pedestrian
infrastructure/street
lighting projects
CT Community Housing
Roads
Mitchells
Plain
91
linked to housing
project
Victoria Drive Slip lane
Road construction
New
road
infrastructure
337 625
Public transport
Mitchells Plain Station
transport interchange
2003/2004
Mitchells
Plain town
centre
7 027 142
Storm water
Infilling of wet detention
ponds
Infilling
detention pond
of
295 037
Variety
of
road
improvements:
Traffic calming, street
lighting.
Traffic
calming,
street lighting,
228 916
CTCHC Phase 3 Roads
Road infrastructure
Road infrastructure
1 146 745
CTCHC Phase 3 Street
lighting
Street lighting
Street lighting
96 154
Street lighting General
Street lighting
Roads
Variety
of
road
improvement/pedestrian
infrastructure projects
Mitchells
Plain
875 944
Public transport
Lentegeur & Mandalay
Station
PTIs:
Conceptual Design
Lentegeur /
Mandalay
Conceptual Design of
PTIs
Conceptual design
of PTIs
5 006 192
Lentegeur & Mandalay
Station
PTIs:
construction of transport
interchange
Lentegeur /
Mandalay
Construction of public
transport interchange
infrastructure
Transport
interchange
infrastructure
3 325 000
92
Mitchells Plain Station
Transport Interchange
(east)
2004/2005
Mitchells
Plain town
centre
Construction of public
transport interchange
Public
transport
interchange
infrastructure
1 189 690
Mitchells
Plain
Traffic calming, street
lights, footways.
Traffic
calming,
street lighting.
428 966
Street lighting
Street lighting
105 507
Street lighting
Street lighting
177 393
Design/construction of
public
transport
interchange
Public
transport
interchange
infrastructure
1 783 328
Design/construction of
public
transport
interchange
Public
transport
interchange
infrastructure
30 071 183
Roads
Variety
of
road
improvements,
street
lighting,
pedestrian
infrastructure
Mitchells Plain CTCHC
street lighting
Westridge
street lighting
heights
Westridge
Public transport
Detailed design
construction
interchanges
(Lentegeur
Mandalay)
and
of
and
Design and construction
of transport interchange
– Mitchells Plain Station
2005/2006
Mitchells
Plain town
centre
Storm water
Roads
93
Public transport
*Note certain funding sources/items have been consolidated
2.
•
•
•
•
TRS Service Delivery: Quantitative Indicators – Khayelitsha (2001-2006)
New Roads: km (2001-2006)
Upgraded Roads: km
New public transport infrastructure (e.g. new rail station)
Upgraded public transport infrastructure (e.g. upgraded interchange facility)
Khayelitsha: Capital investment
Project
Location
Type of intervention
Output
Capital
spend (R)*
Walter Sisulu/Steve Biko
road improvements
Road upgrading
Road upgrading
806 586
New local distributor route
New road infrastructure
New
road
infrastructure
1 720 900
Indication
of
community
spin-offs
(job creation / skills
development)
2001/2002
2002/2003
Storm water
Roads
94
Griffiths Mxenge Phase 1
Variety of street lighting
projects
1 409 754
Khayelitsha
(incl
Graceland &
Silvertown)
High
mast
street lighting.
lighting,
Rail
Khayelitsha
Design/planning
Street
Khayelitsha
New street lighting
Griffiths
Mxenge
Minor road upgrading
High mast/street
lighting
349 021
Public transport
Khayelitsha
extension
2003/2004
400 000
Storm water
Roads
Bonga
lighting
Road
Upgrade minor roads
Upgrade minor roads
Upgrading 4.5km of
minor
roads
and
installation of associated
storm water system
New
lighting
Street
498 182
1 275 245
Upgraded
road
and storm water
system
2 210 549
New
lighting
street
486 513
New street lighting
Pama road
New street lighting
Bus routes,
Green point,
Village 2b
New street lighting on
major bus and taxi
routes
New
lighting
street
1 023 798
Kuyasa bulk roads and
storm water
Kuyasa
New roads and bulk
storm water
New roads and
bulk storm water
4 965 847
95
Public transport
Detailed
design
construction of PTIs
and
Khayelitsha CBD PTI
2004/2005
Khayelitsha
Design and planning
related to Khayelitsha
rail extension
Khayelitsha
CBD
Design and construction
Planning
and
design
of
interchanges
2 843 954
486 814
Storm water
Roads
Khayelitsha
Rail
extension: construction of
two road over rail bridges
and
two
transport
interchanges and access
roads
Khayelitsha
1 051 838
Khayelitsha
pedestrian
and
bicycle
path
construction
Khayelitsha
Kuyasa Phase 1 Street
lighting
Kuyasa
Installation
lights
of
street
Street lighting
619 499
Kuyasa Phase 2 Street
lighting
Kuyasa
Installation
lighting
of
street
Street lighting
313 277
Construction of bulk roads
and storm water facilities
Khayelitsha
Construction of bulk
roads and storm water
facilities
New roads and
storm
water
facilities
477 276
Minor road improvements
and high mast lighting
Tembokwezi
and
Minor road upgrade and
high mast light
Upgraded
and high
181 767
Pedestrian
bicycle path
and
road
mast
996 935
96
Thembani
light
Public transport
Design and construction
of PTI Khayelitsha CBD
Khayelitsha
CBD
Design and construction
Planning
design
interchange
and
of
1 927 406
2005/2006
*Note certain funding sources/items have been consolidated
3.
•
Key Strategic Planning Projects for URN (operational expenditure)
Mitchells Plain Transport Management Plan (2004)
97
Annexure 3: KEY HOUSING PROJECTS & INITIATIVES 2001-2006 IN THE URBAN RENEWAL NODE
1.
•
•
Housing Service Delivery: Quantitative Indicators – Mitchells Plain (2001-2006)
Total houses delivered
Total number of serviced sites (note: not including above figure - as part of informal settlement upgrading)
Mitchells Plain: Capital investment
Project
Location
2002/2003
Tafelsig Area L: Silvercity
Housing
Tafelsig
2003/2004
Tafelsig Area L: Silvercity
Housing
Tafelsig
Type of housing / Output
intervention
Capital
spend (R)
Indication
of
community spin-offs
(job creation / skills
development)
2001/2002
Mitchells
Plain
Housing Phase 1
2004/2005
Westgate
Morgen Village
21 891
100 units
Infill
housing:
4705
1 757 504
Westgate
92 units
98
2005/2006
Westgate
Morgen Village
Mitchells
housing
housing:
Plain
infill
1845 units
(of 2600)
Tafelsig: cnr Kilimanjaro and
AZ Berman Drive
Tafelsig: cnr Spine
Swartklip Roads
and
Tafelsig: Freedom Park
Taflesig: Cnr Swartklip and
Tafelberg Road
Hyde Park Stabilisation
2.
•
•
Housing Service Delivery: Quantitative Indicators – Khayelitsha (2001-2006)
Total houses delivered
Total number of serviced sites (note: not including above figure - as part of informal settlement upgrading)
Khayelitsha: Capital investment
Project
Location
Type of housing / Output
intervention
Capital
spend (R)
Indication
of
community spin-offs
(job creation / skills
development)
2001/2002
2002/2003
Kuyasa
T3V1
Structures
Top
Upgrade of Silvertown
Green Point (Phase 2)
Kuyasa
265 476
Silvertown
2 458 619
99
Housing Project
2003/2004
Eco Village project
Kuyasa
Kuyasa T3V1: Phase 2
Kuyasa
Upgrade of Silvertown
Silvertown
Kuyasa
T3V1:
Structures
2004/2005
Top
6 824 975
Platform construction
Raised
Platform
Kuyasa
Silvertown: Upgrade 2000
structures
Silvertown
354 386
Site C Consolidations
Site C
Site C Buffer
Site C
Subsidy housing top
structures
Green Point (Phase 2)
Housing
Green Point
Platform construction
Green Point (Phase 2)
Housing Project
Green Point
Development of 520
subsidy
linked
houses
Khayelitsha : Kuyasa,
Town 3, Village 1, Phase
2 Housing Project
Kuyasa
92 units (of
2399)
(including
03/04)
8 318 741
Nonquabela MLS Phase 2
Housing Project
Nonquabela
(? of f 600
Units?)
0
Site C Buffer
Site C
Subsidy housing top
structures
75 units (of
165)
520 units
Remaining
90 units (of
165)
3 482 396
103 temporary jobs
created,
10
people
trained including two
CLOs
70
temporary
jobs
created
(during
construction),
12
persons completed 6
100
week training course
Green Point Phase
Housing Project
2005/2006
2
Silvertown
Silvertown
Khayelitsha
Housing Project
Silvertown
0 units (of
2000)
Khayelitsha : Kuyasa,
Town 3, Village 1, Phase
2 Housing Project
Kuyasa
780 units
(of 2399)
Site C Buffer
Site C
2
Silvertown
Khayelitsha
Housing Project
•
•
76 units (of
509)
Silvertown,
Khayelitsha
Housing Project
Green Point Phase
Housing Project
3.
Green Point
Green Point
Platform construction
Subsidy housing top
structures
253 312
429 877
Remaining
433 units
365 041
See 2004/2005
Silvertown
Key Strategic Projects for URN (operational expenditure)
2005: Khayelitsha Vacant Land Study – database of all non residential land as a database for potential housing opportunities
with development options
2006 Housing Summit: to establish how housing opportunities in the nodes and how integration can be affected
101
Annexure 4: KEY SPORTS/ENVIRONMENT, PARKS PROJECTS & INITIATIVES 2001-2006 IN THE URBAN RENEWAL NODE
Project
2003/04
Khayelitsha
Indigenous nursery
M. Plain
Khayelitsha
2005/06
M. Plain
R250 000 (CoCT)
Multi-purpose hall
R2 000 000 (CoCT)
Dune
vehicle
M. Plain
R45 000 (CoCT)
Open Space development
R200 000( CoCT)
Design Kuyasa Civic node
R100 000 (CoCT)
Victoria Mxenge Phase 2
R700 000 (CoCT)
Upgrade halls
R400 000 (CoCT)
Monwabisi resort upgrade
R650 000 (CoCT)
Mandela Park tartan track
R6 200 000
(Private/PGWC/CoCT)
Planning
design
purpose hall
R410 000 (CoCT)
multi-
240 000
450 000
Wolfgat Ecotourism centre
R300 000 (CoCT)
Bush clearing
R500 000 (CoCT)
Area cleanup
R500 000 (CoCT)
Westridge Dune project
R300 000 (CoCT)
Beacon Valley netball court
78 000 (CoCT)
Food gardens
upgrade
450 000 (CoCT)
&
dune
School sports field upgrades
Environ. Mgmt Fmwk
123 291
200 000
200 000 (CoCT)
200 000
CoCT/PDEAT/UCT
200 000
CoCT/PDEAT/UCT
Beautification
200 000
200 000
Bush clearing
197 000
250 000
Strandfontein
upgrade
Khayelitsha
R300 000 (PGWC/CoCT)
Sportsfield upgrades
Macassar
access
2004/05
Pavilion
Sports sector summit
200 000
600 000
250 000
75 000
38 044
102
Mandalay
upgrade
sportfield
Project
50 000
2003/04
Khayelitsha
2004/05
M. Plain
Khayelitsha
2005/06
M. Plain
Harare sports facility
Khayelitsha
M. Plain
230 000
Eco-schools
120 000
Construct
parks:
League & Heinz
The
22 480
Beach upgrading
500 000
Westridge
Community
Gardens upgrade
350 000
Fencing Eastridge informal
sportsfield
200 000
Fencing Rocklands Lookout
Hill
350 000
Upgrade
Portlands,
Woodlands
400 000
sportsfields
Rocklands,
Upgrading
Colorado
Multipurpose Centre
300 000
Heinz Play Park equipment
100 000
Urban farm fencing
100 000
Beach cleaning
200 000
Greening Mandalay
Landscaping
250 000
roadway
700 000
EPWP
TOTAL
R11 255 000
R2 328 000
R837 000
R1 025 000
R1 400 000
R4 033 815
103
Annexure 5: CRIME STATISTICS
104