Study Guide for Motor Development Test 1 1. Introduction to Motor Development (Chapter 1) Terms & Concepts: Define Cephalocaudal Developmentally appropriate Differentiation proximodistal growth process approach motor development product approach integration maturation Principles: Describe and explain Explain the concepts of age appropriate and developmentally appropriate. Explain the concepts of development, maturation, and growth. Explain the elements of developmental change. *Describe the process‐product controversy and how it relates to human motor development. Define the different age periods or stages across one’s lifespan. Explain the phrase interdisciplinary approach to motor development 2. Cognitive & Motor Development (Chapter 2) Terms & Concepts: Define Accommodation conservation sensorimotor stage preoperational stage adaptation seriation psychomotor assimilation concrete operational stage formal operational stage Principles: Describe and Explain Describe Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Describe the sensorimotor stage and motor development Describe preoperations and motor development Describe cognitive and motor development in later childhood and adolescence Describe the concrete operational stage. Describe the formal operational stage. Describe postformal operations and cognitive development in adulthood. Explain the total intellectual decline theory. Explain the partial intellectual decline theory. Decribe the link between knowledge development and sport performance. 3. Social & Motor Development (Chapter 3) Terms: Define Self‐ esteem disuse atrophy Self‐worth exercise‐aging cycle ageism self‐concept age grading play norm gender role identity role conflict social role Principles: Describe & Explain Explain self‐esteem development and it relationship to physical activity and motor development. Describe the main social influences during infancy. Describe the main social influences during childhood. Describe the main social influences during older childhood and adolescence Describe the main social factors of adulthood. Explain the exercise‐aging cycle Explain how to avoid the exercise‐aging cycle 4. Effects of Early Stimulation & Deprivation (Chapter 5) Terms: Define Catch up Head start Programming critical periods Level of fixity Suzuki method depriviation dwafism No programming Gymboree readiness Principles: Describe & Explain Describe the effects of early stimulation Describe the programs that enhance early motor development Describe McGraw’s famous twin study involving early stimulation and deprivation Describe the effects of early deprivation Describe the concepts of critical periods, readiness, and catch‐up as it relates to development. 5. Growth & Maturation (Chapter 6) Terms: Define Distance curve Age of menarche Biacromial/bicristal ratio Developmental age Adiposity rebound Skeletal age velocity curve Amenorrhea BMI Dental age midgrowth spurt peak height velocity peak weight velocity chronological age Adolescent awkwardness Osteoporosis Principles: Describe and Explain Describe the anticipated changes in bone length and stature across the human lifespan. Describe the anticipated changes in body weight across the human lifespan. Describe gender differences associated with adolescent awkwardness. Describe the relationship between somatic body proportions and motor performance. Describe the normal course of skeletal development. Explain the role of exercise in development and maintenance of skeletal health. Explain the four methods of developmental age. Explain the relationship between developmental age (maturation) and motor performance. 6. Physical Changes Across the Lifespan (Chapter 7) Term: Define Cardiac output Obese Type I muscle fiber Muscular strength hypertrophy maximal oxygen consumption Overweight Stroke volume Type II muscle fiber Subcutaneous adipose tissue flexibility cardiovascular fitness Principles: Describe & Explain Describe the components of the cardiovascular fitness changes across the human lifespan and how these changes are influenced by increases in physical activity. Describe the developmental changes in muscular strength/muscular endurance across the human lifespan and how these changes are influenced by physical activity. Describe the developmental changes in flexibility across the human lifespan and how these changes are influenced by physical activity. Describe the development changes in adipose tissue (fat) across the human lifespan, effects of being overweight or obese on motor development and motor performance. Indentify gender difference in each cardiovascular components, strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and changes in adipose tissue. Discuss the controversy and concerns regarding health‐related physical fitness across the human life span that includes: cardiovascular training in pre‐puberty children, trainability of health related fitness components in the aged population, children involves in strength training, and treatment of overweight/obese children and adults, and how much physical activity is enough to obtain optimal health. 7. Movement & the Changing Senses (Chapter 8) Terms: Define Accommodation AMD ciliary muscle dynamic visual acuity binocular vision coincidence anticipation unilateral dominance cataracts cones crossed lateral eye dominance macula retina Stabismus diabetic reinpathy glaucoma peripheral vision semicircular canals senile miosis cutaneous system hypertopic presbyopia vestibular apparatus senile ptosis Principles: Describe & Explain Describe the basic mechanics of human vision involving the retina, rods & cones, macula, ciliary muscle, and accommodation. Describe the physical development of the eye. Describe the age‐related changes in visual acuity and dynamic visual acuity, and the relationship to skilled motor performance. Describe the age‐related changes in visual acuity and the effects exercise. Effects of aging on visual acuity including the four major AREDs. Describe the age‐related changes in binocular, depth perception and field of vision and their relationship to skilled motor performance. How does age effect one’s depth and field of vision? The effects of different types of eye dominance on performing motor skills. Describe the process of coincidence anticipation and the relationship to skilled motor performance involving the variables of age, gender, training, and experience. Describe the motor performance and development involving head/trunk control, independent sitting, creeping, independent walking, prehension, and play behavior in visually impaired children. Describe the three main parts of the auditory system, the development of the auditory system and the consequences of having hearing impairment. Describe the three possible responses of tactile sitmulation and importance of tactual stimulation on development.