10/30/2010
Psychology 101.001
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
2
Personality
€
Early work in personality theory development
y Freudian perspective (psychoanalysis)
○ nervous disorders result from psychological causes
○ unconscious is a primary driver of behavior
○ centered on sexual motives
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
3
1
10/30/2010
Personality
€
Early work in personality theory development
y neo–Freudian perspective
○ emphasized the conscious mind
○ sex is not the only motive
y psychodynamic perspective (Carl Jung)
○ unconscious is a primary driver of behavior
○ sex is not the only motive
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
4
Personality
€
Early work in personality theory development
y psychodynamic perspective (Carl Jung)
○ unconscious is a primary driver of behavior
○ sex is not the only motive
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
5
Personality
€
Early attempts to measure personality
y free association
y projective tests
○ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
○ Rorschach Inkblot Test
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
6
2
10/30/2010
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
7
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
8
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
9
3
10/30/2010
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
10
Personality
€
Later work in personality theory development
y humanistic perspective
○ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
y we are driven to fulfill our potential (self–actualization)
○ person–centered (Carl Rogers)
○ assessments of self–concept
y interviews
y questionnaires (compare actual self with ideal self)
○ critiques?
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
11
Personality
€
Modern personality theory
y trait perspective
○ traits are relatively stable and enduring behavior patterns or
dispositions to feel or act
○ personality is a person’s relatively stable and enduring style
of feeling, thinking, and behaving
○ behavior can be “clustered” into a few dimensions
○ Big 5 model (aka: five factor model [FFM]) of personality are
the most prominent current theories
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
12
4
10/30/2010
Personality
€
Big 5 or FFM
y development
○ two independent approaches
y lexical
y theoretical
○ factor analysis
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
13
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
14
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
15
5
10/30/2010
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
16
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
17
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
18
6
10/30/2010
Personality
€
Big 5 or FFM
y comprised of 5 major factors
○ openness (or intellect)
○ conscientiousness
○ extraversion (or surgency)
○ agreeableness
○ neuroticism (-) (or emotional stability [+])
y each factor is comprised of facets (FFM)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
19
Personality
€
Big 5 or FFM factors
y openness: tendency to seek out and enjoy new
experiences and new ideas
○ have a rich vocabulary (+)
○ try to avoid complex people (-)
○ have a vivid imagination (+)
○ am not interested in abstract ideas (-)
○ spend time reflecting on things (+)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
20
Personality
y conscientiousness: tendency to show self–discipline, to
strive for competence and achievement
○ am always prepared (+)
○ leave my belongings around (-)
○ pay attention to details (+)
○ make a mess of things (-)
○ get chores done right away (+)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
21
7
10/30/2010
Personality
y extraversion: tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy
the company of other people
○ am the life of the party (+)
○ often feel uncomfortable around others (-)
○ feel comfortable around people (+)
○ keep in the background (-)
○ start conversations (+)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
22
Personality
y agreeableness: tendency to be compassionate toward
others
○ insult people (-)
○ am interested in people (+)
○ am not interested in other’s problems (-)
○ sympathize with others' feelings (+)
○ feel little concern for others (-)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
23
Personality
y neuroticism: tendency to experience unpleasant emotions
easily
y emotional stability: tendency NOT to experience
unpleasant emotions easily
○ get stressed out easily (-)
○ am relaxed most of the time (+)
○ worry about things (-)
○ seldom feel blue (+)
○ am easily disturbed (-)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
24
8
10/30/2010
Personality
€
Big 5 or FFM
y comprised of 5 major factors
○ openness (or intellect)
○ conscientiousness
○ extraversion (or surgency)
○ agreeableness
○ neuroticism (-) (or emotional stability [+])
y each factor is comprised of facets (FFM)
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
25
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
26
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
27
9
10/30/2010
Personality
€
Problems with trait theory?
y person–situation controversy
y the strong situation
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
28
Personality
€
Other popular measures of personality
y Myers–Briggs type indicator (Carl Jung)
○ types determined by standing on four dimensions
y extraversion vs. introversion
y sensing vs. intuition
y thinking vs. feeling
y judging vs. perceiving
○ lacks empirical support for predicting behavior
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
29
Personality
y Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
○ developed to identify emotional disorders
○ most widely used personality inventory
○ empirically keyed
○ sample items:
y
y
y
y
y
y
PSYC 101.001
I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting.
Evil people are trying to influence my mind.
I seem to hear things that other people cannot hear.
Once in a while I laugh at a dirty joke.
I like to wear brown shoes.
Everything tastes the same to me
VILLADO
30
10
10/30/2010
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
31
Personality
€
Social cognitive perspective
y learning and thinking play a major role in personality
development
○ reciprocal determinism
y different people choose different environments
y personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
y personalities create situations to which we react
PSYC 101.001
VILLADO
32
11