Chapter 3
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Refers to the physical and biological
attributes of men and women
Includes:
Chromosomal
◦ xx and xy
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Hormonal
◦ Testosterone, Estrogen
◦ And…
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Anatomical
` Gender
:
Social
` Psychological
` Cultural
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◦ Masculinity and Femininity
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Gender reflects societal attitudes and
behavioral expectations
Gender identity :
◦ An individual’s view of herself or himself
as feminine or masculine
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Generally, sex is considered to be an
ascribed status
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Gender is an achieved status
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Examples of gender characteristics?
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What physical, emotional, or other
characteristics are considered “Masculine”
or “Feminine”?
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Gender Roles
– Expectations regarding proper:
– Behavior
– Attitudes
– Activities of males and females
– Gender roles in work
– How we react to others
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nIXUjz
yMe0
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Gender role socialization is “...a lifelong
process whereby people learn:
Values
Attitudes
Motivations
Behavior
Considered appropriate to each sex by their
culture”
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Children learn proper behavior for girls and
boys through:
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Parents/family
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Media
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Peer groups
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School
1.
2.
3.
4.
No sissy-stuff – men distance themselves
from anything feminine.
Big wheel - men should be occupationally
or financially successful.
Sturdy oak - men should be confident and
self-reliant.
Give ‘em hell -men should do what is
necessary to “make it”
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Women offer emotional support.
Ideal woman is:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U
Attractive
Not too competitive
Good listener
Adaptable
Good mothers
Put needs of others first
Superwoman - successful at a career and a good
wife/mother
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjg_pmdX8no&feature=related
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http://www.pinkisforboys.org/2/post/2012/
01/gender-in-baby-cards-1960-video.html
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Women give birth and nurse children, it is
natural to provide care
Natural division of labor
◦ Women more involved in domestic activities
◦ Preparing meals
◦ Maintaining a home
Men
Financial support for family
Other economically dominant roles
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Parsons and Bales:
Women--Expressive roles
Men-- Instrumental roles
Pre-industrial society=division of labor
based on gender.
◦ Women nursed and cared for children
◦ Men responsible for material needs
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Industrialization made traditional division
of labor less functional
◦ Belief system remains
` Focus-Gender
inequality
` Men dominate women
` Greater control over:
` Economic
` Political
` Social resources
` No
incentive for those in power to give
it up or share it.
Continued domination by males-` Requires belief system that supports gender
inequality
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Two beliefs
1. Women are inferior outside the home
2. Women are more valuable in the home
` Gender
and gender roles learned
through socialization
` Women
roles
` Men
roles
socialized into expressive
socialized into instrumental
◦ Micro level of behavior
(research results)
x Men more likely than women to:
x Change topic of conversations
x Ignore topics chosen by women
x Minimize ideas of women
x Interrupt women
` Rubin,
` First
24 hours after birth
` Parents
` No
Provenzano, and Luria, 1974
described girls & boys differently
actual differences between them
` Boy
babies thought to be more alert,
stronger, and firmer
` Girl
babies described as less attentive,
weaker, and more fragile
` All
newborns are fragile, weak, and
generally inattentive
` Jacklin,
1984
` Boys given blocks and tools
` Girls given dolls and easy bake ovens
` McHale
et al., 1990
` Boys mow lawn
` Girls do dishes and babysit
` Jacklin,
1984-parents give:
` Boys toys that encourage invention &
manipulation
` Girls
toys emphasize caring & imitation
` McHale
et al., 1990
` Parents assign boys maintenance chores
` Give girls domestic tasks
` Peers
` School
` Media
` In
a typical day, 47% of babies and
toddlers ages 0 through 1 watch TV or
DVDs
` Those who watch spend an average of
nearly two hours (1:54) doing so
` Nearly
one in three (30%) has a TV in
their bedroom
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(Knowledge Networks survey of 1,384 parents of children ages 0 to 8
years old, May 27-June 15, 2011 )
` In
2005, among children ages 6-23
months, 19% had a TV in bedrooms.
` Current
study: 6- to 23-month-olds
in the current study, 29% have a TV
in their bedroom.
` Two-thirds
(65%) of 0- to 8-year-olds
watch TV at least once every day
◦ 37% of 0-1 year-olds
◦ 73% of 2- to 4-year-olds
◦ 72% of 5- to 8-year-olds
1. How did the media affect your gender
socialization?
2. Do video games socialize children?
◦ How?
3. How do movies socialize children?
◦What are the messages?
◦ Examples?