Index
Abstraction
Accidental
in science , 221
discoveries , 289 n . 9 . See also
Discovery in science
Approximation
successful
in atomic
unavoidable
Atomic
also Abstraction
in science ;
Idealization
in science
Apriorism of knowledge
criticized by scientists , 232 n . 69 ,
247 n . 117 . 308 n . 10
with modern physics ,
232
See also Dogmatism ; Rationalism
Aristotle
Atom
, 304 n . 51 , 315
Atomic
aggregates .
with
Atomic
wavelike
models
definition
evaluation
,
19- 21 ; Gay -Lussac , 21 ;
, 18 ; Perrin , 30 - 33
observability
bond angles , 163f.
bond lengths , 169- 171
motion
, 30 - 33
physicochemical periodicity ,
34 , 37 - 41
spatial structure , 44- 46
weight , 19- 21, 22- 24, 34
See also Visibility of atomic events
skepticism about observability
chemists
, 22 n . 15
behavior
, 131f .
.
, 228
, 227f .
fecundity , 223- 225
problematic nature , 219f ., 225- 227
reasons for validity and limitations ,
.
crystallographic
discovery
philosophical speculations , 17f.
scientific ideas of : Avogadro , 21 f . ;
Lavoisier
; Molecules
not Newtonian corpuscles , 132
particles , not waves , 131, 217 n . 40
2m
, 22 - 24 ; Dalton
See Macroscopic
atomic
aggregates
matter
types
Bohr , 72f .
acceptance
of existence
Mach , 33 n . 45
Ostwald , 33 n . 45
Cannizzaro
Davy , 25
Mach , 29
van ' t Hoff , 29 n . 31
realm , 190 - 192
in physics , 220- 222 . See
incompatible
Humphry
Rutherford
, 177- 179, 186f .
, 65f .
Thomson , 63
Atomic
number
physical meaning , 65, 91
Atomic
order
discovery
line spectra , 52 - 55
periodicity of elements , 37- 41
structure of crystals and molecules ,
44 - 46
problem
atoms
not ultimate
realities
, 48
periodicity of elements , 49
structural regularities , 49
randomness
and order , 49f .
See also Atomic
structure ; Periodic
law of elements ; Wonder
323
INDEX
Atomic
order ( continued )
quantum
account
physicists ' consensus , 192 n . 74
summary . 189 - 192
quantum
evaluation
order essential feature of matter , 278
properties
: intrinsic , 279 ;
progressive . 280 : universal . 279f . :
See a/so Quantum conception of
matter
Atomic spectra
discovery , 51f .
regularities
Balmer formula , 52f .
Grotrian diagram , 55
Ritz combination principle , 54
Rydberg , formula , 53f .
Atomic structure
electronic composition , 59f ., 62
nuclear composition , 63- 66
shell organization
evidence : from ionization potentials
, 105- 110 ; from work on
xray spectra by Kossel and
Sommerfeld , 93- 96, by Moseley ,
91- 93, by Robinson , 96f .
factual occurrence , 218
theoretical
interpretation : Bohr 's
construction of the periodic
system , 102- 104 ; Pauli 's principle
of exclusion , 98- 102 ; wave mechanical explanation , 147f .
See a/so Wave mechanics
Atomic theory . See Quantum mechanics
Atomic wholes
hypotheses
Bohr , 256f .
Planck , 255
properties
autonomy , 256
resilience , 257
stability , 257
See a/so Holistic properties of matter
Atomicity of electric charge , 61f .
Avogadro , Amedeo 21f ., 27
A vogadro number
definition , 24 n . 20
methods of attainment
Brownian motion , 32f .
kinetic theory of gases, 28
x-ray diffraction , 48
series , 53
Barnett , J . S ., 60
Beauty of scientific theories , 291 n . 12
Berthollet
Berzelius
, Claude Louis , 185 n . 68 , 291
, Jobs Jacob , 22 , 310
.
Blackbody
radiation
definition
, 68
empirical features , 68
importance , 68 ; 292 n . 16
See also Quantization of energy
Bohm , David
, 236 - 238
Bohr , Niels , 73 - 77 ~ 81f . , 91 , 102 , 110 ,
205 , 230 , 234f . , 256 , 309 n . 12
Bohr theory
complex atoms
experimental tests : Franck - Hertz ,
79 - 82 ; Stern - Gerlach
, 86 - 88
principles (Bohr -Sommerfeld ),
77 - 79 , 82 - 86 , 88 - 89
one - electron
atoms
foundations
, 73
results : discovery of deuterium , 74f . ;
interpretation of spectrum of hydrogen
, 74f ., of ionized helium , 74
perplexing features , 114f .
Bohr - Einstein
debate , 130 n . 13 , 215 ,
233 - 236 . See also Man relatedness
of science
Boltzmann , Ludwig , 27, 205
Boltzmann paradox
problem , 269
solution , 275f .
Born , Max , 117 , 127f . , 134 , 211 , 215 , 228
Born probabilistic
matter
interpretation
waves , 126 - 128 .
of
See also
de Broglie matter waves
Boyle , Robert , 17f ., 25
Bragg , William Henry , 43
Bragg , William Lawrence , 255
Brahe , Tycho , 190, 290 n . 10
Bridgman , Percy W ., 266 n . 11
Brown , Robert , 29
Brownian
motion
and kinetic theory of gases, 30- 33 . See
also Kinetic theory of gases
empirical features , 29f .
Buber , Martin , 7
Bunsen , Robert
Wilhelm
Cannizzaro
, Stanislao
, 52
, 22 - 24 , 200 , 205
Cartesian mentality in science
appeal of intuitive visualizability
Balmer, Johann Jacob, 52f.
Balmer
formula , 52
324
,
282 , 285f .
de Broglie 's yearning , 239
impedes philosophical progress , 310
INDEX
overemphasizes classical mechanics ,
282 , 285f . See also Mechanism
rationalistic
253
ideal
n . 129 .
of science , 286 ,
,()peal
.\'{) Rationalism
reason for denying quantum realism ,
243
Crookes
, William
, 57
Crystals
analysis , 42- 44
irregularities , 46f .
regularities , 44- 46
evidence of supramechanical
Causality . See Determinism
Cavendish , Henry , 200
Charles , Jacques , 26
Chemical binding
binding types
of matter
covalent , 160
ionic , 160
resonance
and electron
bond
positive sense
science as : objective , though
approximate , knowledge , 249f . ;
progressing continually , 250
paragon
of reliable
271 , 262 n . 6
Culture
delocalization
, 161 , 171 - 174
saturation
and valence , 161
wave -mechanical account , example ,
definition
nature
, 260f . , 265
orderliness
,
, 311
fragmentation , 1, 311. See also
Two - culture problem
162f .
See also Macroscopic
atomic
Dalton
, John , 19 - 21 , 25 , 200 , 205 , 291 ,
292 n . 15 , 310
Davisson , Clinton
J . , 117 , 119 , 202
aggregates ; Molecule
Chemical
element , 18
Chemical formulas , origin , 23
Classical
Davy , Humphry , 25
de Broglie , Louis , 117, 119, 202 , 236 ,
mechanics
example of scientific theory , 199f .
experimental foundations , 199
hypothetical interpretations , 199
theoretical
deductions
and
experimental tests , 199f .
intellectual appeal , 231
limiting case for wave mechanics , 132
unwarranted
validity
absolutization
Clausius
, Rudolf
, 247f .
; Rationalism
, 226
Complementarity
criticisms
definition
, 229 n . 61
, 229f .
philosophical
significance , 230
Completenessof atomic physics
definition
, 206
physicists ' consensus , 192 n . 74
summary
See also Statistical
atomic events
, 246f .
as first approximation
See also Mechanism
238f ., 299
de Broglie matter waves
discovery , 117- 119
experimental test , 120- 122, 125
physical significance , 122- 125
probabilistic
interpretation , 126- 128
Democritus
Determinism
. 17
definition
. 243
See also Indeterminism
, 189 - 192
Dirac
Coster , D . , 110
Intelligibility
Dogmatism
Critical objectivity of atomic physics
negative sense
science as : idealized representation ,
, 250 ; man -
related , 250 ; psychologically
influenced
, 251
of
improperly called causality , 243 n . 110
scientifically indefensible , 242f .
self -contradictory , 242f .
unwarranted extension of macroscopic
experience , 245f .
wrongly identified with intrinsic
necessity of nature , 287
See also Finality of atomic physics
Completeness of scientific theory . See
Scientific completeness
Compton , Arthur H ., 72 n . 6
Compton effect , 72 n . 6
Conway , Arthur W ., 73
Coolidge , A . S., 163
249 ; inexhaustive
nature
, Paul
debate
A . M . , 139 , 218
Discovery in philosophy , 8
Discovery in science
aim
of research , 288
empirical , 289f .
theoretical
, 289f .
See also Accidental
mechanistic
discoveries
;
of matter
, 308 , 315
philosophical, 307, 315
See also Apriorism
of knowledge ;
Rationalism"
Dulong , Pierre Louis , 24
325
INDEX
Edison
,
Thomas
Einstein
,
Albert
A
. ,
2f
. ,
,
197f
. ,
201
294f
. ,
299
philosophical
10
,
33
n .
11
,
30
] ,
305
-
Electromagnetic
59
n
202
,
n
.
43
233
.
,
71f
-
8 ,
235
n
fields
interaction
with
187
reality
-
,
6
,
309
.
] 2
,
Exchange
effect
,
208
,
275
J
. ,
,
interplay
with
55
-
electrolysis
60
,
cathode
in
,
.
wavelike
,
-
,
58
58
-
-
122
116
58
,
Electron
-
also
,
125
,
the
electron
,
role
in
,
,
forces
,
for
,
atom
,
142f
atomic
process
,
es
64
n
.
one
physicists
,
64
,
8
of
145f
results
completeness
.
,
Scientific
,
,
Walter
J . ,
59
,
189
-
192
206
.
See
also
,
251
-
253
.
See
also
physics
finality
26
necessity
,
206
]
in
science
119
,
198
empirical
Epistemological
,
192
192
completeness
definition
Elster
-
,
requirements
Explanation
Elsasser
189
consensus
summary
-
272
in
39
,
'
intrinsic
examples
Sense
.
Scientific
definition
.
physics
,
204f
finality
Elementary
;
attainment
.
139
,
particles
209f
209
205
,
quantum
helium
,
73
Dalton
85
explanation
Elementary
,
same
209
Mendelyeev
atoms
science
experience
research
Bohr
electron
196
experience
in
of
136
exchange
relativistic
,
objectification
sense
Perrin
to
120
of
sense
Scientific
Explanation
spin
relation
,
experience
138
discovery
,
197
,
See
60
about
136
science
1
of
goal
information
.
,
quantification
- 60
cloud
definition
26
nature
of
Electron
n
of
nature
,
.
theory
objectification
56
evidence
corpuscular
n
science
extension
55f
rays
other
studying
142
196
Experimental
,
27
,
definition
role
Electron
discovery
in
10
Experiment
microparticles
. ,
,
Estermann
] 89
188r
aim
. ,
clarifications
nature
,
279
,
287
by
manifestation
of
genius
,
297
quantumtheory
disanthropomorphization
of ideaof
matter, 274f.
explanationof mechanisticsuccess
and limitations, 276f.
vindicationof atomic models, 277f.
Epistemologicalprinciplesof science
experimentalfoundation, 196f.
explanatorypower, 197f., 267f.
quantitativeapproach, 198f.
SeealsoScientificobservability;
Scientificquantification
Epistemologicalproblematicof science
justificationof foundationsof science
,
294f., 305n. 6
specificissues
, 296f.
objectivityof knowledge
, 296
progressivityof knowledge
, 296
understandingof science
, 297
SeealsoHeuristicapproachin science Franck
, Jacob
, 79
Epistemology
Franck
-Hertzexperiments
, 79- 82, 257,
258n. 3
definition, 3
See
also
Scientific
Fabrikant
,
Faraday
,
Fedorov
,
Fields
.
125
Michael
E
,
.
S
See
Finality
explanation
. ,
.
10
7
,
56
n
.
8
,
n
.
74
physics
of
disputed
physicists
,
192
by
Bohm
,
de
236
-
Broglie
Einstein
,
,
dynamical
238
238f
233
.
-
sense
235
,
experimental
252f
criteria
also
of
Alfred
251f
.
of
;
atomic
Indeterminism
scientific
debate
theory
Scientific
,
.
,
Completeness
physics
Finality
326
n
.
fields
atomic
consensus
Fowler
n
Electromagnetic
of
See
55
200
finality
,
74
.
See
57
,
61
INDEX
196
Gay
,
247
, Joseph
, Hans
,
251
n .
126
,
289
,
, W
Louis
, 64f
,
21 ,
291
,
310
.
. , 59
("
Geitel
,
, 315
- Lussac
Geiger
199
_~ . ~ n
,
304
';
Galileo
.
;
(0 5
Fresnel
, Augustin, 123
Friedrich, W., 43
163
"
- 169
,
empirical
0- .
,
examples
166
- 169
evidence
wave
,
- mechanical
163f
.
interpretation
,
.
,
169
- 171
Molecular
structure
Gerlach
, Walter
, 86 - 88
Germer
, Lester
H
Goldstein
.,
, Eugen
Goudsmit
, Samuel
Graham
, Paul
Hartree
Heisenberg
146
Werner
,
nature
, 212
motion
, 214
unavoidability
,
also
Helium
134
Man
,
145
, 214f
foundations
meaning
See
,
,
relations
of
experimental
,
128
.
,
130
n . 35
130
, 215
- relatedness
of
science
atom
peculiarity
of
spectrum
spectrum
of
wave
atom
, Hermann
Hertz
, Gustav
Hertz
, Heinrich
Heuristic
von
, 58f
's
Einstein
's
interpretation
15
photoelectric
, 72
, 267
hypothesis
, 68 - 70
Epistemological
of
n .
of
approach
also
problematic
science
, G .,
Holistic
science
, 292
effect
's
, 231
. , 68
in
hypothesis
mechanistic
Hevesy
,
, 79
approach
Planck
, 74
interpretation
- 146
Helmholtz
Dalton
, 98 - 100
ionized
- mechanical
144
See
128
uncertainty
disclose
115
, 225
, D . R .,
,
,
, 26
von
Heisenberg
, 202
, 85
, Thomas
Groth
119
, 56 , 60
110
properties
contrasted
clusters
living
machines
static
definition
philosophical
of
with
matter
properties
, 263
of
, 263
beings
, 264
, 263f
structures
n . 8
.
, 263
, 264
significance
, 265
- 265
248
"
lengths
also
" _
bond
See
NW
:
164f
:
and
molecules
V
angles
.. ~
of
bond
( _V (
Geometry
INDEX
Indeterminism debate
objections to quantum indeterminism
Bohm, 236- 238
de Broglie, 238f.
Einstein. 233- 235
refutation by scientists' consensus
experimental nature of science,
234f.. 240
observation changes the state of
objects, 234f.
replies in detail, 241f.
Seeal.\'o Complementarity ;
Determinism ; Heisenberg
uncertainty relations ; Man relatednessof science
I ndistinguishability of electrons
empirical datum, 142
mathematical consequence, symmetry
of wave function , 142
philosophical consequence, loss of
observableindividuality , 203 n. 15
See also Identity
Inductive-genetic approach
aIm
negative and positive, 4f.
epistemological and onto logical, 4, 6
intercultural , 9
characteristics
definition of approach, 5
different than historical , 5 n. 4
philosophical nature, 11- 13
principles
autonomy of scienceand
philosophy, 3f.
concretenessof discussion, 3, 9f.
results
intercultural understanding, 9f.
philosophical discovery, 7
See also Scienceand philosophy
Intellection
analysis, 282f.
definition , 282
scientific requirements for , 283
Intelligibility
aim of philosophy, 2f., and science,
288- 290
different methods, 2f.
distinguished from rationality , 285f.
See also Philosophy; Rationality ;
Science; Scienceand philosophy
Intelligibility of matter
aim of
quantum physics, 292f.
sciencein general, 288- 290
definition , 281
demonstrated by quantum physics, 284
328
innate
in matter
, 287 n . 4 , 290
made understandable by quantum
physics , 287
philosophical significance , 293
vindicated against
mechanism
, 286f .
predictability , 287 n . 4
rationality , 285f .
See also Mach principle of economy ;
Beauty of scientific theories ;
Simplicity of nature
Intuitiveness
alleged property of classical
mechanics , 286
definition
, 283
and understanding of quantum
physics , 122f ., ] 25
See al .\'o Idealization
in science ;
Visualizability
Isotopes , 20 n . ] 0, 60 n . 18
James
, H. M., 163
Jeans
, James
, 68
Jordan
, Pascual
, 134
Joule,JamesP., 26
Kant
, Immanuel
, 232
n . 69 , 247
n . 117
Kekule , Friedrich August , 171 f.
Kepler , Johannes , 199, 247 , 290 n . 10,
Kikuchi
305 n . 8 , 314 n . 17
, Seishi , 120
Kinetic theoryof gases
propertiesof ideal gases
, 25f.
theoreticalinterpretationand testing,
26 - 28
Kirchhoff, Gustav
, 52 , 68
Knipping
, Paul , 43
Kossel , W . , 93f .
Kunsman
, C. H., 117
Kurlbaum
, F., 69
Laplace , Pierre Simon de , 32 , 231
Larmor , Joseph , 82
Laue , Max von , 42f . , 225
Lavoisier , Antoine
Laurent
Leibniz , Gottfried
Wilhelm
Lenard , Philip , 59
Leucippus
, 17
Light
corpuscular
nature
Compton
photoelectric
, 18 , 33 , 289
von , 267
effect , 72 n . 6
effect , 71
INDEX
wave nature, 129
Local motion
classical conceotion
Mechanics
.
, F . , 180f .
Lummer
, Otto , 69
definition
use
for
tion ; Zeeman effect
and science . See Humanistic
heuristic
scheme
incompatible
of science
relativism
validity
of
also
.
the
idea
its
, 266f
.
limited
.
basic
assertions
, 267
Mechanism
, Thomas
, 51
, Dmitri
I vanovich
, 34 - 41
.
205
Metals
complex
behavior
wave
,
- mechanical
Meyer
Millikan
Lothar
, Robert
and
185
explanation
, Julius
, 185
- 187
, 34
A
. , 61f
.
matter
mutual
compenetrability
, 293
wonder
of
, 299
this
agreement
, 305
n . 6
Models
, 222
to
228f
atomic
debate ;
nature
. 219
reasons
for
limitations
self
realm
, 222
- 225
;
.
quantum
. 221
f . . 277
validity
, 277f
- contradiction
249
and
.
of
perfect
model
,
n . 125
types
Matter . See Mechanistic conception of
matter ; Quantum conception of
atomic
.
See
Atomic
macromechanical
matter
Maxwell , James Clerk , 27f .
Mean lifetime
of microstructures
, 257
also
Modesty
totality ,
of
Measurement problem in quantum
physics , 236 , 242 n . 107
- 156
; 227
science
on
explanation
experience
,
279
as
,
and
regards
progress
,
717
of scientific statement ,
197 , 234 n . 75 . See also
Scientific
relevance
of statements
, 152
Visualizability
dependency
257 , 258 n . 3
- 222
, 222
molecular
See
models
, 220
mathematical
of autonomous
of
of
the
nroblematic
Marsden , E . , 64f .
Matrix
mechanics , 133f .
, 268
, 267f
, 276f
summary
matter
experience
genesis
extension
of atomic
See also Indeterminism
Rationalism
Meaningfulness
,
, 267
explanation
attainment , 250f .
feature
manifestation
- 268
;
of
inconsistent
definition
, 250
physics , 233- 235
definition
, 266
mechanics
with
internally
Mind
challenges to scientific man ;
Humanistic perspectives of science
unavoidable
.
success
conception
, 266
Mendelyeev
polar molecular substances , 182f .
Magnetic properties of atoms . See
Electron spin ; Space quantiza -
epistemological
and
Classical
definition
Melville
180 - 182
from
.
, 277f
, 287
also
See
molecular substances ,
Man - relatedness
rise
quantum
solids , 183f .
difference
nature
reasons
.
selfcontradictory
, 277f
philosophical
, 268f
, 268
models
psychological
of economy
ionic substances , 177 - 180
metallic
solids . See Metals
Man
of
Mechanistic
, 291 n . 12
nonpolar
;
Rationalism
rejection by scientists , 29 ] n . 12
Macroscopic atomic aggregates
network
experience
inconsistent
makes
See
Mach , Ernst , 29 , 33 n . 45 , 291 n . ] 2,
300 n . 27 , 305 n . 8
Mach principle
with
logically
276
, P . O . , 180
mechanics
mechanics
incompatible
relations
L6wdin
Classical
Mechanism
idealization of experience , 212- 214
inadequacy , 213f .
quantum conception
intelligible , not visualizable , 216f .
state of change , 214f .
See also Heisenberg uncertainty
London
See
Quantum
no
aprioristic
knowledge
Apriorism
Mole
or
gram
See
of
- molecular
also
Avogadro
.
See
knowledge
weight
, 24
n . 20
number
329
INDEX
Molecular
spectroscopy
difficulty
empirical regularities , 151f .
interpretation of
297f . , 301
surprising features of onto logical order
compatibility
with randomness ,
electronic
spectra , 156f .
rotation
spectra , 154
vibration
- rotation
spectra , 154 - 156
test of interpretation
Molecular
structure
Molecular
20 . 47
, 157f .
constancy and changeability , 298f .
. See Chemical
binding ; Geometry
of understanding relationships
between science and reality ,
openness
of molecules ;
spectroscopy
to mind , 299f . , 305 n . 6
See a/so Onto logical order ; Wonder
Onto logical properties of atomic
Molecule
aggregates
chemical and physical definitions .
149
composite unity , 259f .
n . 23
holistic
observable properties , 149f .
See also Molecular
spectroscopy
Molecular
structure
;
reliable
. See Local
constancy
, 262
specific identity , 262
See a/so Holistic properties of matter ;
Quantum conception of matter
Onto logical significance of quantum
Moseley , Henry G . J., 91- 93
Motion
nature , 264f .
intrinsic principle of equilibrium , 260f .
motion
physics
Newton
, Isaac , 17f . , 51 , 199f . , 205 , 231 ,
267f . , 270 , 290 n . 11 , 305 n . 8 , 315
Nicholson
Novelty
, John
universal
of scientists
See a /so Revolution
, 230f .
definition
Order
's
Objectivity of science . See Critical
objectivity of atomic physics ;
Scientific objectification of sense
experIence
Observability of atomic realm , 200 - 202.
See also Visibility of atomic
events
of , 197 .
See al .\'o
Scientific observability
Onto logical order
aim
with
randomness
, 20 , 47
presupposed to scientific research , 299
Onto logical principles of science
absoluteness of knowledge , 292 n. 16,
289
n. 6
comprehensibility
of reality , 303
realism of knowledge , 207 , 305 n . 8.
See
al .\"o Scientific
universality
rp :1lism
of onto logical order .
288 - 291 . 38f . . 53f .
Onto logical problematic
330
in matter
. See Atomic
of science
order ;
Onto logical order ; Quantum
conception of matter
, Wilhelm
, 33 n . 45
Pauli , Wolfgang , 100 , 202
Pauli ' s principle
of exclusion
empirical
origin , 98 - 101
physical significance
, 101f .
See also Quantum
numbers
Periodic
law of elements
discovery
, 34
problematic
nature , 49
structure , 34f .
See also Periodicity
of science , 290
coexistent
aim in studying science ,
6 . 11
Ostwald
, definition
, 297 - 299 . See also
. 3
philosophical
in science ;
, 63 - 65 . See a /so Rutherford
nuclear atom
. 279f .
Ontology
Scientific progressivity
Observable
. 279
source of wonder
Wonder
experience , source of unexpected
knowledge , 231 f.
philosophical significance , 232
Nucleus
intrinsic
progressive , 280
W . , 73
of scientific knowledge
conservatism
discovery of order in matter
of elements
Periodicity
of elements
discovery , 33
fundamental
regularity
of nature ,
37 - 41
tentative
explanation
by older
quantum
mechanics , 110 - 114
wave - mechanical
explanation
, 141 - 148
Perrin , Jean , 29 - 33 , 57 , 200 , 204
Petit , Alexis Therese , 24
Philosophy
, 2 , 306 . See also
Epistemology
; Ontology
and Philosophy
Photoelectric
effect
and corpuscular
nature
; Science
of light , 7 I
INDEX
improvement over mechanistic
conception
discovery , 59
Einstein 's interpretation , 72
Piaget , Jean , 5 n . 4
Pickering , Edward C ., 74
accounts
Planck , Max , 68 - 71 , 115 , 201 n . 11 , 202 ,
210 , 231 , 243 , 255f ., 291 n . 12 ,
292 n . 16 , 309 n . 12
Planck 's constant . See Quantum
, 305 n . 8
Polymorphism
definition
, 184 n . 67
example , 46 , 184 n . 67
wave -mechanical explanation , 184
Pope , William J., 225
Positive ions , 6Of .
Positivism
charge of, against the indeterminist
interpretation of quantum
physics, 238f.
refutation , 241f.
See also Mach principle of economy
Pringsheim, E., 69
Progress. See Humanistic challenges to
scientific man ; Scientific
progressivity
Progressiveorderliness of matter
factual evidence, 272
quantum theoretical explanation, 272f.
universal comprehensiveness
, 273f.
See also Quantum conception of
matter ; Quantum ladder
Progressivity of science. See' Scientific
progressivity
Proust, Joseph Louis, 19- 21, 291
Proust-Berthollet debate, 291, 185 n. 68
paradox es,
274 - 276 . See also
conception
Mechanistic
of matter ; Supramechanical
nature of matter
ladder
as an over - all view , 273f .
definition
. 273
epistemological
consequences ,
277 n . 24
Quantum
mechanics . See Bohr theory ;
Wave
mechanics
Quantum numbers
physical meaning , 101
probable onto logical significance ,
265 n . 9
Quantum
of energy
characteristic
of autonomous
totalities
, 256 - 258
mathematical meaning , 69f .
physical significance , 70f .
Quantum theory , epistemological traits
empirical observability , 200 - 204 . See
also Observability of atomic realm
explanatory power , 204- 206. See also
Explanation in atomic physics
logical completeness , 206 . See also
Completeness of atomic physics
Ramsay , William , 39
Randomness of atomic events examples
electron scattering , 125
.
photoelectric emission , 71
Stern - Gerlach
Qualities in matter, 269 n. 14. See also
Specificity of matter
Quantifica;tion in science. See
S?ien tific quantification
Quantiz/ tion of energy
and autonomous totality , 256- 258
Planck's hypothesis, 68'..:.70
problematic nature, 70f.
J
theoretical deduction in wave
mechanics, 136f.
" 0 f energy
See also Quantum
Quantum conception of matter
characteristics
interactivity , 270f.
orderliness: intrinsic , 271f. ;
progressive, 280; universal, 279f.
progressivespecificity, 272- 274.
Seealso Progressiveorderliness of
matter ; Specificity of matter
, 276f .
removes mechanistic
Quantum
, Henri
mechanistic
of
energy
Poincare
for
achievements
effect , 125f .
primitive datum , 126
uncertainty about atomic energy
levels , 130
See a/so Atomic order , problem of ;
Heisenberg uncertainty relations ;
Statistical
nature
Raoult , Fran ~ois Marie
Rationalism
of atomic
events
, 30
absolutizes
classical mechanics , 234 ,
249 . See a / so Classical mechanics
definition
, 307
makes use of models
self -contradictory , 2m .
professional malady of philosophers ,
307
reasons
for its rise and success ,
282 , 285f .
See a/so Cartesian mentality
in
science ; Mechanism
Rationalistic
criticisms
of Newton
, 267f .
331
INDEX
Rationality
Schrodinger
definition
falsely
,
284
. .
308
- Born
217
identified
with
intelligibility
n
.
n
.
10
.
,
216
n
.
39
,
,
Schrodinger
285f
debate
41
, f \ PP
n
!
wave
equation
,
134
..n
Science
Intellection
;
incompatible
Intelligibility
with
285
n
.
aims
scientific
progress
at
,
discovery
,
289f
.
2
intelligibility
Rayleigh
,
39
Lord
,
John
68
,
William
Strutt
,
definition
,
2 ,
,
288f
3 ,
306
.
312
231
Science
and
philosophy
Realism
mutual
aim
of
all
criteria
knowledge
,
,
207
relationships
autonomy
,
207
complementarity
definition
,
aim
exaggerated
interpretations
See
also
through
,
Scientific
211
,
243
,
314
;
convergence
cooperation
,
of
physics
210
:
,
210f
exchange
.
.
.
waves
,
211
' s
express
211
n
.
30
es
.
.
4 ,
308f
.
12
.
,
. ~ ep
af
~n
approach
contributions
,
306f
philosophers
to
humanistic
science
1 ,
:
- genetic
philosophy
forces
n
to
scientists
Inductive
electrons
2
proper
307
matter
,
viewpoint
microentitles
,
common
312f
realism
atomic
atoms
,
312
interdependency
Realism
:
207
science
significance
,
3
I
1 -
of
3 I 3
motion
gives
observable
,
216
,
unvisualizable
,
realist
sense
Realism
of
Relativity
' s
.
See
Scientific
of
still
' s
,
realism
electron
spin
,
of
interaction
,
85
spin
n
.
191
-
,
n
.
139
reasons
,
definition
,
examples
161
,
171
-
foundations
physical
,
information
Revolution
in
improper
,
,
204
n
174
-
.
,
not
232
revolution
,
,
See
also
Novelty of scientific knowledge;
Scientificprogressivity
Ritz, Walter,54, 73
Robinson
, H. R., 97
Rowland
, H. A., 57
Rubens
, H., 69
Rupp, E., 120
Rutherford
, Ernest
Rutherford
's
discovery
of
nucleus
model
Sapiential
332
ideal
.
of
See
,
307f
. ,
206
,
206
n
sense
also
,
Completeness
.
5f
of
20
. ,
206
atomic
explanation
.
, 73
, 91
goal
,
of
not
aprioristic
nature
,
287
science
,
197f
. ,
290
properties
completeness
,
finality
,
necessity
.
, 53f
.,
102
spurs
Wisdom
134
197
,
, 216
303
definition
197
continual
progress
,
finality
compatible
n . 39 ,
197
251
,
to
with
,
252
.
philosophy
,
.
sense
279
, 65f
,
If
intellectual
309f
sense
empirical
, 63 - 65
See
,
definition
Robert
, Erwin
to
rationalism
phenomenological
Scientific
Schrodinger
,
problem
contributions
of
10
philosophers
- culture
mathematical
, 65
, Johannes
of
,
physics
atom
dimensions
2
completeness
Scientific
, 63 - 66
nuclear
Two
explicatory
.
3 I 3
304
inaccuracy
progress
244
247f
12
,
,
utterances
of
Scientific
.
among
,
'
' s
176
n
misunderstanding
methodology
16
science
expression
progress
planetary
values
order
conquest
174
.
conscious
of
agreement
also
science
143
,
objective
See
logical
304f
309
of
systematism
wave
.
,
sense
philosophical
in
143f
12
philosophers
orbit
18
method
mechanics
. ,
mutual
of
,
sense
for
lack
72
4f
scientists
approximation
Rydberg
in
onto
303
reflectively
,
provides
Resonance
nuclear
itself
trains
missing
account
science
of
244
physics
deduction
of
,
makes
physics
atomic
synthesis
Thomas
216f
.
conviction
intelligibility
quantum
science
and
Dirac
full
of
218
progress
,
253
287
3 13
,
-
251
-
253
relatedness
novelty
,
,
230
-
objectivity
,
,
also
-
236
244
-
243f
.
.
248
correspolldillg
this
,
249
progressivity
See
233
232
C
man
nO
finality
" ( ~PJ3 -0 VJ
( _: rJ
.
dynamicalnature, 253
essentialto science
. 251
examples
, 251f.
SeealsoFinality of atomicphysics
Scientifichumanism
aspirationof contemporaryman, 3I I
definition, 311
sapientialideal, 317
SeealsoHumanisticperspectives
of science
Scientificknowledge
, epistemological
traits
00. . : VI00 . . -, ~ 3 0 : '
n (
"
INDEX
elltries
ill
llldex
Scientific
objectifica
tion
of
sense
experience
extends
range
realistic
of
removes
,
senses
208f
of
,
also
Scientific
.
sense
nature
;
209f
209
Experimental
science
,
.
subjectivity
experience
See
human
attitude
Sense
of
experience
observability
definition
,
direct
197
and
indirect
necessary
,
for
statements
See
also
n
.
3
relevance
,
197
,
Visibility
Scientific
197
scientific
of
208
of
atomic
events
progressivity
consequence
of
of
experimental
knowledge
,
continuity
between
246
-
past
and
,
270
,
attitude
as
,
continual
also
309f
.
growth
Novelty
of
knowledge
;
Scientific
,
278
methodological
science
present
248
examples
See
nature
245
,
247
,
253
scientific
Revolution
in
science
quantification
assures
objectivity
and
of
observation
explanation
criterion
of
example
,
Scientific
,
physical
199
n
198f
.
reality
.
,
208
7
realism
aim
of
research
,
coincides
with
know
criteria
ledge
,
,
examples
See
,
also
physics
,
generic
definition
207
realism
of
207
,
and
ordinary
212
specific
,
207f
.
207
208
Realism
;
;
Scientific
Realism
of
atomic
observability
333
INDEX
Thomson, George Paget, 120
Thomson, Joseph John, 58- 60, 63
Tolman . Richard C., 60
Two-culture problem
crisis of growth , 311
factual occurrence, 1, 311
inherent dangers, 312f.
solution through scientificphilosophical cooperation. 316
interpretation
about
the electron
,
136 - 138
quantization
of physical variables .
135f .
spin -orbit interaction . 139f .
interpretation of periodic system
of elements
central field approximation
atomic
Uhlenbeck
, GeorgeP., 85, 115
Uncertaintyrelations. SeeHeisenberg
uncertaintyrelations
Urey, H. C., 79
of one - electron atoms
information
shell
structure
and
. 146 - 149
exchange forces , 142f .
helium
atom , 144 - 146
resonance as approximation
method
, 143f .
Weisskopf, Victor F., 273 n. 18
van't Hoff , Jacobus Henricus , 29 n. 31,
30, 31 n. 36
Visibility of atomic events
Brownian motion , 31- 33
Meyer-Gerlach observation of
photoelectrons, 71 n. 5
Millikan oil -drop experiment, 61
particles' tracks, 216
x-ray diffraction images of atoms,
. 200 n. 10
See also Elementary processes in
physics; Wilson cloud chamber
Visualizability
alleged ideal of science, 286 n. 3
fundamental for classical description
of motion , 212f.
instinctive to mind , 125
limited value, 287f. See also
Intuitiveness ; Models
makes impossible understanding of
motion , 213f.
quantum physics, 122f., 216
replaced by intelligibility as aim of
science, 286f. See also
Intelligibility
Wavelike nature of matter
empirical evidence, 120
physical significance, 123- 125
Seealso de Broglie matter waves
Wave mechanics
discovery and principles, 134
334
Wentzel . Gregor , 128
Wien . Wilhelm
. 68f .
Wilson , William
, 82
Wilson
cloud chamber
. makes
visible
dependency of photoelectrons on light
frequency and intensity , 71 n . 4
electronic composition of atoms , 62
electronic
tracks , 216
nonmechanical
character
of
ionization
, 258 n . 3
Winckler
, C . , 39
Wisdom
definition
. 316
ideal of man , 317
scientific
humanism
See also Humanistic
scientific
as wisdom
, 317
challenges to
man ; Humanistic
perspectives of science ; Scientific
humanism
Wonder
definition
, 297
features . 297
surprising nature of onto logical order .
297- 301. See also Onto logical
problematic of science
surprising nature of science , 305 n . 6.
See also Epistemological
problematic of science ; Mind
and matter
Zeeman, Pleter. 89
Zeemaneffect, 89
Zeno of Elea, 214n. 34