CHAPTER 21 QUESTIONS/REVIEW
1. What are the 2 major categories of immune mechanisms?
2. Nonspecific immunity provides a more general defense by acting against what?
3. Specific immunity involves what types of mechanisms?
4. Name 1 disadvantage of SPECIFIC IMMUNITY.
5. Name 1 advantage of NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY.
6. Name the 4 types of cells involved in NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY.
7. What are the primary types of cells in SPECIFIC IMMUNITY?
8. Table 21-1 lists the mechanisms of Nonspecific Defense. Name AND briefly describe
the 7 mechanisms in HEAVY PRINT.
9. Species resistance results from what 2 facts? (p. 646)
10. What is the “first line of defense”?
11. DESCRIBE actions of the 4 secretions described on page 647.
12. What is the “second line of defense”?
13. What is CHEMOTAXIS?
14. What are the 4 characteristic signs of inflammation?
15. The 4 signs result from what?
16. What is PHAGOCYTOSIS?
17. What is a PHAGOSOME?
18. LYSOSOMES contain what?
19. How does a lysosome destroy a phagosome?
20. What is the most numerous phagocyte?
21. What is PAVEMENTING?
22. What is DIAPEDESIS?
23. MACROPHAGES are phagocytic ____.
24. Another nonspecific defense cell is a NATURAL KILLER CELL. What are these and
what do they kill?
25. Are NK cells T or B cells?
26. Why are they included in nonspecific immunity?
27. How do NK cells destroy their targets?
28. When do certain cells produce INTERFERON?
29. How does interferon work?
30. What is COMPLEMENT?
31. How does complement destroy cells?
32. UNLIKE nonspecific defense, specific immune mechanisms attack what types of
specific agents?
33. What is the “third line of defense”?
34. What cells make up SPECIFIC IMMUNITY?
35. Lymphocytes are formed in the __ __ __of the fetus and are derived from __ __ __.
36. Name AND describe the 2 types of lymphocytes.
37. B cells are classified as _ _ immunity and T cells as _ _ immunity.
38. Identify/define the following terms: (1) surface markers, (2) subset, and (3) CD
system.
39. Which T cell subsets are important in AIDS?
40. Name the 4 locations of the densest populations of lymphocytes.
41. Lymphocytes wander through the _ _ and wind up in the _ _ and eventually are
returned to the blood.
42. What is the value of this recirculation and widespread distribution of lymphocytes?
43. Define the following: (1) antigen, (2) major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
antigens, (3) epitopes/ antigenic determinants, (4) antibodies/immunoglobulins,
(5) combining site, (6) clone, and (7) complement.
44. B cells-why are they named this and what is the bursa of Fabicius equivalent tissue in
humans?
45. By the time the human infant is a few months old its pre-B cells have completed their
first stage of development and are known as _ _ _.
46. These cells synthesize _ _ but ___ few if any of them.
47. What do they do instead?
48. The COMBINING SITES of these surface antibody molecules serve as what?
49. After being released from the bone marrow, inactive B cells circulate to the _ _, __,
and other _ _.
50. The second stage of B cell development occurs when?
51. The B cell becomes activated by an encounter with an inactive B cell and its __ __.
52. What makes this the B cells SPECIFIC ANTIGEN?
53. When the antigen binds to these antibodies on the B cell’s surface and activates the B
cell, a rapid series of _ _ occurs and produces a __.
54. What is a CLONE?
55. The clone cells can become __ cells or __ __ cells.
56. What do plasma cells do?
57. Memory B cells DO NOT themselves secrete antibodies but what happens to them?
58. SO the ultimate function of B cells is to serve as what?
59. ANTIBODIES are PROTEINS of the family called ___.
60. Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of __ __ __, which are made up of 2 __ __
and 2 __ __.
61. Draw and label the figure B in Figure 21-8.
62. From reading page 652, you will discover where the antigen binding site is..LABEL IT!
63. What enables antibodies to recognize and combine with specific antigens?
64. The heavy chain has __ constant and __ variable regions; the light chain has __
constant and __ variable regions.
65. What type of bond joins the 2 heavy chains and the light chains to the heavy chains?
66. How many antigen binding and complement binding sites are there on every antibody?
67. In your own word what is the somatic recombination hypothesis?
68. Antibody diversity may also be influenced by occasional __.
69. Some B cells produce anti-self antibodies and are eliminated early in development. T
or F
70.
71. Name and give the distinguishing trait of each of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins.
72. What is the function of antibodies?
73. Why is this sometimes called humoral immunity?
74. Antibodies recognize substances that are foreign or abnormal—distinguishing between
SELF AND NON SELF ANTIGENS….How does this recognition occur?
75. The antigen-antibody complex (1) transforms toxins into harmless substances; (2) it
agglutinates antigens on microbes so that phagocytes can ingest and digest them; and
(3) it alters the shape of the antibody molecule to reveal its __ __ __. ANTIGEN
ANTIBODY COMPLEXES ARE AMAZING!!!
76. When COMPLEMENT PROTEIN 1 is activated, it touches off a CASCADE (rapid
sequence of events),and ultimately after all enzymes have functioned, the “enemy cell”
looks like a _____----with holes in its membrane, also. What occurs to the cell?
77. What is CYTOLYSIS?
78. COMPLEMENT PROTEIN 3 (C3) can be activated without any stimulation by an ____.
79. Although it is normally inactivated by ______, it can produce the full complement effect
if it binds to bacteria or viruses in the presence of a protein called ___.
80. When complement is activated without antibody involvement, the method is called the
__ __ to distinguish it from the __ __ involving antibodies.
81. What are the 2 tenets of the clonal selection theory?
82. How do antigens select lymphocytes?
83. How does each antigen provoke its own destruction?
Box 21-2 HEALTH MATTERS:
84. What was used in the first vaccine, and what virus was it fighting?
85. Some vaccines are introduced orally or by injection and are made of __ pathogens or
__, __ ones.
86. What happens when vaccines backfire, and how do newer vaccines avoid this??
87. What is antibody titer, and what does that have to do with booster shots?
88. A PRIMARY RESPONSE occurs the first time we are exposed to a pathogen. Why is
the SECONDARY RESPONSE more intense?
89. What are toxoids?
90. T cells pass through the __ before migrating to the __ and ___ the T-DEPENDENT
ZONES.
91. Pre-T cells in the thymus develop into __ where they divide up to 3X a day.
92. For a T cell to “recognize” an antigen, the antigen must be _____ and ____ by a
MACROPHAGE and then the T cell’s surface receptors fit the antigen’s __.
93. The T cell is then activated or sensitized and divides to form a ___ of identical __ __
__ that may form what 2 types of T cells?
94. Next the sensitized T cells travel to where?
95. The T cells bind to their specific antigen ONLY IF what has occurred to the antigen?
96. Then the antigen-bound sensitized T cells release chemical messengers NOW called
___.
97. Why are they no longer called LYMPHOKINES?
98. Name and describe the 5 types of cytokines.
99. How does PERFORIN destroy cells?
100.What does each of the following T cells do? (1) Killer or Cytotoxic Ts, (2)Helper Ts,
(3) Suppressor Ts
101.What type of immunity is the function of T cells?
102.Killer T cells defend us from __ __ and __ BUT they also bring about what?
103.What mobilizes T cells in graft rejections?
104.READ BOX 21-3…What are MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES? HYBRIDOMAS? We
will discuss this in class.
105.Identify 4 tumor markers described in BOX 21-4.
106.What is INHERITED IMMUNITY? What is ACQUIRED IMMUNITY?
107.Acquired immunity may be either __ immunity or __ immunity.
108.What is the difference between ACTIVE AND PASSIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY?
Example of each?
109.What is the difference between ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY?
Example of each?
110.What are the 3 types of immune HYPERSENSITIVITY? BE SURE THAT YOU KNOW
THE CAUSE AND EXAMPLES OF EACH!!!!
111.What are the antigens commonly involved in transplant rejection? How are they
different from other CDs?
112.If the problem is just the opposite of hypersensitivity, it is an IMMUNODEFICIENCY.
Explain 2 types.