CHAPTER 4: CELLULAR METABOLISM
(M.C. FLATH, Ph.D.)
OBJECTIVES:
1.
Name the two major divisions of metabolism, and compare and contrast them in
terms of a general descriptive sentence, additional descriptive terms, how energy is
involved, whether bonds or formed or broken, and how water is involved. Also
write a chemical reaction for each and give an example important in human
metabolism.
ANABOLIC REACTIONS
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
(CONSTRUCTIVE RXN'S)
(DEGRADATION RXN’S)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
(A full sentence)
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS
BOND FORMATION OR
BREAKING?
IS ENERGY REQUIRED
OR RELEASED?
NAME THAT TERM.
HOW IS WATER
INVOLVED?
NAME THAT TERM
EXAMPLE in Human
Metabolism
2.
Define the term enzyme and discuss the general characteristics of an enzyme. Be
sure to discuss the mechanism by which most enzymes function (i.e. how do they
react with their substrate and cofactor/coenzyme), and explain how most enzymes
are named, giving examples when applicable. FINALLY, DRAW A DIAGRAM
ILLUSTRATING ENZYME/SUBSTRATE INTERACTION.
An enzyme is a
.
An enzyme has a very specific shape and fits together with its
and
through the enzyme’s
The enzyme and
.
come together to form the
Then the reaction occurs and the
and can be used
and
The enzyme’s
-
complex.
are released and the
enzyme is released
again.
may not always be exposed, and a substance called a
or
are examples of
may be required to activate the enzyme. B vitamins
and minerals are example of
Enzymes are named for the
typically comes from the
For example, the enzyme
And the enzyme
.
they act upon. The root of the enzyme name
and the suffix -
is added at the end.
acts upon the
acts upon a
In extreme conditions, enzymes can be
Enzymes typically occur in a particular sequence within
DIAGRAM:
like a
lactose.
lipid or fat.
which results in loss of
.
.
3.
Define the term substrate.
4.
Explain why most enzymes need a vitamin (coenzyme) or mineral (cofactor) to function,
and name the site where this coenzyme or cofactor bind the enzyme.
5.
Name the three components of ATP and describe its function in living cells.
6.
Write a simple chemical equation showing the reversible reaction of ATP/ADP.
8.
Compare the two major steps in cellular respiration (CR) in terms of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
name
their location in the cell;
whether oxygen is required;
initial compounds and end-products;
number of ATP molecules produced.
And draw an overview diagram of CR including this information
Name of
step(s)
LOCATION
in cell
Is Oxygen
Required?
Starting
Product(s)
EndProducts
TOTAL
8. Overview Diagram of Cellular Respiration
10.
Describe the fate of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen.
11.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of energy production.
anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
Energy released
12.
Name the greatest reserve fuel in the body.
________________________
13.
Name the specific substance that is required for each and every step of metabolism.
An ________________________ is required for each and every step of metabolism.
14.
Explain why an enzyme that catalyzes a step in glycolysis would not be required for a
step in Beta-oxidation (i.e. fat metabolism)
15.
Construct a molecule of DNA. Be sure to label parts fully (if using abbreviations, make
sure to provide a key).
16.
Describe the function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and RNA.
DNA
RNA
17.
Explain why protein synthesis is so ultimately important in living things.
18.
Define the term gene, and give the approximate number of genes that compose the human
genome.
A gene is
There are approximately
genes in the human genome.
19.
Distinguish ribonucleic acid (RNA) from DNA, in terms of structure, where each is
located in a human cell, and the function of each.
DNA
RNA
STRUCTURE
1. SUGAR =
1
2. BASES =
2
3. DOUBLE OR SINGLE 3
STRANDED?
LOCATION IN CELL
FUNCTION
20.
Name the two major steps of protein synthesis, and compare and contrast them in terms
of where they occur in the cell, start products, molecules (including enzyme names)
involved in each step, and end products.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMARY TABLE
NAME OF PS STEP
LOCATION IN CELL
START PRODUCT
MOLECULES INVOLVED
AND HOW?
END PRODUCT
21.
Describe the role of messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis.
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
22.
Explain how amino acids are joined to form
___________________ ______________________.
a
protein.
Through
a
23.
Given the following DNA sequence (gene) and the mRNA codon chart that I distributed
in class, determine the peptide (protein) which will result.
TACTAACGTCCGTAAATT
DNA Base Sequence
(GENE)
Messenger RNA Base Amino Acid Sequence
Sequence (mRNA)
(PROTEIN)
Transfer
(tRNA)
sequence
24.
RNA
anticodon
Describe the steps involved in DNA replication, name the location in the cell where DNA
replicates, name the enzyme required for DNA replication, and explain the significance
of the process.
DNA replication steps
Location in cell
Enzyme that assists
Significance
25.
Describe what is meant by "semi-conservative" replication.
The new copies of DNA have
and
26.
Define the term mutation, and explain its significance in protein synthesis.
A mutations is
Results of mutations include