History of Evolutionary Thought History of Evolutionary Thought Empiricists vs. Rationalists Bertrand Russell à Teleological/Vitalistic -ultimate purpose; religion, mysticism à Empiricists: use of experimentation and observation to understand physical phenomenon à Mechanistic -physical explanation; science & empiricism * Aunt Tilly Analogy * à Rationalists: proper use of logic precludes need for experimentation and observation Bertrand Russell (b.1872 - d.1970) History of Evolutionary Thought Thales Anaximander Democritus Aristotle Desk Analogy -- Empiricists lacked the instruments to prove their observations. History of Evolutionary Thought à science resurfaces in the Renaissance à not Greek science reborn à “Age of Invention” à instruments to measure phenomenon Plato Greek Science & Philosophy à Thales & Anaximander: predicted the appearance of a comet based on ancient Babylonian mathematical notes à Democritus: ‘atomic theory’; indivisible particles à Aristotle & Plato: proper use of logic precludes need for experimentation and observation History of Evolutionary Thought Pre-Literate Craftsmen à Literate Craftsmen arise History of Evolutionary Thought Pope Sylvester II (945-1003) William Harvey (1578 - 1657) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) History of Evolutionary Thought History of Evolutionary Thought à heavenly orbs moved by angels & cherubs Be fruitful & multiply, and fill the Earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the Earth. à Earth as center of universe Sir Isaac Newton (Genesis 1:29) ! glimpse the mind of God Western European Worldview -- ! “Law of Inverse Squares” Presumed mandate from God to go forth & conquer. ! universe as “lawbound system of matter in motion” Emmanuel Kant History of Evolutionary Thought origins of the solar system à evolution in geology à weathering, erosion à extreme age of the Earth Copernicus nucleation theory flawed theory early evolutionary viewpoint History of Evolutionary Thought History of Evolutionary Thought à evolution in Sociology à Biology was one of the last à population growth is limited by disease and starvation à list was lost at the Tower of Babel à “struggle for existence” à survival of the fittest Thomas Malthus Hutton & Lyell à vital to Darwin’s theory on evolution So out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them, and whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. (Genesis 2:19) History of Evolutionary Thought History of Evolutionary Thought à “Great Chain of Being” à attempted to determine Adam’s naming scheme à everything had a place -from inanimate matter to God à branching tree/bush analogy à placed in the Garden of Eden à binomial nomenclature à fixed and immutable à degree of relatedness à named by Adam à Systema Naturae Jonathan Ray Linneaus ! fossils?? ! hybrids??? à overwhelmed by the sheer number of new life forms & fossils Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus History of Evolutionary Thought Binomial Nomenclature Kingdom Subphylum Class Subclass Order Infraorder Superfamily Handy Animalia Vertebrata Mammalia Eutheria Primate Anthropoidea Hominoidea Family Genus Species Subspecies History of Evolutionary Thought Hominidae Homo sapiens sapiens History of Evolutionary Thought ! published the first edition of Systema Naturae in 1735 ! 12 editions ! came to the conclusion that Adam named the families not species ! referred to species as “daughters of time” by final edition Pneumonic Kings Play C hess On Fairly Green Spaces Benefits à gives science a common language à shows nearness of descent Rules of Use à capitalize genus à lower case species à underline or italicize genus/species