PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 1
Text -Chapter 1
Definitions
Biology
Science
Knowledge
Truth
Science vs Theology
Scientific method
Text -Chapter 2
Characteristics of Life
VOCABULARY
Science
truth
knowledge
hypothesis
theory
scientific law
observation
inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning
experiment
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 2
Text -Chapter 4
Atoms and Molecules of Life
BASIC CHEMISTRY
Atoms
Elements
Molecules
WHY ATOMS REACT CHEMICALLY
CHEMICAL BONDS
covalent
-polar
-nonpolar
ionic
hydrogen
-special properties of water
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 3
Text -Chapter 4
MAJOR TYPES OF MOLECULES IN LIVING MATTER
Definitions
-Organic molecules
Inorganic molecules
-examples
water as an inorganic molecule
-Acids
-Bases
-pH
Organic Molecules
-major classes
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-we will examine each of these classes
Carbohydrates
-composition and structure
-monsaccharides
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides
-Inorganic molecules
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 4
Text -Chapter 4
Carbohydrates cont.
-polysaccharides
-examples of glucose polymers
-glycogen
-starch
-cellulose
FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
-energy storage and production
-structural roles
lipids
basic structure
hydrophobicity
-fats
saturated
unsaturated
-phospholipids
Amphipathic
-waxes
-steroids
FUNCTION OF LIPIDS
Proteins
-amino acids (monomer)
20 kinds
-polypeptide (polymer)
-peptide bond
Tremendous diversity of structure and function
FUNCTION OF PROTEINS
-participate in all biochemical reactions
-enzymes
-receptors
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides (monomer)
4 kinds
Nucleic Acid (polymer)
Genes
FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
Information storage
Store information to make all proteins in the cell
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 5
Text -chapter 16
Cells
basic structure
membranes
-organelles
-nucleus
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-mitochondria
-chloroplasts
-lysosomes
CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
Prokaryotes
Plants
FUNCTION of CELL PARTS
vs
vs
Eukaryotes
animals
-plasma membrane
-structure
-basic function
-membrane permeability
-osmosis
-diffusion
-active transport
-passive transport
-phagocytosis
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 6
Text -chapter 17
Genetic Control of Cellular metabolism or
How proteins are made from the DNA message?
Overview
DNA ö mRNA ö Protein
TRANSCRIPTION
Location: nucleus
purpose: to copy DNA gene message into mRNA
mechanism: DNA unwinds
RNA polymerase
mRNA leaves nucleus
TRANSLATION
Location: in cytoplasm on ribosome attached to the E.R.
purpose:
to translate RNA into DNA
mechanism: involves
-ribosome
-triplet code
-tRNA
VIRUSES
-the ultimate parasite
-borrow the cells transcription/translation machinery
-structure
-different lifestyles
-different kinds of viruses
-viral antibiotics??
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 7
Text -chapter 18
Energy capture within cells
2 basic processes of energy capture exist within cells
Respiration
Photosynthesis
-both processes generate same molecule in which energy is stored
ATP
Uses of ATP
Biologists classify organisms based on the way they aquire energy
-Ecologists
-Ecology
-Trophic structure
-Autotrophs
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-definition
-light is the source
-description of light
-dual properties
Heterotrophs
-kinds of light
Energy capture within cells continued
-some light damages biological tissue
-cellular site of photosynthesis
-chloroplast
-grana
-pigment
-the process of photosynthesis
-light absorption
-excited electron
-electron acceptors
-products of photosynthesis
-ATP
-oxygen
-hydrogen
-glucose
BALANCED SHEET OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 8
Text -chapter 18
Energy capture within cells - Respiration
BALANCED SHEET
2 types of respiration
-aerobic
-anaerobic
energy is liberated from the splitting of glucose
-glycolysis
-electrons are released
-electron transport
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- oxygen is used as an electron acceptor
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
-oxygen not used
-facultative anaerobes vs strict anaerobes
BALANCED SHEET OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
2 ways it can go
- also called fermentation
-lactic acid build-up
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 9
Text chapter 9
Life within organisms -basic life processes
Classification of organisms
FIVE KINGDOMS
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Anamalia
difference between Kingdom and Species
Kingdom Anamalia
characteristics
most species of all Kingdoms
-phylum Arthropoda
-largest phylum
-phylum Chordata
Vertebrate major classes
-Agnatha
-Chondrichthyes
-Osteichthyes
-Amphibia
-Reptilia
-Aves
-Mammals
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 10
Text -chapter 12
Genetics
-Mendalian
definition
Gregor Mendel
Mendel observations
traits
phenotypes
genotypes
homozygous
heterozygous
dominant
recessive
allele
punnet square
predicting the genotype of the parental strains by observing the genotype of the
offspring.
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 11
Text -chapter 10
Nutrition
definition
autotroph
vs
heterotroph
Nutrition in Autotrophs
-plants
-plant organs dedicated to nutrition
-leaves
-stems
-xylem
-phloem
-annular tree rings
-roots
Nutrition in Heterotrophs
Hydra
(Kingdom Anamalia Phylum Nideria)
stinging tentacles
gastrovascular cavity
Nutritive muscular cells
Planaria
(Kingdom Anamalia, Phylum Flatworm)
-gastrovascular cavity -branched
-pharynx
-bilateral symmetry
Earthworm
(Kingdom Anamalia, Phylum Annelids)
-separate mouth and anus
- complete digestive system
-pharynx
-crop
-gizzard
-intestine
- has closed circulatory system
-no lungs
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 12
Text -chapter 10
Human Digestive System
Oral cavity- mouth
-physical digestion
-enzymatic digestion
-saliva
-salivary glands
Parotid glands
exocrine vs endocrine glands
-amylase
-lubrication
-antimicrobial
Pharynx
Esophagus
-epiglottis
Stomach
-3 main functions
-storage
-pyloric sphinctor
-physical storage
-enzymatic digestion
Small intestine
-principle organ of digestion
-liver
bile
-pancreas
Insulin
lipase
-gall bladder
-absorption of nutrients by small intestine
Large Intestine (Colon)
-absorb water and salts
-populated by bacteria
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 13
Text -chapter 10
Human Nutrition, Diet and Stewardship
QUESTIONS
What substances are required by the body?
How much of each is required?
What food sources provide the required substances?
6 required nutrient classes
CARBOHYDRATES
-energy
-carbon
MINERALS
-trace
VITAMINS
-essential
-water soluble
-fat soluble
PROTEIN
-essential amino acids
FATS
-essential fatty acids
-saturated vs insaturated
WATER
Recommended dietary (daily) allowance
-carbohydrate
-protein
-fats
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 14
Text -chapter 11
REPRODUCTION
definition
Cells are involved
-gametes
-sperm
-egg
-haploid
Conception-Fertilization
Significant events of conception
-diploid condition
-gender determined
-zygote
-embryo
-preembryo
meiosis vs mitosis
somatic vs gametes
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 15
Text -chapter 11
REPRODUCTION
definitions
mitosis
meiosis
cytokinesis
meiosis differs from mitosis in three ways
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
-does not involve gametes
-uses mitosis as nuclear division process and process of reproduction
used by;
-unicellular organisms
-some invertebrates
-plants
different forms
-fission
-budding
-fragmentation
-sporulation
-vegetative reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
involves gametes
3 obstacles that organisms must overcome to reproduce sexually
1 live to maturity
2 sexes must be brought together
3 zygote and baby must be nurtured
-review sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Human Sexual Reproduction
primary reproductive organs
gonads
-testes
-ovaries
function
female reproductive physiology
ovaries
oviducts
ovulation
ectopic pregnancy
menstruation
male reproductive physiology
3 major functions
1 sperm production
2 production of sex hormones
3 secrete semen
Events that occur post-conception
-egg viability
-sperm viability
-polyspermy
-implantation
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 16
Text -chapter 11
REPRODUCTION-birth control
CONTRACEPTION VS BIRTH CONTROL
-definitions
ATrue@ contraceptives
Barrier methods
-condoms
-male
-female
-not 100% effective against disease
-diaphragm
-sponge
Chemical methods
-spermicide
Surgical methods
-vasectomy
-tubal ligation
Natural/timing methods
Contraceptives meant to work preconception but have post-conception actions
The pill
Synthetic estrogen or progesterone
Norplant
Post-Conception birth control
Morning after pill
RU-486
IUD
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Future techniques
Vaccines
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 17
Text -chapter 12
Non-Mendelian genetics and genetics testing
-definition of non-Mendelian genetics
Incomplete dominance
multiple alleles
multiple genes
sex-linked inheritance
chromosomal abnormalities
-Down=s syndrome
Genetics testing and counseling
Amniocentesis
Ultrasound
Chorionic villus sampling
Conceiving the future
Eugenics
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 18
Text -chapter 13
Nervous and Hormonal systems
-these 2 organ systems are dedicated to coordinating all other organ systems
common design and functions
-both systems penetrate the body tissues
-tissue level of organization in the body]
-both use a network
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-nervous system unique to Kingdom Anamalia
-primarily made of neurons
nervous system in Hydra
nervous system in Planaria
nervous system in Earthworms
Vetebrate nervous system
-most complex
-has two main branches
central
peripheral
-Overall function of the nervous system
-receives input
-centralized brain processes input
thinking, judgement occur based on input
-coordinates other body systems
-brain is capable of rational thought
-abstract reasoning
-problem solving
-aesthetic appreciation
-ability to believe in a Creator
-some of these abilities are unique to man
We will examine entire nervous system
-Neurons
3 types
-sensory
-interneurons
-motor
-Basic structure common to all three types
dendrites
Axon
cell body
-sensory neurons
-interneurons
- motor neurons
-effectors
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 19
Text -chapter 13
Nervous System
neurons- demyelinating diseases
impulse transmission
Axon of motor and sensory neurons are covered with myelin
Myelin
- lipo-protein
- is protective
- has high electrical resistance
-secreted by glial cells
demyelinating diseases
-diseases whereby myelin is diminished or absent from axons
-diseases have many symptoms and unkown causes
Nerve impulse transmission
-electrochemical signal
-involves ions
sodium is actively pumped out of the neuron
potassium also involved
-cell at rest is polarized...called resting potential
-impulse created by stimulation that lets sodium back into nerve cell
-waves of positive charge move down the cell -depoloarization
synaptic transmission of nerve cell impulse
-impulse must jump synaptic cleft
- cell uses neurotransmitters
-proteins remove neurotransmitters from synapse after they are done
stimulating nerve cell
-acetylcholine
-norepinephrine
-tetanus toxin destroys the proteins that remove neurotransmitterscauses irreversible muscle contraction
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 20
Text -chapter 13
Nervous System
Central Nervous System CNS
CNS
-made of brain and spinal cord
HUMAN BRAIN
-most amazing organ of creation
-3 pounds
-100 billion neurons
-trillion glial cells
3 major parts of the brain
-cerebellum
-balance
-muscular activity
-muscle coordination
-medulla
-involuntary functions
-breathing
-digestion
-heartbeat
-cerebrum
-five senses
-motor control
-reading
-communication skills
Functions associated with cerebral hemispheres
-right cerebral hemisphere
-nonverbal skills
-abstract reasoning
-spatial skills
-music abilities
-left cerebral hemisphere
-speech
-math
-analytical skills
Hypothalamus
-minor brain region with major functions
-physical drives
sexual desire
thirst, hunger
-helps regulate homeostasis
-is connection between nervous and hormonal systems
-is made of both nervous and gland tissue
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 21
Text -chapter 13
Peripheral Nervous System
-divided into 2 systems
-sensorimoter nervous system
-autonomic nervous system
SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM
-under the control of the cerebrum
-body functions under control are characterized as voluntary
-exception -the knee -jerk reflex
-sensroy neurons associated with sensory organs
-motor neurons mostly associated with skeletal muscles
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
-specializes in control of involuntary activities and control of internal organs
-sensory neurons line internal organs
-motor neurons effectors
-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-divided into 2 systems
-sympathetic and autonomic
-have coordinating but opposite effects
-organs are Adual wired@
-sympathetic system
-causes activation in general
-responsible for fight or flight response
-causes rapid stimulation of all body organs involved in
alertness
-parasympathetic
-serves to restore or deactivate after increase in activity or stress
-counters fight or flight response
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 22
Chapter 13
Hormone- Endocrine System
Hormones
-definition
-effects
growth
differentiation
reproductive cycles
behavior
Plant hormones
Animal hormones
-In animals found in glands
-animal hormones vary in structure
-modified amino acids
-steroids
-proteins
Link between hormone and nervous system
-neuroendocrinology
-hypothalamus
Glands of the hormone system
-pituitary gland
-master gland
-anterior
-posterior
-thyroid gland
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 23
Chapter 14
Homeostasis and Coordination
Homeostasis
-definition
Examples of coordination and homeostasis
-thermoregulation
-ectotherms
-endotherms
-osmoregulation
-the amazing kidney
-different jobs in different animals
-terrestrial animals must preserve water and maintain proper water
balance
-kidney functions
-excretion of niotrogenous wastes
-maintenance of water and salt balance
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY
Urinary system includes
-kidney
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra
Structure of the nephron
-glomerulus
-tubule
-retention of water, glucose
-use of ions to conserve water
-loop of Henle
-water retention under control of hypothalamus
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 24
Chapter 14
Development
reproductive, conception-fertilization and development are all hormonally controlled
processes
Embryological development
development defined
begins with zygote
differentiation
First five days of development of the human embryo
-gastrulation
Zygote divides into blastocyst stage
-chorion
-chorionic gonadotropin
-prevents loss of endometrium
-hormone produced by the baby that acts on mother
-blastocyst
-invades the endometrium
-placental contacts established
only certain substances cross barrier
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 25
Chapter 15
Genetic variation and selection
Origins hypothesis may be plausible but are not testable scientifically.
Both depend on presuppositions and therefore require faith
Two philosophies dominate origins hypothesis
Naturalism (metaphysical naturalism) & Supernaturalism (metaphysical theism)
NATURALISM
- atheistic worldview
- denies existence of Creator]
- no purpose in nature
- no free will
- no meaning in life
- no foundation for ethics or morality
SUPERNATURALISM
-theistic worldview
-natural as well as supernatural events may occur
-purpose in nature
-life has meaning
MODEL OF ORIGINS OF NATURALISM
Evolution
-definition
Uniformitarianism
MODEL OF ORGINS OF SUPERNATURALISM
Creation
Intelligent design
Catastrophism
Problems with both theories...cannot be proved scientifically
Evolution is put forth in society as fact...scientifically provable
problems with evolution as a scientifically factual model
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE 26
Chapter 5,6,7,8
Ecology, Environment, population dynamics
words and concepts to know
ecosystem
biosphere
kinetic energy
potential energy
food chain
primary carnivore
secondary carnivore
tertiary carnivore
predator-prey relationship
monoculture ecosystem
biomes
detritivore
decomposers
biogeochemical cycles
water cycle
carbon cycle
biological amplification
population growth
carrying capacity
natality
mortality
human population and stewardship