Draft Objectives – ES201
Page 1 of 3
Conservation of Energy (Supplement)
1. Define, illustrate, and compare and contrast the following terms and concepts:
Thermodynamic cycles
Definition ( three parts)
Classifications
Working fluid: single vs two-phase
Structure: Closed, periodic vs Closed-loop, steady-state
Purpose: Power vs Refrigeration vs Heat Pump cycles
Measures of Performance
General definition
Power cycles Æ Thermal efficiency – η
Refrigeration cycle Æ Coefficient of Performance – COPref
Heat pump cycles Æ Coefficient of Performance – COPhp
2. Given a device that operates in a closed-periodic or closed-loop, steady-state cycle,
•
determine whether the device operates as a power cycle (heat engine) or a refrigerator or a
heat pump, and
•
calculate the appropriate measure of performance for the specific device, i.e. a thermal
efficiency for a power cycle and a coefficient of performance (COP) for a refrigerator or heat
pump.
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Draft Objectives – ES201
Page 2 of 3
Entropy Production and Accounting
1. Define, illustrate, and explain the following terms and concepts:
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reversible processes
internally reversible vs internally irreversible
Entropy
units: kJ/K ; Btu/oR
specific entropy: s
units: kJ/(K·kg); Btu/(oR·lbm)
Thermodynamic temperature
Application of Accounting Principle for Entropy
rate of accumulation of entropy within the system
amount of entropy within the system:
S sys = ∫ s ρ dV
V
transport rate of entropy across system boundaries
Q j
∑T
transport rate of entropy by heat transfer:
b, j
transport rate of entropy by mass flow:
∑ m s − ∑ m s
i i
in
e e
out
production/consumption of entropy
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ---- Entropy can only be produced and in the limit of an
internally reversible process entropy is conserved.
Rate of entropy production:
S gen
 > 0 Internally irreversible

 = 0 Internally reversible
Accounting Equation for Entropy
rate form:
dSsys
dt
=
Q j
∑T
b, j
+
∑ m s − ∑ m s
i i
in
e e
+
S gen
out
Carnot Efficiency for a Power Cycle
Isentropic Processs
2. Apply the accounting equation for entropy in conjunction with the conservation of energy
equation to calculate the entropy generation rate or entropy generation for a steady-state device
or cycle.
3. Given sufficient information, determine the specific entropy change ∆s for a substance when one
of the following models apply:
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Draft Objectives – ES201
Page 3 of 3
Ideal gas with room-temperature specific heats
Incompressible substance with room-temperature specific heats
4. Apply the entropy accounting equation in conjunction with the conservation of energy equation
to calculate the entropy generation or the entropy generation rate for a system when all other
necessary information is known
5. Apply the accounting equation for entropy in conjunction with the conservation of energy
equation to determine the theoretical “best” performance, i.e. theoretical maximum thermal
efficiency or coefficient of performance for a cycle.
6. Determine if a specific device or system is operating in a reversible fashion, an irreversible
fashion, or is not physically possible.
7. Evalute the performance of a device or system when it is operating in an internally reversible
fashion.
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