► Gestation
periode beginning with
fertilisation to end with parturition of foetus
► Gestation consist 3 class :
►ovum periode
►embryo periode
►foetus periode
► Ovum
periode is periode from fertilisation to
implantation
► Embryo
periode is periode from implantation
to early visceral organ formed.
► Foetus
periode is periode from visceral
organ formed, ekstremitas to partus
Hafez (1974) statements :
► Ovum periode : from ovulation to
fertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejak
terjadi fertilisasi,
► Embryo periode : from fertilisation,
implantation to visceral organ formed
► periode
fetus : ekstremitas organ formed
to parturition
Placentation
►Placenta
(Foetus membrane) is tissue
connection between embryo & mom
►Placenta Function :
Food pathway from mom to embryo
► Rubbish substance pathway from embryo
to mom
►
Early gestation  Change of trophoblast
morphology as :
 1. Khorion (outer membrane)
 2. Allantois (between khorion & amnion)
 3. Amnion (inner membrane)
► Placentation
consists of :
1. Placenta materna ; endometrium
(Corunculae)
2.Placenta foetalis ; trophoblast
(Cotyledone)
MACROS & MICROS of PLACENTA
► After
implantation of embryo at
endometrium, next trophoblast &
endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA.
► First nutrition of embryo from uterine milk
(histotroph/ susu uterus).
► Placenta
devided 3 part:
 Amnion : direct contact with foetus
 Alantois: between amnion & chorion
 Chorion : outer part membrane
PLACENTA TYPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cotyledonaria : Cow, ewe, goat  have
coruncula
Difusa : Sow & Mare  haven’t
coruncula
Zonaria : Dog
Discoidalis : Monkey, human, rat, guinea
pig, rabit
Histologyst structure of placenta
Epitheliochoriale (placenta difusa) : blood
circulation between mom & foetus separated by
2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective
tissue from mom & foetus
2. Syndesmochoriale (plasenta cotiledonaria) :
consists of 1 epithel layer, thiner than
epiteliochoriale.
1.
3. Endotheliochoriale (placenta zonaria).
blood circulation between mom & foetus
separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel,
connective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layer
from mom (endothel)
4. Hemochoriale (placenta diskoidale)
blood circulation between mom & foetus
separated by 3 layer conective cell from trophoblast
5. Hemoendotelial (plasenta diskoidale-kelinci)
blood circulation between mom & foetus
separated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood vessel
foetus
gestation counted from fertilisation to
parturition, but fertilisation didn’t know
exactly. So… gestation counted from last
mating to partus
► Long time of gestation influences by
maternal factors, genetic, foetus &
environment
►
CHANGE OF FEMALE GENITAL ORGAN
DURING GESTATION
1. Vulva & Vagina
After retilisation, vulva & vagina not yet
change.
Edema vulva :
6-7 months of gestation in heifer
8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow.
Perubahan vagina terlihat adanya
pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa vagina.
2. Servik
* After fertilisation : cerviks crypta  produce
mucous liquid
* Older gestation  increase mucouse
* Approach of partus  contraction of cerviks
musculator
* Cow : 2-5 days before partus  cerviks
musculatur relaxation & opened
3. Uterus
* After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation
of endometrium, glandulas growing
prolongation, twisting & produce of uterus
milk (histotroph)
Condition of uterus  quiet because
influence of progesteron
* After implantation  pathway of nutrition &
rubbish substance  attachment of
tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium.
4. Ovarium
* After ovulation  korpus haemorrhagicum or
korpus rubrum  2-3 days  luteinisation
proces  Corpus luteum (CL).
* Cow & Ewe  5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow
up. If didn‘t gestation  CL regretion by PGF2 alfa
from endometrium
* If Gestation  CL function constantly  CL
Graviditatum & constantly to function to last
gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo).
ROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATION
PROCESS
* Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL &
Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa.
* Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal
* Hipotalamus & Hipofisa  Regulator gland
*
*
*
*
CL  produce P4
Folikel  produce E2
Placenta  produce P4 & E2
In Urine :
Mare  consist Estron, Estradiol 17 & β
Goat & Ewe  Estradiol 17 
Sow  Estron
Cow  Estron & Estradiol 17 
* Placenta of Mare  produce steroid &
gonadotrophine (PMSG) FSH  produce fol
 not ovulated  lutein  CL Ascesoris 
produce P4
EXAMINE OF GESTATION
IN FARM ANIMAL
► CLINICALY
1. VISUAL INSPECTION
2. REKTAL PALPATION
► LABORATORIOSLY
1. HORMONE EXAMINATION
2. USG
3. RADIOGRAFI
4. IMUNOLOGY
► Gestation
is physiologis process, how about
gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus &
placenta by ductus reproduction
► Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur,
stomach & diafragma
► Before partus formerly with signs of partus
► PLACE
OF FOETUS IN PARTUS TIME
Normal Place
1. Anterior (letak muka)
2. Posterior (letak sungsang).
Eutokia  Easy partus process
Distokia  Difficult partus process  need
human help
DISTOKIA (kaki depan)
DISTOKIA (Kepala & 1 kaki)
DISTOKIA (hanya ekor)
PARTUS STAGES
► 1.
EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE
► 2.
FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION /
CONTRACTION / LABOR
2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION
2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS EXPULSION
2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION
► 3.
PUERPURIUM
EARLY STAGE /
PREPARATION STAGE
► Normal
Parturition  Preparation stage
longer incessant than contraction stage.
► Preparation stage can incessant several
hours or days, whereas contraction stage
can incessant in count minute.
TEORY OF EARLY STAGE
First : mechanic factor  grow up of foetus
Second : hormon factor  P4, E2 dan
Oxsitosyn.
Third : intern foetus factor
Fourth : combined of 3th teory above
I. Mechanic Factor (If Normal Gestation)
Foetus volume ↑  partus
If Abnormal/ Patologik Condition 
Hydrops (Allantois Liquid ↑)  partus
Foetus twin in monotocous 
parturition faster
II. Hormonal Factor
Oksitocyne
Role for begin contraction of myometrium
Progesteron
Take care of gestation with preventive
contraction from musculator uterus until
calm of uterus
Estrogen
Placenta grow up  E2 ↑
Prostaglandin
contraction from musculatur of uterus
III. FOETUS FACTOR
► FOETUS
GROW UP
► UTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUT
► CORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUS
IV. COMBINED OF TEORY
► ↑ P4  inhibiting of myometrium contraction
► ↑ Foetus Volume  utereus repeatedly stretch out
► ACTH from foetus  Cortex Adrenal 
produce Corticosteroid
► Corticosteroid stimulate  PGF2↑ & E2 ↑
P4
► E2 ↑ Sensitivitas myometrium toward
Oxytocine
► Myometrium contraction ↑ (several hours to
days)
►
2. CONTRACTION STAGE
a.
Prepare of Contraction stage
Contraction for spend out of foetus
Contraction for spend out of placenta
b.
c.
►
Prepare of Contraction
Intensitas contraction of myometrium ↑ until
spend out of allantois from vulva
► Spend
out of Foetus
very quickly
► Spend
out of placenta
RETENSIO SECUNDINARUM
Puerpurium
Changes after parturition + spend out of
placenta until Estrous again
Changes in Puerpurium
► Regeneration
of endometrium
► Involutio of uteri
► Estrous of postpartum
Regeneration of endometrium (7weeks)
► After
spend out of Placenta
► Crypta in endometrium become shorter
► Uterus blood vesel constriction
Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)
►
►
1.
2.
3.
Involutio of utery is smaller of uterus
became normally size
Consist to :
Regeneration of endometrium epithel
Smaller of myometrium
Smaller of uterus blood vesel
Estrous of post partum (30-70days)
► Regretion
of Corpus Graviditatum fastly
► Puerpurium can extended :
 in mammalia
 Abnormalitas in parturition